Phineas Gage - Knowledge

1603: 927: 1136:

his custom), manifesting but little deference for his fellows, impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires, at times pertinaciously obstinate, yet capricious and vacillating, devising many plans of future operations, which are no sooner arranged than they are abandoned in turn for others appearing more feasible. A child in his intellectual capacity and manifestations, he has the animal passions of a strong man. Previous to his injury, although untrained in the schools, he possessed a well-balanced mind, and was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd, smart business man, very energetic and persistent in executing all his plans of operation. In this regard his mind was radically changed, so decidedly that his friends and acquaintances said he was "no longer Gage."

749: 253: 1877: 40: 1557: 538: 615: 333: 387: 378: 1154: 2180: 1803: 2198: 2024: 891: 937: 721: 2625: this is confirmed by a contemporary obituary. (Harlow's informant was Gage's mother; Macmillan points out that the 1861 date, when combined with Gage's recorded age at death‍—‌36 years plus an unspecified number of months‍—‌obscures the fact that Gage was born just a few months after his parents' April 27, 1823 marriage.) This implies that certain other dates Harlow gives for events late in Gage's life‍—‌his move from Chile to San Francisco and the onset of his convulsions‍—‌must also be mistaken, presumably by the same one year; this article follows Macmillan in correcting those dates, each of which carries this annotation. 1720: 1045: 737: 684:, traveling there in a "close carriage" (an enclosed conveyance of the kind used for transporting the insane). Though "quite feeble and thin ... weak and childish" on arriving, by late December he was "riding out, improving both mentally and physically", and by the following February he was "able to do a little work about the horses and barn, feeding the cattle etc. as the time for ploughing came he was able to do half a day's work after that and bore it well". In August his mother told an inquiring physician that his memory seemed somewhat impaired, though slightly enough that a stranger would not notice. 1104: 1461: 815:; there is no evidence Gage ever exhibited with a troupe or circus, or on a fairground.) Advertisements have also been found for public appearances by Gage‍—‌which he may have arranged and promoted himself‍—‌in New Hampshire and Vermont, supporting Harlow's statement that Gage made public appearances in "most of the larger New England towns". (Years later Bigelow wrote that Gage had been "a shrewd and intelligent man and quite disposed to do anything of that sort to turn an honest penny", but gave up such efforts because " sort of thing has not much interest for the general public".) 2067: 1224: 7785: 1923:, and not touch either." Similarly, when a lumbermill foreman returned to work soon after a saw cut three inches (8 cm) into his skull from just between the eyes to behind the top of his head, his surgeon (who had removed from this wound "thirty-two pieces of bone, together with considerable sawdust") termed the case "second to none reported, save the famous tamping-iron case of Dr. Harlow", though apologizing that "I cannot well gratify the desire of my professional brethren to possess skull, until he has no further use for it himself." 7944: 7922: 7877: 7819: 7560: 7498: 7278: 7199: 6540: 6288: 6249: 6176: 6139: 6070: 6005: 5963: 5830: 5771: 5472: 4797: 4321: 4197: 4072: 3947: 3900: 3845: 3770: 3423: 3378: 3339: 578: 869: he left Chile for San Francisco, arriving (in his mother's words) "in a feeble condition, having failed very much since he left New Hampshire ... Had many ill turns while in Valparaiso, especially during the last year, and suffered much from hardship and exposure." In San Francisco he recovered under the care of his mother and sister, who had relocated there from New Hampshire around the time he went to Chile. Then, "anxious to work", he found employment with a farmer in 2211: of him known other than a plaster head cast taken for Bigelow in late 1849 (and now in the Warren Museum along with Gage's skull and tamping iron). The first portrait shows a "disfigured yet still-handsome" Gage with left eye closed and scars clearly visible, "well dressed and confident, even proud" and holding his iron, on which portions of its inscription can be made out. (For decades the portrait's owners had believed that it depicted an injured whaler with his 1258: 677:", and while Harlow was absent for a week Gage was "in the street every day except Sunday", his desire to return to his family in New Hampshire being "uncontrollable by his friends ... he went without an overcoat and with thin boots; got wet feet and a chill". He soon developed a fever, but by mid-November was "feeling better in every respect walking about the house again". Harlow's prognosis at this point: Gage "appears to be in a way of recovering, if he can be controlled". 1825:

that the man had risen, until they had thrust their fingers into the hole his head, and even then they required of the Country Doctor attested statements, from clergymen and lawyers, before they could or would believe‍—‌many eminent surgeons regarding such an occurrence as a physiological impossibility, the appearances presented by the subject being variously explained away.

1501: 227: one of "the great medical curiosities of all time" and "a living part of the medical folklore" frequently mentioned in books and scientific papers; he even has a minor place in popular culture. Despite this celebrity, the body of established fact about Gage and what he was like (whether before or after his injury) is small, which has allowed "the fitting of almost any theory to the small number of facts we have" ‍—‌Gage acting as a " 1365:

boastful, brawling, foul-mouthed, dishonest useless drifter, unable to hold down a job, who died penniless in an institution". In the words of Barker, "As years passed, the case took on a life of its own, accruing novel additions to Gage's story without any factual basis". Even today (writes Zbigniew Kotowicz) "Most commentators still rely on hearsay and accept what others have said about Gage, namely, that after the accident he became a

2451: (Harlow's original case notes have not been located. A Warren Museum curator referred to the "stately elegance" of Harlow's writings on Gage.) However, all of these sources were difficult to obtain prior to 2000‍—‌for example, Macmillan was able to identify something more than 21 copies of Harlow's 1868 paper worldwide‍—‌and Macmillan believes this has helped allow distorted descriptions of Gage to flourish. 2362: but in 2016 was donated to the Warren Anatomical Museum. Like almost all daguerreotypes it shows its subject laterally (left–right) reversed, making it appear as if Gage's right eye is injured. However, all Gage's injuries, including to his eye, were on the left; therefore in presenting the image in this article a second, compensating reversal has been applied so as to show Gage as he appeared in life. 1177:‍—‌was apparently based on information anonymously supplied by Harlow. Pointing out that Bigelow gave extensive verbatim quotations from Harlow's 1848 papers, yet omitted Harlow's promise to follow up with details of Gage's "mental manifestations", Barker explains Bigelow's and Harlow's contradictory evaluations (less than a year apart) by differences in their educational backgrounds, in particular their attitudes toward 605: 349: 292:, who knew Gage before his accident, described him as "a perfectly healthy, strong and active young man, twenty-five years of age, nervo-bilious temperament, five feet six inches in height, average weight one hundred and fifty pounds , possessing an iron will as well as an iron frame; muscular system unusually well developed‍—‌having had scarcely a day's illness from his childhood to the date of injury". (In the 505:

below upward. Mr. Gage, during the time I was examining this wound, was relating the manner in which he was injured to the bystanders. I did not believe Mr. Gage's statement at that time, but thought he was deceived. Mr. Gage persisted in saying that the bar went through his head. Mr. G. got up and vomited; the effort of vomiting pressed out about half a teacupful of the brain , which fell upon the floor.

179: 1247: A day's work for Gage meant "a 13-hour journey over 100 miles of poor roads, often in times of political instability or frank revolution. All this‍—‌in a land to whose language and customs Phineas arrived an utter stranger‍—‌militates as much against permanent disinhibition as do the extremely complex sensory-motor and cognitive skills required of a coach driver." 642:. Comatose, but will answer in monosyllables if aroused. Will not take nourishment unless strongly urged. The friends and attendants are in hourly expectancy of his death, and have his coffin and clothes in readiness. One of the attendants implored me not to do anything more for him, as it would only prolong his sufferings—that if I would only keep away and let him alone, he would die." 1842:(1869) it was the 1850 report on Gage by Bigelow‍—‌Harvard's Professor of Surgery and "a majestic and authoritative figure on the medical scene of those times" ‍—‌that "finally succeeded in forcing authenticity upon the credence of the profession ... as could hardly have been done by any one in whose sagacity and surgical knowledge his 2097: (Phrenology held that the organs of the "grosser and more animal passions are near the base of the brain; literally the lowest and nearest the animal man highest and farthest from the sensual are the moral and religions feelings, as if to be nearest heaven". Thus Veneration and Benevolence are at the apex of the skull‍—‌the region of exit of Gage's tamping iron.) 1120:

direct information on what Gage was like (either before or after the accident), the mental changes published after his death were much more dramatic than anything reported while he was alive, and few sources are explicit about the periods of Gage's life to which their various descriptions of him (which vary widely in their implied level of functional impairment) are meant to apply.

1993:] interest". Thus, Macmillan writes, "Phineas' story is worth remembering because it illustrates how easily a small stock of facts becomes transformed into popular and scientific myth", the paucity of evidence having allowed "the fitting of almost any theory to the small number of facts we have". A similar concern was expressed as early as 1877, when British neurologist 1084: 704:... raised and quite prominent. Behind this is a deep depression, two inches by one and one-half inches wide, beneath which the pulsations of the brain can be perceived. Partial paralysis of the left side of the face. His physical health is good, and I am inclined to say he has recovered. Has no pain in head, but says it has a queer feeling which he is not able to describe. 2779:‍—‌the did little injury ..." refers to the first point at which the tamping iron contacted bone; elsewhere he describes the initial penetration (i.e. of the tissue of the face) as "immediately anterior and external to the angle of the inferior maxillary bone", consistent with the analyses of Macmillan; Ratiu et al.; and Van Horn et al. 2234:. "That was any form of vagrant following his injury is belied by these remarkable images", wrote Van Horn et al. "Although just one picture," Kean commented in reference to the first image discovered, "it exploded the common image of Gage as a dirty, disheveled misfit. This Phineas was proud, well-dressed, and disarmingly handsome." 1327:

that rehabilitation can be effective even in difficult and long-standing cases"; and if Gage could achieve such improvement without medical supervision, "what are the limits for those in formal rehabilitation programs?" As author Sam Kean put it, "If even Phineas Gage bounced back‍—‌that's a powerful message of hope."

930:"he mother and friends, waiving the claims of personal and private affection, with a magnanimity more than praiseworthy, at my request have cheerfully placed this skull in my hands, for the benefit of science." Gage's skull (sawed to show interior) and iron, photographed for Harlow in 1868. 1131:

their employ"; he also took pains to note that Gage's memory and general intelligence seemed unimpaired after the accident, outside of the delirium exhibited in the first few days. Nonetheless these same employers, after Gage's accident, "considered the change in his mind so marked that they could not give him his place again":

1369:"; Grafman has written that "the details of social cognitive impairment have occasionally been inferred or even embellished to suit the enthusiasm of the story teller"; and Goldenberg calls Gage "a (nearly) blank sheet upon which authors can write stories which illustrate their theories and entertain the public". 2791:

facts were matter of daily discussion at the time of their occurrence, there is no difference of belief, nor has there been at any time doubt that the iron was actually driven through the brain. A considerable number of medical gentlemen also visited the case at various times to satisfy their incredulity."

1378:("dependent on his family" or "in the custody of his parents") died "in careless dissipation". In fact, after his initial post-recovery months spent traveling and exhibiting, Gage supported himself‍—‌at a total of just two different jobs‍—‌from early 1851 until just before his death in 1860. 2790:

In addition to the "attested statements" mentioned by Harlow (which Harlow had gathered at Bigelow's request) and his own examination of Gage, Bigelow pointed out that the accident had occurred "in open day" with many witnesses, and that "in a thickly populated country neighbourhood, to which all the

2441:

Macmillan compares accounts of Gage to one another and against the known facts, as well as contrasting Gage's celebrity‍—‌he is mentioned in 91 percent of a sample of introductory psychology textbooks published 2012–2014‍—‌with what was, until comparatively recently, the lack of any major

2366:

The 2010-identified image is in the possession of Tara Gage Miller of Texas; an identical image belongs to Phyllis Gage Hartley of New Jersey. Unlike the Wilgus portrait, which is an original daguerreotype, the Miller and Hartley images are 19th-century photographic reproductions of

1447:

Nonetheless (write Daffner and Searl) "the telling of story has increased interest in understanding the enigmatic role that the frontal lobes play in behavior and personality", and Ratiu has said that in teaching about the frontal lobes, an anecdote about Gage is like an "ace your sleeve. It's just

2384:

Macmillan discusses Gage's ancestry and early life. The birthdate July 9, 1823, is given by a Gage genealogy without citation, but is consistent with agreement among contemporary sources that Gage was 25 years old on the date of his accident, and with his age (36 years) as given in undertaker's

1377:

held a regular job after his accident, "was prone to quit in a capricious fit or be let go because of poor discipline", "never returned to a fully independent existence", "spent the rest of his life living miserably off the charity of others and traveling around the country as a sideshow freak", and

504:

When I drove up he said, "Doctor, here is business enough for you." I first noticed the wound upon the head before I alighted from my carriage, the pulsations of the brain being very distinct. The top of the head appeared somewhat like an inverted funnel, as if some wedge-shaped body had passed from

234:

A report of Gage's physical and mental condition shortly before his death implies that his most serious mental changes were temporary, so that in later life he was far more functional, and socially far better adapted, than in the years immediately following his accident. A social recovery hypothesis

2718:

Aug 26th, 54". Benjamin Richards Sweetland (or Sweatland), a second cousin of Gage's mother, emigrated from New York to California in the 1850s. Presumably Gage either gave or sent this note to Sweetland, who used it to retrieve from the Museum the tamping iron, which he then took, or forwarded, to

2665:

The tamping iron appears to have passed between the Warren Museum and Gage several times. Gage originally gave it to the Museum in early 1850, yet he had it with him when he briefly resumed exhibiting just before going to Chile in 1852. Two years later he was asking for it again: the Museum's files

2222:

Authenticity of the portraits was confirmed by overlaying the inscription on the tamping iron, as seen in the portraits, against that on the actual tamping iron, and matching the subject's injuries to those preserved in the head cast. However, about when, where, and by whom the portraits were taken

1848:

had any less confidence". Noting that, "The leading feature of this case is its improbability ... This is the sort of accident that happens in the pantomime at the theater, not elsewhere", Bigelow emphasized that though "at first wholly skeptical, I have been personally

1788:

The very small amount of attention that has been given to case can only be explained by the fact that it far transcends any case of recovery from injury of the head that can be found in the records of surgery. It was too monstrous for belief ...

1701:

Precisely what Harlow's "several reasons" were is unclear, but he was likely referring, at least in part, to the understanding (slowly developing since ancient times) that injuries to the front of the brain are less dangerous than are those to the rear, because the latter frequently interrupt vital

1572:

into the brain) has a diameter about half that of the iron itself; combining this with the hairline fracture beginning behind the exit region and running down the front of the skull, they concluded that the skull "hinged" open as the iron entered from below, then was pulled closed by the resilience

1193:

Harlow's interest in phrenology prepared him to accept the change in character as a significant clue to cerebral function which merited publication. Bigelow had that damage to the cerebral hemispheres had no intellectual effect, and he was unwilling to consider Gage's deficit significant ...

1135:

The equilibrium or balance, so to speak, between his intellectual faculties and animal propensities, seems to have been destroyed. He is fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the grossest profanity (which was not previously

517:, truly terrific; but the patient bore his sufferings with the most heroic firmness. He recognized me at once, and said he hoped he was not much hurt. He seemed to be perfectly conscious, but was getting exhausted from the hemorrhage. His person, and the bed on which he was laid, were literally one 381:

The "cone of uncertainty" for the path taken by the tamping iron. Gage's mouth was open at the moment of the explosion, and the front and back of his skull temporarily "hinged" apart as the iron entered from below, then were pulled back together

1892:

As the reality of Gage's accident and survival gained credence, it became "the standard against which other injuries to the brain were judged", and it has retained that status despite competition from a growing list of other unlikely-sounding brain-injury accidents, including encounters with axes,

1326:

may re-establish their original connections or build alternative pathways as the brain recovers" from injury. Macmillan adds that if Gage made such a recovery‍—‌if he eventually "figured out how to live" (as Fleischman put it) despite his injury‍—‌then it "would add to current evidence

4719:

Synopsis of phrenology: and the phrenological developments: together with the character and talents of ________ as given by ________: with references to those pages of "Phrenology proved, illustrated and applied," in which will be found a full and correct delineation of the intellectual and moral

1824:

The case occurred nearly twenty years ago, in an obscure country town ..., was attended and reported by an obscure country physician, and was received by the Metropolitan Doctors with several grains of caution, insomuch that many utterly refused to believe

1443:

None of these behaviors are mentioned by anyone who had met Gage or even his family, and as Kotowicz put it, "Harlow does not report a single act that Gage should have been ashamed of." Gage is "a great story for illustrating the need to go back to original sources", writes Macmillan, most

1372:

For example, Harlow's statement that Gage "continued to work in various places; could not do much, changing often, and always finding something that did not suit him in every place he tried" refers only to Gage's final months, after convulsions had set in. But it has been misinterpreted as

1364:

Macmillan's analysis of scientific and popular accounts of Gage found that they almost always distort and exaggerate his behavioral changes well beyond anything described by anyone who had direct contact with him, concluding that the known facts are "inconsistent with the common view of Gage as a

1244:

Macmillan writes that this conclusion is reinforced by the responsibilities and challenges associated with stagecoach work such as that done by Gage in Chile, including the requirement that drivers "be reliable, resourceful, and possess great endurance. But above all, they had to have the kind of

1130:

Harlow ("virtually our only source of information" on Gage, according to psychologist Malcolm Macmillan) described the pre-accident Gage as hard-working, responsible, and "a great favorite" with the men in his charge, his employers having regarded him as "the most efficient and capable foreman in

1119:

Gage may have been the first case to suggest the brain's role in determining personality and that damage to specific parts of the brain might induce specific personality changes, but the nature, extent, and duration of these changes have been difficult to establish. Only a handful of sources give

2763:

In any event, any such analysis can estimate only the initial, direct damage done by the passage of the tamping iron itself; it cannot account for additional damage from concussion, from bone fragments pushed along by the iron after it broke through the base of the cranium, or from the extensive

2121:

There is simply no evidence that any of these operations were deliberately designed to produce the kinds of changes in Gage that were caused by his accident, nor that knowledge of Gage's fate formed part of the rationale for them‍... hat his case did show came solely from his surviving his

1915:, for example, alluded to Gage's astonishing survival by referring to him as "the patient whose cerebral organism had been comparatively so little disturbed by its abrupt and intrusive visitor"; and a Kentucky doctor, reporting a patient's survival of a gunshot through the nose, bragged, "If you 596:

km) away‍—‌ on the morning after the accident, on the second day, he "lost control of his mind, and became decidedly delirious". By the fourth day, he was again "rational ... knows his friends", and after a week's further improvement Harlow entertained, for the first time, the thought

398:

As Gage was doing this around 4:30 p.m., his attention was attracted by his men working behind him. Looking over his right shoulder, and inadvertently bringing his head into line with the blast hole and tamping iron, Gage opened his mouth to speak; in that same instant the

2559:

Though the tamping iron's passage forced the left eye from its orbit by one-half its diameter, that eye retained "indistinct" vision until the tenth day after the accident, when vision was permanently lost. Ratiu et al. conclude that "the optic canal was spared ... secondary to acute

2514:

Williams family lore holds that Harlow did not appear on the scene until two days after Gage's accident, but nonetheless "sought eventually to take the whole glory of the successful outcome" of the case, even though Williams "was given full credit by all those who knew of his connection" to it.

