69:, but may bring awareness of an emerging outbreak. Earlier cases may or may not be found and are labeled primary or coprimary, secondary, tertiary, etc. The term primary case can only apply to infectious diseases that spread from human to human, and refers to the person who first brings a disease into a group of people. In epidemiology, the term is often used by both scientists and journalists alike to refer to the individual known or believed to have been the first infected or source of the resulting outbreak in a population as the index case, but such would technically refer to the primary case.
188:
448:
410:, there are many known "patient zeros" across the world known for different symptoms and stories. Out of Los Angeles, patient zero Gregg Garfield spent 64 days in the hospital, including 30 days of coma-state after contracting the virus on a ski trip. Doctors said he had a 1% chance to live. He survived, but had fingers and toes amputated.
244:, which identified patient zero as being Gaëtan Dugas. Dugas was a flight attendant who was sexually promiscuous in several North American cities, according to Shilts' book. He was vilified for several years as a "mass spreader" of HIV, and was seen as the original source of the HIV epidemic among
48:
study. It can also refer to the first case of a condition or syndrome (not necessarily contagious) to be described in the medical literature, whether or not the patient is thought to be the first person affected. An index case can achieve the status of a "classic" case study in the literature, as
938:
Medical researchers look for patient zero to find out where a virus outbreak started and what places and people patient zero came into contact with in order to contain the outbreak and prevent further infections. Similarly, infosec researchers need to look for the user who first introduced the
1691:
In the physical world, the first thing researchers look for during an outbreak is patient zero. Where did the virus start and where are all of the places and who are all of the people it could have touched? In the cyber world this almost never happens. But it is just as
939:
malware into the network, which application was carrying the malware, and the files that are causing it to spread in order to contain it, eliminate it, and prevent reinfection, explained Huger, vice president of development at
Sourcefire's cloud technology group.
307:), has questioned the importance of finding patient zero, stating, "Finding patient zero may be important in some instances, but only if they are still alive and spreading the disease; and more often than not, especially in large disease outbreaks, they're not."
132:, or the first incident in the onset of a catastrophic trend. In some cases, a known or suspected patient zero may be informally referred to as an index case for the purpose of a scientific study, such as the two-year-old boy in a remote village in
292:
The phrase patient zero is now used in the media to refer to the primary case for infectious disease outbreaks, as well as for computer virus outbreaks, and more broadly, as the source of ideas or actions that have far-reaching consequences.
812:
191:
A 1984 paper linked 40 AIDS patients by sexual contact. Of those patients, Dugas was supposedly the first to experience an onset of symptoms of AIDS. In the above graph, Dugas is represented by the circle labeled 0, highlighted in
556:
253:
1678:
125:
in 1987. William Darrow, behavioral scientist of CDC responsible to figure out why gay men in Los
Angeles were dying of a strange illness, said: "That's correct. I never labeled him Patient Zero".
385:. He recovered, and a bronze statue has been erected in his honor. Maria Adela Gutierrez, who contracted the virus about the same time as Hernández, became the first officially confirmed fatality.
699:
836:"In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there"
804:
164:
The term can also be used in non-medical fields to describe the first individual affected by something negative that since propagated to others, such as the first user on a network infected by
1470:
1264:"WHO | Members of, and Advisers to, the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations"
497:
1097:
1306:
726:
548:
1030:
Pence, G. E. (2008). Preventing the Global Spread of AIDS. In
Medical Ethics Accounts of the Cases That Shaped and Define Medical Ethics (p. 331). New York, USA, McGraw-Hill.
1587:
1089:
128:
The term has been expanded into general usage to refer to an individual identified as the first carrier of a communicable disease in a population (the primary case) or
1158:
925:
1807:
1359:
1237:
436:
has described herself as the "patient zero" of online harassment, meaning that she was the first person to receive widespread public harassment via the internet.
