1729:(co-developer with John Exner of the Comprehensive system) has stated that the Rorschach "is a measure of personality functioning, and it provides information concerning aspects of personality structure and dynamics that make people the kind of people they are. Sometimes such information about personality characteristics is helpful in arriving at a differential diagnosis, if the alternative diagnoses being considered have been well conceptualized with respect to specific or defining personality characteristics". In the vast majority of cases, anyway, the Rorschach test was not singled out but used as one of several in a battery of tests, and despite the criticism of usage of the Rorschach in the courts, out of 8,000 cases in which forensic psychologists used Rorschach-based testimony, the appropriateness of the instrument was challenged only six times, and the testimony was ruled inadmissible in only one of those cases. One study has found that use of the test in courts has increased by three times in the decade between 1996 and 2005, compared to the previous fifty years. Others however have found that its usage by forensic psychologists has decreased.
1797:(APA) has a code of ethics that supports "freedom of inquiry and expression" and helping "the public in developing informed judgments". It claims that its goals include "the welfare and protection of the individuals and groups with whom psychologists work", and it requires that psychologists "make reasonable efforts to maintain the integrity and security of test materials". The APA has also raised concerns that the dissemination of test materials might impose "very concrete harm to the general public". It has not taken a position on publication of the Rorschach plates but noted "there are a limited number of standardized psychological tests considered appropriate for a given purpose". A public statement by the
3066:" the printing of the cards was more than unsatisfactory. The cards were reduced in size, the colors changed and the original uniformity of the black areas was reproduced in a variety of shades, delineating all kinds of vague forms. The printer probably did not expect congratulations for his slovenly work, but as soon as Rorschach had seen the proofs he was seized by a renewed enthusiasm, and understood at once the new possibilities the prints offered." (Ellenberger 1954, p. 206) Far from being outraged that the integrity of his experiment was violated, Rorschach appreciated immediately that shading enriched the test by further increasing the creative possibilities the cards afforded.
1547:
the blot actually looks. Superficially this might be considered a subjective judgment, depending on how the examiner has internalized the categories involved. But with the Exner system of scoring, much of the subjectivity is eliminated or reduced by use of frequency tables that indicate how often a particular response is given by the population in general. Another example is that the response "bra" was considered a "sex" response by male psychologists, but a "clothing" response by females. In Exner's system, however, such a response is always coded as "clothing" unless there is a clear sexual reference in the response.
1444:(former President of the Psychometric Society and American Psychological Association) is quoted in a review: "The test has repeatedly failed as a prediction of practical criteria. There is nothing in the literature to encourage reliance on Rorschach interpretations." In addition, major reviewer Raymond J. McCall writes (p. 154): "Though tens of thousands of Rorschach tests have been administered by hundreds of trained professionals since that time (of a previous review), and while many relationships to personality dynamics and behavior have been hypothesized, the vast majority of these relationships
1518:
it came from case studies of real patients. The students reported that the five invalid signs were associated with homosexuality, even though the cards had been constructed so there was no association at all. The
Chapmans repeated this experiment with another set of cards, in which the association was negative; the five signs were never reported by homosexuals. The students still reported seeing a strong positive correlation. These experiments showed that the testers' prejudices could result in them "seeing" non-existent relationships in the data. The Chapmans called this phenomenon "
1575:. One such scale is R, the total number of responses; this reveals the questionable side-effect that more intelligent people tend to be elevated on many pathology scales, since many scales do not correct for high R: if a subject gives twice as many responses overall, it is more likely that some of these will seem "pathological". Also correlated with intelligence are the scales for Organizational Activity, Complexity, Form Quality, and Human Figure responses. The same source reports that validity has also been shown for detecting such conditions as
1858:: though people are likewise free to memorize the eye chart before an eye test, its general usefulness as a diagnostic tool for eyesight has not diminished. For those opposed to exposure, publication of the inkblots is described as a "particularly painful development", given the tens of thousands of research papers which have, over many years, "tried to link a patient's responses to certain psychological conditions." Controversy over Knowledge's publication of the inkblots has resulted in the blots being published in other locations, such as
687:
Therefore, they established a new system: the R-PAS. It is an attempt at creating a current, empirically based, and internationally focused scoring system that is easier to use than Exner's
Comprehensive System. The R-PAS manual is intended to be a comprehensive tool for administering, scoring, and interpreting the Rorschach. The manual consists of two chapters that are basics of scoring and interpretation, aimed for use for novice Rorschach users, followed by numerous chapters containing more detailed and technical information.
1990:, the character Doc Mitchell uses three cards from the test to give judgment on the player character who is recovering from a bullet to the head. Cards VII, VI, and II are used in that order. The player answers from a premade list of answers which then determine the player's skill bonuses. A community mod for Card II was created due to popular agreement from the community that it looked like "Two bears high fiving". This would inspire a character in the Honest Hearts addon called "Two Bears High Fiving".
509:
part of the blot was used, "Dd" if an uncommonly described or unusual detail was used, or "S" if the white space in the background was used. A score of W is typically associated with the subject's motivation to interact with his or her surrounding environment. D is interpreted as one having efficient or adequate functioning. A high frequency of responses coded Dd indicate some maladjustment within the individual. Responses coded S indicate an oppositional or uncooperative test subject.
231:
1698:, disordered thinking, and discomfort in close relationships. Lilienfeld and colleagues, who are critical of the Rorschach, have stated that this proves that the Rorschach tends to "overpathologise normals". Although Rorschach proponents, such as Hibbard, suggest that high rates of pathology detected by the Rorschach accurately reflect increasing psychopathology in society, the Rorschach also identifies half of all test-takers as possessing "distorted thinking", a
1608:
detailed instructions, but Wood et al. cite many court cases where these had not been followed. Similarly, the procedures for coding responses are fairly well specified but extremely time-consuming leaving them very subject to the author's style and the publisher to the quality of the instructions (such as was noted with one of Bohm's textbooks in the 1950s) as well as clinic workers (which would include examiners) being encouraged to cut corners.
1277:
1227:
1172:
1117:
1065:
1005:
953:
898:
845:
789:
46:
476:). In fact, the contents of the response are only a comparatively small portion of a broader cluster of variables that are used to interpret the Rorschach data: for instance, information is provided by the time taken before providing a response for a card can be significant (taking a long time can indicate "shock" on the card). As well as by any comments the subject may make in addition to providing a direct response.
271:, which was to form the basis of the inkblot test. After experimenting with several hundred inkblots which he drew himself, he selected a set of ten for their diagnostic value. Although he had served as Vice President of the Swiss Psychoanalytic Society, Rorschach had difficulty in publishing the book and it attracted little attention when it first appeared. Rorschach died the following year.
1641:
658:
quality of the response (to what extent a response is faithful to how the actual inkblot looks), the contents of the response (what the respondent actually sees in the blot), the degree of mental organizing activity that is involved in producing the response, and any illogical, incongruous, or incoherent aspects of responses. "Bat" is a popular response to the first card.
838:, subjects often inquire on how they should proceed, and questions on what they are allowed to do with the card (e.g. turning it) are not very significant. Being the first card, it can provide clues about how subjects tackle a new and stressful task. It is not, however, a card that is usually difficult for the subject to handle, having readily available popular responses.
1382:
of
Rorschach test scores, that included summary and conclusions was developed in the 1970s by psychologists Perline and Cabanski, and marketed internationally. This computerized interpretation of the test was used to interpret the set of scores developed by Gilbert on Nazi Hermann Goering along with several other Nazis while awaiting trial at Nuremberg Prison.
1220:, which lets them relax and respond effectively. Similar to card V, it represents a "change of pace"; however, the card introduces new elaboration difficulties, being complex and the first multi-colored card in the set. Therefore, people who find processing complex situations or emotional stimuli distressing or difficult may be uncomfortable with this card.
1599:. The authors conclude that "Otherwise, the Comprehensive System doesn't appear to bear a consistent relationship to psychological disorders or symptoms, personality characteristics, potential for violence, or such health problems as cancer". (Cancer is mentioned because a small minority of Rorschach enthusiasts have claimed the test can predict cancer.)
1452:(p. 636). Its value as a measure of thought disorder in schizophrenia research is well accepted. It is also used regularly in research on dependency, and, less often, in studies on hostility and anxiety. Furthermore, substantial evidence justifies the use of the Rorschach as a clinical measure of intelligence and thought disorder."
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outline, etc.) of the inkblot leads to each of the tested person's comments. Disagreements about test validity remain: while Exner proposed a rigorous scoring system, latitude remained in the actual interpretation, and the clinician's write-up of the test record is still partly subjective. Reber (1985) comments "...
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potentially be interpreted directly, and some information can at times be obtained by analyzing thematic trends in the whole set of content responses (which is only feasible when several responses are available), but in general content cannot be analyzed outside of the context of the entire test record.
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argued that these artificial experiments are easier than the real-world use of the
Rorschach, and hence they probably underestimated the errors that testers were susceptible to. He described the continuing popularity of the Rorschach after the Chapmans' research as a "glaring example of irrationality
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had shown the five signs more frequently than heterosexual men. Despite these beliefs, analysis of the results showed that heterosexual men were just as likely to report these signs, which were therefore totally ineffective for determining homosexuality. The five signs did, however, match the guesses
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can be associated with femininity (the human figures commonly seen in it being described as women or children), and function as a "mother card", where difficulties in responding may be related to concerns with the female figures in the subject's life. The center detail is relatively often (though not
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The cited language differences can result in misinterpretation if not administered in the subject's native language or a very well mastered second language, and interpreted by a master speaker of that language. For example, a bow tie is a frequent response for the center detail of card III, but since
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Rorschach performance assessment system (R-PAS) is a scoring method created by several members of the
Rorschach Research Council. They believed that the Exner scoring system was in need of an update, but after Exner's death, the Exner family forbade any changes to be made to the Comprehensive System.