2487:

inches (4.5 cm) in diameter and up to 12 feet (4 m) deep, might require three men working as much as a day to bore using hand tools. The labor invested in setting each blast, the judgment involved in selecting its location and the quantity of powder to be used, and the often explosive

231:" in which proponents of various conflicting theories of the brain all saw support for their views. Historically, published accounts of Gage (including scientific ones) have almost always severely exaggerated and distorted his behavioral changes, frequently contradicting the known facts. 1815:

Barker notes that Harlow's original 1848 report of Gage's survival and recovery "was widely disbelieved, for obvious reasons" and Harlow, recalling this early skepticism in his 1868 retrospective, invoked the

2100:

Harlow wrote that Gage, during his convalescence, did not "estimate size or money accurately would not take $ 1000 for a few pebbles" and was not particular about prices when visiting a local store; by these examples Harlow may have been implying damage to phrenology's "Organ of Comparison".

1769:

progressive elements from the available therapies to the particular needs posed by Gage's injuries" emphasizes that Harlow "did not apply rigidly what he had learned", for example forgoing an exhaustive search for bone fragments (which risked hemorrhage and further brain injury) and applying

1289:

rise early in the morning, prepare himself, and groom, feed, and harness the horses; he had to be at the departure point at a specified time, load the luggage, charge the fares and get the passengers settled; and then had to care for the passengers on the journey, unload their luggage at the

950:

In 1866, Harlow (who had "lost all trace of , and had well nigh abandoned all expectation of ever hearing from him again") somehow learned that Gage had died in California, and made contact with his family there. At Harlow's request the family had Gage's skull exhumed, then

1768:

him, God healed him", but Macmillan calls this self-assessment far too modest. Noting that Harlow had been a "relatively inexperienced local physician ... graduated four and a half years earlier", Macmillan's discussion of Harlow's "skillful and imaginative adaptation conservative and

2001:

in an attempt "to have this case definitely settled") complained that, "In investigating reports on diseases and injuries of the brain, I am constantly being amazed at the inexactitude and distortion to which they are subject by men who have some pet theory to support. The facts suffer so

2488:

nature of employer-employee relations on this type of job, all underscore the significance of Harlow's statements that Gage had been a "great favorite" with his men, and that his employers had considered him "the most efficient and capable foreman in their employ" prior to the accident.

1239: this implies that Gage's most serious mental changes had been temporary, so that the "fitful, irreverent ... capricious and vacillating" Gage described by Harlow immediately after the accident became, over time, far more functional and far better adapted socially. 2596:

Gage may have been one of the earliest examples of a patient entering a hospital primarily to further medical research rather than for treatment. He also appears to have been one of the first patients exhibited in an entertainment venue, as opposed to in presentations before medical

1614:

Harlow saw Gage's survival as demonstrating "the wonderful resources of the system in enduring the shock and in overcoming the effects of so frightful a lesion, and as a beautiful display of the recuperative powers of nature", and listed what he saw as the circumstances favoring it:

841:

Phineas was accustomed to entertain his little nephews and nieces with the most fabulous recitals of his wonderful feats and hair-breadth escapes, without any foundation except in his fancy. He conceived a great fondness for pets and souvenirs,

317:

foreman (possibly an independent contractor) on railway construction projects. His employers' "most efficient and capable foreman ... a shrewd, smart business man, very energetic and persistent in executing all his plans of operation", he had even commissioned a custom-made

2010:

refers to the "interpretations and misinterpretations from 1848 to the present", and Jarrett discusses the use of Gage to promote "the myth, found in hundreds of psychology and neuroscience textbooks, plays, films, poems, and YouTube skits Personality is located in the frontal

581:

The first known report of Gage's accident, understating the thickness of his tamping iron (by confusing its diameter with its circumference) and overstating the iron's length and the damage to Gage's

968: and made what he called "my iron bar" his "constant companion during the remainder of his life"; now it too was delivered by Gage's family to Harlow. (Though some accounts assert that Gage's iron had been buried with him, there is no evidence for this.) 1907:

inch (1.6 cm) in diameter (extracted "not without considerable difficulty and force, owing to a bend in the portion of the rod in his skull"), his physician invoked Gage as the "only case comparable with this, in the amount of brain injury, that I have seen reported".

1278:

Phineas' survival and rehabilitation demonstrated a theory of recovery which has influenced the treatment of frontal lobe damage today. In modern treatment, adding structure to tasks by, for example, mentally

1142: but Harlow‍—‌perhaps hesitant to describe his patient negatively while he was still alive‍—‌delayed publishing it until 1868, after Gage had died and his family had supplied "what we so much desired to see" (as Harlow termed Gage's skull). 494:-mile (1.2 km) ride to his lodgings in town. (A possibly apocryphal contemporary newspaper report claimed that Gage, while en route, made an entry in his time-book‍—‌the record of his crew's hours and wages.) About 30 minutes after the accident, physician 2449: Bigelow (1850); and Jackson (1849, 1870). Macmillan notes that descriptions of Gage's behavior‍—‌the source of the perennial interest in the case‍—‌total just 300 words and emphasizes the primacy of Harlow's three publications as sources. 1312:

Thus Gage's stagecoach work‍—‌"a highly structured environment in which clear sequences of tasks were required contingencies requiring foresight and planning arose daily"‍—‌resembles rehabilitation regimens first developed by Soviet neuropsychologist

2638:

1, 1860 (seven days after Gage's death) lists as empty the San Francisco house shared by Hannah Gage, her daughter (Gage's sister) Phebe, Phebe's husband David Dustin Shattuck, and Phebe and David's young son Frank. Instead, Hannah, Phebe, and Frank (but not

2168:

As Kihlstrom put it, "any modern commentators exaggerate the extent of Gage's personality change, perhaps engaging in a kind of retrospective reconstruction based on what we now know, or think we do, about the role of the frontal cortex in self-regulation."

2085:"‍—‌as phrenologists saw it, the part of the brain responsible for "goodness, benevolence, the gentle character ... to dispose man to conduct himself in a manner conformed to the maintenance of social order"‍—‌and/or the adjacent "organ of 2117:‍—‌or even that Gage's accident constituted "the first lobotomy". Aside from the question of why the unpleasant changes usually (if hyperbolically) attributed to Gage would inspire surgical imitation, there is no such link, according to Macmillan: 7603:

On the functions of the brain and of each of its parts: with observations on the possibility of determining the instincts, propensities, and talents, or the moral and intellectual dispositions of men and animals, by the configuration of the brain and

2806:

which were now and then incidents of his surgical communications without giving notice that he intended to do so") actually produced this patient, Joel Lenn, together with "the gas pipe which had pierced his head from the right forehead to left

3440:

Gage, P. P. (1854). "Please deliver my iron bar to the bearer" (Note to unknown recipient). Records of the Warren Anatomical Museum, 1828–1892 (inclusive) (AA 192.5), Box 1, Harvard Medical Library in the Francis A. Countway Library of

1655:

Barker writes that " from falls, horse kicks, and gunfire, were well known in pre–Civil War America every contemporary course of lectures on surgery described the diagnosis and treatment" of such injuries. But to Gage's benefit, surgeon

2446:

Until 2008 the available primary sources offering significant information on Gage, and for which there is any evidence at all (even merely the source's own claim) of contact with Gage or his family, were limited to Harlow (1848, 1849,

1249: (An American visitor wrote: "The departure of the coach was always a great event at Valparaiso‍—‌a crowd of ever-astonished Chilenos assembling every day to witness the phenomenon of one man driving six horses.") 553:

or more" of protruding brain. After probing for foreign bodies and replacing two large detached pieces of bone, Harlow closed the wound with adhesive straps, leaving it partially open for drainage; the entrance wound in the cheek was

1930:

pretended to wonder whether the brain has any function at all: "Since the antics of iron bars, gas pipes, and the like skepticism is discomfitted, and dares not utter itself. Brains do not seem to be of much account now-a-days." The

1550:

of Gage's actual skull, Ratiu et al. and Van Horn et al. both rejected that conclusion, agreeing with Harlow's belief‍—‌based on probing Gage's wounds with his fingers‍—‌that only the left frontal lobe had been

712:, adjacent to the point of entry through the cheek, was also lost. Though a year later some weakness remained, Harlow wrote that "physically, the recovery was quite complete during the four years immediately succeeding the injury". 977:

This is the bar that was shot through the head of Mr Phinehas P. Gage at Cavendish Vermont Sept 14, 1848. He fully recovered from the injury & deposited this bar in the Museum of the Medical College of Harvard

1269:

Macmillan writes that this contrast‍—‌between Gage's early, versus later, post-accident behavior‍—‌reflects his " from the commonly portrayed impulsive and uninhibited person into one who made a reasonable 'social

2042:, both sides managed to enlist Gage in support of their theories. For example, after Eugene Dupuy wrote that Gage proved that the brain is not localized (characterizing him as a "striking case of destruction of the so-called 562:

was applied, then a nightcap, then further bandaging to secure these dressings. Harlow also dressed Gage's hands and forearms (which along with his face had been deeply burned) and ordered that Gage's head be kept elevated.

1679:

No attempt will be made by me to cite analogous cases, as after ransacking the literature of surgery in quest of such, I learn that all, or nearly all, soon came to a fatal result.

1157:"Before the injury he was quiet and respectful." 1851 report, apparently based on information from Harlow, countering Bigelow's claim that Gage was mentally unchanged. 1672:." By keeping the exit wound open, and elevating Gage's head to encourage drainage from the cranium into the sinuses (through the hole made by the tamping iron), Harlow "had not repeated Professor Pancoast's mistake". 766:

cents" (equivalent to about $ 5 in 2023). Gage briefly resumed exhibiting just before going to Chile, possibly to help finance that move; this advertisement appeared August 1852 in

173:, and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior over the remaining 12 years of his life‍—‌effects sufficiently profound that friends saw him (for a time at least) as "no longer Gage". 2160:... His account of Gage's last months a grotesque fabrication that Gage was some riff-raff who in his final days headed for California to drink and brawl himself to death 1235:

In 1860, an American physician who had known Gage in Chile in 1858 and 1859 described him as still "engaged in stage driving in the enjoyment of good health, with no impairment whatever of his mental faculties".

970: After studying them for a triumphal 1868 retrospective paper on Gage Harlow redeposited the iron‍—‌this time with the skull‍—‌in the Warren Museum, where they remain on display today. 2815:

must have been a painful coda for Harlow, eclipsing the pinnacle of his medical career." Months after Lenn's accident his surgeon reported, "He seems to be perfectly rational, and will reply correctly in

1651:... did little injury until it reached the floor of the cranium, when, at the same time that it did irreparable damage, it opening in the base of the skull, for drainage, recovery would have been impossible. 2619: Harlow gives Gage's date of death as May 21, 1861, but because bound, consecutive interment records show that Gage was buried May 23, 1860, Macmillan concludes that May 21, 1594:"), concluding that these patients "suggest that social behavior, language, and memory depend on the coordinated activity of different regions rather than single areas in the frontal or temporal lobes." 7215:

A Treatise on Operative Surgery: Comprising a Description of the Various Processes of the Art, Including All the New Operations; Exhibiting the State of Surgical Science in Its Present Advanced Condition

1534:

et al., that the tamping iron did physical damage to both lobes, was drawn not from Gage's skull but from a cadaver skull digitally deformed to match the dimensions of Gage's

1635:

Despite its very large diameter and mass (compared to a weapon-fired projectile) the tamping iron's relatively low velocity drastically reduced the energy available to compressive and concussive "shock

645:

Galvanized to action, Harlow "cut off the fungi which were sprouting out from the top of the brain and filling the opening, and made free application of caustic to them. With a scalpel I laid open the

1053: 842:

especially for children, horses and dogs‍—‌only exceeded by his attachment for his tamping iron, which was his constant companion during the remainder of his life.

374:

and a fuse; then using the tamping iron to pack ("tamp") sand, clay, or other inert material into the hole above the powder in order to contain the blast's energy and direct it into surrounding rock.

2223:

nothing is known, except that they were created no earlier than January 1850 (when the inscription was added to the tamping iron), on different occasions, and are likely by different photographers.

5380:

An iron bar, that was driven through a man's head (Tamping iron of Phineas Gage). Warren Anatomical Museum (WAM 03106), Harvard Medical Library in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine.

2764:

bleeding and severe infection. Further uncertainty stems from individual variations in the position of the brain within the skull, and in the points at which various brain functions are localized.

7243:

The chirurgical works of Percivall Pott, F.R.S. Surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital. A new edition, with his last corrections. To which are added a short account of the life of the author ...

1149:

The mental manifestations of the patient, I reserve to a future communication. I think the case ... is exceedingly interesting to the enlightened physiologist and intellectual philosopher.

973:

The tamping iron bears the following inscription, commissioned by Bigelow in conjunction with the iron's original deposit in the Museum (though the date given for the accident is one day off):

332: 2503:

Barker: "Harlow always refers to the bar by its proper title, as a tamping iron. Bigelow's reference to a crowbar ... gave the case its nickname, which is still encountered today."

941: 44:

Gage and his "constant companion"‍—‌his inscribed tamping iron‍—‌sometime after 1849, seen in the portrait (identified in 2009) that "exploded the common image of Gage as a dirty,

2030:

contended that destruction of the mental "organs" of Veneration and Benevolence caused Gage's behavioral changes. Harlow may have believed that the Organ of Comparison was damaged as well.

252: 473:

circumstances to which the patient perhaps owes his life. The iron is unlike any other, and was made by a neighbouring blacksmith to please the fancy of the owner.

907:

On May 18, 1860, Gage "left Santa Clara and went home to his mother. At 5 o'clock, A.M., on the 20th, he had a severe convulsion. The family physician was called in, and

2401:), though Harlow refers to Lebanon in particular as Gage's "native place" and "his home" (likely that of his parents), to which Gage returned ten weeks after his accident. 1602: 4130:

Thiebaut de Schotten, M.; Dell'Acqua, F.; Ratiu, P.; Leslie, A.; Howells, H.; Cabanis, E.; Iba-Zizen, M. T.; Plaisant, O.; Simmons, A.; Dronkers, N. F.; Corkin, S.; Catani, M. (2015).

2651:. The family's connection to Wentworth is uncertain, but it may be related to the fact that Frank was deaf; it is also possible Wentworth had met Gage when Gage visited Boston in 1849. 654:, with blood, and excessively fetid." ("Gage was lucky to encounter Dr. Harlow when he did", writes Barker. "Few doctors in 1848 would have had the experience with cerebral 454:

Despite 19th-century references to Gage as the "American Crowbar Case", his tamping iron did not have the bend or claw sometimes associated with the term

2861: 2140:(relating decision-making to emotions and their biological underpinnings), draws parallels between behaviors he ascribes to Gage and those of modern patients with damage to the 1919:

can send a tamping bar through a fellow's brain and not kill him, I guess there are not many can shoot a bullet between a man's mouth and his brains, stopping just short of the

6931:"A critical review of the prevailing theories concerning the physiology and the pathology of the brain: localisation of functions, and mode of production of symptoms. Part II" 3072: 2584:

confirms that this tooth was lost before Gage died, though it is unknown when; presumably it was either knocked out during the accident, or loosened so that it fell out later.

7910: 1095:, who attended Gage after the "rude missile had been shot through his brain" and obtained his skull for study after his death. Shown here in later life, Harlow's interest in 300:

denoted an unusual combination of "excitable and active mental powers" with "energy and strength mind and body possible the endurance of great mental and physical labor".)

673:

On the 24th day, Gage "succeeded in raising himself up, and took one step to his chair". One month later, he was walking "up and down stairs, and about the house, into the

5120:

Hansen, Bert (April 1998). "America's first medical breakthrough: How popular excitement about a French rabies cure in 1885 raised new expectations for medical progress".

1049: 1048: 2542:

Macmillan speculates that memory impairment may have been the interpretation placed by Gage's family on his difficulty, as reported by Harlow, in concentrating on tasks (

785:, brought Gage to Boston for several weeks and, after satisfying himself that the tamping iron had actually passed through Gage's head, presented him to a meeting of the 7170:

Mitchell, B. D.; Fox, B. D.; Humphries, W. E.; Jalali, A.; Gopinath, S. (2012). "Phineas Gage revisited: Modern management of large-calibre penetrating brain injury".