1670:
1554:
2691:
1636:
1767:(vol. 35, number 19, December 8, 1988) by Dr. Andrew Moss, Dept. of Epidemiology and International Health, San Francisco, regarding the “patient zero” myth
1713:
691:
1460:
1118:
Worobey, Michael et al "1970s and 'Patient 0' HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North
America" Nature (2016) doi:10.1038/nature19827
1524:
1136:
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493:
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Another patient zero of the COVID-19 pandemic includes an elderly man who was diagnosed on 1 December 2019, someone who had no contact with the
3129:
2683:
1800:
752:
1294:
1215:
892:
749:"Patient Zero – definition of Patient Zero in the Medical dictionary – by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia"
1271:
722:
526:
774:
400:
212:
141:
90:
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1434:
89:
in the popular press, but the term's use was based on a misunderstanding (and Dugas was not the index case). In the 1984 study of
1793:
1042:
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3451:
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1821:
1336:
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299:, professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, and formerly with the
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1620:
1577:
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1067:
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2711:
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917:
393:
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1612:
A slight epidemic : the government cover-up of black plague in Los
Angeles : what happened and why it matters
1241:
1009:
361:
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346:
227:
as a carrier of the virus from Europe to the United States, who spread it to other men he had sexual contact with at
137:
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1546:
1392:
3425:
2965:
2372:
1988:
961:
2559:
414:
3300:
2898:
2617:
2595:
2026:
864:"As the cases of coronavirus increase in China and around the world, the hunt is on to identify "patient zero""
334:
was a 44-year-old schoolteacher named Mabalo Lokela, who died on 8 September 1976, 14 days after symptom onset.
323:
outbreak in the early 1900s. An apparently healthy carrier, she infected at least 47 people while working as a
417:. Three other people experienced symptoms in the following days who also did not have contact with the Market.
248:. Four years later, Darrow repudiated the study's methodology and how Shilts had represented its conclusions.
3268:
1966:
1705:
467:
82:
22:
1739:
3295:
2448:
2211:
1926:
2120:
959:(1984). "Cluster of cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Patients linked by sexual contact".
360:
A baby in the Lewis House at 40 Broad Street, named
Frances Lewis, is considered the index patient in the
3517:
3337:
3208:
3144:
3112:
3060:
2357:
2339:
2893:
2306:
2046:
93:(CDC), one of the earliest recorded HIV-patients was code-named "patient O", which stands for "patient
1516:
1128:
161:) that stimulates investigation of other members of the family to discover a possible genetic factor.
3397:
3387:
3082:
3018:
2741:
2706:
2509:
2486:
2272:
2085:
300:
1637:""I'm back in action," One of the first Americans who contracted COVID-19 speaks about his recovery"
3215:
3077:
2952:
2806:
1921:
1911:
53:, the first known person to exhibit a definitive personality change as a result of a brain injury.
659:
3402:
3320:
3186:
2716:
2514:
2221:
2159:
1993:
1961:
840:
285:, possibly of complications from AIDS in 1969, having most likely become infected with the virus
111:
2073:
748:
2989:
2774:
2524:
2397:
2003:
1860:
1850:
1492:
240:
121:
1211:
888:
215:(CDC). This epidemiological study showed how patient zero had infected multiple partners with
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3310:
2942:
2811:
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2145:
1263:
664:
522:
375:
2090:
782:
3522:
3392:
3285:
3231:
3159:
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2841:
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8:
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278:
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3087:
2721:
2564:
2529:
2383:
2349:
1899:
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1417:
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641:
289:
1966. This would imply that there were prior carriers of HIV-strains in North
America.
2135:
1610:
1039:
629:
3489:
3430:
3290:
3243:
3045:
2547:
2216:
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1998:
1981:
1845:
1616:
1384:
978:
974:
633:
407:
382:
324:
1328:
645:
238:
subsequently wrote about patient zero, based on Darrow's findings, in his 1987 book
3484:
3420:
3407:
3236:
3225:
3117:
3097:
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2846:
2821:
2552:
2499:
2438:
2329:
1976:
1904:
1374:
970:
625:
581:
296:
258:
327:. She eventually was isolated to prevent her from spreading the disease to others.