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More than any other feature in the test, content response can be controlled consciously by the subject, and may be elicited by very disparate factors, which makes it difficult to use content alone to draw any conclusions about the subject's personality; with certain individuals, content responses may
442:
Methods of interpretation differ. Rorschach scoring systems have been described as a system of pegs on which to hang one's knowledge of personality. The most widely used method in the United States is based on the work of Exner. Administration of the test to a group of subjects, by means of projected
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It is also thought that the test's reliability can depend substantially on details of the testing procedure, such as where the tester and subject are seated, any introductory words, verbal and nonverbal responses to subjects' questions or comments, and how responses are recorded. Exner has published
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Some critics argue that the testing psychologist must also project onto the patterns. A possible example sometimes attributed to the psychologist's subjective judgement is that responses are coded (among many other things), for "Form
Quality": in essence, whether the subject's response fits with how
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The
Chapmans investigated the source of the testers' false confidence. In one experiment, students read through a stack of cards, each with a Rorschach blot, a sign and a pair of "conditions" (which might include homosexuality). The information on the cards was fictional, although subjects were told
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were 1) buttocks and anuses; 2) feminine clothing; 3) male or female sex organs; 4) human figures without male or female features; and 5) human figures with both male and female features. The
Chapmans surveyed 32 experienced testers about their use of the Rorschach to diagnose homosexuality. At this
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Shortly after the publication of
Rorschach's book, Japanese psychologist Yuzaburo Uchida came across a copy in a second-hand book shop. His positive reaction created an enduring popularity for the tests in Japan. The Japanese Rorschach Society is the world's largest and the test is "routinely put to
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Many psychologists in the United
Kingdom do not trust its efficacy and it is rarely used. Although skeptical about its scientific validity, some psychologists use it in therapy and coaching "as a way of encouraging self-reflection and starting a conversation about the person's internal world." It is
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The arguments for or against computerized assessment of the Rorschach is likely to remain unresolved for some time, as there is no absolute correct interpretation against which the different markers (scores) denoting mental health can be compared. Although scores for a theoretically typical healthy
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for closeness), and there are fewer "good form" responses, to the point where schizophrenia may be suspected if data were correlated to the North American norms. Form is also often the only determinant expressed by European subjects; while color is less frequent than in American subjects, color-form
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Comparing North American Exner normative data with data from European and South American subjects showed marked differences in some features, some of which impact important variables, while others (such as the average number of responses) coincide. For instance, texture response is typically zero in
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In terms of updated scoring, the authors only selected variables that have been empirically supported in the literature. The authors did not create new variables or indices to be coded, but systematically reviewed variables that had been used in past systems. While all of these codes have been used
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Psychologists have sometimes refused to disclose tests and test data to courts when asked to do so by the parties, citing ethical reasons; it is argued that such refusals may hinder full understanding of the process by the attorneys, and impede cross-examination of the experts. APA ethical standard
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takes the position that, "Publishing the questions and answers to any psychological test compromises its usefulness" and calls for "keeping psychological tests out of the public domain." The same statement quotes their president as saying, "The CPA's concern is not with the publication of the cards
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Because of the large amount of data used to interpret the test, psychologist Zygmunt Piotrowski, began work to computerize ink blot interpretation in the 1950s and 1960s. This work included over 1,000 rules and included no summary nor narrative conclusions. A subsequent computerized interpretation
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is notable for its dark color and its shading (posing difficulties for depressed subjects), and is generally perceived as a big and sometimes threatening figure; compounded with the common impression of the subject being in an inferior position ("looking up") to it, this serves to elicit a sense of
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Form quality, popular content responses and locations are the only coded variables in the Exner systems that are based on frequency of occurrence, and thus immediately subject to cultural influences; therefore, cultural-dependent interpretation of test data may not necessarily need to extend beyond
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by French people). Many of Exner's "popular" responses (those given by at least one third of the North American sample used) seem to be universally popular, as shown by samples in Europe, Japan and South America, while specifically card IX's "human" response, the crab or spider in card X and one of
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Using the scores for these categories, the examiner then performs a series of calculations producing a structural summary of the test data. The results of the structural summary are interpreted using existing research data on personality characteristics that have been demonstrated to be associated
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In the system, responses are scored with reference to their level of vagueness or synthesis of multiple images in the blot, the location of the response, which of a variety of determinants is used to produce the response (i.e., what makes the inkblot look like what it is said to resemble), the form
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The key components of the Exner system are the clusterization of Rorschach variables and a sequential search strategy to determine the order in which to analyze them, framed in the context of standardized administration, objective, reliable coding and a representative normative database. The system
517:
Systems for Rorschach scoring generally include a concept of "determinants": These are the factors that contribute to establishing the similarity between the inkblot and the subject's content response about it. They can also represent certain basic experiential-perceptual attitudes, showing aspects
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The accusation of "over-pathologising" has also been considered by Meyer et al. (2007). They presented an international collaborative study of 4704 Rorschach protocols, obtained in 21 different samples, across 17 countries, with only 2% showing significant elevations on the index of perceptual and
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because it does not match their expectations. This was also found in clinicians' interpretations of the Rorschach. Homosexual men are more likely to see a monster on Card IV or a part-animal, part-human figure in Card V. Almost all of the experienced clinicians in the Chapmans' survey missed these
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is structurally similar to card VIII, but its uncertainty and complexity are reminiscent of card IX: people who find it difficult to deal with many concurrent stimuli may not particularly like this otherwise pleasant card. Being the last card, it may provide an opportunity for the subject to "sign
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As pertains to response form, a concept of "form quality" was present from the earliest of Rorschach's works, as a subjective judgment of how well the form of the subject's response matched the inkblots (Rorschach would give a higher form score to more "original" yet good form responses), and this
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is indistinct form and diffuse, muted chromatic features, creating a general vagueness. There is only one popular response, and it is the least frequent of all cards. Having difficulty with processing this card may indicate trouble dealing with unstructured data, but aside from this there are few
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In addition to providing coding guidelines to score examinee responses, the R-PAS provides a system to code an examinee's behavior during Rorschach administration. These behavioral codes are included as it is believed that the behaviors exhibited during testing are a reflection of someone's task
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Identifying the location of the subject's response is another element scored in the Rorschach system. Location refers to how much of the inkblot was used to answer the question. Administrators score the response "W" if the whole inkblot was used to answer the question, "D" if a commonly described
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When interpreted as a projective test, results are poorly verifiable. The Exner system of scoring (also known as the "Comprehensive System") is meant to address this, and has all but displaced many earlier (and less consistent) scoring systems. It makes heavy use of what factor (shading, color,
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The R-PAS also recognized that scoring on many of the Rorschach variables differed across countries. Therefore, starting in 1997, Rorschach protocols from researchers around the world were compiled. After compiling protocols for over a decade, a total of 15 adult samples were used to provide a
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valid signs. The Chapmans ran an experiment with fake Rorschach responses in which these valid signs were always associated with homosexuality. The subjects missed these perfect associations and instead reported that invalid signs, such as buttocks or feminine clothing, were better indicators.
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The basic premise of the test is that objective meaning can be extracted from responses to blots of ink which are supposedly meaningless. Supporters of the Rorschach inkblot test believe that the subject's response to an ambiguous and meaningless stimulus can provide insight into their thought
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The Rorschach test is used almost exclusively by psychologists. Forensic psychologists use the Rorschach 36% of the time. In custody cases, 23% of psychologists use the Rorschach to examine a child. Another survey found that 124 out of 161 (77%) of clinical psychologists engaging in assessment
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is an easily elaborated card that is not usually perceived as threatening, and typically instigates a "change of pace" in the test, after the previous more challenging cards. Containing few features that generate concerns or complicate the elaboration, it is the easiest blot to generate a good
665:
With the Rorschach plates (the ten inkblots), the area of each blot which is distinguished by the client is noted and coded—typically as "commonly selected" or "uncommonly selected". There were many different methods for coding the areas of the blots. Exner settled upon the area coding system
589:
Asymmetric figures are rejected by many subjects; symmetry supplied part of the necessary artistic composition. It has a disadvantage in that it tends to make answers somewhat stereotyped. On the other hand, symmetry makes conditions the same for right and left handed subjects; furthermore, it
496:"abstract", "clothing", "fire", and "x-ray", to name a few. Content described that does not have a code already established should be coded using the code "idiographic contents" with the shorthand code being "Idio." Items are also coded for statistical popularity (or, conversely, originality).
379:
The Rorschach test is appropriate for subjects from the age of five to adulthood. The administrator and subject typically sit next to each other at a table, with the administrator slightly behind the subject. Side-by-side seating of the examiner and the subject is used to reduce any effects of
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Creation of the new system was prompted by the realization that at least five related, but ultimately different methods were in common use at the time, with a sizeable minority of examiners not employing any recognized method at all, basing instead their judgment on subjective assessment, or
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A 2003 report by Wood and colleagues had more mixed views: "More than 50 years of research have confirmed Lee J. Cronbach's (1970) final verdict: that some Rorschach scores, though falling woefully short of the claims made by proponents, nevertheless possess 'validity greater than chance'
495:
The goal in coding content of the Rorschach is to categorize the objects that the subject describes in response to the inkblot. There are 27 established codes for identifying the name of the descriptive object. The codes are classified and include terms such as "human", "nature", "animal",
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medical licensing board, arguing that his uploading of the images constituted unprofessional behavior. In 2012, two articles were published showing consequences of the publication of the images in Knowledge. The first one studied negative attitudes towards the test generated during the
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A characteristic of the Rorschach inkblots is their symmetry. For many, this is unexceptional, but Rorschach, and subsequent researchers, considered the issue. Rorschach experimented with both asymmetric and symmetric images before choosing the latter, giving the explanation:
190:, the active pattern of perceiving objects, shapes, or scenery as meaningful things to the observer's experience, the most common being faces or other pattern of forms that are not present at the time of the observation. In the 1960s, the Rorschach was the most widely used
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responses are comparatively frequent in opposition to form-color responses; since the latter tend to be interpreted as indicators of a defensive attitude in processing affect, this difference could stem from a higher value attributed to spontaneous expression of emotions.
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As the subject is examining the inkblots, the psychologist writes down everything the subject says or does, no matter how trivial. Analysis of responses is recorded by the test administrator using a tabulation and scoring sheet and, if required, a separate location chart.
5869:"Well at least with the Dead Horses, there seems to be a lot of influence from Native Americans. And my friend was saying how she saw that "Two-Bears-High-Fiving" joke as being very insensitive. She took it as mocking the NAtive American naming culture. | Formspring"
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Infatti il Rorschach porta con sé (dovrebbe portare) il riserbo assoluto su come si somministra, sul suo significato generale e su quello delle tavole in particolare. Tuttavia, al contrario di quanto si possa credere, "mentire" al Rorschach è praticamente impossibile
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authority. The human or animal content seen in the card is almost invariably classified as male rather than female, and the qualities expressed by the subject may indicate attitudes toward men and authority. Because of this Card IV is often called "The Father Card".
1110:, which often elicits association related to interpersonal closeness; it is specifically a "sex card", its likely sexual percepts being reported more frequently than in any other card, even though other cards have a greater variety of commonly seen sexual contents.
1385:
In the 1980s psychologist John Exner developed a computerized interpretation of the Rorschach test, based on his own scoring system, the Exner Comprehensive System. Presently, of the three computerized assessments, only the Exner system is available on the market.
1817:(literally: Italian Association of Strategic Psychotherapy), recommend that even information about the purpose of the test or any detail of its administration should be kept from the public, even though "cheating" the test is held to be practically impossible.
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the usefulness of the Rorschach will depend upon the sensitivity, empathy and insightfulness of the tester totally independently of the Rorschach itself. An intense dialogue about the wallpaper or the rug would do as well provided that both parties believe."
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phase). The subject is usually asked to hold the cards and may rotate them. Whether the cards are rotated, and other related factors such as whether permission to rotate them is asked, may expose personality traits and normally contributes to the assessment.
201:(developed since the 1960s) claims to have addressed and often refuted many criticisms of the original testing system with an extensive body of research, some researchers continue to raise questions. The areas of dispute include the objectivity of testers,
1840:. Hogrefe & Huber Publishing, a German company that sells editions of the plates, called the publication "unbelievably reckless and even cynical of Knowledge" and said it was investigating the possibility of legal action. Due to this controversy an
1694:. Exner's system was thought to possess normative scores for various populations. But, beginning in the mid-1990s others began to try to replicate or update these norms and failed. In particular, discrepancies seemed to focus on indices measuring
487:(which details of the inkblots triggered the response) is often considered more important than content, although there is contrasting evidence. "Popularity" and "originality" of responses can also be considered as basic dimensions in the analysis.
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inadvertent cues from the examiner to the subject. In other words, side-by-side seating mitigates the possibility that the examiner will accidentally influence the subject's responses. This is to facilitate a "relaxed but controlled atmosphere".
310:. Huber remains the publisher of the test and related book, with Rorschach a registered trademark of Swiss publisher Verlag Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG. The work has been described as "a densely written piece couched in dry, scientific terminology".
3120:
Rorschach. H., Psychodiagnostics; a diagnostic test based on perception: including Rorschach's paper, The application of the form interpretation test (published posthumously by Dr. Emil Oberholzer). Grune & Stratton inc, New York (1942).
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expresses similar concerns about psychological tests (without mentioning any test by name) and considers the "release of materials to unqualified individuals" to be misuse if it is against the wishes of the test publisher. In his 1998 book
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The interpretation of a Rorschach record is a complex process. It requires a wealth of knowledge concerning personality dynamics generally as well as considerable experience with the Rorschach method specifically. Proficiency as a Rorschach
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and responses to the Rorschach test per se, for which there is some controversy in the psychological literature and disagreement among experts, but with the larger issue of the publication and dissemination of psychological test content".
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notes that some believe "reprinting copies of the Rorschach plates ... and listing common responses represents a serious unethical act" for psychologists and is indicative of "questionable professional judgment". Another association, the
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concept was followed by other methods, especially in Europe; in contrast, the Exner system solely defines "good form" as a matter of word occurrence frequency, reducing it to a measure of the subject's distance to the population average.
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are often seen as blood, and are the most distinctive features. Responses to them can provide indications about how a subject is likely to manage feelings of anger or physical harm. This card can induce a variety of sexual responses.