1383:

Other behaviors ascribed, by various authors, to the post-accident Gage that are either unsupported by, or in contradiction to, the known facts include the following:

1198:

A reluctance to ascribe a biological basis to "higher mental functions" (functions‍—‌such as language, personality, and moral judgment‍—‌beyond the merely

188:

Long known as the "American Crowbar Case"‍—‌once termed "the case which more than all others is calculated to excite our wonder, impair the value of

1051: 6435:

Personality changes following frontal leucotomy: a clinical and experimental study of the functions of the frontal lobes in man. With a foreword by Sir Russell Brain

8089: 2164:... It seems that the growing commitment to the frontal lobe doctrine of emotions brought Gage to the limelight and shapes how he is described. 1274:", citing persons with similar injuries for whom "someone or something gave enough structure to their lives for them to relearn lost social and personal skills": 1050: 630:, "seldom speaking unless spoken to, and then answering only in monosyllables", and on the 13th day Harlow noted, "Failing strength ... coma deepened; the 7982: 1308:... Adaptation had also to be made to the physical condition of the route: although some sections were well-made, others were dangerously steep and very rough. 1068: 1237: Together with the fact that Gage was hired by his employer in advance, in New England, to become part of the new coaching enterprise in Chile, 5595: 608:

The entry damage to Gage's left cheek, and the raised bone fragment in the exit area above his forehead, are visible in this plaster cast taken in late 1849.

549:

With Williams' assistance Harlow shaved the scalp around the region of the tamping iron's exit, then removed coagulated blood, small bone fragments, and "an

399:

tamping iron sparked against the rock and (possibly because the sand had been omitted) the powder exploded. Rocketed from the hole, the tamping iron‍—‌

3216: 2215:.) The second portrait, copies of which are in the possession of two branches of the Gage family, shows Gage in a somewhat different pose, wearing the same 2171: gives detailed criticism of Antonio Damasio's various presentations of Gage (some of which are joint work with Hannah Damasio and others). 7832:

Damasio, Antonio R.; Everitt, B. J.; Bishop, D. (October 29, 1996). "The Somatic Marker Hypothesis and the Possible Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex ".

1757:

would have "produced dehydration with reduction of intracranial pressure may have favorably influenced the outcome of the case", according to Steegmann.

1052: 5265:, Halsted N. Gray – Carew & English Funeral Home Records (SFH 38), San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library. p. 285. 5016:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

1664:] to drain the pus, resulting in temporary recovery. Unfortunately, symptoms recurred and the patient died. At autopsy, reaccumulated pus was found: 6155:; Van Hoesen, G. W. (1983). "Emotional disturbances associated with focal lesions of the limbic frontal lobe". In Paul Satz; Kenneth M. Heilman (eds.). 1054: 8069: 5355: 2050:") Ferrier replied by using Gage (along with the woodcuts of his skull and tamping iron from Harlow's 1868 paper) to support his thesis that the brain 1298:

much foresight was required. Drivers had to plan for turns well in advance, and sometimes react quickly to manoeuvre around other coaches, wagons, and

2469:

Macmillan gives background on the location and circumstances of the accident, and the steps in setting a blast. The village of Cavendish (part of the

880:. He lost his job, and (wrote Harlow) as the seizures increased in frequency and severity he "continued to work in various places could not do much". 1161:

But after Bigelow termed Gage "quite recovered in faculties of body and mind" with only "inconsiderable disturbance of function", a rejoinder in the

584: " fame is of the kind that is, and in his case literally so, thrust upon otherwise ordinary people", writes Malcolm Macmillan. 305:

Gage may have first worked with explosives on farms as a youth, or in nearby mines and quarries. In July 1848 he was employed on construction of the

1943:], 'that when the brains were out the man would die. But now they rise again.' Quite possibly we shall soon hear that some German professor is 3301:

Records of the Warren Anatomical Museum, 1828–1892 (inclusive) (AA 192.5), Harvard Medical Library in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine.

1940: 1504: 8039: 3564: 614: 344:" in rock south of Cavendish. Gage met with his accident while setting explosives to create either this cut or a similar one nearby. 4569:

John Gage of Ipswich, Mass. and his descendants: an historical, genealogical and biographical record, as developed from sources explained herein

926: 8044: 1697:

4th. The portion of the brain traversed was, for several reasons, the best fitted of any part of the cerebral substance to sustain the injury.

1631:

2d. The shape of the missile‍—‌being pointed, round and comparatively smooth, not leaving behind it prolonged concussion or compression.

206: and was perhaps the first case to suggest the brain's role in determining personality, and that 8084: 7970: 4976:. Case 1777. H MS b72.4 (v. 11), Harvard Medical Library in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, pp. 712 (cont'd 680). 3127: 2066: 8074: 1606:"I have the pleasure of being able to present to you without parallel in the annals of surgery." Harlow's 1868 presentation to the 1145:

In the interim, Harlow's 1848 report, published just as Gage was emerging from his convalescence, merely hinted at psychological symptoms:

5051: 1546:

assumptions about the location of Gage's internal injuries and the exit wound which in some cases contradict Harlow's observations. Using

386: 1452:, because it's so cool." Benderly suggests that instructors use the Gage case to illustrate the importance of critical thinking. 3515: 1773:

to the "fungi" instead of excising them (which risked hemorrhage) or forcing them into the wound (which risked compressing the brain).

4485: 3788:

Macmillan, Malcolm B. (1996). Code, C.; Wallesch, C. W.; Lecours, A. R.; Joanette, U. (eds.). "Phineas Gage: A Case for All Reasons".

748: 588:

Despite his own optimism, Gage's convalescence was long, difficult, and uneven. Though recognizing his mother and uncle—summoned from

362:

On September 13, 1848, Gage was directing a work gang blasting rock while preparing the roadbed for the

4775: 7246:

London: printed for J. Johnson, G.G.J. and J. Robinson, T. Cadell, J. Murray, W. Fox, J. Bew, S. Hayes, and W. Lowndes. p. 184.

5358:. Francis A. Countway Library (Harvard Medical School). Center for the History of Medicine. Warren Anatomical Museum. Archived from 2634:

Where precisely Gage died is uncertain. Harlow states that Gage "went home to his mother" before he died, but the US census for June

638:

from the wounded brain, and coming out at the top of the head." By the 14th day, "the exhalations from the mouth and head horribly

3275: 2560:

glaucoma or swelling of the optic nerve and compression against the rigid walls of the optic canal". Harlow added that Gage could "

5036:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

2643:

D. Shattuck, who sometimes traveled on business) were listed as living in the home of physician William Jackson Wentworth, across

911:

him. The convulsions were repeated frequently during the succeeding day and night," and he died in

2742:(1849); Bigelow (1850); Harlow (1868); Hammond (1871); Dupuy (1873, 1877); Ferrier (1877–79); Bramwell (1888); Cobb (1840, 1843); 1987: and the limited understanding of his behavioral changes render him "of more historical than neurologic [ 39: 6795:

Griggs, Richard A. (2015). "Coverage of the Phineas Gage Story in Introductory Psychology Textbooks: Was Gage No Longer Gage?".

2833:

However, this is somewhat contradicted by Harlow's statement that Gage paid "with his habitual accuracy" during the store visit.

1290:

destination, and look after the horses. The tasks formed a structure that required control of any impulsiveness he may have had.

239:

driver in Chile fostered this recovery by providing daily structure that allowed him to regain lost social and personal skills.

8034: 5070: 4647: 2034:

In the 19th-century debate over whether the various mental functions are or are not localized in specific regions of the brain

1802: 786: 725: 7637:

Uncle Sam's recommendation of phrenology to his millions of friends in the United States: In a series of not very dull letters

5391: 1568:

In addition, Ratiu et al. noted that the hole in the base of the cranium (created as the tamping iron passed through the

1279:

visualising a written list, is considered a key method in coping with frontal lobe damage.

7809: 7756: 7702: 7584: 7542: 6753: 6726: 6628: 6491: 6423: 6342: 6278: 6239: 6200: 6166: 6094: 5995: 5953: 5904: 5854: 5820: 5726: 5576: 4787: 4700: 4551: 3700: 3413: 3368: 3329: 3187: 2910: 1173:

true ... he was gross, profane, coarse, and vulgar, to such a degree that his society was intolerable to decent people.

8079: 4650:

Catalog of the Museum, Index, undated. Series XXXIX. Miscellaneous specimens (page 179). Warren Anatomical Museum records,

3396:

Grafman, J. (2002). "The Structured Event Complex and the Human Prefrontal Cortex". In Stuss, D. T.; Knight, R. T. (eds.).

537: 498:

found Gage sitting in a chair outside the hotel and was greeted with "one of the great understatements of medical history":

427:

pounds (6.0 kg)‍—‌entered the left side of Gage's face in an upward direction, just forward of the angle of the

7469:

Stuss, D. T.; Gow, C. A.; Hetherington, C. R. (1992). "'No longer Gage': Frontal lobe dysfunction and emotional changes".

1586:(gray matter) damage. Thiebaut de Schotten et al. estimated white-matter damage in Gage and two other case studies (" 1556: 484:

of the arms and legs, but spoke within a few minutes, walked with little assistance, and sat upright in an oxcart for the

439:, it passed behind the left eye, through the left side of the brain, then completely out the top of the skull through the 7450: 7411: 7316: 5336: 4043:

Ratiu, P.; Talos, I. F.; Haker, S.; Lieberman, D.; Everett, P. (2004). "The Tale of Phineas Gage, Digitally Remastered".

3539: 3496: 1852:

Nonetheless (Bigelow wrote just before Harlow's 1868 presentation of Gage's skull) though "the nature of injury and its

1838: 1153: 1140:

This description ("now routinely quoted", says Kotowicz) is from Harlow's observations set down soon after the accident,

169:

remembered for his improbable survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head,

7974: 7721: 1103: 1034: 936: 5538:

Hamilton, J. W. (1860). "Editorial and Miscellaneous. The Man Through Whose Head an Iron Rod Passed Is Still Living".

2945: 1619:

1st. The subject was the man for the case. His physique, will, and capacity of endurance, could scarcely be excelled.

377: 3217:"Phineas among the phrenologists: the American crowbar case and nineteenth-century theories of cerebral localization" 2179: 566:

Late that evening Harlow noted, "Mind clear. Constant agitation of his legs, being alternately retracted and extended

7979: 5098: 2367:

a common original which remains undiscovered, itself a daguerreotype or other laterally reversing

8064: 2332: 2312: 2300: – known for his recovery from a gunshot injury that destroyed most of his right cerebral hemisphere 2197: 2081:

contended that Gage's mental changes (his profanity, for example) stemmed from destruction of his mental "organ of

1876: 1510: 7257:

Steegmann, A. Theodore (December 1962). "Dr. Harlow's famous case: the "impossible" accident of Phineas P. Gage".

6879:

Daffner, Kirk R.; Searl, Meghan M. (2008). "The dysexecutive syndromes". In Goldenberg, G.; Miller, B. L. (eds.).

6025:; Damasio, A. R. (1994). "The return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient". 4687:

The Cultural Meaning of Popular Science: Phrenology and the Organization of Consent in Nineteenth-century Britain

3247: 2109:

It is frequently asserted that what happened to Gage played a role in the later development of various forms of

944:) and his family personally delivered Gage's skull and iron to Harlow. 3645:

Lena, M. L. (Spring 2018). "The Navvy and the Navigator: Connecting Phineas Gage and Mark Twain's 'Mean Men'".

870: 6958:. H MS c5.2, Harvard Medical Library in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine. Transcribed in 1444:

authors having been "content to summarize or paraphrase accounts that are already seriously in error".

650:, from the exit wound down to the top of the nose] and immediately there were discharged eight ounces of 8054: 8049: 8003: 7631: 7607:. The phrenological library. Translated from the French by Winslow Lewis Jr. Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon. 4339:——; —— (July–September 2009). "Phineas Gage – Hiding in Plain Sight". 2398: 1607: 1587: 280: 59: 7312:"Reports of medical societies. Annual meeting of the Massachusetts Med. Society – Second day" 5359: 5043: 5023: 6334:

The Psychology of Compassion and Cruelty: Understanding the Emotional, Spiritual, and Religious Influences

1829:"A distinguished Professor of Surgery in a distant city", Harlow continued, had even dismissed Gage as a " 1474:

It is regretted that an autopsy could not have been had, so that the precise condition of the

1206:) may have been a further reason Bigelow discounted the behavioral changes in Gage which Harlow had noted. 859:

driver there, "caring for horses, and often driving a coach heavily laden and drawn by six horses" on the

3299:—— (May 12, 1868). "Your favor of April 29th is before me" (manuscript). Letter to M. Jewett. 2122:

accident: major operations could be performed on the brain without the outcome necessarily being fatal.

1317:

for the reestablishment of self-regulation in World War II soldiers suffering frontal lobe injuries.

808: 741: 692:

In April 1849, Gage returned to Cavendish and visited Harlow, who noted at that time loss of vision, and

4654:, Box: 10, Folders: 6, 7. Center for the History of Medicine (Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine). 1963:... a stunning example of the ideological uses of case histories and their mythological reconstruction. 720: 8029: 3457: 1107:"The leading feature of this case is its improbability", wrote Harvard's Prof. 1028: 890: 100: 5415:

Biographical History of Massachusetts: Biographies and Autobiographies of the Leading Men in the State

3584: 1739:

through the nose, and because otherwise Gage would almost certainly have suffered fatal blood loss or

382:

by the resilience of soft tissues once the iron had exited through the top of Gage's head.

3821: 2307: 2136: 1760:

As to his own role in Gage's survival, Harlow merely averred, "I can only say ... with good old

729: 680:

By November 25 (10 weeks after his injury), Gage was strong enough to return to his parents' home in

659: 348: 272: 7943: 7921: 7876: 7818: 7784: 7559: 7497: 7277: 7198: 6539: 6287: 6248: 6175: 6138: 6069: 6004: 5962: 5829: 5770: 5471: 4796: 4320: 4196: 4071: 3946: 3899: 3844: 3769: 3472: 3422: 3377: 3338: 1719: 1710:

may be taken away without destroying the animal, or even depriving it of its faculties, whereas the

953: who was by then a prominent physician, businessman, and civic leader in 413:

inches (3.2 cm) in diameter, three feet seven inches (1.1 m) long, and weighing

279:

Gage was the first of five children born to Jesse Eaton Gage and Hannah Trussell (Swetland) Gage of

8094: 7990: 2802:

Immediately after Harlow's presentation unveiling Gage's skull and iron, Bigelow ("in one of those

2071: 1998: 1881: 1731:

Ratiu et al. and Van Horn et al. both concluded that the tamping iron passed left of the

1520:

Debate about whether the trauma and subsequent infection had damaged Gage's left

963: 736: 477:

The tamping iron landed point-first some 80 feet (25 m) away, "smeared with blood and brain".

367: 256: 104: 7357: 4987: 3405: 3141: 559: 7641: 6770: 4220:

Van Horn, J. D.; Irimia, A.; Torgerson, C. M.; Chambers, M. C.; Kikinis, R.; Toga, A. W. (2012).

4184:

Tyler, K. L.; Tyler, H. R. (1982). "A 'Yankee Invention': the celebrated American crowbar case".

3618: 3603: 3270: 2565: 1732: 1660:

had performed "his most celebrated operation for head injury before Harlow's medical class, [

1582:(of which they made detailed estimates) was as or more significant to Gage's mental changes than 1460: 19:

This article is about the survivor of an iron bar through the head. For the UK musical band, see

6700:

Ahlstrom, Dick (October 19, 1999). "Study finds blow to head may cause psychopathic behaviour".

1893:

bolts, low bridges, exploding firearms, a revolver shot to the nose, further tamping irons, and

7994: 5034: 5014: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2368: 2023: 1505:

Video reconstruction of tamping iron passing through Gage's skull

1083: 1058: 918: 826: 782: 681: 589: 78: 7746: 7694: 7665: 7653: 7613: 7445: 7406: 7383: 7311: 7219: 7135:

Ordia, J. I. (1989). "Neurologic function seven years after crowbar impalement of the brain".

6930: 6841: 6743: 6084: 5551: 5521:

American Phrenological Journal and Repository of Science, Literature, and General Intelligence

5410: 5331: 5163:

Raeburn, Toby; Jackson, Debra; Walter, Garry; Escott, Phil; Cleary, Michelle (December 2014).

3534: 3491: 3358: 2561: 2515:

However, these stories conflict with every other account of the case, including Williams' own.

513:

You will excuse me for remarking here, that the picture presented was, to one unaccustomed to

8059: 7773: 7574: 7532: 6557: 6332: 5516: 4843: 4735: 4692: 4541: 2037: 1916: 1211: 1178: 1112: 962:

About a year after the accident, Gage had given his tamping iron to Harvard Medical School's

954: 306: 201: 6190: 2226:

The portraits support other evidence that Gage's most serious mental changes were temporary

1189:

that held that talents and personality can be inferred from the shape of a person's skull):

696:, of the left eye, a large scar on the forehead (from Harlow's draining of the abscess) and 354: 8024: 8019: 6034: 5667: 4500: 4233: 3623: 3608: 3132: 2739: 2327: 2141: 1765: 1714:

will scarcely admit the smallest injury, without being followed by mortal symptoms."

1181:(the idea that different regions of the brain are specialized for different functions) and 1088: 514: 166: 7670:

Fibre & Fabric: A Record of American Textile Industries in the Cotton and Woolen Trade

7430:

Folsom, A. C. (May 1869). "Extraordinary Recovery from Extensive Saw-Wound of the Skull".