3352:
3347:
3191:
3139:
2947:
2924:
2769:
2746:
2130:
2095:
1971:
1916:
1465:
1059:
1046:
956:
453:
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2100:
224:
182:
86:
3382:
3315:
3258:
3030:
2919:
2911:
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2789:
2784:
2731:
2455:
2236:
2231:
2191:
2140:
2105:
1943:
1879:
952:
549:"Why Brain Scientists Are Still Obsessed With The Curious Case Of Phineas Gage"
389:
350:
274:
254:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
245:
208:
692:"Gaétan Dugas: 'patient zero' not source of HIV/Aids outbreak, study confirms"
16:
First documented patient in the population of an epidemiological investigation
3506:
3263:
3220:
3179:
3072:
3055:
3013:
2726:
2277:
2246:
1867:
775:"patient zero | Definition of patient zero in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
669:
370:
228:
2113:
1001:
426:
The term is used to identify the first computer or user to be infected with
223:
to locations all over the world (Auerbach et al., 1984). The CDC identified
3474:
3412:
3174:
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3102:
3050:
3001:
2801:
2751:
2362:
1933:
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637:
473:
235:
116:
50:
45:
982:
219:, and they, in turn, transmitted it to others causing rapid spread of the
3367:
3169:
3092:
3067:
2816:
2796:
2701:
2661:
2585:
1956:
1951:
1872:
1855:
1388:
1329:"NOVA | The Most Dangerous Woman in America | In Her Own Words"
582:"Sporadic STEC O157 Infection: Secondary Household Transmission in Wales"
338:
316:
269:
before entering the United States around 1969, probably through a single
1762:
1747:
187:
101:, however, was interpreted by some readers of the report as the numeral
3305:
3280:
3248:
3025:
3006:
2996:
2984:
2831:
2443:
2415:
2241:
65:, the possible spread, or which reservoir holds the disease in between
251:
A 2007 study by
Michael Worobey and Arthur Pitchenik published in the
151:
In genetics, the index case is the case of the original patient (i.e.
3377:
2856:
1889:
1884:
1817:
1357:
918:"Search for patient zero: uncovering malware infection at the source"
354:
342:
270:
44:
within a population, or the first documented patient included in an
3360:
3275:
2851:
2826:
2779:
2324:
1894:
1837:
1778:
1520:
588:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. 1 January 1994.
282:
200:
145:
129:
66:
41:
1159:"Researchers trawl for Conficker's 'Patient Zero' – Techworld.com"
3164:
3035:
2288:
461:
427:
320:
165:
157:
62:
37:
1740:"Mapping the Spread of Viruses / Contagions via Contact Tracing"
1671:"Finding Patient Zero: The Key To Responding To Malware Attacks"
805:"Ebola outbreak: 'Patient zero' at start of deadly virus spread"
3372:
2937:
2590:
2186:
1461:"One family went on holiday – and made Toronto a global pariah"
365:
262:
133:
2601:
392:
is believed to be patient zero in the 2014 Ebola epidemic in
331:
266:
220:
1815:
1615:. Los Angeles, CA : Silver Lake Pub. pp. 124–130.
261:, current North American strains of HIV probably moved from
2054:
1547:"Statue erected of first boy in world who caught swine flu"
197:
77:"Patient zero" was used to refer to the supposed source of
1709:
1332:
950:
723:"Researchers Clear 'Patient Zero' From AIDS Origin Story"
216:
78:
61:
The index case may or may not indicate the source of the
912:
910:
470: – Misinformation about the HIV/AIDS and its spread
1240:. The Weekly Standard. 28 November 2003. Archived from
1040:
Matt & Andrej
Koymasky - Famous GLTB - Gaëtan Dugas
109:(for Gaëtan Dugas) was subsequently propagated by the
907:
464: – Medical subject being studied and reported on
1706:"Lewinsky makes emotional plea to end cyberbullying"
1652:"Who is 'patient zero' in the coronavirus outbreak?"