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is a popular response for card II, and "musical instrument" on card VI is popular for Japanese people), and different languages will exhibit semantic differences in naming the same object (the figure of card IV is often called a
534:, which was inadvertently introduced by poor printing quality of the inkblots. Rorschach initially disregarded shading, since the inkblots originally featured uniform saturation, but later recognized it as a significant factor.
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is typically perceived to contain two humans involved in some interaction, and may provide information about how the subject relates with other people (specifically, response latency may reveal struggling social interactions).
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psychologist Ney Limonge. These complaints were denied. Further complaints were sent to two other websites that contained information similar to the Rorschach test in May 2009 by legal firm Schluep and Degen of Switzerland.
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More than one determinant can contribute to the formation of the subject's perception. Fusion of two determinants is taken into account, while also assessing which of the two constituted the primary contributor. For example,
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The test is also controversial because of its common use in court-ordered evaluations. This controversy stems, in part, from the limitations of the Rorschach, with no additional data, in making official diagnoses from the
5580:
Schultz DS, Loving, James L. (1 January 2012). "Challenges Since Knowledge: The Availability of Rorschach Information Online and Internet Users' Reactions to Online Media Coverage of the Rorschach–Knowledge Debate".
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scales towards greater numbers of responses, the limited number of psychological conditions which it accurately diagnoses, the inability to replicate the test's norms, its use in court-ordered evaluations, and the
4534:
Meyer G. J., Hilsenroth M. J., Baxter D., Exner J. E., Fowler J. C., Piers C. C., Resnick J. (2002). "An examination of interrater reliability for scoring the Rorschach comprehensive system in eight data sets".
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The printer also reduced the blot cards in size and altered their colors. In addition an imperfect printing process resulted in varieties of shading that were not originally intended by Rorschach (Ellenberger,
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has been questioned. That is, in some studies the scores obtained by two independent scorers do not match with great consistency. This conclusion was challenged in studies using large samples reported in 2002.
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phase), the tester then presents them again one at a time in a set sequence for the subject to study: the subject is asked to note where they see what they originally saw and what makes it look like that
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thinking disorder, 12% elevated on indices of depression and hyper-vigilance and 13% elevated on persistent stress overload—all in line with expected frequencies among non-patient populations.
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Schultz DS, Brabender, VM (Oct 2, 2012). "More Challenges Since Knowledge: The Effects of Exposure to Internet Information About the Rorschach on Selected Comprehensive System Variables".
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1772:. They have been in the public domain in Hermann Rorschach's native Switzerland since 1992 (70 years after the author's death, or 50 years after the cut-off date of 1942), according to
6328:
5333:
1836:
Controversy ensued in the psychological community in 2009 when the original Rorschach plates and research results on interpretations were published in the "Rorschach test" article on
1619:) that Rorschach "results do not meet the requirements of standardization, reliability, or validity of clinical diagnostic tests, and interpretation thus is often controversial". In
1465:
this occurs. Also, recent research shows that the blots are not entirely meaningless, and that a patient typically responds to meaningful as well as ambiguous aspects of the blots.
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magazine, stated that the Rorschach "has remained in use more out of tradition than good evidence" and was hopeful that publication of the test might finally hasten its demise.
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graduate programs teach its use. Another study found that its use by clinical psychologists was only 43%, while it was used less than 24% of the time by school psychologists.
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Shaffer, T. W., Erdberg, P., & Meyer, G. J. (2007). Introduction to the JPA special supplement on international reference samples for the Rorschach Comprehensive System.
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adult have been proposed and reasonable attempts to standardize the computer interpretation against these scores have been obtained, more work in this area needs to be done.
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The differences in form quality are attributable to purely cultural aspects: different cultures will exhibit different "common" objects (French subjects often identify a
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Nonostante il Sistema Comprensivo di J.E. Exner rappresenti ai nostri giorni il Metodo Rorschach più diffuso a livello mondiale, in Italia è ancora non molto utilizzato.
758:
the equivalent term in French translates to "butterfly tie", an examiner not appreciating this language nuance may code the response differently from what is expected.
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performance and supplements the actual responses given. This allows generalizations to be made between someone's responses to the cards and their actual behavior.
178:, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning. It has been employed to detect underlying
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4258:
1623:(1999) where under cross-examination Bogacki stated under oath "many psychologists do not believe much in the validity or effectiveness of the Rorschach test" and
1500:, showed that at least some of the apparent validity of the Rorschach was due to an illusion. At that time, the five signs most often interpreted as diagnostic of
286:, and, after the turn of the century, psychological experiments where inkblots were utilized multiplied, with aims such as studying imagination and consciousness.
720:
European subjects (if interpreted as a need for closeness, in accordance with the system, a European would seem to express it only when it reaches the level of a
556:
only as the experiencing of actual motion, while others have widened the scope of this determinant, taking it to mean that the subject sees something "going on".
359:. It was not until 1939 that the test was used as a projective test of personality, a use of which Rorschach had always been skeptical. Interviewed in 2012 for a
5059:
Fowler, J. C., Piers, C., Hilsenroth, M. J., Holdwick, D. J., & Padawer, J. R. The Rorschach suicide constellation: Assessing various degrees of lethality.
2242:
1833:
1.23(b) states that the psychologist has a responsibility to document processes in detail and of adequate quality to allow reasonable scrutiny by the court.
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where all works published before 1923 are considered to be in the public domain. This means that the Rorschach images may be used by anyone for any purpose.
1722:
1717:
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182:, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly. The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist
6383:
2608:, p. 329 "Although it has enormously expanded throughout Europe use of the RCS remains, as it where, somewhat confidential in many countries."
732:
in card VIII, which is normally classed as an "unusual" response, as opposed to other animals like cats and dogs; in Scandinavia, "Christmas elves"
371:, suggested that the blots selected by Rorschach were not random, but rather were carefully chosen to be as ambiguous and "conflicted" as possible.
5140:
5111:
1659:
383:
There are ten official inkblots, each printed on a separate white card, approximately 18 by 24 cm in size. Each of the blots has near perfect
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Although J. E. Exner's Comprehensive Systems nowadays represents the most widely adopted method worldwide, it is not yet very widespread in Italy.
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307:
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Nevertheless, there is substantial research indicating the utility of the measure for a few scores. Several scores correlate well with general
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It consists of ten irregular but symmetrical ink blots, five of them in blacks and grays, and five partially in colors, on a white background.
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5337:
1744:
Psychologists object to the publication of psychological test material out of concerns that a patient's test responses will be influenced ("
338:
691:
in the past, many have been renamed to be more face valid and readily understood. Scoring of the indices has been updated (e.g. utilizing
6435:
1912:
and then pressing a second, unpainted, canvas onto the first, and proceeding to create an artwork from the shape created by this method.
1875:
Knowledge-Rorschach debate, while the second suggested that reading the Knowledge article could help to fake "good" results in the test.
1404:
6529:
5107:
427:. The underlying assumption is that an individual will class external stimuli based on person-specific perceptual sets, and including
5868:
5283:
6373:
1821:
770:, together with the most frequent responses for either the whole image or the most prominent details according to various authors.
325:, at the same time trying to make the scoring more statistically rigorous. Some systems are based on the psychoanalytic concept of
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4121:
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Rorschach never intended the inkblots to be used as a general personality test, but developed them as a tool for the diagnosis of
6388:
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normative basis for the R-PAS. The protocols represent data gathered in the United States, Europe, Israel, Argentina and Brazil.
681:
3935:
3416:"An Investigation of Interrater Reliability for the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R–PAS) in a Nonpatient U.S. Sample"
619:, a concise description of what would be later called "the Exner system". He later published a study in multiple volumes called
6378:
1820:
On September 9, 2008, Hogrefe attempted to claim copyright over the Rorschach ink blots during filings of a complaint with the
5196:
Because the Rorschach plates were created nearly 90 years ago, they have lost their copyright protection in the United States.
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facilitates interpretation for certain blocked subjects. Finally, symmetry makes possible the interpretation of whole scenes.
278:
who, in 1857, had published a popular book of poems, each of which was inspired by an accidental inkblot. French psychologist
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6005:
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5934:
5904:
5317:
5136:
4935:
4406:
4321:
Garb HN (December 1999). "Call for a moratorium on the use of the Rorschach Inkblot Test in clinical and forensic settings".
4181:
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1403:. In a survey done in the year 2000, 20% of psychologists in correctional facilities used the Rorschach while 80% used the
1448:, despite the appearance of more than 2,000 publications about the test." A moratorium on its use was called for in 1999.
4688:
4255:
2935:
Exner, J. E. (1986). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system, Volume 1: Basic Foundations (2nd ed.). Wiley & Sons, Inc.
637:
5439:
5262:
5233:
3814:
Hughes, Gacono CB, Owen PF (2007). "Current status of Rorschach assessment: implications for the school psychologist".
3471:"An Interrater Reliability Study of Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R–PAS) Raw and Complexity-Adjusted Scores"
1794:
1751:
4280:
6514:
6445:
6368:
2162:
Chapman LJ, Chapman J (1982). "Test results are what you think they are". In Kahneman D, Slovic P, Tversky A (eds.).
1677:
4846:
Meyer G, Erdberg P, Shaffer T (2007). "Toward international normative reference data for the Comprehensive System".
5538:
4884:
2734:
2239:
1363:
3266:
576:". It is, indeed, from the relation and balance among determinants that personality can be most readily inferred.
387:. Five inkblots are of black ink, two are of black and red ink and three are multicolored, on a white background.
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1592:
3902:
2717:
The Rorschach Test consists of 10 inkblots, printed on a white background and mounted on cardboard 7 by 9 inches
6560:
2261:
da Vinci, L. (2012). A Treatise on Painting. United States: Dover Publications. p. 149
1496:
248:
The use of interpreting "ambiguous designs" to assess an individual's personality is an idea that goes back to
5504:
6524:
6413:
4775:
Hibbard S (2003). "A Critique of Lilienfeld et al.'s (2000) The Scientific status of Projective Techniques".
1798:
3331:
Meyer, G. J., & Eblin, J. J. (2012) An overview of the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS).
1432:, as several studies suggested that conclusions reached by test administrators since the 1950s were akin to
6591:
6555:
2377:
Pichot P (1984). "Centenary of the birth of Hermann Rorschach. (S. Rosenzweig & E. Schriber, Trans.)".
262:, from the late 19th century. The Rorschach test, however, was the first systematic approach of this kind.
5415:
1165:
popularly) identified as a vagina, which makes this card also relate to feminine sexuality in particular.
6596:
6398:
6393:
5721:
5362:
4173:
1777:
5284:"Statement on the Conduct of Psychologists providing Expert Psychometric Evidence to Courts and Lawyers"
5185:
2359:
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6463:
6313:
2954:
2021:
2010:
1945:
650:
468:
The interpretation of the Rorschach test is not based primarily on the contents of the response, i.e.,
443:
images, has also occasionally been performed, but mainly for research rather than diagnostic purposes.
5777:
5668:
4819:
2754:
Experimental social psychology: an interpretation of research upon the socialization of the individual
2412:
455:
can be gained within a few months. However, even those who are able and qualified to become Rorschach
283:
265:
After studying 300 mental patients and 100 control subjects, in 1921 Hermann Rorschach wrote his book
6581:
6545:
6492:
5074:"Canadian Psychological Association Position on Publication and Dissemination of Psychological Tests"
3470:
1374:
administered the Rorschach test to the 22 defendants in the Nazi leadership group prior to the first
632:
4549:
3415:
2478:
607:(RCS), is the standard method for interpreting the Rorschach test. It was developed in the 1960s by
5763:
2888:
Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children personality, behavior, and context
2171:
2016:
552:
have been considered more ambiguously, both in definition and interpretation. Rorschach considered
295:
140:
121:
3350:
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promoted by S. J. Beck (1944 and 1961). This system was in turn based upon Klopfer's (1942) work.
439:, and that this clustering process is representative of the process used in real-life situations.