4657: 4655: 1880:" have attracted more visitors and spread farther the fame of the 1745: Harlow's moderate (in the context of medical practice of the time) use of 8: 7965: 7649: 6977:"The Goulstonian lectures on the Localisation of Cerebral Disease. Lecture I (concluded)" 5464: 5392:"Location, regulation, and removal of cemeteries in the City and County of San Francisco" 3619:"Letters: Readers Respond to the January Issue. Picturing Phineas Gage (Invited comment)" 2356:

The 2009-identified image was, at the time, in the collection of Jack and Beverly Wilgus,

2322: 2273: 2209:

portraits of Gage, identified in 2009 and 2010, are the only likenesses

2148:. But Damasio's depiction of Gage has been severely criticized, for example by Kotowicz: 1886: than its "most valuable specimen"‍—‌Gage's skull. 1736: 1547: 1322:

A neurological basis for such recoveries may be found in emerging evidence "that damaged

1108: 812: 778: 768: 651: 310: 170: 7601: 7351: 6038: 5671: 4394: 4237: 1894: 917:, in or near San Francisco, late on May 21, 1860. He was buried in San Francisco's 319: 7935: 7865: 7849: 7635: 7615:

Forty years in phrenology; embracing recollections of history, anecdote, and experience

7333: 7187: 7089: 7050: 7025: 7001: 6976: 6861: 6812: 6360: 6127: 6058: 5844: 5759: 5690: 5655: 5600: 5490: 5189: 5164: 5137: 4820: 4309: 4256: 4221: 4156: 4131: 4090:——; Talos, I. F. (2004). "The Tale of Phineas Gage, Digitally Remastered". 4020: 3935: 3888: 3833: 3758: 3604:"Letters: Readers Respond to the January Issue. Picturing Phineas Gage (Editor's note)" 2776: 2253: 2082: 1959:

The Gage who appears in contemporary psychology textbooks is simply a compound creature

1665: 1449: 1199: 1092: 913: 601:

for Gage to recover ... This improvement, however, was of short duration."

542: 518: 495: 289: 90: 7930: 6532: 5755: 1844: 1031:

as part of a mandated relocation of San Francisco's cemeteries to outside city limits

7891: 7857: 7805: 7752: 7717: 7698: 7687: 7580: 7548: 7538: 7486: 7371:

Jewett, M. (1868). "Extraordinary Case of Recovery after Severe Injury to the Head".

7266: 7152: 7148: 7055: 7006: 6816: 6749: 6722: 6624: 6487: 6419: 6389:

Neuropsychology: A Textbook of Systems and Psychological Functions of the Human Brain

6338: 6274: 6235: 6196: 6162: 6090: 6062: 6050: 5991: 5949: 5900: 5893: 5850: 5816: 5742:

Goldenberg, Georg (December 2004). "The life of Phineas Gage – Stories and Reality".

5722: 5695: 5572: 5245: 5194: 5145: 4898: 4783: 4696: 4685: 4547: 4437: 4301: 4261: 4161: 4132:"From Phineas Gage and Monsieur Leborgne to H.M.: Revisiting Disconnection Syndromes" 4107: 4060: 4024: 4012: 3939: 3880: 3825: 3762: 3696: 3409: 3364: 3325: 3239: 3183: 3176: 2906: 2644: 2259: 2086: 1920: 1475: 1435: 1357: 1223: 877: 634:

of the left eye became more protuberant, with pushing out rapidly from the internal

631: 341: 7911:"Icon, revealed: Newly discovered image offers fresh insights about medical miracle" 7213: 7191: 6458: 5763: 4670:

A partial genealogy of the Swetland/Sweetland/Sweatland Family in America, 1560–2003

4364: 4313: 3918:—— (2004). "Inhibition and Phineas Gage: Repression and Sigmund Freud". 2385:

records after his death in May 1860. Possible homes in childhood and youth are

2089:"‍—‌related to religion and God, and respect for peers and those in authority. 1227:"Please deliver my iron bar to the bearer". While in Chile, Gage had his relative B. 1022:

falls within the period during which Gage was in Boston under Bigelow's observation.

570:... Says he 'does not care to see his friends, as he shall be at work in a few days. 370:. Setting a blast entailed boring a hole deep into an outcrop of rock; adding 196:

doctrines" ‍—‌Phineas Gage influenced 19th-century discussion about the

178: 7869: 7841: 7478: 7337: 7325: 7179: 7144: 7045: 7037: 6996: 6988: 6837: 6804: 6528: 6480: 6119: 6042: 6022: 5751: 5685: 5675: 5460: 5395: 5184: 5176: 5129: 5030: 5010: 4966: 4293: 4251: 4241: 4151: 4143: 4099: 4052: 4004: 3931: 3927: 3872: 3837: 3817: 3750: 3576: 3505: 3401: 3231: 2244: 1794: 1569: 647: 337: 4717: 3892: 2991: 1761: 1194:

The use of a single case to prove opposing views on phrenology was not uncommon.

7986: 7799: 7241: 7026:"The Process of Compensation and some of its Bearings on Prognosis and Treatment" 6716: 6660:. Tr. by Laurence Garey (1st American ed.). Pantheon Books. pp. 158–59. 6482:

How the Brain Works: A New Understanding of Human Learning, Emotion, and Thinking

6358:

Blakeslee, Sandra (May 24, 1994). "Old Accident Points to Brain's Moral Center".

6267: 6229: 6156: 6152: 5985: 5981: 5943: 5714: 5680: 5619: 4815: 4246: 3689: 3317: 2896: 2738:

Early attempts to estimate the extent of damage include those by: Harlow (1848);

2317: 2131: 2043: 1817: 1657: 1583: 1314: 864: 693: 619: 371: 363: 283:. Little is known about his upbringing and education beyond that he was literate. 7329: 4595:(Lebanon, New Hampshire), April 6, 1849, p. 1, col. 7. Transcribed in 3509: 3271:"Dr. Harlow's Case of Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head" 674: 639: 7999: 7482: 7233: 6617: 5394:. Department of City Planning, City and County of San Francisco. Archived from 4056: 3966: 3876: 3580: 3235: 3106:(Audio interview). Interviewed by Claudia Hammond; Dave Lee. BBC World Service. 3073:"Why Brain Scientists are Still Obsessed with the Curious Case of Phineas Gage" 2872: 2811:, and the hat he had been wearing (with entrance and exit holes) ... This 2724: 2454:

Macmillan & Lena present previously unknown sources found since 2008.

2291: 2269: 1770: 1591: 1323: 1231:

R. Sweetland retrieve the tamping iron from Harvard's Warren Anatomical Museum.

456: 436: 228: 4297: 4008: 1911:

Often these comparisons carried hints of humor, competitiveness, or both. The

1169:

That there was no difference in his mental manifestations after the recovery

577: 8013: 7183: 6808: 5569:

A Pictorial History of Cobb and Co.: The Coaching Age in Australia, 1854–1924

4543:

Metacognition and Cognitive Neuropsychology: Monitoring and Control Processes

4129: 3754: 3099: 2287: 2256: – another early case of head injury leading to mental changes 2206: 2152:

Damasio is the principal perpetrator of the myth of Gage the psychopath

2110: 1994: 1807: 1531: 1525: 1262: 1203: 1186: 709: 314: 121: 7552: 6046: 4147: 3108: 3031: 2247: – scientist whose head was struck by a particle-accelerator 1528:, or only the left, began almost immediately after his accident. 860: 7845: 7270: 7059: 7041: 7010: 5699: 5249: 5198: 5149: 4305: 4265: 4165: 4111: 4064: 4016: 3884: 3829: 3000: 2581: 2577: 2297: 2279: 2007: 1897:. For example, after a miner survived traversal of his skull by a gas pipe 1864:

have received a letter within a month to prove that ... the accident

1754: 1740: 1685: 1579: 1561: 1483: 1394:

lack of forethought, concern for the future, or capacity for embarrassment;

1245:

personality that enabled them to get on well with their passengers."

1115:

training predisposed him to minimize Gage's behavioral changes.

908: 847: 440: 222: 207: 20: 7861: 7490: 7156: 6992: 6412: 6054: 4103: 3243: 3040: 2412: stood for. His mother's maiden name is variously given as 7237: 6883:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 3rd series. Vol. 88. Elsevier B.V. 5165:"Clinical Case Reports in mental health: the need for nuance and context" 3863:—— (2001). "John Martyn Harlow: Obscure Country Physician?". 3049: 2473:

of Cavendish) was at the time called Duttonsville. The blast hole, about

2248: 1703: 1416: 526: 481: 6910: 6256:

Crider, A. B.; Goethals, G. R.; Kavanagh, R. D.; Solomon, P. R. (1983).

6110:

Bower, B. (May 21, 1994). "The Social Brain: New Clues from Old Skull".

3808:—— (2000). "Restoring Phineas Gage: A 150th Retrospective". 2156:... Damasio changes narrative, omits facts, and adds freely 1944: 1257: 7853: 7093: 6131: 5141: 4457: 3009: 2973: 2530: 2078: 2027: 1974: 1723:

Harlow's 1868 paper on Gage was widely reported. This item appeared in

1711: 1669: 1661: 1366: 1182: 1096: 1073:(Position pointer over writing for transcription; click for full page.) 856: 604: 322:‍—‌a large iron rod‍—‌for use in setting explosive charges. 293: 236: 218: 193: 126: 7660:. Vol. 2, no. 2. Atlanta: J.J. Toon. pp. 557–62 at 559. 3018: 2922: 1926:

As these and other remarkable brain-injury survivals accumulated, the

1448:

like whenever you talk about the French Revolution you talk about the

5180: 2902: 2529:

The head cast, taken from life, is often mistakenly referred to as a

2216: 2015:... and once those are damaged, a person is changed forever." 1750: 1573:

of soft tissues once the iron had exited through the top of the head.

1388:

mistreatment of wife and children (though Gage actually had neither);

855:

In August 1852, Gage was invited to Chile to work as a long-distance

214: 189: 6516: 6123: 5133: 3673:. Translated by O. L. Zangwill. New York: Pergamon Press, Macmillan. 1099:

prepared him to accept that Gage's injury had changed his behavior.

5549: 3995:——; Lena, M. L. (2010). "Rehabilitating Phineas Gage". 2145: 2114: 1707: 1300: 428: 3714:. Translated by Haigh Basil (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. 3071:

Macmillan, Malcolm; Van Horn, Jack; Ropper, Allan (May 21, 2017).

2219:

and possibly the same jacket, but with a different shirt and tie.

1702:

functions such as breathing and circulation. For example, surgeon

1391:

inappropriate sexual behavior, promiscuity, or impaired sexuality;

821: For about 18 months, he worked for the owner of a 807:) Gage was for a time "a kind of living museum exhibit" at 5550:

Samuel Worcester Butler; D G. Brinton, eds. (November 17, 1860).

2808: 2648: 2442:

study of him and the dearth of papers solely or mainly about him.

2283: 2263: 2212: 2047: 1735:

and left it intact, both because Harlow does not mention loss of

700:

upon the top of the head ... a quadrangular fragment of bone

655: 635: 555: 462: 432: 7384:"Extraordinary Case of Recovery after Severe Injury to the Head" 6745:

Conducting Research in Psychology: Measuring the Weight of Smoke

5556:. Vol. 5. Philadelphia: Crissly & Markley. p. 183. 3082:(Interview). Interviewed by Jon Hamilton. National Public Radio. 2824:. He succeeds best, when excited, in swearing in French." 1330: 469:

The end which entered first is pointed; the taper being

7961: 7672:. Vol. XXIV, no. 624. February 13, 1897. p. 302. 6846:. Boston: A. Williams & Co. Frontis. and Nos. 949–51, 3106. 5282:. No. 2042. Concord, New Hampshire. July 21, 1860. col. D. 5049: 4284:

Wilgus, J; Wilgus, B (2009). "Face to Face with Phineas Gage".

4219: 1830: 1746: 1061:, San Francisco, reflecting the May 23, 1860 interment of 822: 358:(sand or clay) directs blast into surrounding rock. 267: Gage's lodgings, to which he was taken after his injury; 7836:. Executive and Cognitive Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex. 6020: 4740:

Heart of the Green mountains. Souvenir edition. Season of 1897

1468:, with Ratiu et al.'s estimate of the tamping iron's path 1407:

irresponsibility, untrustworthiness, aggressiveness, violence;

1397:

parading his self-misery, and vainglory in showing his wounds;

364:

Rutland & Burlington Railroad

263: Region of the accident site (exact location uncertain); 6255: 4848:

Transactions of the Vermont Medical Society for the Year 1885

550: 5451:

Cobb, Stanley (1940). "Review of neuropsychiatry for 1940".

5236:

Bennett, W. (July–August 1987). "Dr. Warren's Possessions".

5099:"The 'Crowbar Skull' and Mementoes of 'Phrenological Hours'" 4985: 4667: 3721:

The man with a shattered world: the history of a brain wound

2615:

Gage's death and original burial are discussed by Macmillan.

2185:... has P. Gage at Cavendish, Vermont, Sept. 14, 1848. 4580: 4578: 3691:

The making of mind: a personal account of Soviet psychology

3458:"Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head" 3178:

Phineas Gage: A Gruesome but True Story About Brain Science

627: 197: 7169: 6471:

Brain and Behavior: A Textbook of Physiological Psychology

6228:

Beaumont, Graham; Kenealy, Pamela; Rogers, Marcus (1991).

5162: 4720:

character and manifestations of the above-named individual

3723:. Translated by Lynn Solotaroff. Harvard University Press. 2775:

Harlow's full text, "The point of entrance outside of the

2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 1977:

for personality change due to frontal lobe damage",

461:

rather, it was simply a pointed cylinder something like a

5945:

Perfecting Grace: Holiness, Human Being, and the Sciences

4589:. Claremont, New Hampshire. March 29, 1849. p. 2, col. 2. 4222:"Mapping Connectivity Damage in the Case of Phineas Gage" 3741:

Kotowicz, Z. (2007). "The strange case of Phineas Gage".

3687:—— (1979). Michael Cole; Sheila Cole (eds.). 1989: 1610:

of Gage's skull, tamping iron, and post-accident history.

740:

For a time Gage was "a kind of living museum exhibit" at

6145: 5624:. New York: Follett, Foster and Company. pp. 73–78. 5618:

Merwin, Loretta L. Wood (Mrs. George B. Merwin) (1861).

4733: 4648:"An iron bar that had been driven through a man's head." 4575: 4042: 3967:"More About Phineas Gage, Especially After the Accident" 2403:

There is nothing to indicate what Gage's middle initial,

1985: the uncertain extent of his brain damage 1283:

According to contemporary accounts by visitors to Chile,

5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 4742:. Boston: Rockwell and Churchill Press. pp. 41–42. 2723:, in a different hand, is the tamping iron's number in 2424: 2371:; here again a compensating reversal has been applied. 2272: – patient "H.M.", who developed severe 1623:

For Harlow's description of the pre-accident Gage, see

715: 6912:

Examen de quelques points de la physiologie du cerveau

5987:

Descartes' error: emotion, reason, and the human brain

4875:

Excerpted from Williams's and Harlow's statements in:

7438: 6843:

A Descriptive Catalog of the Warren Anatomical Museum

6227: 6192:

A Violent Heart: Understanding Aggressive Individuals

5976: 5974: 5972: 4484:

Larner, Andrew; Leach, John Paul (July–August 2002).

3680:

The working brain: an introduction to neuropsychology

3565:"Social neuroscience: The footprints of Phineas Gage" 1578:

Van Horn et al. concluded that damage to Gage's

7831: 7468: 5810: 5317: 4992:

The Transactions of the American Medical Association

4909: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4808: 4806: 4493:

Advances in Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation

4486:"Phineas Gage and the beginnings of neuropsychology" 1871: 662:] and which probably saved Gage's life." 626:

Beginning 12 days after the accident, Gage was semi-

200:

and brain, particularly debate on

7964:by the Center for the History of Psychology at the 7304: 5348: 4668:B. S. Swetland; Doug Sweetland, eds. (March 2003). 3682:. Translated by Haigh Basil. New York: Basic Books. 3318:"Phineas Gage's posthumous stroll: the Gage matrix" 2746: Tyler & Tyler (1982). See 2545: 1597: 1530: The 1994 conclusion of 1400:"gambling" himself into "emotional and reputational 834: 803: 7980:Skull, life cast, and tamping iron of Phineas Gage 7686: 6616: 6479: 6457: 6411: 6266: 6016: 6014: 5969: 5892: 5811:Hockenbury, Don H.; Hockenbury, Sandra E. (2008). 5489: 5417:. Vol. 1. Massachusetts Biographical Society. 4684: 3688: 3175: 2862:"Phineas Gage, Neuroscience's Most Famous Patient" 1428:living as a "layabout" or a "boorish mess"; 1078: 867:route. After his health began to fail in mid-1859, 726:Boston Society for Medical Improvement 480:Gage was thrown onto his back and gave some brief 7825: 6950: 6948: 6771:"Notes. Lodgement of Foreign Bodies in the Brain" 6437:. London & New York: Oxford University Press. 6151: 5886:(4th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Brown. p. 63. 5863: 5590: 5588: 4854: 4803: 3617:Lena, M. L.; Macmillan, Malcolm B. (March 2010). 3462:Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society 2877:The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2015 1218: 1125: 8011: 6896:A Treatise on the Diseases of the Nervous System 6351: 4753: 4751: 4749: 3098:——; Aggleton, John (March 6, 2011). 2568:the globe, but move it in any other direction". 2183:Inscription on iron as seen in portrait detail: 1478:at the time of his death might have been known. 1431:" almost everyone who had ever cared about him"; 171:destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe 8090:Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (San Francisco) 7834:Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 7600:Gall, Franz Joseph (1835). Capen, Nahum (ed.). 7232: 7218:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: A. Hart. p. 6970: 6968: 6011: 5706: 5256: 4899:"Phineas Gage: The claim of Williams' priority" 4384: 4354: 4330: 4275: 4211: 4175: 4121: 4081: 4034: 3986: 3956: 3909: 3854: 3799: 3779: 3732: 3660: 3636: 3594: 3554: 3524: 3481: 3447: 3432: 3387: 3348: 3307: 3290: 3260: 3206: 3165: 3117: 3100:"Phineas Gage: The man with a hole in his head" 3089: 3062: 2963: 2935: 2886: 2851: 2465: 2463: 2461: 1608:Massachusetts Medical Society 1047: 7711: 7537:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 59–61. 7446:"Medical Intelligence. Extraordinary Recovery" 6945: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6380: 6307: 6305: 5585: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 3822:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT046 1027:In 1940 Gage's headless remains were moved to 532: 509:Harlow took charge of the case around 6 p.m.: 7931:"The Curious Case of Phineas Gage, Refocused" 7902: 7744: 7471:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 6924: 6922: 6762: 6741: 6161:. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 85–110. 5806: 5804: 5511: 5509: 4988:"Report of the Standing Committee on Surgery" 4746: 4607: 4605: 4540:Mazzoni, Giuliana; Nelson, Thomas O. (2014). 4539: 3994: 3616: 3535:"Medical Miscellany (letter dated January 3)" 3470:Reprinted: David Clapp & Son (1869) 3400:. Oxford University Press. pp. 292–310. 2879:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 143–48. 2201:The second portrait of Gage identified (2010) 2104: 1331:Exaggeration and distortion of mental changes 942:San Francisco city official 7738: 7618:. New York: Fowler & Wells. p. 194. 7078:An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage 6965: 6956:Correspondence with Henry Pickering Bowditch 6878: 5656:"Neuroscience still haunted by Phineas Gage" 5002: 4979: 4736:"The Summit. (Letter of Edward H. Williams)" 4641: 4472:Southern Medical & Surgical Journal 4392: 4362: 4338: 4283: 2898:An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage 2458: 2380: 2378: 2126: 1564:pathways affected, per Van Horn et al. 1351:Now he drinks, swears, and flies in a rage. 618:"Disfigured yet still handsome". Note 7593: 7344: 7071: 7069: 6855: 6853: 6823: 6649: 6521:Journal of the American Medical Association 6302: 6231:The Blackwell Dictionary of Neuropsychology 5864:Groves, Philip M.; Schlesinger, K. (1982). 5649: 5647: 5483: 5481: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5263:Volume 3: Lone Mountain register, 1850–1862 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 4998:. Philadelphia: T.K. and P.G. Collins: 345. 4953: 4483: 4427: 4425: 4286:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 3865:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 3810:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 2006: More recently, neurologist 1933:Transactions of the Vermont Medical Society 789:and (possibly) to the medical school class. 352:Explosive charge ready for fuse to be lit. 194:physiological 7883: 7714:Cutting the mind: origins of psychosurgery 7712:Arts, Matheus; Michielsen, Philip (2012). 7250: 7082:British Journal for the History of Science 6919: 6902: 5836: 5801: 5741: 5735: 5506: 4723:. New York: Fowler & Wells. p. 6. 4602: 4183: 4089: 3671:Restoration of function after brain injury 2077:Throughout the 19th century, adherents of 1776: 1425:acting like an "idiot" or a "lout"; 1347: 1342: 1265:, likely the type driven by Gage in Chile 811:in New York City. (This was not the later 140:Personality change after brain injury 38: 16:American brain injury survivor (1823–1860) 8070:People from Grafton County, New Hampshire 7889: 7765: 7678: 7640:. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 7579:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 38–39. 7566: 7256: 7205: 7163: 7049: 7017: 7000: 6790: 6788: 6455: 6326: 6324: 6221: 6195:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 6. 5842: 5719:Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences 5712: 5689: 5679: 5613: 5611: 5302: 5273: 5271: 5188: 4837: 4835: 4773: 4255: 4245: 4155: 3964: 3917: 3862: 3807: 3787: 3562: 3492:"Passage of an Iron Rod Through the Head" 3490:Harlow, John Martyn (December 13, 1848). 3406:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0019 2592: 2590: 2375: 1939:'The times have been,' says Macbeth [ 1455: 558:only loosely, for the same reason. A wet 7804:. Birmingham: Carmen Press. p. 13. 7648: 7211: 7100: 7066: 7023: 6881:Neuropsychology and behavioral neurology 6860:Benderly, Beryl Lieff (September 2012). 6859: 6850: 6742:Pelham, Brett W.; Blanton, Hart (2012). 6699: 6693: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6655: 6608: 6592: 6508: 6449: 6403: 6209: 6086:Neuropsychopharmacology and Therapeutics 6082: 6076: 5644: 5537: 5531: 5478: 5437: 5374: 5096: 5083: 5029: 5009: 4767: 4661: 4455: 4431: 4422: 3740: 3363:. Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 172. 3315: 3276:American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2820:to questions, but is entirely unable to 2692:Please deliver my iron bar to the bearer 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2282: – soldier who developed 2196: 2178: 2065: 2022: 2018: 1875: 1801: 1718: 1706:wrote in 1790 that "a great part of the 1601: 1555: 1459: 1256: 1222: 1152: 1102: 1082: 1043: 935: 925: 889: 747: 735: 728:in 1849. In this 1853 Society portrait, 719: 613: 603: 576: 536: 394:, a portrayal of Gage in popular culture 385: 376: 347: 331: 296:, which was then just ending its vogue, 251: 177: 7791: 7774:"New Light on the Brain's Dark Mystery" 7771: 7684: 7572: 7423: 7398: 7364: 7356:. Boston: Little, Brown. 1894. p. 7075: 6974: 6893: 6887: 6872: 6836: 6721:(2nd ed.). Lulu.com. p. 101. 6708: 6188: 6021:Damasio, H.; Grabowski, T.; Frank, R.; 5937: 5935: 5933: 5653: 5621:Three Years in Chili. By a Lady of Ohio 5389: 5383: 5235: 5229: 5156: 5052:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 4560: 4449: 4393:——; —— (2010). 4363:——; —— (2009). 3395: 3298: 3268: 3032:"Phineas Gage: Psychosocial Adaptation" 2661: 2659: 2525: 2523: 2266:allowed pioneering studies of digestion 1285: Gage would have had to 885: 666:§ Factors favoring Gage's survival 202:cerebral localization 8040:American people in rail transportation 8012: 7797: 7630: 7524: 7462: 7429: 7404: 7370: 7128: 6794: 6785: 6735: 6614: 6555: 6514: 6409: 6386: 6330: 6321: 6089:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 123. 5890: 5617: 5608: 5566: 5560: 5268: 5119: 5113: 5071:Boston Society for Medical Improvement 4890: 4832: 4715: 4709: 4691:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4682: 4676: 4533: 4458:"Injuries of the Cranium – Trepanning" 3532: 3489: 3455: 3356: 3214: 2587: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2262: – man whose abdominal 1422:" all respect for social conventions"; 1419:, inability to make ethical decisions; 1410:vagrancy, begging, drifting, drinking; 1339:Tamping powder down holes for his wage 1091:him, God healed him", wrote physician 787:Boston Society for Medical Improvement 622:of the left eye and scar on forehead. 338:Rutland & Burlington Railroad 213:Gage is a fixture in the curricula of 210:might induce specific mental changes. 8045:Burials at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park 7928: 7908: 7624: 7611: 7530: 7394:(12). Boston: 188–89. April 23, 1868. 7226: 7134: 6928: 6908: 6714: 6672: 6658:Neuronal Man: The Biology of the Mind 6576: 6546: 6468: 6368: 6264: 6109: 6103: 5913: 5881: 5872: 5868:(2nd ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Brown. 5866:Introduction to Biological Psychology 5408: 5402: 5050:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 4986:American Medical Association (1850). 4896: 4844:"Lesions of the Cerebral Hemispheres" 4841: 4780:Boundless: A Science Comics Anthology 4727: 4477: 3718: 3709: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3109:Originally broadcast December 7, 2008 3041:"Phineas Gage and Frontal Lobotomies" 2946:"Phineas Gage – Unravelling the myth" 2602: 2546:§ Early observations (1849–1852) 1952: 876:In February 1860, Gage began to have 804:§ Early observations (1849–1852) 665: 208:damage to specific parts of the brain 165:(1823–1860) was an American railroad 8085:People with traumatic brain injuries 7654:"How We Read Each Other. Phrenology" 7599: 7432:Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal 6768: 6477: 6473:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6182: 5941: 5930: 5777: 5487: 5465:10.1001/archinte.1940.00190180153011 5450: 5064: 4593:True Democrat and Granite State Whig 4566: 4546:. Psychology Press. pp. 57–58. 3644: 3001:"Phineas Gage: Unanswered questions" 2656: 2520: 2229: 914:status epilepticus 800:Unable to reclaim his railroad job ( 724:Bigelow presented Gage to the elite 716:New England and New York (1849–1852) 368:Cavendish, Vermont 8075:People from Windsor County, Vermont 7780:. Rotary International. p. 25. 7451:Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 7412:Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 7388:Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 7317:Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 6564:. Vol. CCXLIV. pp. 68–85. 6432: 5337:Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 4776:"Bring Me the Head of Phineas Gage" 4585:"Incredible, But True Every Word". 4462:Ohio Medical & Surgical Journal 3792:. London: Erlbaum. pp. 243–62. 3540:Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 3533:—— (January 17, 1849). 3497:Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 3398:Principles of Frontal Lobe Function 2974:"The Phineas Gage Information Page" 2345: 1928:Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 1913:Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 1839:Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 13: 7975:Center for the History of Medicine 7745:Van der Kloot, William G. (1974). 7405:Sutton, W. L. (October 23, 1850). 7076:Hayward, Rhodri (December 2002). " 6769:Wood, Thomas F., ed. (July 1882). 6517:"Neurological progress in America" 5918:. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. 5409:Eliot, Samuel Atkins, ed. (1911). 5097:Yakovlev, Paul I. (October 1958). 4823:. September 22, 1848. p. 2 col. 3. 4774:Barnes, E. J.; Lee, L. B. (2016). 4341:The Daguerreian Society Newsletter 3269:Bigelow, Henry Jacob (July 1850). 1252: 1035:San Francisco cemetery relocations 951:personally delivered it to Harlow, 259:, 20 years after Gage's accident: 14: 8106: 7955: 7929:Carey, Benedict (July 22, 2009). 7890:Silvestro, Sara (June 24, 2016). 6748:. Cengage Learning. p. 184. 6533:10.1001/jama.1897.02440330015001e 5877:. Belmont, California: Wadsworth. 5540:Ohio Medical and Surgical Journal 5313:. December 25, 1867. p. 2 col. 4. 4734:Rutland Railroad Company (1897). 4571:. Worcester, New York: C.V. Gage. 4440:. November 6, 1848. p. 1, col. 2. 3997:Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2992:"Phineas Gage Sites in Cavendish" 2944:—— (September 2008). 1872:Standard for other brain injuries 1538:‍—‌and made 1113:localizationist 392:Bring Me the Head of Phineas Gage 7942: 7920: 7909:Smith, Stephen (July 22, 2009). 7875: 7817: 7783: 7772:Sarbach, Louis N. (March 1952). 7558: 7504: 7496: 7284: 7276: 7197: 6598: 6558:"The old phrenology and the new" 6538: 6311: 6286: 6247: 6174: 6158:Neuropsychology of Human Emotion 6137: 6068: 6003: 5980: 5961: 5828: 5769: 5470: 4924:Ludlow (Vermont) Free Soil Union 4795: 4319: 4195: 4070: 3945: 3898: 3843: 3790:Classic Cases in Neuropsychology 3768: 3712:Higher cortical functions in man 3421: 3376: 3337: 2827: 2796: 2784: 2769: 2757: 2732: 2333:Rehabilitation (neuropsychology) 2313:Cognitive rehabilitation therapy 1598:Factors favoring Gage's survival 1499: 1294:En route (Macmillan continues): 835:Chile and California (1852–1860) 525:Gage was also swallowing blood, 431:. Continuing upward outside the 7434:. Vol. 2. pp. 550–55. 7353:A Memoir of Henry Jacob Bigelow 6556:Wilson, Andrew (January 1879). 6551:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 5899:(9th ed.). Prentice-Hall. 5849:. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. 5721:. Academic Press. p. 383. 5654:Jarrett, Christian (May 2012). 5638: 5628: 5527:(4). p. 89, col. 3. April 1851. 5500: 5421: 5286: 5223: 5205: 5103:Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin 4929: 4625: 4567:Gage, Clyde Van Tassel (1964). 4432:"Alive from the Dead, Almost". 4092:New England Journal of Medicine 3202:For researchers and specialists 2628: 2571: 2553: 2536: 2508: 2497: 1973:Though Gage is considered the " 1668:had blocked the opening in the 1624: 1560:False-color representations of 1079:Mental changes and brain damage 7798:Turner, Eric Anderson (1982). 7518: 7510: 7298: 7294: 7118: 7114: 6775:North Carolina Medical Journal 6683: 6656:Changeux, Jean-Pierre (1985). 6637: 6582: 6357: 5791: 5787: 5713:Macmillan, Malcolm B. (2014). 5211: 4939: 4935: 4880: 4876: 4635: 4615: 4611: 4527: 4517: 3993: 3932:10.1080/15294145.2004.10773459 3324:. Cambridge University Press. 2895:Macmillan, Malcolm B. (2000). 2727:'s 1870 catalog of the Museum. 1219:Later observations (1858–1859) 1163:American Phrenological Journal 1126:Early observations (1849–1852) 1111:(seen here in 1854). His anti- 1109:H. J. Bigelow 781:, the Professor of Surgery at 1: 8035:American expatriates in Chile 8004:National Institutes of Health 7962:Phineas Gage information page 7751:. Ardent Media. p. 289. 7730: 7666:"Phrenology for "Tim Bobbin"" 7514: 7458:(13): 230–31. April 29, 1869. 7290: 7122: 7110: 7106: 6959: 6915:(in French). Paris: Delahaye. 6687: 6664: 6641: 6602: 6586: 6568: 6500: 6464:. Cambridge University Press. 6441: 6433:Tow, Peter Macdonald (1955). 6395: 6372: 6315: 6294: 6213: 5948:. A&C Black. p. 53. 5922: 5795: 5783: 5756:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70147-3 5634: 5553:Medical and Surgical Reporter 5453:Archives of Internal Medicine 5431: 5427: 5296: 5292: 5219: 5215: 4947: 4943: 4884: 4826: 4761: 4757: 4631: 4619: 4596: 4523: 4443: 4395:"A New Image of Phineas Gage" 4391: 4361: 4337: 4202: 4182: 4128: 4088: 3963: 3916: 3861: 3806: 3786: 3743:History of the Human Sciences 3739: 3667: 3643: 3561: 3531: 3488: 3439: 3355: 3297: 3267: 3182:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 3096: 3069: 2970: 2942: 2841: 2747: 2399:Grafton County, New Hampshire 2061: 1781: 1349:Through his left frontal lobe 281:Grafton County, New Hampshire 247: 118:Railroad construction foreman 60:Grafton County, New Hampshire 56:July 9, 1823 (date uncertain) 7892:"A New View of Phineas Gage" 7716:. Leuven: Acco. p. 40. 7324:(19): 301–6. June 11, 1868. 7293:, p. 12, ch. 4, pp. 355–59; 7149:10.1016/0090-3019(89)90204-8 6189:Moffatt, Gregory K. (2002). 5681:10.1371/journal.pone.0037454 5604:. March 1, 1860. p. 11. 5390:Proctor, William A. (1950). 5344:(7): 116–17. March 18, 1869. 5044:American Antiquarian Society 5024:American Antiquarian Society 4282: 4247:10.1371/journal.pone.0037454 4218: 4041: 3965:—— (July 2009). 3695:. Harvard University Press. 3601: 3456:Harlow, John Martyn (1868). 