1418:"How SARS changed the world in less than six months"
443:
381:Édgar Enrique Hernández may be patient zero of the
21:"Patient zero" redirects here. For other uses, see
525:. Princeton University, wordnetweb.princeton.edu.
399:51-year-old Jesus Lujan was the index case of the
1351:
430:on a network, which then infected other systems.
3504:
833:
1002:"The Origin of HIV and the First Cases of AIDS"
834:Page J, Hinshaw D, McKay B (26 February 2021).
494:"Diseases – Activity 1 – Glossary, page 3 of 5"
1358:Report of an International Commission (1978).
616:Giesecke J (2014). "Primary and index cases".
2167:
1801:
1697:
1539:
944:
827:
751:. medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com.
140:in history, or an unknown one, such as the
855:
1808:
1794:
1517:"Have Doctors Found Swine "Patient Zero?""
1129:"Have Doctors Found Swine "Patient Zero?""
401:1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak
213:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
91:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1608:
1426:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
1378:
1360:"Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976"
1292:
891:. The free medical dictionary by farlex.
72:
1458:
996:
994:
992:
720:
615:
319:("Typhoid Mary") was an index case of a
186:
136:who was thought to be the source of the
2882:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
2055:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
1057:
3505:
3465:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
3357:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
1703:
1668:
1575:
1090:"HIV Spread from Haiti to NYC in 1970"
861:
257:claimed that, based on the results of
207:transmission scenario was compiled by
1789:
1590:from the original on 19 December 2014
1212:"Witty worm traced to 'Patient Zero'"
1191:from the original on 27 December 2011
989:
755:from the original on 24 February 2021
689:
500:from the original on 10 November 2017
2712:Compartmental models in epidemiology
1716:from the original on 22 October 2014
1309:from the original on 24 January 2015
1161:. news.techworld.com. Archived from
1012:from the original on 4 November 2010
815:from the original on 1 December 2017
702:from the original on 27 October 2016
611:
609:
607:
576:
574:
517:
515:
421:
211:and colleagues at the United States
1493:"Molecular Interventions – CLOCKSS"
1218:from the original on 10 August 2017
559:from the original on 28 August 2019
349:internationally by infecting other
13:
1681:from the original on 31 March 2017
1649:
1527:from the original on 5 August 2011
1339:from the original on 26 April 2010
1274:from the original on 21 April 2019
1139:from the original on 29 April 2009
1060:"Key HIV strain 'came from Haiti'"
928:from the original on 31 March 2017
729:from the original on 30 April 2021
14:
3534:
1732:
1440:from the original on 5 April 2012
1209:
1100:from the original on 10 July 2021
604:
571:
529:from the original on 3 March 2012
512:
3461:Economics of Infectious Diseases
1578:"Finding Ebola's 'patient zero'"
1557:from the original on 22 May 2014
1473:from the original on 22 May 2018
1070:from the original on 21 May 2012
962:The American Journal of Medicine
895:from the original on 12 May 2013
592:from the original on 28 May 2010
446:
1662:
1643:
1629:
1602:
1569:
1509:
1485:
1452:
1410:
1321:
1293:Mohammadi D (15 January 2015).
1286:
1256:
1230:
1203:
1177:
1151:
1121:
1112:
1082:
1051:
1033:
1024:
881:
797:
767:
415:Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market
176:
3470:Infectious disease informatics
3301:Transmission-based precautions
741:
721:DOUCLEFF M (26 October 2016).
714:
683:
652:
541:
486:
97:ut of California". The letter
1:
2887:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
2662:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
2023:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
1238:"That Man in the White House"
1058:Bowdler N (30 October 2007).
862:Duarte F (24 February 2020).
779:Oxford Dictionaries | English
630:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62331-x
496:. science.education.nih.gov.
479:
468:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
364:in the Soho neighbourhood of
330:The first recorded victim of
23:Patient zero (disambiguation)
2449:Aerosol-generating procedure
2227:Silent/Subclinical infection
1927:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
1704:Merica D (21 October 2014).