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1927:
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It has been suggested that Rorschach's use of inkblots may have been influenced by German doctor
202:
6073:
4625:
2958:
2947:
1870:. Later that year, in August 2009, two psychologists filed a complaint against Heilman with the
5817:"'Mindhunter' Teaser: Netflix Spatters Blood for David Fincher's Killer Rorschach Test — Watch"
4544:
2704:
2528:
Acklin M. W., Oliveira-Berry J. (1996). "Return to the source: Rorschach's Psychodiagnostics".
2450:
1979:
412:
290:
4906:
What the Rorschach Can do for you: Incremental validity in clinical applications. Assessment 6
3469:
Pignolo C, Giromini L, Ando' A, Ghirardello D, Di Girolamo M, Ales F, Zennaro A (2017-11-02).
2897:
2271:
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6360:
6352:
5553:
4921:
4719:
Gacono, Carl B., F. Barton Evans (2007) "The Handbook of Forensic Rorschach Assessment" pg 83
1920:
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1588:
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A related phenomenon called "invisible correlation" applies when people fail to see a strong
22:
5741:
5115:
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Publication of the Rorschach images is also welcomed by critics who consider the test to be
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5926:
5694:
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1999:
1939:
displays a constantly morphing inkblot based on the designs used in the tests. In the 1999
1851:
1768:
1746:
1519:
5336:. Associazione Italiana di Psicoterapia Strategica Integrata. 21 July 2009. Archived from
5208:
5095:
Publishing the questions and answers to any psychological test compromises its usefulness.
5033:
Viglione D (1999). "A review of recent research addressing the utility of the Rorschach".
4299:
3208:
611:, as a more rigorous system of analysis. It has been extensively validated and shows high
348:, which is closer to the original Rorschach system and rooted more deeply in the original
8:
6601:
6210:
5978:
5896:
5872:
4927:
3136:
3105:
Justine Sergent & Yitzchak M. Binik, "On the Use of Symmetry in the Rorschach Test".
2249:
2164:
2068:
Rorschach: tablas de localización y calidad formal en una muestra española de 470 sujetos
1773:
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1699:
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there is essentially no evidence whatsoever that the test has even a shred of validity."
420:
384:
1655:
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out" by indicating what they feel their situation is like, or what they desire to know.
750:
either the butterfly or the bat in card I appear to be characteristic of North America.
6440:
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5919:
5649:
5606:
5558:
5530:
5480:
5453:
5213:
4980:
4867:
4800:
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4732:
Lilienfeld S, Wood J, Garb H (2000). "The scientific status of projective techniques".
4656:
4570:
4346:
4266:
4238:
3894:
3717:
Perceptanalysis: The Rorschach Method Fundamentally Reworked, Expanded and Systematized
3516:
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3396:
2752:
2507:
1987:
1955:
1888:
1866:
1781:
436:
313:
After Rorschach's death, the original test scoring system was improved by Samuel Beck,
163:
4703:
Personality tests and reviews: including an index to The mental measurements yearbooks
2750:
703:. Preliminary evidence suggests that the R-PAS exhibits good inter-rater reliability.
483:(the aspects of the inkblots that triggered the response, such as form and color) and
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3140:
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2901:
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2739:
The Rorschach test consists of 10 symmetrical inkblots printed on a white background
2580:
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2454:
2439:
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2314:
2216:
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1509:, and the Rorschach was the most popular projective test. The testers reported that
6423:
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4011:. The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. p. 33.
3886:
3823:
3785:
3490:
3482:
3427:
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3362:
2537:
2477:. The International Society of the Rorschach and Projective Methods. Archived from
2386:
2135:
2091:
1974:
in the lead role, inspiring queries and discussion in social media about the test.
1950:
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735:
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326:
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67:
5505:"Testing times for Knowledge after doctor posts secrets of the Rorschach inkblots"
5144:
4922:
Carl B. Gacono, F. Barton Evans, Lynne A. Gacono, Nancy Kaser-Boyd., eds. (2007).
3486:
3431:
3351:"An Inter-Rater Reliability Study for the Rorschach Performance Assessment System"
6455:
6284:
5726:
5637:
5594:
4390:
4262:
4224:
Drenth PJ (2003). "Growing Anti-intellectualism in Europe: A Menace to Science".
4197:
Sorai K, Ohnuki K (1 January 2008). "The Development of the Rorschach in Japan".
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2246:
2043:
Il Rorschach in pratica: strumenti per la psicologia clinica e l'ambito giuridico
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1371:
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160:
146:
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5836:
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4075:"An on-line interpretive Rorschach approach: Using Exner's comprehensive system"
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1416:
a wide range of purposes", being described in 2012 as "more popular than ever".
5745:
5190:
5166:
5046:
5011:
4533:
4334:
4254:
James M. Wood, M. Teresa Nezworski, Scott O. Lilienfeld, & Howard N. Garb:
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1936:
1844:
was temporarily established on Knowledge to prevent the removal of the plates.
1807:
1510:
1367:
696:
644:
349:
6290:
Overview of the Rorschach test, published by the Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden
4968:
4855:
4210:
1732:
Exner and others have claimed that the Rorschach test is capable of detecting
518:
of the way a subject perceives the world. Rorschach's original work used only
6575:
6468:
6344:
6295:
6057:
5914:
4398:
3504:
3439:
3384:
2562:
2204:
2013:, a similar inkblot test designed to correct the limitations of the Rorschach
1959:(2002) the Rorschach inkblots are incorporated into the opening of the film.
1940:
1924:
1879:
1855:
1847:
1759:
1691:
1627:(2001) ruled that the Rorschach "does not have an objective scoring system."
1576:
1501:
1429:
608:
356:
343:
330:
318:
314:
222:, potentially invalidating the test for those who have been exposed to them.
206:
198:
6194:
6110:
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4150:
2642:
530:
as determinants. However currently, another major determinant considered is
337:
other methods sometimes dominate, such as that described in the textbook by
6306:
5645:
5602:
5509:
5489:
5383:
5254:
4976:
4863:
4824:
4796:
4753:
4566:
4342:
3512:
3447:
3392:
2700:
2660:
2574:
2549:
2209:
The Rorschach: Basic Foundations and Principles of Interpretation: Volume 1
1871:
1860:
1595:). There is some evidence that the Deviant Verbalizations scale relates to
1572:
1441:
1433:
1359:
279:
230:
5229:
4745:
4652:
4170:
Developments in Social Work Offenders (Research Highlights in Social Work)
4072:
3797:
2398:
1514:
students made about which imagery would be associated with homosexuality.
540:
is the most common determinant, and is related to intellectual processes.
6482:
6348:
5019:
1786:
1733:
1526:
432:
368:
360:
6343:
5400:
3843:
Oxford Handbook of Personality Assessment (Oxford Library of Psychology)
3495:
3375:
3349:
Viglione DJ, Blume-Marcovici AC, Miller HL, Giromini L, Meyer G (2012).
3310:
2565:: "Obituary: Samuel J. Beck (1896–1980)", "American Psychologist", 36(9)
1854:
physician involved in the debate, compared it to the publication of the
627:
arbitrarily mixing characteristics of the various standardized systems.
6285:
The International Society of the Rorschach and Projective Methods (ISR)
4998:
Exner J.E., Wylie J. (1977). "Some Rorschach data concerning suicide".
4365:
4091:
4074:
3827:
1901:
1695:
1550:
Third parties could be used to avoid this problem, but the Rorschach's
1490:
In the 1960s, research by psychologists Loren and Jean Chapman, at the
1352:
692:
424:
416:
253:
187:
171:
5470:
4122:"Hermann Rorschach Google doodle asks users to interpret inkblot test"
4073:
Harris, W.G., Niedner, D., Feldman, C., Fink, A., Johnson, H. (1981).
648:, referring to the way information is transformed and identified, and
390:
After the test subject has seen and responded to all of the inkblots (
5974:
The Rorschach Assessment of Aggressive and Psychopathic Personalities
5821:
3348:
1971:
1963:
1837:
1399:
still used, however, by some mental health organisations such as the
729:
408:
214:
175:
6000:. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division.
5079:. Canadian Psychological Association. August 4, 2009. Archived from
4952:
4626:"The Rorschach Interaction Scale as a potential predictor of cancer"
1758:
From a legal standpoint, the Rorschach test images have been in the
1276:
1226:
1171:
1116:
1064:
1004:
952:
897:
844:
788:
446:
Test administration is not to be confused with test interpretation:
45:
5893:
Handbook of cross-cultural and multicultural personality assessment
5760:
Movies and Mental Illness Using Films to Understand Psychopathology
3872:"Psychological Test Usage: Implications in Professional Psychology"
3468:
2751:
Gardner Murphy, Lois Barclay Murphy, Theodore Mead Newcomb (1931).
2712:
2310:
Rorschach Assessment of Adolescents: Theory, Research, and Practice
2139:
1931:
1916:
1425:
186:. The Rorschach can be thought of as a psychometric examination of
5742:"Review: Sofia Coppola's The Virgin Suicides on Criterion Blu-ray"
5413:
4043:
Cohen, R.J., Montague, P., Nathanson, L.S., Swedlik, M.E. (1988).
3288:
2883:
2699:
544:
responses often provide direct insight into one's emotional life.
4045:
Psychological testing: An introduction to tests & measurement
3131:
Giuseppe Costantino, Richard H. Dana, Robert G. Malgady. (2007).
2729:
Alfred M. Freedman, Harold I. Kaplan, Benjamin J. Sadock (1972).
1905:
130:
5921:
The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System (Vol 1: Basic Foundations)
5167:"Rorschach Personality Test: Did Knowledge Leak a 'Cheat Sheet'"
1790:, where he also described the method of administering the test.
4889:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.)
4623:
3230:
The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System, Vol 1: Basic Foundations
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2130:
Dacey M (December 2017). "Anthropomorphism as Cognitive Bias".
2004:
1909:
363:
documentary, Rita Signer, curator of the Rorschach Archives in
334:
4951:
Garb HN, Wood JM, Lilienfeld SO, Nezworski MT (January 2005).
4715:
4713:
4711:
3689:
3209:"Il test di Rorschach secondo il sistema comprensivo di Exner"
2944:
2040:
1904:
has used the Rorschach technique in his paintings, by loading
6289:
5186:"Has Knowledge Created a Rorschach Cheat Sheet? Analyze That"
4256:
The Rorschach Inkblot Test, Fortune Tellers, and Cold Reading
4234:
3414:
Kivisalu TM, Lewey JH, Shaffer TW, Canfield ML (2016-07-03).
3133:
TEMAS (Tell-Me-A-Story) assessment in multicultural societies
3020:
2527:
2436:
1522:" and it has since been demonstrated in many other contexts.
135:
Rorschach inkblot test, the Rorschach technique, inkblot test
82:
3413:
1762:
for many years in most countries, particularly those with a
1611:
United States courts have challenged the Rorschach as well.
459:
usually remain in a "learning stage" for a number of years.
76:
5209:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States"
4950:
4708:
428:
364:
210:
5454:"Knowledge: a key tool for global public health promotion"
4110:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. pp. 147–148.
4009:
Tests, products, and services for psychological assessment
3992:
3776:
Hayden BC (1981). "Rorschach Cards IV and VII Revisited".
3264:
1814:
Associazione Italiana di Psicoterapia Strategica Integrata
102:
79:
6141:(10th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Publishing Corp.
5230:"Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct"
4167:
4105:
2797:
Principles and Practice Of the Rorschach Personality Test
1784:
was, perhaps, first to make them public in his 1983 book
1378:, and the test scores were published some decades later.
167:
105:
6139:
Psychodiagnostics: A Diagnostic Test Based on Perception
6040:
Judgment and decision making: psychological perspectives
5722:"Everything You Need to Know About Watchmen's Rorschach"
5416:"Are Psychologists Hiding Evidence? – A Need for Reform"
4692:, Volume 16 American Orthopsychiatric Association pg 732
4300:"Giving up Cherished Ideas: The Rorschach Ink Blot Test"
3936:"Nazi Criminals Were Given Rorschach Tests at Nuremberg"
699:) to make the Rorschach more in line with other popular
675:
219:
5946:
A Mind of its Own: how your brain distorts and deceives
5579:
2731:
Modern synopsis of Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry
2238:
Scott O. Lilienfeld, James M- Wood and Howard N. Garb:
2070:. Madrid: Universidad Pontifícia Comillas. p. 71.