3454: 3394: 3314: 3213: 3172: 3124: 2893: 2858: 2174: 2002:frightfully ..." 1476:encephalon 1304:travelling at various speeds 1097:phrenology 658:with which Harlow left [ 435:and possibly fracturing the 313:, and by September he was a 235:suggests that his work as a 7: 8080:People with ptosis (eyelid) 7896:Harvard Medical School News 7693:. Allyn and Bacon. p. 7573:Jarrett, Christian (2014). 7373:Western Journal of Medicine 7330:10.1056/NEJM186806110781906 6935:Medical Times & Gazette 6410:Restak, Richard M. (1984). 5895:Psychology: An Introduction 5884:Psychology: An Introduction 3510:10.1056/nejm184812130392001 3357:Fuster, Joaquin M. (2008). 3126:Twomey, S. (January 2010). 2543: 2286:after a bullet pierced his 2237: 2227: 2035: 1895:falling Eucalyptus branches 1344:Blew his special-made probe 1209: 1069:N. Gray & Co. 1032: 966:, but he later reclaimed it 801: 732:is seated second from left. 708:Gage's rearmost left upper 687: 533:Treatment and convalescence 465:, round and fairly smooth: 372:blasting powder 327: 294:pseudoscience of phrenology 182:The iron's path, per Harlow 10: 8111: 7483:10.1037/0022-006X.60.3.349 6954:Ferrier, David (1877–79). 6387:Dimond, Stuart J. (1980). 5309:"A Departing Supervisor". 5122:American Historical Review 4842:Smith, William T. (1886). 4057:10.1089/089771504774129964 3877:10.1076/jhin.10.2.149.7254 3581:10.1521/soco.2010.28.6.757 3236:10.3171/jns.1995.82.4.0672 3140:(10): 8–10. Archived from 2915:. (hbk, 2000) (pbk, 2002). 2666:hold a note reading, "3106 2623:is the correct death date; 2276:after surgery for epilepsy 2105:Psychosurgery and lobotomy 1413:lying, brawling, bullying; 1057:Excerpt from record book, 1029:Cypress Lawn Memorial Park 192:, and even to subvert our 101:Cypress Lawn Memorial Park 46:disheveled misfit" 18: 7534:An Anthropologist on Mars 7212:Pancoast, Joseph (1852). 7107:Lena & Macmillan 6862:"Psychology's tall tales" 6456:Blakemore, Colin (1977). 5815:. Macmillan. p. 74. 5639:Macmillan & Lena 5492:Borderlands of psychiatry 5332:"Bibliographical Notices" 5224:Macmillan & Lena 5080:. November 10. pp. 103–4. 4387: 4357: 4333: 4298:10.1080/09647040903018402 4278: 4214: 4178: 4124: 4084: 4037: 4009:10.1080/09602011003760527 3989: 3959: 3912: 3857: 3802: 3782: 3735: 3663: 3639: 3597: 3563:Kihlstrom, J. F. (2010). 3557: 3527: 3484: 3450: 3435: 3390: 3351: 3310: 3293: 3263: 3215:Barker, F. G. II (1995). 3209: 3168: 3120: 3092: 3065: 2976:. The University of Akron 2966: 2938: 2889: 2860:Kean, Sam (May 6, 2014). 2854: 2308:Cognitive neuropsychology 2137:somatic marker hypothesis 2127:Somatic marker hypothesis 1935:was similarly facetious: 1647:3d. The point of entrance 1498: 1493: 1337:A moral man, Phineas Gage 940:Gage's brother-in-law (a 660:Jefferson Medical College 152: 144: 136: 111: 96: 86: 67: 52: 37: 30: 7991:Warren Anatomical Museum 7733:, pp. 246, 252–53nn9,10. 7658:Scott's Monthly Magazine 7576:Great Myths of the Brain 7184:10.1177/1460408612442462 6809:10.1177/0098628315587614 6623:. Dubuque, Iowa: Brown. 6478:Hart, Leslie A. (1975). 6337:. ABC-CLIO. p. 18. 6265:Myers, David G. (1995). 5873:Kalat, James W. (1981). 5843:Altrocchi, John (1980). 5517:"A most remarkable case" 4456:Campbell, H. F. (1851). 3755:10.1177/0952695106075178 3612:. March 2010. p. 4. 3322:Disturbances of the Mind 3316:Draaisma, Douwe (2009). 2719:Gage in Valparaiso. The 2389:or nearby East Lebanon, 2369:early-process photograph 2339: 1999:Henry Pickering Bowditch 1753:, and (in one instance) 1185:(the nineteenth-century 1000:Lebanon Grafton Cy 964:Warren Anatomical Museum 809:Barnum's American Museum 742:Barnum's American Museum 529:every 15 or 20 minutes. 366:south of the village of 311:Cortlandt Town, New York 271: Harlow's home and 105:Warren Anatomical Museum 8065:History of neuroscience 7685:Carlson, N. R. (1994). 7080:by Malcolm Macmillan". 6981:British Medical Journal 6975:Ferrier, David (1878). 6894:Hammond, W. A. (1871). 6718:When Hope is Not Enough 6615:Sdorow, Lester (1990). 6391:. London: Butterworths. 6331:Plante, Thomas (2015). 6083:Ebenezer, Ivor (2015). 6047:10.1126/science.8178168 5596:"Additional from Chile" 5356:"The Phineas Gage Case" 5280:New Hampshire Statesman 4499:(3): 26. Archived from 3719:—— (1972). 3710:—— (1980). 3678:—— (1973). 3224:Journal of Neurosurgery 3174:Fleischman, J. (2002). 2972:—— (2012). 1866:could not have happened 1777:Early medical attitudes 1733:superior sagittal sinus 895:New Hampshire Statesman 242: 103:, California (skull in 7995:Harvard Medical School 7846:10.1098/rstb.1996.0125 7689:Physiology of Behavior 7612:Sizer, Nelson (1888). 7531:Sacks, Oliver (1995). 7042:10.1136/bmj.1.1425.835 6929:Dupuy, Eugene (1877). 6909:Dupuy, Eugene (1873). 6797:Teaching of Psychology 6515:Hughes, C. D. (1897). 5942:Mann, Mark H. (2006). 5891:Morris, C. G. (1996). 5567:Austin, K. A. (1977). 5496:. Harvard Univ. Press. 5488:Cobb, Stanley (1943). 4813:"Wonderful Accident". 4716:Fowler, O. S. (1838). 4683:Cooter, Roger (1984). 4672:. pp. xxxiii, 15. 4045:Journal of Neurotrauma 3010:"Phineas Gage's Story" 2230:§ Social recovery 2202: 2194: 2166: 2124: 2113:‍—‌particularly 2074: 2031: 1997:(writing to Harvard's 1965: 1889: 1827: 1812: 1791: 1728: 1699: 1682: 1653: 1633: 1621: 1611: 1565: 1480: 1469: 1464:The left frontal lobe 1456:Extent of brain damage 1353: 1310: 1292: 1281: 1266: 1232: 1196: 1175: 1158: 1151: 1138: 1116: 1100: 1075: 1059:Lone Mountain Cemetery 1016: 947: 933: 919:Lone Mountain Cemetery 904: 844: 827:Hanover, New Hampshire 783:Harvard Medical School 774: 745: 733: 706: 682:Lebanon, New Hampshire 623: 611: 590:Lebanon, New Hampshire 585: 546: 523: 507: 475: 395: 383: 359: 345: 276: 183: 79:San Francisco Bay Area 8000:Skull of Phineas Gage 7024:Bramwell, B. (1888). 6993:10.1136/bmj.1.900.443 6898:. New York: Appleton. 6460:Mechanics of the mind 6369:Damasio et al. (1994) 5882:Lahey, B. B. (1992). 5875:Biological Psychology 5786:, pp. 119, 316, 323; 5311:Daily Alta California 5169:Clinical Case Reports 4916:"Horrible Accident". 4201:Images reproduced in 4148:10.1093/cercor/bhv173 4104:10.1056/NEJMicm031024 3669:Luria, A. R. (1963). 3360:The prefrontal cortex 2200: 2182: 2150: 2119: 2069: 2038:Cerebral localization 2026: 2019:Cerebral localization 1957: 1879: 1822: 1805: 1786: 1722: 1695: 1677: 1645: 1629: 1617: 1605: 1559: 1511:registration required 1472: 1463: 1335: 1296: 1287: 1276: 1260: 1226: 1191: 1179:cerebral localization 1167: 1156: 1147: 1133: 1106: 1086: 1056: 975: 955:Woburn, Massachusetts 939: 929: 893: 839: 825:and coach service in 751: 739: 730:Oliver Wendell Holmes 723: 698: 617: 607: 580: 540: 527:which he regurgitated 511: 502: 467: 389: 380: 351: 335: 307:Hudson River Railroad 255: 181: 8055:People with epilepsy 8050:Deaths from epilepsy 7971:Case of Phineas Gage 7748:Readings in Behavior 7650:Davidson, James Wood 6571:, pp. 118, 316, 321. 6562:Gentleman's Magazine 6273:. Worth Publishers. 4920:. September 21, 1848 4897:Macmillan, Malcolm. 2740:Edward Elisha Phelps 2414:Swetland, Sweatland, 2328:Occupational therapy 2142:orbitofrontal cortex 2134:, in support of his 1507:(Ratiu et al.) 886:Death and exhumation 167:construction foreman 7966:University of Akron 7801:Surgery of the mind 6715:Dobbs, Bon (2015). 6216:, pp. 39, 319, 327. 6039:1994Sci...264.1102D 5982:Damasio, Antonio R. 5672:2012PLoSO...737454V 5637:, pp. 104, 121n13; 5299:, pp. 26,115,479–80 4417:Other sources cited 4399:www.brightbytes.com 4369:www.brightbytes.com 4365:"Meet Phineas Gage" 4238:2012PLoSO...737454V 3971:www.brightbytes.com 3920:Neuropsychoanalysis 3161:For younger readers 3021:An Odd Kind of Fame 2927:§ Corrections" 2925:An Odd Kind of Fame 2847:For general readers 2580:examination of the 2323:Neurorehabilitation 2274:anterograde amnesia 2046:without consequent 1816:biblical story of 1737:cerebrospinal fluid 1725:Scientific American 779:Henry Jacob Bigelow 769:Montpelier, Vermont 652:ill-conditioned pus 87:Cause of death 7985:2021-12-05 at the 7936:The New York Times 7137:Surgical Neurology 6547:Smith, A. (1984). 6469:Brown, H. (1976). 6361:The New York Times 6260:. Scott, Foresman. 5914:Smith, A. (1985). 5601:The New York Times 5362:on August 14, 2014 4821:Woodstock, Vermont 3647:Mark Twain Journal 2918: • 2777:superior maxillary 2711: • 2696: • 2685: • 2670: • 2254:Eadweard Muybridge 2203: 2195: 2075: 2072:Cavendish, Vermont 2032: 1953:Theoretical misuse 1890: 1813: 1729: 1666:granulation tissue 1643:Harlow continued: 1612: 1566: 1470: 1373:meaning that Gage 1267: 1233: 1159: 1117: 1101: 1076: 1007: • 993: • 982: • 948: 934: 905: 878:epileptic seizures 775: 746: 744:in New York City. 734: 624: 612: 586: 547: 496:Edward H. Williams 396: 384: 360: 346: 290:John Martyn Harlow 277: 257:Cavendish, Vermont 184: 91:Status epilepticus 81:, California, U.S. 8030:American builders 8006:3D print exchange 7840:(1346): 1413–20. 7811:978-0-946179-00-8 7758:978-0-03-084077-7 7704:978-0-205-07264-4 7586:978-1-118-31271-1 7544:978-0-679-43785-7 7517:, chs. 5–6,9–14; 6838:Jackson, J. B. S. 6755:978-1-133-71038-7 6728:978-1-329-44409-6 6630:978-0-697-07649-6 6493:978-0-465-03102-3 6425:978-0-553-05047-9 6344:978-1-4408-3270-3 6297:, pp. 319, 327–28 6280:978-0-87901-644-9 6241:978-0-631-17896-5 6202:978-0-275-97336-0 6168:978-0-89862-200-3 6096:978-1-118-38565-4 5997:978-0-380-72647-9 5955:978-0-567-02553-1 5906:978-0-13-432972-7 5856:978-0-15-500370-5 5846:Abnormal Behavior 5822:978-1-4292-0143-8 5728:978-0-12-385158-1 5578:978-0-7270-0316-4 5571:. Sydney: Rigby. 4850:. pp. 46–58. 4789:978-0-9903433-5-6 4702:978-0-521-22743-8 4553:978-1-317-77843-1 4474:, unknown date). 4438:Danville, Vermont 4413: 4412: 4383: 4382: 4353: 4352: 4329: 4328: 4274: 4273: 4210: 4209: 4174: 4173: 4120: 4119: 4080: 4079: 4033: 4032: 3985: 3984: 3955: 3954: 3908: 3907: 3853: 3852: 3798: 3797: 3778: 3777: 3731: 3730: 3702:978-0-674-54326-3 3659: 3658: 3635: 3634: 3593: 3592: 3553: 3552: 3523: 3522: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3446: 3445: 3431: 3430: 3415:978-0-19-513497-1 3386: 3385: 3370:978-0-12-373644-4 3347: 3346: 3331:978-1-139-93611-8 3306: 3305: 3289: 3288: 3259: 3258: 3198: 3197: 3189:978-0-618-05252-3 3157: 3156: 3128:"Finding Phineas" 3116: 3115: 3088: 3087: 3061: 3060: 2962: 2961: 2934: 2933: 2912:978-0-262-13363-0 2885: 2884: 2804:coups dramatiques 2645:San Francisco Bay 2260:Alexis St. Martin 2070:Memorial plaque, 1921:medulla oblongata 1836:According to the 1518: 1517: 1212:Mind–body dualism 1093:J. M. Harlow 777:In November 1849 545:used as a bandage 340:passing through " 229:Rorschach inkblot 160: 159: 8102: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7940: 7925: 7924: 7918: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7873: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7815: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7781: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7742: 7736: 7731:Macmillan (2000) 7727: 7708: 7692: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7661: 7645: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7608: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7556: 7528: 7522: 7519:Macmillan (1996) 7515:Macmillan (2000) 7511:Macmillan (2008) 7508: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7494: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7380: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7308: 7302: 7299:Macmillan (2001) 7295:Macmillan (2008) 7291:Macmillan (2000) 7288: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7274: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7195: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7132: 7126: 7123:Macmillan (2000) 7104: 7098: 7097: 7073: 7064: 7063: 7053: 7036:(1425): 835–40. 7021: 7015: 7014: 7004: 6972: 6963: 6960:Macmillan (2000) 6952: 6943: 6942: 6926: 6917: 6916: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6857: 6848: 6847: 6834: 6821: 6820: 6792: 6783: 6782: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6697: 6691: 6688:Macmillan (2000) 6684:Blakeslee (1994) 6681: 6670: 6665:Macmillan (2000) 6661: 6653: 6647: 6642:Macmillan (2000) 6638:Macmillan (2008) 6634: 6622: 6612: 6606: 6603:Macmillan (2000) 6596: 6590: 6587:Macmillan (2000) 6583:Blakeslee (1994) 6580: 6574: 6569:Macmillan (2000) 6565: 6552: 6543: 6542: 6536: 6512: 6506: 6501:Macmillan (2000) 6497: 6485: 6474: 6465: 6463: 6453: 6447: 6442:Macmillan (2000) 6438: 6429: 6418:. Bantam Books. 6417: 6407: 6401: 6396:Macmillan (2000) 6392: 6384: 6378: 6373:Macmillan (2000) 6365: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6328: 6319: 6316:Macmillan (2000) 6309: 6300: 6295:Macmillan (2000) 6291: 6290: 6284: 6272: 6261: 6252: 6251: 6245: 6225: 6219: 6214:Macmillan (2000) 6210:Anonymous (1848) 6206: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6172: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6135: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6066: 6033:(5162): 1102–5. 6023:Galaburda, A. M. 6018: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6001: 5978: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5959: 5939: 5928: 5923:Macmillan (2000) 5919: 5910: 5898: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5826: 5808: 5799: 5788:Macmillan (2008) 5784:Macmillan (2000) 5781: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5693: 5683: 5651: 5642: 5635:Macmillan (2000) 5632: 5626: 5625: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5547: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5513: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5448: 5435: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5411:"John M. Harlow" 5406: 5400: 5399: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5328: 5315: 5314: 5306: 5300: 5297:Macmillan (2000) 5290: 5284: 5283: 5275: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5238:Harvard Magazine 5233: 5227: 5222:, pp. 14,98–99; 5220:Macmillan (2000) 5209: 5203: 5202: 5192: 5181:10.1002/ccr3.193 5160: 5154: 5153: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5094: 5081: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5047: 5041: 5027: 5021: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4983: 4977: 4964: 4951: 4948:Macmillan (2000) 4933: 4927: 4926:, unknown date). 4921: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4894: 4888: 4873: 4852: 4851: 4839: 4830: 4827:Macmillan (2000) 4824: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4793: 4771: 4765: 4755: 4744: 4743: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4690: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4638:, p. 839 (fig.). 4636:Macmillan (2008) 4632:Macmillan (2000) 4629: 4623: 4609: 4600: 4597:Macmillan (2000) 4590: 4582: 4573: 4572: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4537: 4531: 4528:Macmillan (2008) 4524:Macmillan (2000) 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4505: 4490: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4453: 4447: 4444:Macmillan (2000) 4441: 4429: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4385: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4355: 4348: 4331: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4276: 4269: 4259: 4249: 4212: 4203:Macmillan (2000) 4200: 4199: 4193: 4176: 4169: 4159: 4122: 4115: 4082: 4075: 4074: 4068: 4035: 4028: 3987: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3957: 3950: 3949: 3943: 3910: 3903: 3902: 3896: 3855: 3848: 3847: 3841: 3800: 3793: 3780: 3773: 3772: 3766: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3694: 3683: 3674: 3661: 3654: 3637: 3628: 3613: 3595: 3588: 3583:. Archived from 3569:Social Cognition 3555: 3548: 3525: 3513: 3482: 3471: 3469: 3448: 3433: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3388: 3381: 3380: 3374: 3349: 3342: 3341: 3335: 3308: 3300: 3291: 3284: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3246:. Archived from 3221: 3207: 3193: 3181: 3166: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3118: 3107: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3063: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2964: 2957: 2950:The Psychologist 2936: 2916: 2887: 2880: 2869: 2852: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2748:Macmillan (2000) 2745: 2743: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2654: 2652: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2575: 2569: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2540: 2534: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2467: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2422: 2411: 2406: 2382: 2373: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2245:Anatoli Bugorski 2233: 2210: 2192: 2190: 2170: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2041: 2014: 2005: 2003: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1969: 1962: 1949: 1948: 1938: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1887: 1885: 1863: 1798: 1795:J. B. S. Jackson 1744: 1716: 1715: 1689: 1674: 1673: 1650: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1575: 1574: 1570:sphenoidal sinus 1553: 1552: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1529: 1514: 1503: 1502: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1434:dying "due to a 1404:... bankruptcy"; 1403: 1380: 1379: 1360: 1348: 1343: 1319: 1318: 1307: 1284: 1273: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1230: 1215: 1208: 1207: 1141: 1122: 1121: 1066: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1038: 1024: 1023: 1014:Jan 6 1850 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 999: 996: 992: 989:Phinehas P. Gage 988: 985: 981: 969: 967: 959: 958: 952: 946: 945: 932: 931: 923: 922: 902: 900: 882: 881: 868: 851: 831: 830: 820: 818: 816: 806: 797: 796: 794: 792: 790: 773: 772: 765: 764: 760: 757: 703: 648:frontalis muscle 609: 595: 583: 573: 569: 515:military surgery 500: 499: 493: 492: 488: 472: 451: 450: 448: 446: 444: 426: 425: 421: 418: 412: 411: 407: 404: 357: 324: 323: 302: 301: 285: 284: 270: 266: 262: 226: 205: 74: 47: 42: 28: 27: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8095:Famous patients 8010: 8009: 7987:Wayback Machine 7958: 7953: 7941: 7919: 7907: 7903: 7888: 7884: 7874: 7830: 7826: 7816: 7812: 7796: 7792: 7782: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7743: 7739: 7724: 7705: 7683: 7679: 7664: 7629: 7625: 7598: 7594: 7587: 7571: 7567: 7557: 7545: 7529: 7525: 7509: 7505: 7495: 7467: 7463: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7428: 7424: 7407:"A Centre Shot" 7403: 7399: 7382: 7369: 7365: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7255: 7251: 7234:Pott, Percivall 7231: 7227: 7210: 7206: 7196: 7168: 7164: 7133: 7129: 7105: 7101: 7074: 7067: 7022: 7018: 6987:(900): 443–47. 