1576:Beukes S (28 October 2014).
1459:Laurance J (24 April 2003).
975:10.1016/0002-9343(84)90668-5
273:. However, a teenager named
138:largest Ebola virus outbreak
7:
3113:Vaccine-preventable disease
3061:Monoclonal antibody therapy
690:Davis N (27 October 2016).
439:
171:
10:
3539:
3254:Respiratory source control
1299:The Pharmaceutical Journal
1045:December 14, 2005, at the
889:"Definition of index case"
196:In the early years of the
180:
20:
3444:
3398:Global Health Initiatives
3388:Evolutionary epidemiology
3336:
3128:
3083:Post-exposure prophylaxis
3019:Antimicrobial stewardship
2977:
2964:
2869:
2760:
2742:Multiplicity of infection
2707:Basic reproduction number
2682:
2654:
2640:
2626:
2610:
2578:
2540:
2483:Percutaneous inoculation
2469:
2431:
2424:
2406:
2338:
2305:
2298:
2262:
2255:
2158:
2045:
1967:Host–pathogen interaction
1942:
1836:
1829:
1187:. TV.com. 20 March 2006.
310:
301:World Health Organization
3216:Protective sequestration
3078:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
2369:Generational difference
1922:Horizontal gene transfer
1912:Antimicrobial resistance
1765:New York Review of Books
1746:. Orgnet. Archived from
1669:Savitz E (5 June 2012).
1367:Bull. World Health Organ
357:Metropole Hotel in 2003.
36:is the first documented
3403:Microbial phylogenetics
3321:Wastewater surveillance
2842:Geographic distribution
2717:Critical community size
2515:Surgical site infection
2363:Iatrogenic/Medical care
2282:Microbial translocation
2278:Endogenous reactivation
2273:Normal flora overgrowth
2222:Opportunistic infection
1994:Opportunistic infection
1782:. Season 13, Episode 3.
841:The Wall Street Journal
142:mysterious patient zero
112:San Francisco Chronicle
56:
3475:Microbial bioterrorism
3098:efficacy/effectiveness
2506:Surgical intervention
2398:Breakthrough infection
2020:Genetic predisposition
2004:Susceptible individual
1851:Germ theory of disease
1774:Patient Zero - Updated
1295:"Finding patient zero"
523:"WordNet Search – 3.0"
394:Guinea and West Africa
241:And the Band Played On
193:
122:And the Band Played On
73:Origin of patient zero
3311:Universal precautions
2269:Endogenous overgrowth
2121:Poultry and livestock
922:Infosecurity Magazine
665:CollinsDictionary.com
362:1854 cholera outbreak
353:during a stay in the
190:
3413:Genomic reassortment
3393:Genetic epidemiology
3232:Health communication
3160:Flattening the curve
3150:Disease surveillance
2933:Systemic/Generalized
2697:Animal disease model
2177:Asymptomatic carrier
1609:Feldinger F (2008).
1335:. 11 November 1938.
345:doctor, transmitted
3480:Pandemic prevention
3436:Viral phylodynamics
3417:Re-emerging disease
3306:Travel restrictions
2510:Postoperative wound
2479:Blood-borne disease
2461:Respiratory droplet
2373:Vertical/Congenital
2358:Nosocomial/Hospital
2315:Spillover infection
85:, flight attendant
3518:Biological hazards
3426:Selection pressure
2722:Force of infection
2350:Contagious disease
2285:Endogenous seeding
2182:Chain of infection
2106:Injection drug use
2017:Vaccination status
1900:Case fatality rate
1818:infectious disease
1750:on 30 January 2013
811:. 11 August 2014.
