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for constructing psychological and education tests. These models can be categorized into two primary groups: classical models, which include several types of validity, and modern models, which present validity as a single construct. The modern models reorganize classical "validities" into either "aspects" of validity or "types" of validity-supporting evidence
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Each piece of evidence is finally integrated into a validity argument. The argument may call for a revision to the test, its administration protocol, or the theoretical constructs underlying the interpretations. If the test, and/or the interpretations of the test's results are revised in any way, a
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Validity is generally considered the most important issue in psychological and educational testing because it concerns the meaning placed on test results. Though many textbooks present validity as a static construct, various models of validity have evolved since the first published recommendations
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Validity researchers then list a series of propositions that must be met if the interpretation is to be valid. Or, conversely, they may compile a list of issues that may threaten the validity of the interpretations. In either case, the researchers proceed by gathering evidence – be it original
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1995 article that described validity as a single construct, composed of six "aspects". In his view, various inferences made from test scores may require different types of evidence, but not different validities.
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Loevinger, J. (1957). Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory.
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of test scores with some known criterion. Under the direction of
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Cronbach, L. J. (1969). Validation of educational measures.
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Guion, R. M. (1980). On trinitarian doctrines of validity.
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Angoff, W. H. (1988). Validity: An evolving concept. In
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4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:Norfolk Island
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3889:American Samoa
3885:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3859:of New Zealand
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3741:Sint Eustatius
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3686:Cayman Islands
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3504:European Union
3500:
3498:
3497:Other entities
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3451:other entities
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3402:United Kingdom
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:Czech Republic
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2735:
2722:
2713:
2699:Canary Islands
2695:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2268:
2263:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2212:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2143:Primary school
2137:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Cognitive load
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:Evidence-based
1524:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1461:By perspective
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:Roy Baumeister
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:Michael Posner
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:Elliot Aronson
1185:
1183:Walter Mischel
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1148:Albert Bandura
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:Leon Festinger
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1093:Neal E. Miller
1090:
1088:Abraham Maslow
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:Ernest Hilgard
1070:
1068:Donald O. Hebb
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:J. P. Guilford
1045:
1043:Gordon Allport
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:John B. Watson
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
988:
983:
980:
979:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
898:
897:
896:
894:
890:
889:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
814:Animal testing
810:
808:
802:
801:
799:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
632:
630:
622:
621:
614:
612:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:Cross-cultural
514:
509:
508:
507:
497:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
457:
455:
447:
446:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
422:
419:
418:
411:
410:
403:
396:
388:
381:
380:
367:
354:
341:
328:
315:
298:
282:
269:
256:
236:
223:
202:
200:
197:
196:
195:
193:Validity scale
188:
185:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
146:1999 Standards
141:
138:
85:
82:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4156:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4124:
4116:
4114:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4066:French Guiana
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:New Caledonia
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Easter Island
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3648:
3642:
3641:United States
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3463:Faroe Islands
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:South Ossetia
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Liechtenstein
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:South Ossetia
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Guinea-Bissau
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2355:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2306:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2293:Undergraduate
2291:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2218:Middle school
2216:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2170:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Project-based
1981:
1979:
1978:Problem-based
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Demonstration