6973: 6966: 6953: 6946: 6927: 6920: 6907: 6903: 6892: 6888: 6877: 6873: 6858: 6851: 6835: 6824: 6793: 6786: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6713: 6709: 6702:The Irish Times 6698: 6694: 6682: 6673: 6654: 6650: 6631: 6613: 6609: 6597: 6593: 6589:, pp. 119, 321. 6581: 6577: 6537: 6513: 6509: 6503:, pp. 316, 323. 6494: 6486:. Basic Books. 6454: 6450: 6426: 6408: 6404: 6398:, pp. 321, 331. 6385: 6381: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6329: 6322: 6318:, pp. 119, 331. 6310: 6303: 6285: 6281: 6246: 6242: 6226: 6222: 6203: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6169: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6124:10.2307/3978044 6108: 6104: 6097: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6019: 6012: 6002: 5998: 5979: 5970: 5960: 5956: 5940: 5931: 5925:, pp. 107, 323. 5907: 5857: 5841: 5837: 5827: 5823: 5809: 5802: 5782: 5778: 5768: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5711: 5707: 5652: 5645: 5633: 5629: 5616: 5609: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5565: 5561: 5536: 5532: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5501: 5486: 5479: 5469: 5449: 5438: 5426: 5422: 5407: 5403: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5330: 5329: 5318: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5291: 5287: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5234: 5230: 5210: 5206: 5161: 5157: 5134:10.2307/2649773 5118: 5114: 5095: 5084: 5069: 5065: 5056: 5054: 5039: 5031:McCusker, J. J. 5019: 5011:McCusker, J. J. 5007: 5003: 4984: 4980: 4967:Jackson, J.B.S. 4965: 4954: 4934: 4930: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4895: 4891: 4874: 4855: 4840: 4833: 4825:Transcribed in 4816:Vermont Mercury 4812: 4811: 4804: 4794: 4790: 4782:. Vol. 1. 4772: 4768: 4762:Van Horn et al. 4756: 4747: 4732: 4728: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4681: 4677: 4666: 4662: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4630: 4626: 4610: 4603: 4584: 4583: 4576: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4538: 4534: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4470:(crediting the 4454: 4450: 4442:Transcribed in 4430: 4423: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4379: 4373: 4371: 4349: 4325: 4318: 4270: 4206: 4194: 4170: 4136:Cerebral Cortex 4116: 4076: 4069: 4029: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3951: 3944: 3904: 3897: 3849: 3842: 3794: 3774: 3767: 3727: 3703: 3655: 3631: 3602: 3589: 3549: 3519: 3476: 3442: 3427: 3420: 3416: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3302: 3285: 3255: 3250: 3219: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3173: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3125: 3112: 3097: 3084: 3075: 3070: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2979: 2977: 2971: 2958: 2943: 2930: 2917: 2913: 2894: 2881: 2873:Skloot, Rebecca 2871: 2859: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2813:coup de théâtre 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2657: 2653: 2647:in what is now 2640: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2617: 2614: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2576: 2572: 2558: 2554: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2468: 2459: 2440: 2425: 2404: 2383: 2376: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2318:Neuroplasticity 2303: 2240: 2188: 2186: 2177: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2132:Antonio Damasio 2129: 2107: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2064: 2056: 2021: 2012: 2004: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1960: 1955: 1936: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1888: 1874: 1861: 1818:Doubting Thomas 1800: 1793: 1784: 1779: 1691: 1684: 1658:Joseph Pancoast 1648: 1638: 1600: 1584:cerebral cortex 1541: 1536: 1508: 1500: 1494:External videos 1489: 1482: 1458: 1441: 1401: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1315:Alexander Luria 1305: 1271: 1255: 1253:Social recovery 1228: 1221: 1128: 1081: 1071: 1067:by undertakers 1064:Phineas B. Gage 1062: 1055: 1044: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1001: 997: 994: 990: 986: 983: 979: 903: 898: 888: 853: 846: 837: 819: 817: 813:Barnum's circus 795: 793: 791: 762: 758: 755: 753: 718: 701: 690: 610: 593: 571: 567: 535: 490: 486: 485: 470: 449: 447: 445: 423: 419: 416: 414: 409: 405: 402: 400: 353: 330: 268: 264: 260: 250: 245: 186: 185: 163:Phineas P. Gage 132: 82: 76: 72: 63: 57: 48: 45: 33: 32:Phineas P. Gage 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8108: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8008: 8007: 7997: 7977: 7968: 7957: 7956:External links 7954: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7901: 7882: 7824: 7810: 7790: 7764: 7757: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7728: 7723:978-9033486388 7722: 7703: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7662: 7632:Burton, Warren 7623: 7621: 7620: 7592: 7585: 7565: 7543: 7523: 7521:, pp. 251–59. 7503: 7461: 7454:. New series. 7437: 7422: 7397: 7390:. New series. 7363: 7343: 7320:. New series. 7303: 7301:, pp. 151–53. 7283: 7249: 7225: 7204: 7162: 7127: 7115:Bigelow (1850) 7099: 7065: 7016: 6964: 6944: 6918: 6901: 6886: 6871: 6849: 6822: 6803:(3): 195–202. 6784: 6761: 6754: 6734: 6727: 6707: 6692: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6629: 6607: 6599:Damasio (1994) 6591: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6566: 6553: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6475: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6439: 6424: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6350: 6343: 6320: 6314:, pp. 11, 51; 6312:Damasio (1994) 6301: 6299: 6298: 6292: 6279: 6262: 6240: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6201: 6181: 6167: 6153:Damasio, A. R. 6144: 6118:(21): 326–27. 6102: 6095: 6075: 6010: 5996: 5968: 5954: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5920: 5911: 5905: 5888: 5879: 5870: 5855: 5835: 5821: 5800: 5776: 5734: 5727: 5715:"Phineas Gage" 5705: 5643: 5627: 5607: 5584: 5577: 5559: 5530: 5505: 5499: 5477: 5459:(6): 1341–54. 5436: 5420: 5401: 5398:on 2012-07-02. 5382: 5373: 5347: 5340:. New series. 5316: 5301: 5285: 5267: 5255: 5228: 5212:Bigelow (1868) 5204: 5155: 5128:(2): 373–418. 5112: 5082: 5063: 5048:1800–present: 5001: 4978: 4952: 4940:Bigelow (1850) 4928: 4908: 4889: 4881:Bigelow (1850) 4879:, pp. 390–93; 4853: 4831: 4802: 4788: 4766: 4745: 4726: 4708: 4701: 4675: 4660: 4640: 4624: 4616:Bigelow (1850) 4601: 4587:National Eagle 4574: 4559: 4552: 4532: 4516: 4476: 4448: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4389: 4381: 4380: 4359: 4351: 4350: 4335: 4327: 4326: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4216: 4208: 4207: 4180: 4172: 4171: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4086: 4078: 4077: 4039: 4031: 4030: 3991: 3983: 3982: 3961: 3953: 3952: 3914: 3906: 3905: 3859: 3851: 3850: 3804: 3796: 3795: 3784: 3776: 3775: 3737: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3701: 3684: 3665: 3657: 3656: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3599: 3591: 3590: 3587:on 2014-10-06. 3559: 3551: 3550: 3529: 3521: 3520: 3504:(20): 389–93. 3486: 3478: 3477: 3473:[scan] 3452: 3444: 3443: 3437: 3429: 3428: 3414: 3392: 3384: 3383: 3369: 3353: 3345: 3344: 3330: 3312: 3304: 3303: 3295: 3287: 3286: 3279:. New series. 3265: 3257: 3256: 3253:on 2014-10-06. 3211: 3205: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3170: 3164: 3155: 3154: 3122: 3114: 3113: 3094: 3086: 3085: 3067: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3027: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2986: 2968: 2960: 2959: 2940: 2932: 2931: 2911: 2891: 2883: 2882: 2875:, ed. (2015). 2856: 2850: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2826: 2795: 2783: 2768: 2756: 2731: 2725:J.B.S. Jackson 2655: 2627: 2601: 2586: 2570: 2552: 2535: 2519: 2507: 2496: 2457: 2423: 2374: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2304: 2302: 2301: 2295: 2277: 2270:Henry Molaison 2267: 2257: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2176: 2173: 2128: 2125: 2106: 2103: 2063: 2060: 2020: 2017: 1968:Rhodri Hayward 1956: 1954: 1951: 1873: 1870: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1727:for July 1868. 1676: 1599: 1596: 1562:cerebral fiber 1516: 1515: 1496: 1495: 1471: 1457: 1454: 1440: 1439: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1254: 1251: 1220: 1217: 1127: 1124: 1080: 1077: 887: 884: 838: 836: 833: 717: 714: 689: 686: 592:, 30 miles (50 534: 531: 329: 326: 249: 246: 244: 241: 176: 175: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 146: 142: 141: 138: 137:Known for 134: 133: 131: 130: 124: 119: 115: 113: 109: 108: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 77: 75:(aged 36) 69: 65: 64: 58: 54: 50: 49: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8107: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7945: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7886: 7878: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7820: 7813: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7794: 7786: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7760: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7741: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7690: 7681: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7652:(July 1866). 7651: 7647: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7627: 7617: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7596: 7588: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7569: 7561: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7527: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7507: 7499: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7477:(3): 349–59. 7476: 7472: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7441: 7433: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7374: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7307: 7300: 7297:, pp. 28–29; 7296: 7292: 7287: 7279: 7272: 7268: 7265:(6): 952–58. 7264: 7260: 7253: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7216: 7208: 7200: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7178:(3): 263–69. 7177: 7173: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7143:(2): 152–55. 7142: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7120: 7119:Harlow (1848) 7117:, pp. 16–17; 7116: 7113:, pp. 6, 19; 7112: 7111:Harlow (1868) 7108: 7103: 7095: 7091: 7088:(4): 479–81. 7087: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7070: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7020: 7012: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6969: 6962:, pp. 464–65. 6961: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6923: 6914: 6913: 6905: 6897: 6890: 6882: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6856: 6854: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6791: 6789: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6757: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6738: 6730: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6711: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6652: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6611: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6534: 6530: 6527:(7): 315–23. 6526: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6452: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6421: 6416: 6415: 6406: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6383: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364:. p. C1. 6363: 6362: 6354: 6346: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6327: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6306: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6243: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6224: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6185: 6177: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6140: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6079: 6071: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6015: 6006: 5999: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5964: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5839: 5831: 5824: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5772: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5750:(3): 552–55. 5749: 5745: 5738: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5666:(5): e37454. 5665: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5623: 5622: 5614: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5555: 5554: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5510: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5484: 5482: 5473: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5428:Harlow (1868) 5424: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5377: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5294: 5293:Harlow (1868) 5289: 5281: 5274: 5272: 5264: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5226:, pp. 643–44. 5225: 5221: 5217: 5216:Harlow (1868) 5213: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5175:(6): 241–42. 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5053: 5045: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4972: 4971:Medical Cases 4968: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4944:Harlow (1868) 4941: 4937: 4936:Harlow (1848) 4932: 4925: 4919: 4912: 4904: 4903:Butler Family 4900: 4893: 4886: 4885:Harlow (1868) 4882: 4878: 4877:Harlow (1848) 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4836: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4809: 4807: 4798: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4764:, pp. 4–5, 17 4763: 4760:, p. 639–40; 4759: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4722: 4721: 4712: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4688: 4679: 4671: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4620:Harlow (1868) 4617: 4613: 4612:Harlow (1848) 4608: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4581: 4579: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4506:on 2016-04-09 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4292:(3): 340–45. 4291: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4232:(5): e37454. 4231: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4204: 4198: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4051:(5): 637–43. 4050: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4003:(5): 641–58. 4002: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3926:(2): 181–92. 3925: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3871:(2): 149–62. 3870: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3749:(1): 115–31. 3748: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3693: 3692: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3653:(1): 166–200. 3652: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3575:(6): 757–82. 3574: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3517: 3516:Transcription 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3230:(4): 672–82. 