785:on 1 December 2017
194:
105:. The designation
3500:
3499:
3490:Tropical medicine
3431:Synthetic biology
3332:
3331:
3291:Social distancing
3244:Outbreak response
2865:
2864:
2692:Agent-based model
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2217:Natural reservoir
2207:Infectious period
2197:Incubation period
2154:
2153:
2110:Natural disaster
2079:Tropical diseases
2062:Biodiversity loss
1999:Risk of infection
1989:Microbiome health
1982:Immunosuppression
1622:978-1-56343-885-1
1523:. 29 April 2009.
1135:. 29 April 2009.
422:Non-medical usage
408:COVID-19 pandemic
383:2009 flu pandemic
3530:
3485:Tropical disease
3421:Reverse zoonosis
3408:One Health Model
3237:Health education
3226:Community health
3145:Cordon sanitaire
3118:Ring vaccination
3088:Repurposed drugs
2975:
2974:
2894:Gastrointestinal
2737:Machine learning
2541:Gastrointestinal
2492:Intravenous line
2429:
2428:
2343:/Cross-infection
2330:Reverse zoonosis
2303:
2302:
2260:
2259:
2165:
2164:
2146:War and conflict
2014:Nutrition status
1977:Immunodeficiency
1834:
1833:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1639:. 13 March 2021.
1633:
1627:
1626:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1398:on 8 August 2014
1397:
1391:. Archived from
1382:
1364:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1214:. The Register.
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1055:
1049:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
998:
987:
986:
948:
942:
941:
935:
933:
924:. 10 July 2012.
914:
905:
904:
902:
900:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
781:. Archived from
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
687:
681:
680:
678:
676:
656:
650:
649:
613:
602:
601:
599:
597:
578:
569:
568:
566:
564:
545:
539:
538:
536:
534:
519:
510:
509:
507:
505:
490:
456:
451:
450:
449:
403:which killed 33.
259:genetic analysis
81:outbreak in the
42:disease epidemic
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3440:
3353:Antigenic shift
3348:Antigenic drift
3339:
3328:
3192:Barrier nursing
3140:Contact tracing
3131:
3124:
2969:
2967:
2960:
2871:
2861:
2762:
2756:
2747:Serial interval
2666:
2650:
2641:Cervico-vaginal
2636:
2627:Trans-placental
2622:
2606:
2574:
2536:
2472:Vascular system
2471:
2465:
2420:
2408:
2402:
2342:
2334:
2294:
2251:
2169:
2150:
2041:
1972:Immune response
1938:
1917:Drug resistance
1861:Infectious dose
1825:
1814:
1753:
1751:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1698:
1684:
1682:
1667:
1663:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1466:The Independent
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1165:on 18 July 2011
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1052:
1047:Wayback Machine
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1000:
999:
990:
949:
945:
931:
929:
916:
915:
908:
898:
896:
887:
886:
882:
872:
870:
860:
856:
846:
844:
832:
828:
818:
816:
809:The Independent
803:
802:
798:
788:
786:
773:
772:
768:
758:
756:
747:
746:
742:
732:
730:
719:
715:
705:
703:
688:
684:
674:
672:
658:
657:
653:
614:
605:
595:
593:
580:
579:
572:
562:
560:
547:
546:
542:
532:
530:
521:
520:
513:
503:
501:
492:
491:
487:
482:
454:Medicine portal
452:
447:
445:
442:
434:Monica Lewinsky
424:
351:super-spreaders
313:
185:
179:
174:
75:
59:
46:epidemiological
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3536:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Emergent virus
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3316:Vector control
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3259:N95 respirator
3251:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3132:pharmaceutical
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2981:
2979:
2978:Pharmaceutical
2972:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2929:Cardiovascular
2927:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2908:Nervous system
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Infection rate
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2487:Injection site
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2456:Dental aerosol
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:Human-to-human
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Super-spreader
2234:
2232:Superinfection
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2141:Vector control
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2070:Climate zones
2068:
2066:Climate change
2063:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1880:Quorum sensing
1877:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1770:
1763:Letter to the
1760:
1734:
1733:External links
1731:
1728:
1727:
1696:
1661:
1642:
1628:
1621:
1601:
1568:
1538:
1508:
1484:
1451:
1409:
1350:
1320:
1285:
1255:
1244:on 4 June 2011
1229:
1202:
1185:"Patient Zero"
1176:
1150:
1120:
1111:
1081:
1050:
1032:
1023:
988:
943:
906:
880:
854:
826:
796:
766:
740:
713:
682:
651:
624:(9959): 2024.