3962:
The Nuremberg mind: The psychology of the Nazi leaders
2170:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.
2065:
1739:
1485:
407:
The general goal of the test is to provide data about
6254:
Wood J, Nezworski MT, Lilienfeld SO, Garb HN (2003).
5669:"Rorschach Test: Discredited But Still Controversial"
5526:"Rorschach and Knowledge: The battle of the inkblots"
5452:
Heilman JM, Kemmann E, Bonert M, et al. (2011).
5303:
4820:"Rorschach Test: Discredited But Still Controversial"
3959:
2709:
Clinical management of behavior disorders in children
1718:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
108:
85:
5623:
5451:
2931:
2929:
2575:
a cura di Franco Del Corno, Margherita Lang (1989).
623:, the most accepted full description of his system.
256:. Interpretation of inkblots was central to a game,
73:
5796:"First look poster of Mammootty's Rorschach is out"
4845:
3840:
2884:Cecil R. Reynolds, Randy W. Kamphaus, eds. (2003).
2683:
2681:
1650:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1477:..." between client and therapist, concluding: "...
641:, related to how the subject processes input data,
321:summarized some of these later developments in the
70:
21:"Rorschach Test" redirects here. For the band, see
6061:
5918:
4997:
4731:
3870:Camara, Nathan JS, Puente AE, et al. (2000).
3869:
2949:Anthropological research: the structure of inquiry
2946:
2360:"April 2, 1922: Rorschach Dies, Leaving a Blot on"
1949:the character of Cecilia is given the test and in
568:" implies a more refined control of impulse than "
5778:"Cronenberg's 'Spider' Gets Inside Unhinged Mind"
4363:
2926:
2306:
2166:Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
6573:
5141:Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property
5112:Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property
3813:
3267:"Rorschach Comprehensive System: Current issues"
2678:
2336:Textbook Of Statistics, Psychology and Education
2134:. Vol. 84, no. 5. pp. 1152–1164.
1690:Another controversial aspect of the test is its
56:The first of the ten cards in the Rorschach test
6587:Mental disorders screening and assessment tools
6530:Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)
6064:The Rorschach Technique: An Introductory Manual
6056:
5554:"Complaint Over Doctor Who Posted Inkblot Test"
5286:. The British Psychological Society. 2007-10-15
4917:
4915:
4389:
4370:The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice
4108:The Rorschach technique: An introductory manual
4079:Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation
2673:
1977:The trailer for season 1 of the 2017 TV series
329:. The Exner system remains very popular in the
6093:The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making
5164:
5108:"Copyright Durations Worldwide – EU Copyright"
4727:
4725:
4506:
4504:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
3879:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
3694:. New York: Hemisphere Pub. Corp. p. 72.
3083:Personality And The Behavior Disorders – Vol I
2437:Gerald Goldstein, Michel Hersen, eds. (2000).
2161:
237:created the inkblot test in 1921. (Photo from
6384:Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities
6329:
5523:
5414:Paul R. Lees-Haley, John C. Courtney (2000).
4924:The handbook of forensic Rorschach psychology
4304:Institute for Psychological Therapies Journal
4145:
4143:
2333:
1812:
579:
419:, response tendencies, cognitive operations,
16:Projective psychological test created in 1921
6227:
6158:Experiential foundations of Rorschach's test
6014:
5660:
4912:
4734:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
4624:Graves P.L., Thomas C.B., Mead L.A. (1991).
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3751:
3692:Rorschach's test: scoring and interpretation
3327:
3325:
3170:
2920:
2782:
2294:
300:publishing house purchased Rorschach's book
6436:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
6302:"Why the Rorschach Test Is So Big in Japan"
6179:(2nd ed.). London: Pinter and Martin.
5970:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
4722:
4501:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4415:
4196:
4047:. Mayfield Publishing Co. pp. 327–329.
4024:
3977:
3080:
2861:Individual differences: normal and abnormal
2622:"What's behind the Rorschach inkblot test?"
2118:
1776:. They are also in the public domain under
1351:services utilize the Rorschach, and 80% of
6336:
6322:
6174:
6122:. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Publishing Corp.
5551:
5502:
5183:
5032:
4434:
4287:. Stanford University School of Education.
4140:
4057:
3714:
3612:
3610:
3561:
3559:
3076:
3074:
3052:The Rorschach: a developmental perspective
2112:
1106:Texture is the dominant characteristic of
6520:Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
6155:
6136:
6117:
5479:
5469:
4548:
4440:
4385:
4383:
4278:
4090:
3982:. Grune & Stratton. pp. 147–154.
3912:
3809:
3807:
3690:Alvin G. Burstein, Sandra Loucks (1989).
3664:
3494:
3374:
3322:
3269:. Rorschach Training Programs, INC. (RTP)
3049:
3008:
2993:
2981:
2945:Pertti J. Pelto, Gretel H. Pelto (1996).
2637:
2635:
2616:
2614:
2234:
2232:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2041:Santo Di Nuovo, Maurizio Cuffaro (2004).
1678:Learn how and when to remove this message
1662:, without removing the technical details.
1469:(1985) describes the blots as merely "...
1270:particular "pulls" typical of this card.
463:
282:had also experimented with inkblots as a
6374:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
6120:Rorschach Test – Psychodiagnostic Plates
5426:
5276:
5257:Statement on the Disclosure of Test Data
4768:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4461:
3667:Rorschach Test – Psychodiagnostic Plates
3206:
3109:, Volume 43, Issue 4, 1979. pp. 355–359.
3021:Edward Aronow, Marvin Reznikoff (1976).
2836:Psychology: an international perspective
2788:
2376:
2007:, a surrealist art technique using smoke
1822:World Intellectual Property Organization
768:Rorschach Test – Psychodiagnostic Plates
472:the individual sees in the inkblot (the
229:
41:
6389:Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
6037:
5995:
5666:
5363:"WIPO Domain Name Decision: D2008-1206"
4894:
4817:
4774:
4587:
4476:
4364:Wood JM, Nezworski MT, Garb HN (2003).
4320:
4297:
4029:. Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 215–228.
3607:
3556:
3085:. Braithwaite Press. pp. 230–231.
3071:
2858:
2838:. Hove: Psychology Press. p. 458.
2833:
2687:
2492:
2338:. Anmol Publications Pvt. p. 225.
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2132:Philosophy of Science, 84(5), 1152-1164
714:
682:Rorschach Performance Assessment System
594:
220:proliferation of the ten inkblot images
6574:
6207:Principles of Rorschach interpretation
6201:
5401:"Online Rorschach Test: Legal Threats"
5177:
5158:
4900:
4839:
4705:, Volume 1. Gryphon Press, pg Page 411
4380:
4223:
4161:
3995:Century Diagnostics Rorschach handbook
3804:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3601:
3194:
3182:
3159:
2863:. Hove: Psychology Press. p. 48.
2821:
2809:
2799:(2nd ed.). Faber. pp. 30–31.
2770:
2632:
2611:
2229:
2146:
766:Below are the ten inkblots printed in
6317:
6090:
5913:
5440:A Rorschach Cheat Sheet on Knowledge?
5304:Koocher GP, Keith-Spielgel P (1998).
5066:
4482:
4455:
4038:
4036:
4020:
4018:
3993:Perline, I.H., Perline, J.P. (1979).
3973:
3971:
3227:
3099:
3004:
3002:
2203:
2129:
1660:make it understandable to non-experts
1505:time homosexuality was regarded as a
1446:have never been validated empirically
676:Performance assessment system (R-PAS)
621:The Rorschach: A Comprehensive system
170:are recorded and then analyzed using
120:
6515:Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
6253:
6017:Handbook of psychological assessment
5943:
5890:
5700:Museum of Contemporary Art Australia
5686:
5458:Journal of Medical Internet Research
4953:"Roots of the Rorschach controversy"
4611:
4599:
4521:
4510:
4495:
4168:Raynor, Peter, McIvor, Gill (2008).
4106:Klopfer, B., Davidson, H.H. (1962).
4027:Psychological report writing. 2nd Ed
3933:
3739:
3616:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3550:
3252:
2794:
2605:
2441:Handbook of psychological assessment
2188:
1634:
1541:
1428:consider the Rorschach inkblot test
5442:, The New York Times, July 28, 2009
4689:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
2467:
1895:
1740:Protection of test items and ethics
1630:
1486:Illusory and invisible correlations
662:with different kinds of responses.
13:
6379:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
6258:. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass,
6233:Handbook of Personality Assessment
5977:. Hillsdale, New Jersey Hove, UK:
5263:American Psychological Association
5234:American Psychological Association
5137:"Copyrights – Terms of Protection"
4366:"What's Right with the Rorschach?"
4033:
4015:
3968:
3265:Anthony D. Sciara, Barry Ritzler.
2999:
2579:. Milano: F. Angeli. p. 302.
2045:. Milano: F. Angeli. p. 147.
1795:American Psychological Association
1752:Canadian Psychological Association
1216:People often express relief about
166:in which subjects' perceptions of
14:
6613:
6446:Revised NEO Personality Inventory
6369:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
6278:
6160:. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
5692:
5626:Journal of Personality Assessment
5583:Journal of Personality Assessment
5061:Journal of Personality Assessment
5000:Journal of Personality Assessment
4848:Journal of Personality Assessment
4777:Journal of Personality Assessment
4675:Journal of personality assessment
4537:Journal of Personality Assessment
3778:Journal of Personality Assessment
3719:. Psychology Press. p. 107.
3535:Journal of Personality Assessment
3475:Journal of Personality Assessment
3420:Journal of Personality Assessment
3355:Journal of Personality Assessment
3107:Journal of Personality Assessment
3025:. Grune and Stratton. p. 7.
2530:Journal of Personality Assessment
2379:Journal of Personality Assessment
2307:Tibon-Czopp S, Weiner IB (2016).
1702:unexplained by current research.
1455:
1393:
479:In particular, information about
6256:What's Wrong with the Rorschach?
5861:
5843:
5829:
5809:
5788:
5770:
5752:
5734:
5714:
5617:
5573:
5545:
5517:
5496:
5445:
5407:
5393:
5376:
5355:
5326:
5297:
5247:
5222:
5201:
5129:
5100:
5053:
5026:
4991:
4944:
4885:American Psychiatric Association
4878:
4811:
4695:
4680:
4667:
4645:10.1097/00006842-198611000-00002
4617:
4605:
4593:
4581:
4527:
4515:
4395:Penguin Dictionary of Psychology
4357:
4314:
4291:
4272:
4248:
4217:
3960:Miale, F.R., Selzer, M. (1975).
3023:Rorschach content interpretation
1639:
1364:United States Army Medical Corps
1345:
1275:
1225:
1170:
1115:
1063:
1003:
951:
896:
843:
787:
205:, the verifiability and general
98:
66:
44:
5165:Carol Forsloff (30 July 2009).
4279:Alexander M (October 5, 2001).
4190:
4114:
4099:
4066:
4051:
4001:
3986:
3953:
3927:
3863:
3834:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3708:
3683:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3622:
3595:
3583:
3571:
3544:
3527:
3462:
3407:
3342:
3302:
3281:
3258:
3246:
3221:
3200:
3188:
3176:
3164:
3153:
3124:
3114:
3043:
3014:
2987:
2975:
2938:
2914:
2877:
2852:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2776:
2764:
2744:
2722:
2693:
2599:
2568:
2556:
2521:
2430:
2405:
2370:
2352:
2327:
2300:
2288:
2264:
2240:What's wrong with this picture?
2066:Fátima Miralles Sangro (1996).
1709:
1617:Attorney's Textbook of Medicine
1593:borderline personality disorder
1473:the vehicle for the interaction
1461:processes, but it is not clear
512:
6561:Vineland Social Maturity Scale
5552:Noam Cohen (August 23, 2009).
5524:Patrick White (31 July 2009).
2255:
2123:
2084:
2059:
2034:
1602:
1527:association between two events
1497:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1419:
631:places a lot of emphasis on a
605:Rorschach Comprehensive System
1:
6525:Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure
6414:Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
6298:from Harrower-Erickson (1945)
5948:. Cambridge, UK: Icon books.