1936:
1934:
1933:Contemplative
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
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1820:Homeschooling
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1667:Environmental
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1592:Instructional
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1498:
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1495:Psychometrics
1493:
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1305:Psychologists
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1295:Organizations
1293:
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1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:John Anderson
1241:
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1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
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1216:
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1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
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1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Ulric Neisser
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Endel Tulving
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:Robert Zajonc
1141:
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1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
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1109:
1106:
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1099:
1098:Jerome Bruner
1096:
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1089:
1086:
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1079:
1076:
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1071:
1069:
1066:
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1063:B. F. Skinner
1061:
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1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:Clark L. Hull
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:Sigmund Freud
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:William James
996:
994:
993:Wilhelm Wundt
991:
989:
986:
985:Psychologists
981:
973:
972:Psychometrics
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
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950:
948:
945:
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938:
935:
933:
932:Consciousness
930:
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867:
865:
864:Psychophysics
862:
860:
857:
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840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
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811:
809:
807:
806:Methodologies
803:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:Psychotherapy
764:
762:
761:Psychometrics
759:
757:
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749:
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742:
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737:
734:
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560:
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550:
548:
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530:
528:
527:Developmental
525:
523:
520:
518:
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510:
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377:
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364:
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332:
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319:
312:
311:Test Validity
308:
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295:
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287:
279:
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266:
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56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
27:Test validity
22:
4093:
4049:Dependencies
3880:Dependencies
3866:Cook Islands
3746:Sint Maarten
3726:Saint Martin
3440:Transnistria
3072:Dependencies
3002:Turkmenistan
2967:Saudi Arabia
2738:Saint Helena
2709:
2613:South Africa
2603:Sierra Leone
2408:Burkina Faso
2300:Postgraduate
2116:Kindergarten
1968:Personalized
1948:Experiential
1908:Teacher look
1617:Agricultural
1473:Anthropology
1218:Larry Squire
1213:Bruce McEwen
1208:Amos Tversky
1178:Jerome Kagan
1168:Noam Chomsky
1108:Hans Eysenck
1078:Harry Harlow
1058:Erik Erikson
957:Intelligence
854:Neuroimaging
597:Quantitative
562:Mathematical
557:Intelligence
547:Experimental
542:Evolutionary
532:Differential
441:Psychologist
375:
370:
362:
357:
349:
344:
336:
331:
323:
318:
310:
301:
293:
277:
272:
264:
259:
251:
231:
226:
218:
181:
178:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
132:
130:
122:
97:
94:Lee Cronbach
90:correlations
87:
75:
71:
26:
25:
4123:WikiProject
3813:New Zealand
3716:Puerto Rico
3626:Saint Lucia
3576:El Salvador
3478:Isle of Man
3413:recognition
3387:Switzerland
3322:Netherlands
3131:Asia portal
3032:States with
2952:Philippines
2892:South Korea
2887:North Korea
2782:Afghanistan
2665:recognition
2618:South Sudan
2508:Ivory Coast
2224:High school
2021:Definitions
1898:Lesson plan
1787:Alternative
1692:Mathematics
1662:Engineering
1290:Disciplines
1263:Susan Fiske
1153:Roger Brown
1053:Carl Rogers
1038:Jean Piaget
1003:Ivan Pavlov
859:Observation
839:Experiments
786:Suicidology
681:Educational
636:Anomalistic
607:Theoretical
582:Personality
512:Comparative
495:Cognitivism
486:Behaviorism
267:(1), 82-83.
96:, the 1954
78:reliability
3711:Montserrat
3706:Martinique
3701:Guadeloupe
3556:Costa Rica
3357:San Marino
3317:Montenegro
3297:Luxembourg
3277:Kazakhstan
3180:Azerbaijan
3012:Uzbekistan
2987:Tajikistan
2902:Kyrgyzstan
2882:Kazakhstan
2802:Bangladesh
2792:Azerbaijan
2720:(Portugal)
2678:Somaliland
2598:Seychelles
2563:Mozambique
2548:Mauritania
2533:Madagascar
2488:The Gambia
2423:Cape Verde
2276:Continuing
2266:Vocational
1871:Curriculum
1805:Democratic
1777:Vocational
1767:Technology
1727:Philosophy
1609:By subject
1587:Technology
1567:Psychology
1552:Philosophy
1542:Leadership
1483:Evaluation
1478:Assessment
1353:Wikisource
1198:Paul Ekman
1033:Kurt Lewin
927:Competence
849:Interviews
829:Case study
706:Humanistic
686:Ergonomics
671:Counseling
646:Assessment
628:psychology
577:Perception
537:Ecological
453:psychology
431:Philosophy
415:Psychology
352:, 634-694.
326:, 281-302.
254:, 741-749.
234:, 385-398.