603:
570:
540:
511:
484:
483:
481:
478:
477:
476:
471:
465:
458:
457:
441:
438:
423:
420:
419:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:Emile Ouamouno
386:
379:
376:Steven Johnson
358:
335:
328:
312:
309:
275:Robert Rayford
246:homosexual men
229:gay bathhouses
209:William Darrow
181:Main article:
178:
175:
173:
170:
74:
71:
58:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3535:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Sterilization
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Surgical mask
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:Public health
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Phage therapy
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3056:Immunotherapy
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:Antimicrobial
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2905:Genitourinary
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:in population
2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Herd immunity
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:Genitourinary
2609:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2553:Contamination
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:Vector-borne
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2307:Cross-species
2304:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2247:Window period
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Latent period
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Deforestation
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2036:Stress levels
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:Pathogenicity
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1494:
1488:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1436:
1432:
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3513:Epidemiology
3204:Notification
3175:Hand washing
3170:Food hygiene
3155:Disinfection
3051:Immunization
3002:Anthelmintic
2990:prophylactic
2878:Respiratory
2802:Hyperendemic
2752:WAIFW matrix
2407:Environment-
2201:
2160:Transmission
2136:Urbanization
1934:Host tropism
1830:Determinants
1816:Concepts in
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1748:the original
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474:Scapegoating
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337:64-year-old
304:
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250:
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236:Randy Shilts
233:
225:Gaëtan Dugas
205:patient zero
204:
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183:Gaëtan Dugas
177:Gaëtan Dugas
163:
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120:
119:in his book
117:Randy Shilts
110:
107:patient zero
106:
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87:Gaëtan Dugas
76:
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51:Phineas Gage
34:patient zero
33:
29:
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3523:Index cases
3457:Eradication
3368:Biosecurity
3093:Vaccination
3068:Inoculation
3046:Drug safety
3041:Combination
2968:and Control
2916:Soft tissue
2870:Anatomical
2837:Seasonality
2817:Mesoendemic
2797:Holoendemic
2790:Farr's laws
2702:Attack rate
2500:Animal bite
2496:Insect bite
2432:Respiratory
2059:Air quality
2047:Environment
1957:Comorbidity
1873:Attack rate
1856:Infectivity
1656:www.bbc.com
1594:28 November
1433:(8). 2003.
1278:25 December
847:27 February
819:18 November
789:18 November
675:18 November
563:18 November
504:10 November
406:As for the
339:Liu Jianlun
317:Mary Mallon
234:Journalist
115:journalist
3507:Categories
3340:infections
3281:Sanitation
3249:Quarantine
3108:resistance
3026:Antiseptic
3007:Ascaricide
2997:Antifungal
2985:Antibiotic
2966:Prevention
2899:Intestinal
2832:Prevalence
2812:Inequality
2761:Occurrence
2560:Breastmilk
2444:Bioaerosol
2416:Sapronosis
2391:Horizontal
2263:Endogenous
2242:Viral load
2202:Index case
1754:3 November
1744:orgnet.com
1720:22 October
1650:Duarte F.
1553:. Mirror.
1531:3 November
1501:14 October
1469:. London.
1444:18 October
1343:3 November
1313:16 January
1248:3 November
1195:3 November
1169:3 November
1016:3 November
759:3 November
706:26 October
618:The Lancet
596:3 November
533:3 November
480:References
153:propositus
30:index case
3452:Discovery
3378:Disease X
3338:Emerging
3286:Screening
3187:Isolation
3031:Antiviral
2857:Twindemic
2807:Incidence
2684:Modelling
2647:Perinatal
2579:Cutaneous
2470:Linked to
2380:Perinatal
2299:Exogenous
2291:formation
2033:Pregnancy
1890:Endotoxin
1885:Virulence
1222:10 August
1210:Lemos R.