5883:
4686:Lowrey, Lawson Gentry (1946)
4060:The Nazi and the psychiatrist
3487:10.1080/00223891.2017.1296844
3432:10.1080/00223891.2015.1118380
1799:British Psychological Society
1750:") by previous exposure. The
423:, and personal/interpersonal
238:
6556:Benton Visual Retention Test
6409:Raven's Progressive Matrices
5998:Review of general psychiatry
5971:Gacano CB, Meloy JR (1994).
5638:10.1080/00223891.2012.725438
5595:10.1080/00223891.2011.627963
5216:Copyright Information Center
3934:Main D (September 7, 2015).
3841:Butcher, James Neal (2009).
3367:10.1080/00223891.2012.684118
1615:(1997) stated (quoting from
1312:caterpillars, worms, snakes
876:animal: dog, elephant, bear
7:
6399:Differential Ability Scales
6394:Cognitive Assessment System
6294:Interactive version of the
6070:Harcourt, Brace & World
5503:Ian Simple (29 July 2009).
5184:Noam Cohen (28 July 2009).
4818:Radford B (July 31, 2009).
4789:10.1207/S15327752JPA8003_05
4701:Buros, Oscar Krisen (1975)
4559:10.1207/S15327752JPA7802_03
4174:Jessica Kingsley Publishers
3997:. Century Diagnostics, Inc.
2674:Klopfer & Davidson 1962
2542:10.1207/s15327752jpa6702_17
1993:
1983:features a bloody inkblot.
1778:United States copyright law
1558:
1438:Mental Measurement Yearbook
1319:
1296:
1285:
1254:
1246:
1235:
1202:
1191:
1180:
1147:
1140:heads of women or children
1136:
1125:
1092:
1081:
1073:
1036:
1021:
1013:
980:
969:
961:
928:
917:
906:
872:
861:
853:
820:
805:
797:
761:
615:. In 1969, Exner published
503:
289:In 1927, the newly founded
10:
6618:
6464:Thematic apperception test
5837:"Psychological evaluation"
5047:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.251
5012:10.1207/s15327752jpa4104_1
4335:10.1177/107319119900600402
4281:"Lee Cronbach, dead at 85"
3891:10.1037/0735-7028.31.2.141
3790:10.1207/s15327752jpa4503_1
3333:Psychological Inj. and Law
3228:Exner JE (23 April 1993).
2955:Cambridge University Press
2643:"BBC Radio 4 - Dr Inkblot"
2391:10.1207/s15327752jpa4806_3
2022:Thematic apperception test
2011:Holtzman inkblot technique
1915:The mask of the fictional
1533:In 1992, the psychologist
1436:. In the 1959 edition of
679:
580:Symmetry of the test items
490:
225:
20:
6546:Mental status examination
6538:
6505:
6493:Sentence completion tests
6454:
6431:
6422:
6359:
6296:Multiple Choice Rorschach
4969:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.09.002
4856:10.1080/00223890701629342
4211:10.1027/1192-5604.29.1.38
3816:Psychology in the Schools
2757:. Harper & Brothers.
2413:"Test Developer Profiles"
2097:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1970:was announced with actor
374:
139:
129:
61:
37:
32:
5764:Hogrefe Publishing Group
5667:Radford B (2009-07-31).
5035:Psychological Assessment
4227:ALLEA Annual Report 2003
3922:Weiner & Greene 2007
3752:Weiner & Greene 2007
2027:
2017:Picture arrangement test
1410:
1340:
1058:quality response about.
745:by Scandinavians and an
174:interpretation, complex
6507:Neuropsychological test
6015:Groth-Marnat G (2003).
5310:Oxford University Press
4677:Volumes 22–23; Page 462
3847:Oxford University Press
2313:. Springer. p. 3.
2119:Gacano & Meloy 1994
1552:inter-rater reliability
1492:University of Wisconsin
1184:animal: not cat or dog
1077:animal hide, skin, rug
965:animal hide, skin, rug
613:inter-rater reliability
203:inter-rater reliability
6060:, Davidson HH (1962).
4633:Psychosomatic Medicine
3715:Piotrowski ZA (1987).
2735:Williams & Wilkins
2705:Ruth Mae Morris Bakwin
2334:Verma, Romesh (2014).
1813:
1538:among psychologists".
1289:crab, lobster, spider
1085:animal skin, skin rug
973:animal skin, skin rug
638:information processing
592:
464:Features or categories
461:
306:from the inventory of
245:
6551:Wechsler Memory Scale
6477:Holtzman inkblot test
6260:John Wiley & Sons
6237:John Wiley & Sons
6175:Sutherland S (2007).
6156:Schachtel EG (2001).
6021:John Wiley & Sons
5927:John Wiley & Sons
5539:registration required
5384:"extra.listverse.com"
4850:. 89(S1): S201–S206.
4746:10.1111/1529-1006.002
3980:The Rorschach systems
3619:, p. 338,339,354
3309:"Table of Contents".
2213:John Wiley & Sons
1966:language film titled
1589:personality disorders
1129:human heads or faces
1017:bat, butterfly, moth
801:bat, butterfly, moth
617:The Rorschach Systems
587:
448:
233:
23:Rorschach Test (band)
6488:Animal Metaphor Test
6137:Rorschach H (1998).
6118:Rorschach H (1927).
5312:. pp. 159–160.
5306:Ethics in psychology
4025:Tallent, N. (1983).
3978:Exner, J.E. (1969).
3849:, USA. p. 290.
3665:Rorschach H (1927).
3081:J. Mcv Hunt (2007).
3050:Leichtman M (1996).
2000:Blacky pictures test
1804:Ethics in Psychology
1769:post mortem auctoris
1520:illusory correlation
1320:Dana (France):
1255:Dana (France):
1203:Dana (France):
1148:Dana (France):
1093:Dana (France):
1037:Dana (France):
981:Dana (France):
929:Dana (France):
873:Dana (France):
821:Dana (France):
715:Cultural differences
701:personality measures
603:, also known as the
601:Exner scoring system
595:Exner scoring system
323:comprehensive system
199:Exner Scoring System
6592:Freudian psychology
6231:, Greene R (2007).
6042:. Wiley-Blackwell.
5996:Goldman HH (2000).
4908:. pp. 327–338.
4269:magazine, Jul 2003.
4058:El-Hai, J. (2013).
3964:. Quadrangle Books.
3255:, pp. 337, 338
3207:Ravaioli L (2008).
2859:Eysenck MW (1998).
2834:Eysenck MW (2004).
2276:. 1897. p. 143
2250:Scientific American
1946:The Virgin Suicides
1774:Swiss copyright law
1700:false positive rate
1581:psychotic disorders
1494:, published in the
1366:chief psychiatrist
1206:four-legged animal
1195:four-legged animal
886:The red details of
865:four-legged animal
122:[ˈʁoːɐ̯ʃax]
6597:1921 introductions
6441:16PF Questionnaire
6361:Intelligence tests
6038:Hardman D (2009).
5559:The New York Times
5531:The Globe and Mail
5063:, 76 (2), 333–351.
4614:, pp. 249–250
4524:, pp. 227–234
4458:, pp. 164–166
4437:, pp. 117–120
4298:Robyn M D (1991).
4267:Skeptical Inquirer
4261:2012-03-12 at the
4092:10.3758/BF03202070
3828:10.1002/pits.20223
3766:, pp. 102–109
3754:, pp. 390–395
3173:, pp. 406–407
2984:, pp. 258–261
2577:Psicologia clinica
2563:Exner Jr., John E.
2245:2010-12-24 at the
1988:Fallout: New Vegas
1900:Australian artist
1889:Skeptical Inquirer
1867:The Globe and Mail
1782:William Poundstone
1766:of up to 70 years
1308:(31%, light green)
1265:Characteristic of
779:Popular responses
754:these components.
415:variables such as
385:bilateral symmetry
246:
164:psychological test
6569:
6568:
6501:
6500:
6424:Personality tests
6404:Ammons Quick Test
6310:, 21 January 2015
6269:978-0-7879-6056-8
6246:978-0-471-22881-3
6220:978-0-8058-4232-6
6186:978-1-905177-07-3
6167:978-0-88163-354-2
6148:978-3-456-83024-7
6129:978-3-456-82605-9
6102:978-0-07-050477-6
6083:978-0-15-577873-3
6049:978-1-4051-2398-3
6030:978-0-471-41979-2
6007:978-0-8385-8434-7
5988:978-0-8058-0980-0
5955:978-1-84046-678-2
5936:978-0-471-55902-3
5906:978-0-8058-2789-7
5851:"Mod unavailable"
5782:KPBS Public Media
5471:10.2196/jmir.1589
5319:978-0-19-509201-1
5218:. 1 January 2009.
4937:978-0-8058-5823-5
4891:. Washington, DC.
4408:978-0-14-051079-9
4183:978-1-84310-538-1
4128:. 8 November 2013
3856:978-0-19-536687-7
3726:978-0-8058-0102-6
3701:978-0-89116-780-8
3676:978-3-456-82605-9
3239:978-0-471-55902-3
3171:Groth-Marnat 2003
3146:978-0-8058-4451-1
3092:978-1-4067-4440-8
3061:978-0-88163-138-8
3032:978-0-8089-0961-3
2968:978-0-521-29228-3
2921:Groth-Marnat 2003
2907:978-1-57230-884-8
2870:978-0-86377-257-3
2845:978-1-84169-360-6
2783:Groth-Marnat 2003
2626:BBC News Magazine
2586:978-88-204-9876-4
2460:978-0-08-043645-6
2345:978-81-261-1411-5
2320:978-1-4939-3151-4
2295:Groth-Marnat 2003
2222:978-0-471-38672-8
2181:978-0-521-28414-1
2077:978-84-87840-92-0
2052:978-88-464-5475-1
1908:oil paint onto a
1692:statistical norms
1688:
1687:
1680:
1621:State ex rel H.H.
1585:thought disorders
1542:Tester projection
1535:Stuart Sutherland
1370:and psychologist
1338:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1314:(28%, deep green)
1262:
1261:
1213:
1212:
1158:
1157:
1103:
1102:
1051:
1050:
991:
990:
939:
938:
883:
882:
867:(34%, gray parts)
831:
830:
250:Leonardo da Vinci
235:Hermann Rorschach
184:Hermann Rorschach
153:
152:
54:
53:
6609:
6582:Projective tests
6456:Projective tests
6429:
6428:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6315:
6314:
6273:
6250:
6224:
6211:Lawrence Erlbaum
6209:. Mahwah, N.J.:
6198:
6171:
6152:
6133:
6114:
6091:Plous S (1993).
6087:
6067:
6053:
6034:
6011:
5992:
5979:Lawrence Erlbaum
5967:
5940:
5924:
5910:
5897:Lawrence Erlbaum
5891:Dana RH (2000).
5877:
5876:
5871:. Archived from
5865:
5859:
5858:
5853:. Archived from
5847:
5841:
5840:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5784:. 22 March 2003.