3229: 3225: 3218: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3191: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3144:on 2010-02-09 3143: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3074: 3068: 3064: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3022: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2987: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2874: 2870:Reprinted in 2867: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2830: 2823: 2822:connect words 2819: 2818:monosyllables 2814: 2810: 2805: 2799: 2787: 2778: 2772: 2760: 2749: 2741: 2735: 2726: 2722: 2662: 2660: 2650: 2646: 2631: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2593: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2547: 2539: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2511: 2500: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2379: 2372: 2370: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2207:daguerreotype 2199: 2193: 2181: 2172: 2165: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2111:psychosurgery 2102: 2098: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:speech centre 2039: 2029: 2028:Phrenologists 2025: 2016: 2009: 2000: 1996: 1995:David Ferrier 1992: 1991: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1896: 1883: 1878: 1869: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1834: 1832: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1808:Boston Herald 1804: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1762:Ambroise Paré 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1644: 1641: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1533: 1532:Hanna Damasio 1527: 1526:frontal lobes 1523: 1512: 1506: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1467: 1462: 1453: 1451: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1361: 1359: 1352: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1264: 1263:Concord coach 1259: 1250: 1242: 1225: 1216: 1213: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1187:pseudoscience 1184: 1180: 1174: 1172: 1166: 1164: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1132: 1123: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1042: 1036: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1015: 974: 971: 965: 960: 956: 943: 938: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915: 910: 896: 892: 883: 879: 874: 872: 866: 862: 858: 852: 849: 843: 832: 828: 824: 814: 810: 805: 798: 788: 784: 780: 770: 750: 743: 738: 731: 727: 722: 713: 711: 705: 697: 695: 685: 683: 678: 676: 671: 669: 667: 661: 657: 653: 649: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 621: 616: 606: 602: 600: 597:"that it was 591: 579: 575: 564: 561: 557: 552: 544: 539: 530: 528: 522: 520: 516: 510: 506: 501: 497: 483: 478: 474: 466: 464: 460: 458: 452: 442: 438: 434: 430: 393: 388: 379: 375: 373: 369: 365: 356: 350: 343: 339: 334: 325: 321: 316: 312: 308: 303: 299: 298:nervo-bilious 295: 291: 286: 282: 274: 258: 254: 240: 238: 232: 230: 224: 220: 216: 211: 209: 203: 199: 195: 191: 180: 174: 172: 168: 164: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 128: 125: 123: 120: 117: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 80: 70: 66: 61: 55: 51: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 8060:Frontal lobe 7934: 7915:Boston Globe 7914: 7904: 7895: 7885: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7800: 7793: 7778:The Rotarian 7777: 7767: 7747: 7740: 7713: 7688: 7680: 7669: 7657: 7636: 7626: 7614: 7602: 7595: 7575: 7568: 7533: 7526: 7506: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7455: 7449: 7440: 7431: 7425: 7416: 7410: 7400: 7391: 7387: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7352: 7346: 7321: 7315: 7306: 7286: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7242: 7228: 7214: 7207: 7175: 7171: 7165: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7102: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7033: 7029: 7019: 6984: 6980: 6955: 6938: 6934: 6911: 6904: 6895: 6889: 6880: 6874: 6865: 6842: 6800: 6796: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6744: 6737: 6717: 6710: 6704:. p. 2. 6701: 6695: 6657: 6651: 6618: 6610: 6594: 6578: 6561: 6548: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6481: 6470: 6459: 6451: 6434: 6413: 6405: 6388: 6382: 6359: 6353: 6333: 6268: 6257: 6230: 6223: 6191: 6184: 6157: 6147: 6115: 6112:Science News 6111: 6105: 6085: 6078: 6030: 6026: 5986: 5944: 5915: 5894: 5883: 5874: 5865: 5845: 5838: 5812: 5794:, p. 130n6; 5779: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5718: 5708: 5663: 5659: 5630: 5620: 5599: 5568: 5562: 5552: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5524: 5520: 5502: 5491: 5456: 5452: 5423: 5414: 5404: 5396:the original 5385: 5376: 5364:. Retrieved 5360:the original 5350: 5341: 5335: 5310: 5304: 5288: 5279: 5262: 5258: 5244:(6): 24–31. 5241: 5237: 5231: 5207: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5077: 5074: 5066: 5055:. Retrieved 5035: 5015: 5004: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4973: 4970: 4950:, pp. 36–37. 4931: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4902: 4892: 4847: 4814: 4779: 4769: 4758:Ratiu et al. 4739: 4729: 4718: 4711: 4686: 4678: 4669: 4663: 4652:RG M-CL02.01 4643: 4627: 4592: 4586: 4568: 4562: 4542: 4535: 4519: 4508:. Retrieved 4501:the original 4496: 4492: 4479: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4433: 4416: 4415: 4402:. Retrieved 4398: 4372:. Retrieved 4368: 4344: 4340: 4289: 4285: 4229: 4225: 4189: 4185: 4142:(12): 1–16. 4139: 4135: 4095: 4091: 4048: 4044: 4000: 3996: 3974:. Retrieved 3970: 3923: 3919: 3868: 3864: 3816:(1): 46–66. 3813: 3809: 3789: 3746: 3742: 3720: 3711: 3690: 3679: 3670: 3650: 3646: 3627:. p. 4. 3622: 3607: 3585:the original 3572: 3568: 3547:(25): 506–7. 3544: 3538: 3501: 3495: 3468:(3): 327–47. 3465: 3461: 3397: 3359: 3321: 3283:(39): 13–22. 3280: 3274: 3248:the original 3227: 3223: 3201: 3200: 3177: 3160: 3159: 3146:. Retrieved 3142:the original 3137: 3131: 3104:Health Check 3103: 3080:Health Shots 3079: 3020: 2978:. Retrieved 2956:(9): 828–31. 2953: 2949: 2924: 2919: 2897: 2876: 2865: 2846: 2845: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2803: 2798: 2786: 2771: 2759: 2734: 2720: 2681:R. Sweatland 2630: 2620: 2582:tooth socket 2578:Osteological 2573: 2555: 2538: 2510: 2499: 2470: 2453: 2445: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2402: 2365: 2298:Ahad Israfil 2280:Lev Zasetsky 2225: 2221: 2204: 2184: 2167: 2151: 2135: 2130: 2120: 2108: 2099: 2076: 2051: 2033: 2008:Oliver Sacks 1988: 1972: 1966: 1958: 1941:Act III 1932: 1927: 1925: 1912: 1910: 1891: 1865: 1858:beyond doubt 1857: 1853: 1851: 1849:convinced". 1843: 1837: 1835: 1833:invention". 1828: 1823: 1814: 1806: 1792: 1787: 1759: 1741:air embolism 1730: 1724: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686:J. M. Harlow 1683: 1678: 1654: 1646: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1625:§ Background 1622: 1618: 1613: 1580:white matter 1577: 1567: 1539: 1521: 1519: 1484:J. M. Harlow 1481: 1473: 1465: 1446: 1442: 1382: 1374: 1371: 1363: 1354: 1336: 1321: 1311: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1282: 1277: 1268: 1243: 1234: 1197: 1192: 1176: 1170: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1118: 1072: 1063: 1026: 1019: 1017: 976: 972: 961: 949: 912: 906: 894: 875: 854: 848:J. M. Harlow 845: 840: 799: 776: 752:"Admittance 707: 699: 691: 679: 672: 663: 644: 625: 598: 587: 565: 548: 524: 512: 508: 503: 479: 476: 468: 455: 453: 441:frontal bone 397: 391: 361: 336:Line of the 320:tamping iron 304: 297: 287: 278: 233: 223:neuroscience 212: 187: 162: 161: 129: driver 97:Burial place 73:(1860-05-21) 71:May 21, 1860 25: 21:Phinius Gage 8025:1860 deaths 8020:1823 births 7381:Reprinted: 7238:James Earle 6781:(1): 60–62. 6371:, p. 1102; 5548:Reprinted: 5109:(1): 19–24. 5028:1700–1799: 5008:1634–1699: 4922:(crediting 4918:Boston Post 4887:, pp. 7–10. 4829:, pp. 36–7. 4599:, pp. 40–1. 4591:Reprinted: 4468:(1): 20–24. 4446:, pp. 39–40 4098:(23): e21. 3624:Smithsonian 3609:Smithsonian 3133:Smithsonian 2249:proton beam 2083:Benevolence 1947:it." 1860: ... I 1704:James Earle 1417:psychopathy 978:University. 871:Santa Clara 482:convulsions 390:Panel from 112:Occupations 8014:Categories 7513:, p. 831; 7419:(12): 241. 7121:, p. 390; 6640:, p. 830; 6619:Psychology 6269:Psychology 6258:Psychology 5813:Psychology 5790:, p. 830; 5278:"Deaths". 5057:2024-02-29 4938:, p. 389; 4634:, p. 490; 4614:, p. 389; 4526:, ch. 13; 4510:2014-12-13 4434:North Star 4404:2016-05-16 4374:2016-05-16 3976:2016-05-16 3148:2009-12-24 2985:Includes: 2980:2016-05-16 2842:References 2597:audiences. 2531:death mask 2087:Veneration 2079:phrenology 2062:Phrenology 2054:localized. 1975:index case 1868:." 1782:Skepticism 1751:purgatives 1712:cerebellum 1662:trepanning 1450:guillotine 1367:psychopath 1356:Anonymous 1183:phrenology 1165:‍—‌ 1020:Jan 6 1850 861:Valparaíso 857:stagecoach 288:Physician 248:Background 237:stagecoach 219:psychology 127:stagecoach 6941:: 356–58. 6866:GradPSYCH 6817:145438545 6667:, p. 321. 6644:, p. 321. 6605:, p. 119. 6444:, p. 323. 6414:The Brain 6375:, p. 116. 6234:. Wiley. 6063:206630865 5990:. Quill. 5430:, p. 20; 5295:, p. 21; 5218:, p. 14; 4946:, p. 16; 4942:, p. 21; 4883:, p. 16; 4618:, p. 13; 4530:, p. 830. 4347:(3): 6–9. 4205:, App. E. 4186:Neurology 4025:205655881 3940:145175407 3763:145698840 3441:Medicine. 3050:"Reviews" 2903:MIT Press 2418:Sweetland 2393:, and/or 2292:occipital 2217:waistcoat 2175:Portraits 2169:Macmillan 1945:exsecting 1845:confrères 1693:Finally, 1627:, above. 1301:birlochos 1018:The date 574:" 521:of blood. 437:cheekbone 433:upper jaw 429:lower jaw 215:neurology 190:prognosis 107:, Boston) 7983:Archived 7634:(1842). 7553:30810706 7379:: 151–2. 7271:13983566 7236:(1790). 7192:73103388 7125:, p. 86. 7109:, p. 9; 7060:20752265 7011:20748815 6840:(1870). 6690:, p. 39. 6601:, p. 9; 6549:The Mind 5984:(1994). 5916:The Body 5798:, p. 77. 5796:Draaisma 5792:Kotowicz 5764:53168488 5700:22616011 5660:PLOS ONE 5641:, p. 645 5434:, p. 672 5250:11617033 5199:25548621 5150:11620083 5073:(1849). 5033:(1992). 5013:(1997). 4969:(1849). 4314:19347145 4306:20183215 4266:22616011 4226:PLOS ONE 4166:26271113 4112:15575047 4065:15165371 4017:20480430 3885:11512426 3830:11232349 2920:See also 2410:, 2397:(all in 2238:See also 2187:He fully 2146:amygdala 2115:lobotomy 1856:are now 1755:bleeding 1708:cerebrum 1551:damaged. 1548:CT scans 1358:limerick 1270:recovery 899:July 21, 865:Santiago 688:Injuries 668:, below. 628:comatose 599:possible 560:compress 556:bandaged 543:nightcap 328:Accident 315:blasting 153:Children 8002:at the 7993:of the 7989:at the 7973:at the 7870:1841280 7862:8941953 7854:3069187 7491:1619089 7338:4747463 7259:Surgery 7240:(ed.). 7157:2665157 7094:4028281 7051:2197878 7002:2220379 6132:3978044 6055:8178168 6035:Bibcode 6027:Science 5691:3353935 5668:Bibcode 5366:May 16, 5190:4270701 5142:2649773 5075:Records 4622:, p. 4. 4257:3353935 4234:Bibcode 4192:: A191. 4157:4635921 3838:2250377 3244:7897537 2809:occiput 2716: 2713: 2707:P. Gage 2701: 2698: 2690: 2687: 2675: 2672: 2649:Oakland 2566:depress 2482:⁄ 2405: 2395:Grafton 2391:Enfield 2387:Lebanon 2288:parieto 2284:agnosia 2264:fistula 2213:harpoon 2048:aphasia 1917:Yankees 1902:⁄ 1854:reality 1771:caustic 1766:dressed 1747:emetics 1636:waves". 1590:" and " 1436:debauch 1200:sensory 1089:dressed 1012: 1009: 998: 995: 987: 984: 761:⁄ 656:abscess 636:canthus 489:⁄ 463:javelin 457:crowbar 422:⁄ 408:⁄ 355:tamping 273:surgery 122:blaster 7868: 7860: 7852: 7808: 7755: 7720: 7701: 7583: 7551: 7541: 7489: 7336: 7269: 7190: 7172:Trauma 7155: 7092: 7058: 7048: 7009: 6999: 6815: 6752: 6725: 6627: 6490: 6422: 6341: 6277: 6238: 6199: 6165: 6130: 6093: 6061: 6053: 5994: 5952: 5903: 5853: 5819: 5762: 5744:Cortex 5725: 5698: 5688: 5575: 5546:: 174. 5432:Barker 5248: 5197: 5187: 5148: 5140: 4786: 4699: 4550: 4312: 4304: 4264: 4254: 4164: 4154: 4110: 4063: 4023: 4015: 3938: 3893:341061 3891: 3883: 3836: 3828: 3761: 3699: 3412: 3367: 3328: 3242: 3186: 2909: 2752: 2709: 2705: 2694: 2683: 2679: 2677:Mr. B. 2668: 2641: 2636: 2562:adduct 2447:1868); 2189: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2013: 1961: 1882:Museum 1862: 1831:Yankee 1811:, 1907 1797:(1870) 1688:(1868) 1649: 1544:priori 1542: 1524:right 1486:(1868) 1402: 1324:tracts 1306: 1229: 1005: 991: 980: 850:(1868) 823:stable 702: 694:ptosis 675:piazza 620:ptosis 594: 568: 221:, and 145:Spouse 62:, U.S. 7866:S2CID 7850:JSTOR 7334:S2CID 7188:S2CID 7090:JSTOR 6868:: 20. 6813:S2CID 6128:JSTOR 6059:S2CID 5760:S2CID 5138:JSTOR 5040:(PDF) 5020:(PDF) 4504:(PDF) 4489:(PDF) 4310:S2CID 4021:S2CID 3936:S2CID 3889:S2CID 3834:S2CID 3759:S2CID 3251:(PDF) 3220:(PDF) 3076:(mp3) 2866:Slate 2750:, Ch. 2340:Notes 2228:(see 2036:(see 2011:lobes 1466:(red) 1375:never 1210:(See 1204:motor 1033:(see 710:molar 646:[ 640:fetid 632:globe 551:ounce 309:near 7858:PMID 7806:ISBN 7753:ISBN 7718:ISBN 7699:ISBN 7604:head 7581:ISBN 7549:OCLC 7539:ISBN 7487:PMID 7267:PMID 7153:PMID 7056:PMID 7007:PMID 6750:ISBN 6723:ISBN 6625:ISBN 6488:ISBN 6420:ISBN 6339:ISBN 6275:ISBN 6236:ISBN 6197:ISBN 6163:ISBN 6091:ISBN 6051:PMID 5992:ISBN 5950:ISBN 5901:ISBN 5851:ISBN 5817:ISBN 5723:ISBN 5696:PMID 5573:ISBN 5368:2016 5246:PMID 5195:PMID 5146:PMID 4784:ISBN 4697:ISBN 4548:ISBN 4302:PMID 4262:PMID 4162:PMID 4108:PMID 4061:PMID 4013:PMID 3990:M10. 3881:PMID 3826:PMID 3697:ISBN 3410:ISBN 3365:ISBN 3326:ISBN 3240:PMID 3184:ISBN 2907:ISBN 2721:3106 2621:1860 2564:and 2544:see 2471:town 2294:area 2205:Two 2144:and 1764:, I 1670:dura 1592:H.M. 1202:and 909:bled 901:1860 802:see 664:See 582:jaw. 519:gore 243:Life 198:mind 156:None 148:None 68:Died 53:Born 7842:doi 7838:351 7695:341 7642:217 7479:doi 7358:119 7326:doi 7220:106 7180:doi 7145:doi 7046:PMC 7038:doi 7030:BMJ 6997:PMC 6989:doi 6805:doi 6529:doi 6120:doi 6116:145 6043:doi 6031:264 5752:doi 5686:PMC 5676:doi 5461:doi 5185:PMC 5177:doi 5130:doi 5126:103 4388:W3. 4358:W2. 4334:W1. 4294:doi 4252:PMC 4242:doi 4179:T2. 4152:PMC 4144:doi 4125:T1. 4100:doi 4096:351 4085:R1. 4053:doi 4005:doi 3960:M9. 3928:doi 3913:M8. 3873:doi 3858:M7. 3818:doi 3803:M6. 3783:M5. 3751:doi 3736:K2. 3664:L2. 3640:L1. 3577:doi 3558:K1. 3528:H2. 3506:doi 3485:H1. 3436:G1. 3402:doi 3352:F1. 3294:B2. 3264:B1. 3232:doi 3093:M4. 3066:M3. 3047:G. 3038:F. 3029:E. 3016:D. 3007:C. 2998:B. 2989:A. 2967:M2. 2939:M1. 2416:or 2191:... 1990:sic 1588:Tan 1522:and 1171:not 1087:"I 1002:N–H 471:... 342:cut 269:(h) 265:(t) 261:(a) 8016:: 7933:. 7913:. 7894:. 7864:. 7856:. 7848:. 7776:. 7697:. 7668:. 7656:. 7547:. 7485:. 7475:60 7473:. 7448:. 7417:43 7415:. 7409:. 7386:. 7375:. 7332:. 7314:. 7263:52 7261:. 7186:. 7176:14 7174:. 7151:. 7141:32 7139:. 7086:35 7084:. 7068:^ 7054:. 7044:. 7032:. 7028:. 7005:. 6995:. 6983:. 6979:. 6967:^ 6947:^ 6939:II 6937:. 6933:. 6921:^ 6864:. 6852:^ 6825:^ 6811:. 6801:42 6799:. 6787:^ 6777:. 6773:. 6686:; 6674:^ 6585:; 6560:. 6525:29 6523:. 6519:. 6323:^ 6304:^ 6212:; 6126:. 6114:. 6057:. 6049:. 6041:. 6029:. 6013:^ 5971:^ 5932:^ 5803:^ 5758:. 5748:40 5746:. 5717:. 5694:. 5684:. 5674:. 5662:. 5658:. 5646:^ 5610:^ 5598:. 5587:^ 5544:13 5542:. 5525:13 5523:. 5519:. 5508:^ 5480:^ 5457:66 5455:. 5439:^ 5413:. 5334:. 5319:^ 5270:^ 5242:89 5240:. 5214:; 5193:. 5183:. 5171:. 5167:. 5144:. 5136:. 5124:. 5107:33 5105:. 5101:. 5085:^ 5042:. 5022:. 4994:. 4990:. 4955:^ 4901:. 4856:^ 4846:. 4834:^ 4819:. 4805:^ 4778:. 4748:^ 4738:. 4695:. 4693:20 4604:^ 4577:^ 4495:. 4491:. 4464:. 4460:. 4436:. 4424:^ 4397:. 4367:. 4345:21 4343:. 4308:. 4300:. 4290:18 4288:. 4279:W. 4260:. 4250:. 4240:. 4228:. 4224:. 4215:V. 4190:32 4188:. 4160:. 4150:. 4140:25 4138:. 4134:. 4106:. 4094:. 4059:. 4049:21 4047:. 4038:R. 4019:. 4011:. 4001:20 3999:. 3969:. 3934:. 3922:. 3887:. 3879:. 3869:10 3867:. 3832:. 3824:. 3812:. 3757:. 3747:20 3745:. 3651:56 3649:. 3621:. 3606:. 3598:L. 3573:28 3571:. 3567:. 3545:39 3543:. 3537:. 3502:39 3500:. 3494:. 3464:. 3460:. 3451:H. 3408:. 3391:G. 3320:. 3311:D. 3281:20 3273:. 3238:. 3228:82 3226:. 3222:. 3210:B. 3169:F. 3138:40 3136:. 3130:. 3121:T. 3102:. 3078:. 2954:21 2952:. 2948:. 2905:. 2901:. 2890:M. 2864:. 2855:K. 2754:5. 2703:P. 2658:^ 2639:D. 2604:^ 2589:^ 2522:^ 2460:^ 2426:^ 2420:. 2377:^ 2347:^ 2052:is 1820:: 1749:, 1438:". 1261:A 1214:.) 897:, 873:. 754:12 670:) 541:A 415:13 275:. 217:, 7939:. 7917:. 7898:. 7872:. 7844:: 7814:. 7761:. 7726:. 7707:. 7644:. 7589:. 7555:. 7493:. 7481:: 7456:3 7392:1 7377:3 7360:. 7340:. 7328:: 7322:1 7273:. 7222:. 7194:. 7182:: 7159:. 7147:: 7096:. 7062:. 7040:: 7034:1 7013:. 6991:: 6985:1 6819:. 6807:: 6779:1 6758:. 6731:. 6633:. 6535:. 6531:: 6496:. 6428:. 6347:. 6283:. 6244:. 6205:. 6171:. 6134:. 6122:: 6099:. 6065:. 6045:: 6037:: 6000:. 5958:. 5909:. 5859:. 5825:. 5766:. 5754:: 5731:. 5702:. 5678:: 5670:: 5664:7 5581:. 5467:. 5463:: 5370:. 5342:3 5252:. 5201:. 5179:: 5173:2 5152:. 5132:: 5078:6 5060:. 5046:. 5026:. 4996:3 4974:4 4905:. 4792:. 4705:. 4556:. 4513:. 4497:2 4466:4 4407:. 4377:. 4316:. 4296:: 4268:. 4244:: 4236:: 4230:7 4168:. 4146:: 4114:. 4102:: 4067:. 4055:: 4027:. 4007:: 3979:. 3942:. 3930:: 3924:6 3895:. 3875:: 3840:. 3820:: 3814:9 3765:. 3753:: 3705:. 3579:: 3518:) 3514:( 3512:. 3508:: 3466:2 3418:. 3404:: 3373:. 3334:. 3234:: 3192:. 3151:. 3111:. 3052:. 3043:. 3034:. 3025:. 3023:" 3019:" 3012:. 3003:. 2994:. 2983:. 2929:. 2923:" 2868:. 2550:) 2548:. 2533:. 2484:4 2480:3 2477:+ 2475:1 2408:P 2290:- 2232:) 2040:) 1937:" 1904:8 1900:5 1884:" 1743:. 1540:a 1513:) 1509:( 1272:' 1039:. 1037:) 957:. 921:. 863:– 829:. 771:. 763:2 759:1 756:+ 572:' 491:4 487:3 459:; 443:. 424:4 420:1 417:+ 410:4 406:1 403:+ 401:1 225:, 204:, 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.