1008:. AVERT.
1006:avert.org
957:Curran JW
953:Darrow WW
355:Hong Kong
343:Guangdong
279:St. Louis
271:immigrant
130:pandemics
67:outbreaks
3361:EARS-Net
3276:Safe sex
3228:services
3199:Lockdown
2970:measures
2872:location
2852:Syndemic
2847:Sporadic
2827:Pandemic
2822:Outbreak
2780:Epidemic
2633:Prenatal
2525:Mosquito
2409:to-human
2384:Neonatal
2377:Prenatal
2325:Zoonosis
2170:concepts
2101:Humidity
2086:Commerce
1962:Diabetes
1895:Exotoxin
1779:Radiolab
1714:Archived
1685:31 March
1679:Archived
1588:Archived
1561:25 April
1555:Archived
1525:Archived
1521:CBS News
1471:Archived
1435:Archived
1337:Archived
1307:Archived
1305:(7845).
1272:Archived
1216:Archived
1189:Archived
1143:29 April
1137:Archived
1133:CBS News
1098:Archived
1068:Archived
1064:BBC News
1043:Archived
1010:Archived
932:31 March
926:Archived
893:Archived
873:22 March
868:BBC News
813:Archived
753:Archived
727:Archived
700:Archived
646:12454399
638:25483164
590:Archived
557:Archived
527:Archived
498:Archived
440:See also
378:, 2005.)
283:Missouri
277:died in
201:epidemic
172:Examples
146:COVID-19
3165:Hygiene
3103:booster
3036:Asepsis
2775:Endemic
2770:Cluster
2354:Source
2289:Biofilm
2126:Poverty
2096:Ecology
2074:El Niño
2027:Smoking
1905:factors
1846:Biofilm
1822:Outline
1380:2395567
1104:10 July
983:6608269
725:. NPR.
586:CDC.gov
553:NPR.org
462:Proband
428:malware
321:typhoid
166:malware
158:proband
63:disease
38:patient
3373:CRISPR
3325:Zoning
3180:Gloves
2591:Fomite
2425:Routes
2320:Vector
2187:Fomite
2168:Basic
2131:Travel
2011:Gender
1675:Forbes
1619:
1402:22 May
1389:307456
1387:
1377:
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899:11 May
644:
636:
366:London
311:Others
287:before
263:Africa
134:Guinea
3445:Other
2953:Fetus
2948:Mouth
2943:Tooth
2938:Blood
2925:Joint
2785:Curve
2655:Other
2602:wound
2600:Open
2570:Feces
2565:Water
2256:Modes
2114:Flood
1838:Agent
1496:(PDF)
1477:5 May
1438:(PDF)
1421:(PDF)
1396:(PDF)
1363:(PDF)
1074:5 May
733:1 May
642:S2CID
332:Ebola
267:Haiti
221:virus
40:in a
3209:list
3130:Non-
2920:Bone
2912:Skin
2596:Soil
2586:Burn
2548:Food
2530:Tick
2192:Host
1952:Burn
1944:Host
1756:2010
1722:2014
1687:2017
1617:ISBN
1596:2014
1563:2009
1533:2010
1503:2014
1479:2010
1446:2011
1404:2018
1385:PMID
1345:2010
1315:2015
1280:2019
1250:2010
1224:2017
1197:2010
1171:2010
1145:2009
1106:2021
1076:2010
1018:2010
979:PMID
934:2017
901:2013
875:2020
849:2021
821:2017
791:2017
761:2010
735:2021
708:2016
677:2017
634:PMID
598:2010
565:2017
535:2010
506:2017
347:SARS
341:, a
325:cook
203:, a
198:AIDS
192:red.
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49:did
28:The
3269:PPE
2957:Eye
2618:Sex
2439:Air
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1776:".
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1375:PMC
1333:PBS
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