5774:
5768:
5767:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5675:. Imaginova Corp
5664:
5658:
5657:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5535:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5473:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5424:
5423:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5334:"Rorschach Test"
5330:
5324:
5323:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5143:. Archived from
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5114:. Archived from
5104:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5085:
5078:
5070:
5064:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5030:
5024:
5023:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4957:Clin Psychol Rev
4948:
4942:
4941:
4928:Lawrence Erlbaum
4919:
4910:
4909:
4898:
4892:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4729:
4720:
4717:
4706:
4699:
4693:
4684:
4678:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4630:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4552:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4508:
4499:
4498:, pp. 66–70
4493:
4480:
4474:
4459:
4453:
4438:
4432:
4413:
4412:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4276:
4270:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4237:. Archived from
4232:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3901:. Archived from
3876:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3498:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3378:
3346:
3340:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3137:Lawrence Erlbaum
3135:. Mahwah, N.J.:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3018:
3012:
3006:
2997:
2996:, pp. 76–78
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2952:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2891:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2671:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2618:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2506:. Archived from
2500:"Rorschach Test"
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2475:"About the Test"
2471:
2465:
2464:
2444:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2201:
2186:
2185:
2169:
2159:
2144:
2143:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2092:"Rorschach test"
2088:
2082:
2081:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2038:
1951:David Cronenberg
1896:In art and media
1884:Benjamin Radford
1816:
1727:Irving B. Weiner
1683:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1631:Population norms
1597:bipolar disorder
1567:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1401:Tavistock Clinic
1376:Nuremberg trials
1315:
1309:
1303:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1209:
1198:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1154:
1143:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1099:
1088:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1047:
1043:
1032:
1028:
1011:
1010:
1007:
987:
976:
959:
958:
955:
935:
924:
913:
904:
903:
900:
879:
868:
851:
850:
847:
827:
816:
812:
795:
794:
791:
773:
772:
392:free association
347:
327:object relations
303:Psychodiagnostik
299:
268:Psychodiagnostik
243:
240:
180:thought disorder
149:
124:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
96:
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
49:
48:
39:
38:
30:
29:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6534:
6497:
6450:
6418:
6355:
6351:evaluation and
6342:
6281:
6276:
6270:
6247:
6221:
6187:
6168:
6149:
6130:
6103:
6095:. McGraw-Hill.
6084:
6050:
6031:
6008:
5989:
5956:
5944:Fine C (2006).
5937:
5907:
5886:
5881:
5880:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5748:. 17 July 2018.
5740:
5739:
5735:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5705:
5703:
5691:
5687:
5678:
5676:
5665:
5661:
5622:
5618:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5550:
5546:
5536:
5522:
5518:
5501:
5497:
5450:
5446:
5438:
5427:
5420:Claims Magazine
5412:
5408:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5343:
5341:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5302:
5298:
5289:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5268:
5266:
5265:. February 1996
5253:
5252:
5248:
5239:
5237:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5182:
5178:
5171:Digital Journal
5163:
5159:
5150:
5148:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5121:
5119:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5058:
5054:
5031:
5027:
4996:
4992:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4920:
4913:
4899:
4895:
4883:
4879:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4816:
4812:
4773:
4769:
4730:
4723:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4696:
4685:
4681:
4672:
4668:
4628:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4586:
4582:
4550:10.1.1.559.6551
4532:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4494:
4483:
4475:
4462:
4454:
4441:
4435:Sutherland 2007
4433:
4416:
4409:
4401:. p. 653.
4391:Arthur S. Reber
4388:
4381:
4362:
4358:
4319:
4315:
4296:
4292:
4285:Stanford Report
4277:
4273:
4263:Wayback Machine
4253:
4249:
4241:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4176:. p. 138.
4166:
4162:
4157:. 25 July 2012.
4149:
4148:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4126:theguardian.com
4120:
4119:
4115:
4104:
4100:
4071:
4067:
4056:
4052:
4041:
4034:
4023:
4016:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3991:
3987:
3976:
3969:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3932:
3928:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3874:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3839:
3835:
3812:
3805:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3663:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3532:
3528:
3467:
3463:
3412:
3408:
3347:
3343:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3139:. p. 213.
3129:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3079:
3072:
3062:
3048:
3044:
3033:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2795:Mons W (1950).
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2749:
2745:
2737:. p. 168.
2727:
2723:
2715:. p. 249.
2698:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2628:. 24 July 2012.
2620:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2587:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2526:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2375:
2371:
2366:. 1 April 2009.
2358:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2247:Wayback Machine
2237:
2230:
2223:
2211:. Hoboken, NJ:
2202:
2189:
2182:
2160:
2147:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2039:
2035:
2030:
1996:
1898:
1742:
1712:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1656:help improve it
1653:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1605:
1565:
1561:
1544:
1507:psychopathology
1488:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1458:
1422:
1413:
1396:
1372:Gustave Gilbert
1348:
1343:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1240:
1207:
1196:
1185:
1152:
1141:
1130:
1097:
1086:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1026:
985:
974:
933:
922:
911:
877:
866:
825:
814:
810:
764:
717:
697:standard scores
684:
678:
633:cognitive triad
597:
582:
515:
506:
493:
466:
377:
341:
293:
284:creativity test
276:Justinus Kerner
241:
228:
192:projective test
145:
117:
116:
101:
97:
94:
69:
65:
57:
50:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6615:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6511:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6473:Rorschach test
6466:
6460:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6365:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6341:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6299:
6292:
6287:
6280:
6279:External links
6277:
6275:
6274:
6268:
6251:
6245:
6225:
6219:
6199:
6185:
6172:
6166:
6153:
6147:
6134:
6128:
6115:
6101:
6088:
6082:
6054:
6048:
6035:
6029:
6012:
6006:
5993:
5987:
5968:
5954:
5941:
5935:
5911:
5905:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5875:on 2013-03-21.
5860:
5857:on 2016-08-12.
5842:
5828:
5808:
5787:
5769:
5751:
5746:Slant Magazine
5733:
5713:
5685:
5659:
5616:
5572:
5544:
5516:
5495:
5444:
5425:
5406:
5392:
5375:
5354:
5325:
5318:
5296:
5275:
5246:
5221:
5200:
5191:New York Times
5176:
5157:
5128:
5099:
5065:
5052:
5041:(3): 251–265.
5025:
5006:(4): 339–348.
4990:
4943:
4936:
4930:. p. 80.
4926:. Mahwah, NJ:
4911:
4893:
4877:
4838:
4810:
4783:(3): 260–271.
4767:
4721:
4707:
4694:
4679:
4666:
4639:(8): 549–563.
4616:
4604:
4592:
4580:
4543:(2): 219–274.
4526:
4514:
4500:
4481:
4460:
4439:
4414:
4407:
4379:
4356:
4313:
4290:
4271:
4247:
4244:on 2011-06-16.
4216:
4189:
4182:
4160:
4155:On Radio 4 Now
4139:
4113:
4098:
4085:(4): 588–591.
4065:
4050:
4032:
4014:
4000:
3985:
3967:
3952:
3926:
3911:
3908:on 2019-02-24.
3885:(2): 131–154.
3862:
3855:
3833:
3803:
3784:(3): 226–229.
3768:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3725:
3707:
3700:
3682:
3675:
3657:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3555:
3543:
3526:
3481:(6): 619–625.
3461:
3426:(4): 382–390.
3406:
3361:(6): 607–612.
3341:
3321:
3301:
3280:
3257:
3245:
3238:
3220:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3152:
3145:
3123:
3113:
3098:
3091:
3070:
3060:
3042:
3031:
3013:
3009:Schachtel 2001
2998:
2994:Schachtel 2001
2986:
2982:Schachtel 2001
2974:
2967:
2937:
2925:
2923:, pp. 423
2913:
2906:
2894:Guilford Press
2876:
2869:
2851:
2844:
2826:
2824:, p. 224.
2814:
2802:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2743:
2721:
2692:
2677:
2659:
2631:
2610:
2598:
2585:
2567:
2555:
2536:(2): 427–433.
2520:
2491:
2466:
2459:
2447:Pergamon Press
2429:
2404:
2385:(6): 591–596.
2369:
2351:
2344:
2326:
2319:
2299:
2287:
2263:
2254:
2228:
2221:
2187:
2180:
2145:
2140:10.1086/694039
2122:
2111:
2083:
2076:
2058:
2051:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1928:limited series
1897:
1894:
1856:eye test chart
1852:emergency room
1808:Gerald Koocher
1764:copyright term
1741:
1738:
1711:
1708:
1686:
1685:
1668:September 2010
1647:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1604:
1601:
1560:
1557:
1543:
1540:
1511:homosexual men
1487:
1484:
1457:
1456:Test materials
1454:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1395:
1394:United Kingdom
1392:
1368:Douglas Kelley
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1000:
999:
992:
989:
988:
982:
978:
977:
971:
967:
966:
963:
956:
948:
947:
940:
937:
936:
930:
926:
925:
921:human figures
919:
915:
914:
908:
901:
893:
892:
884:
881:
880:
874:
870:
869:
863:
859:
858:
855:
848:
840:
839:
832:
829:
828:
822:
818:
817:
807:
803:
802:
799:
792:
784:
783:
780:
777:
763:
760:
716:
713:
680:Main article:
677:
674:
596:
593:
581:
578:
514:
511:
505:
502:
492:
489:
465:
462:
376:
373:
350:psychoanalysis
227:
224:
213:of the test's
157:Rorschach test
151:
150:
143:
137:
136:
133:
127:
126:
63:
59:
58:
55:
52:
51:
42:
35:
34:
33:Rorschach test
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6614:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6469:Ink blot test
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6345:Psychological
6339:
6334:
6332:
6327:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6271:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6178:
6177:Irrationality
6173:
6169:
6163:
6159:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6121:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6066:
6065:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6009:
6003:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5838:
5832:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5797:
5791:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5689:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5632:(2): 149–58.
5631:
5627:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5576:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5548:
5540:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5499:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5402:
5396:
5385:
5379:
5364:
5358:
5351:
5340:on 2009-10-05
5339:
5335:
5329:
5321:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5285:
5279:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5250:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5217:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5147:on 2011-05-27
5146:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5118:on 2009-04-26
5117:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5096:
5086:on 2011-07-06
5082:
5075:
5069:
5062:
5056:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4963:(1): 97–118.
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4939:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4916:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4704:
4698:
4691:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4670:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4590:, p. 159
4589:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4478:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4399:Penguin Books
4396:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4199:Rorschachiana
4193:
4185:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4109:
4102:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4054:
4046:
4039:
4037:
4028:
4021:
4019:
4010:
4004:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3956:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3924:, p. 402
3923:
3918:
3916:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3753:
3748:
3742:, p. 338
3741:
3736:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3598:
3592:, p. 334
3591:
3586:
3580:, p. 333
3579:
3574:
3568:, p. 335
3567:
3562:
3560:
3553:, p. 332
3552:
3547:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3290:
3284:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:. Routledge.
3053:
3046:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3011:, p. 243
3010:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2953:. Cambridge:
2951:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2880:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2818:
2812:, p. 232
2811:
2806:
2798:
2791:
2785:, p. 407
2784:
2779:
2773:, p. 214
2772:
2767:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2690:, p. 158
2689:
2684:
2682:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2510:on 2014-02-01
2509:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2481:on 2009-04-13
2480:
2476:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2445:. Amsterdam:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2297:, p. 408
2296:
2291:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2115:
2100:(Online). n.d
2099:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1941:Sofia Coppola
1938:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:graphic novel
1922:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1880:pseudoscience
1876:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:James Heilman
1845:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1760:public domain
1756:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1682:
1679:
1671:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:This section
1646:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:Jones v Apfel
1609:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:schizophrenia
1574:
1569:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1502:homosexuality
1499:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1468:
1464:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:pseudoscience
1427:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1346:United States
1332:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1300:crab, spider
1299:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1039:
1035:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
993:
983:
979:
972:
968:
964:
960:
957:
954:
950:
949:
944:
941:
931:
927:
920:
916:
909:
905:
902:
899:
895:
894:
889:
885:
875:
871:
864:
860:
856:
852:
849:
846:
842:
841:
837:
833:
823:
819:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:
790:
786:
785:
781:
778:
775:
774:
771:
769:
759:
755:
751:
748:
744:
739:
737:
731:
726:
723:
712:
708:
704:
702:
698:
694:
688:
683:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
653:
652:
647:
646:
640:
639:
634:
628:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:John E. Exner
606:
602:
591:
586:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
510:
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497:
488:
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482:
477:
475:
471:
460:
458:
454:
453:administrator
447:
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362:
358:
357:schizophrenia
353:
351:
345:
340:
336:
332:
331:United States
328:
324:
320:
319:John E. Exner
316:
315:Bruno Klopfer
311:
309:
308:Ernst Bircher
305:
304:
297:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
269:
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255:
251:
236:
232:
223:
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216:
212:
209:of the test,
208:
204:
200:
197:Although the
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:psychological
169:
165:
162:
158:
148:
144:
142:
138:
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132:
128:
123:
113:
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64:
62:Pronunciation
60:
47:
40:
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31:
28:
24:
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6472:
6307:The Atlantic
6305:
6255:
6232:
6206:
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6138:
6119:
6092:
6068:. New York:
6063:
6039:
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5973:
5945:
5925:. New York:
5920:
5892:
5873:the original
5863:
5855:the original
5845:
5831:
5820:
5811:
5799:. Retrieved
5790:
5772:
5759:
5754:
5736:
5727:Men's Health
5725:
5716:
5704:. Retrieved
5698:
5695:"Ben Quilty"
5688:
5677:. Retrieved
5673:Live Science
5672:
5662:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5589:(1): 73–81.
5586:
5582:
5575:
5563:. Retrieved
5557:
5547:
5529:
5519:
5510:The Guardian
5508:
5498:
5461:
5457:
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5419:
5409:
5395:
5378:
5366:. Retrieved
5357:
5348:
5342:. Retrieved
5338:the original
5328:
5308:. New York:
5305:
5299:
5288:. Retrieved
5278:
5267:. Retrieved
5256:
5249:
5238:. Retrieved
5236:. 2003-06-01
5224:
5212:
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5189:
5179:
5170:
5160:
5149:. Retrieved
5145:the original
5131:
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5116:the original
5102:
5094:
5088:. Retrieved
5081:the original
5068:
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5055:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4960:
4956:
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4923:
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4888:
4880:
4847:
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4825:Live Science
4823:
4813:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4740:(2): 27–66.
4737:
4733:
4702:
4697:
4687:
4682:
4674:
4669:
4636:
4632:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4588:Goldman 2000
4583:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4517:
4479:, p. 57
4477:Hardman 2009
4394:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4329:(4): 313–8.
4326:
4322:
4316:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4284:
4274:
4250:
4239:the original
4226:
4219:
4205:(1): 38–63.
4202:
4198:
4192:
4169:
4163:
4154:
4151:"Dr Inkblot"
4130:. Retrieved
4125:
4116:
4107:
4101:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4062:. MJF Books.
4059:
4053:
4044:
4026:
4008:
4003:
3994:
3988:
3979:
3961:
3955:
3945:November 17,
3943:. Retrieved
3939:
3929:
3903:the original
3882:
3878:
3865:
3842:
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3819:
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3781:
3777:
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3759:
3747:
3735:
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3685:
3666:
3660:
3655:, p. 55
3648:
3643:, p. 54
3636:
3631:, p. 52
3624:
3604:, p. 53
3597:
3585:
3573:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3496:2318/1632018
3478:
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3423:
3419:
3409:
3376:2318/1508165
3358:
3354:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3312:R-PAS manual
3311:
3304:
3293:. Retrieved
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3260:
3248:
3229:
3223:
3212:. Retrieved
3202:
3197:, p. 59
3190:
3185:, p. 61
3178:
3166:
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2940:
2916:
2892:. New York:
2887:
2879:
2860:
2854:
2835:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2796:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2701:Harry Bakwin
2695:
2688:Goldman 2000
2650:. Retrieved
2646:
2625:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2576:
2570:
2558:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2512:. Retrieved
2508:the original
2503:
2494:
2483:. Retrieved
2479:the original
2469:
2440:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:
2407:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2335:
2329:
2309:
2302:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2272:
2266:
2257:
2208:
2165:
2131:
2125:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2067:
2061:
2042:
2036:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1944:
1930:
1914:
1899:
1887:
1886:, editor of
1877:
1872:Saskatchewan
1865:
1861:The Guardian
1859:
1846:
1835:
1831:
1824:against the
1819:
1803:
1792:
1785:
1767:
1757:
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1713:
1710:Applications
1704:
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1612:
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1606:
1573:intelligence
1570:
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1545:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1495:
1489:
1462:
1459:
1450:
1445:
1442:Lee Cronbach
1437:
1434:cold reading
1423:
1414:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1360:World War II
1357:
1349:
1330:
1306:rabbit head
1297:Piotrowski:
1266:
1247:Piotrowski:
1217:
1192:Piotrowski:
1161:
1137:Piotrowski:
1107:
1096:animal skin
1082:Piotrowski:
1054:
1022:Piotrowski:
994:
984:animal skin
970:Piotrowski:
942:
918:Piotrowski:
887:
862:Piotrowski:
835:
834:When seeing
813:, butterfly
806:Piotrowski:
767:
765:
756:
752:
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727:
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541:
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523:
519:
516:
513:Determinants
507:
498:
494:
484:
481:determinants
480:
478:
473:
469:
467:
457:interpreters
456:
452:
449:
445:
441:
433:base motives
406:
402:
396:
391:
389:
382:
378:
354:
352:principles.
322:
317:and others.
312:
301:
288:
280:Alfred Binet
273:
266:
264:
257:
247:
196:
156:
154:
27:
18:
6539:Other tests
6483:Szondi test
6349:psychiatric
5706:7 September
4602:, Table 9.4
3764:Weiner 2003
3669:. Hogrefe.
3653:Weiner 2003
3641:Weiner 2003
3629:Weiner 2003
3602:Weiner 2003
3195:Weiner 2003
3183:Weiner 2003
3160:Weiner 2003
2822:Weiner 2003
2810:Weiner 2003
2771:Weiner 2003
2652:22 February
2504:Hogrefe.com
2422:22 February
2104:22 February
1962:In 2022, a
1937:adaptations
1842:edit filter
1787:Big Secrets
1734:suicidality
1625:US v Battle
1603:Reliability
1591:(including
1420:Controversy
1302:(37%, blue)
1208:(93%, pink)
1197:(94%, pink)
1151:human head
934:(76%, gray)
923:(72%, gray)
910:two humans
878:(50%, gray)
857:two humans
693:percentiles
425:perceptions
421:affectivity
417:motivations
413:personality
369:Switzerland
361:BBC Radio 4
342: [
333:, while in
294: [
242: 1910
6602:Pareidolia
6576:Categories
6072:. p.
5884:References
5679:2009-09-01
5464:(1): e14.
5344:2009-08-29
5290:2009-06-23
5269:2009-08-09
5240:2009-06-23
5151:2009-08-26
5122:2009-08-26
5090:2010-07-08
4887:. (1994).
4831:October 9,
4456:Plous 1993
4323:Assessment
4172:. London:
4132:9 December
3822:(3): 281.
3339:, 107-121.
3295:2022-03-18
3273:7 December
3214:2009-08-29
2957:. p.
2896:. p.
2514:2014-01-18
2485:2009-07-01
2449:. p.
2252:, May 2001
1980:Mindhunter
1902:Ben Quilty
1696:narcissism
1579:and other
1353:psychology
1153:(46%, top)
1142:(27%, top)
1040:butterfly
1025:butterfly
824:butterfly
643:cognitive
339:Ewald Bohm
291:Hans Huber
254:Botticelli
188:pareidolia
176:algorithms
161:projective
6229:Weiner IB
6203:Weiner IB
6058:Klopfer B
5822:IndieWire
5693:Slade L.
5565:April 17,
4902:Weiner IB
4612:Wood 2003
4600:Wood 2003
4545:CiteSeerX
4522:Wood 2003
4511:Wood 2003
4496:Fine 2006
3740:Dana 2000
3617:Dana 2000
3590:Dana 2000
3578:Dana 2000
3566:Dana 2000
3551:Dana 2000
3505:0022-3891
3440:0022-3891
3385:0022-3891
3253:Dana 2000
3232:. Wiley.
2606:Dana 2000
2280:10 August
2273:Book News
1972:Mammootty
1968:Rorschach
1964:Malayalam
1921:same name
1838:Knowledge
1826:Brazilian
1218:card VIII
782:Comments
730:chameleon
645:mediation
437:conflicts
409:cognition
259:Gobolinks
215:pathology
6205:(2003).
6195:72151566
6111:26931106
5964:60668289
5917:(1995).
5915:Exner JE
5654:21422063
5646:23030722
5611:26869906
5603:22176268
5490:21282098
4985:31393467
4977:15596082
4904:(1999).
4872:23951172
4864:18039164
4805:44025493
4797:12763700
4754:26151980
4661:24365682
4567:12067192
4393:(1985).
4351:44835783
4343:10539978
4259:Archived
3940:Newsweek
3899:25068174
3541:, S2-S6.
3521:21540404
3513:28375651
3456:22787894
3448:26730817
3401:31800521
3393:22574907
2713:Saunders
2707:(1960).
2550:16367686
2417:mhhe.com
2243:Archived
2207:(2002).
2205:Exner JE
1994:See also
1935:and its
1932:Watchmen
1917:antihero
1559:Validity
1426:skeptics
1241:(orange)
1162:Card VII
943:Card III
762:Inkblots
651:ideation
554:movement
546:Movement
528:movement
504:Location
485:location
207:validity
168:inkblots
131:Synonyms
6353:testing
5766:. 1999.
5481:3221335
5368:Oct 15,
5214:Cornell
4762:8197201
4673:(1958)
4653:3809367
4575:5730091
3798:7252752
3291:. R-PAS
3289:"About"
2399:6394738
1923:in the
1919:of the
1906:impasto
1654:Please
1358:During
1267:card IX
1108:card VI
995:Card IV
888:card II
722:craving
550:shading
532:shading
491:Content
474:content
397:inquiry
226:History
147:D012392
118:German:
95:UK also
6266:
6243:
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2174:–248.
2074:
2049:
2005:Fumage
1956:Spider
1943:movie
1910:canvas
1747:primed
1723:DSM-IV
1587:; and
1566:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1331:Card X
1291:(blue)
1286:Beck:
1239:human
1236:Beck:
1186:(pink)
1181:Beck:
1126:Beck:
1074:Beck:
1055:Card V
1044:, bat
1029:, bat
1014:Beck:
962:Beck:
932:human
912:(gray)
907:Beck:
854:Beck:
836:card I
798:Beck:
736:nisser
375:Method
335:Europe
125:
5801:3 May
5650:S2CID
5607:S2CID
5387:(PDF)
5084:(PDF)
5077:(PDF)
4981:S2CID
4868:S2CID
4801:S2CID
4758:S2CID
4657:S2CID
4629:(PDF)
4571:S2CID
4347:S2CID
4242:(PDF)
4235:ALLEA
4231:(PDF)
3906:(PDF)
3895:S2CID
3875:(PDF)
3517:S2CID
3452:S2CID
3397:S2CID
3316:(PDF)
2364:Wired
2028:Notes
1850:, an
1467:Reber
1424:Some
1411:Japan
1341:Usage
1323:none
1258:none
1250:none
1131:(top)
1098:(46%)
1087:(41%)
1046:(46%)
1042:(48%)
1031:(40%)
1027:(48%)
986:(46%)
975:(41%)
826:(39%)
815:(29%)
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776:Card
743:troll
570:color
566:color
542:Color
524:color
429:needs
346:]
298:]
159:is a
6347:and
6264:ISBN
6241:ISBN
6215:ISBN
6191:OCLC
6181:ISBN
6162:ISBN
6143:ISBN
6124:ISBN
6107:OCLC
6097:ISBN
6078:ISBN
6044:ISBN
6025:ISBN
6002:ISBN
5983:ISBN
5960:OCLC
5950:ISBN
5931:ISBN
5901:ISBN
5803:2022
5708:2021
5642:PMID
5599:PMID
5567:2013
5486:PMID
5370:2009
5314:ISBN
5016:PMID
4973:PMID
4932:ISBN
4860:PMID
4833:2020
4793:PMID
4750:PMID
4649:PMID
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3509:PMID
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3234:ISBN
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3121:p15.
3087:ISBN
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2072:ISBN
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1864:and
1793:The
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747:ogre
695:and
599:The
574:form
562:form
548:and
538:Form
526:and
520:form
470:what
411:and
365:Bern
252:and
211:bias
155:The
141:MeSH
6304:at
6074:245
5634:doi
5591:doi
5476:PMC
5466:doi
5043:doi
5008:doi
4965:doi
4852:doi
4785:doi
4742:doi
4641:doi
4555:doi
4331:doi
4207:doi
4087:doi
3887:doi
3824:doi
3786:doi
3491:hdl
3483:doi
3428:doi
3371:hdl
3363:doi
2647:BBC
2538:doi
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2387:doi
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