199:References
112:, and (d)
43:accurately
4038:Venezuela
3983:Argentina
3783:Australia
3696:Greenland
3611:Nicaragua
3586:Guatemala
3468:Gibraltar
3292:Lithuania
3098:Hong Kong
3052:Palestine
2977:Sri Lanka
2972:Singapore
2852:Indonesia
2553:Mauritius
2109:Preschool
2009:Wikimedia
1747:Religious
1672:Euthenics
1657:Economics
1637:Chemistry
1627:Bilingual
1582:Sociology
1537:Inclusion
1517:Economics
1415:Education
1373:Wikibooks
1363:Wikiquote
1233:Ed Diener
1018:Carl Jung
922:Cognition
751:Political
661:Community
491:Cognitive
307:H. Wainer
131:The 1999
4138:Category
4113:Category
4028:Suriname
4018:Paraguay
4003:Colombia
3798:Kiribati
3661:Anguilla
3596:Honduras
3566:Dominica
3541:Barbados
3488:Svalbard
3473:Guernsey
3420:Abkhazia
3372:Slovenia
3367:Slovakia
3342:Portugal
3200:Bulgaria
3121:Category
3042:Abkhazia
2992:Thailand
2947:Pakistan
2927:Mongolia
2922:Maldives
2917:Malaysia
2817:Cambodia
2744: /
2740: /
2733:(France)
2727: /
2705: /
2701: /
2653:Zimbabwe
2628:Tanzania
2478:Ethiopia
2473:Eswatini
2453:Djibouti
2418:Cameroon
2403:Botswana
1993:Socratic
1953:Feedback
1839:Concepts
1732:Physical
1702:Military
1682:Language
1632:Business
1572:Research
1562:Politics
1547:Pedagogy
1442:Glossary
1427:Overview
1368:Wikinews
1325:Timeline
947:Feelings
942:Emotions
902:Behavior
893:Concepts
771:Religion
756:Positive
746:Pastoral
731:Military
696:Forensic
691:Feminist
676:Critical
666:Consumer
656:Coaching
651:Clinical
626:Applied
522:Cultural
461:Abnormal
365:, 47-54.
187:See also
35:physical
31:chemical
4033:Uruguay
4008:Ecuador
3988:Bolivia
3949:Tokelau
3848:Vanuatu
3691:Curaçao
3676:Bonaire
3671:Bermuda
3601:Jamaica
3581:Grenada
3536:Bahamas
3397:Ukraine
3347:Romania
3307:Moldova
3265:Ireland
3260:Iceland
3255:Hungary
3245:Germany
3240:Georgia
3230:Finland
3225:Estonia
3220:Denmark
3205:Croatia
3190:Belgium
3185:Belarus
3175:Austria
3170:Armenia
3165:Andorra
3160:Albania
3017:Vietnam
2932:Myanmar
2912:Lebanon
2842:Georgia
2797:Bahrain
2787:Armenia
2729:RĂ©union
2725:Mayotte
2716:Madeira
2711:(Spain)
2707:Melilla
2638:Tunisia
2608:Somalia
2593:Senegal
2578:Nigeria
2568:Namibia
2558:Morocco
2523:Liberia
2518:Lesotho
2468:Eritrea
2438:Comoros
2413:Burundi
2388:Algeria
2296:→
2271:Further
2226:→
2221:→
2203:→
2167:→
2162:→
2146:→
2119:→
2112:→
1958:Passive
1881:Studies
1762:Teacher
1752:Science
1742:Reading
1737:Physics
1712:Nursing
1697:Medical
1532:History
1452:Outline
1434:General
1300:Outline
796:Traffic
791:Systems
726:Medical
552:Gestalt
426:History
378:, 1-10.
47:measure
4013:Guyana
3993:Brazil
3924:Hawaii
3843:Tuvalu
3616:Panama
3606:Mexico
3551:Canada
3546:Belize
3483:Jersey
3425:Kosovo
3392:Turkey
3382:Sweden
3362:Serbia
3352:Russia
3337:Poland
3332:Norway
3312:Monaco
3282:Latvia
3250:Greece
3235:France
3210:Cyprus
3062:Taiwan
2997:Turkey
2962:Russia
2897:Kuwait
2877:Jordan
2867:Israel
2827:Cyprus
2812:Brunei
2807:Bhutan
2748:
2731:
2718:
2648:Zambia
2643:Uganda
2583:Rwanda
2538:Malawi
2498:Guinea
2393:Angola
2343:Portal
2303:
2262:
2165:Junior
2160:Infant
2065:Stages
2041:Quotes
2026:Images
1886:Theory
1876:Hidden
1772:Values
1677:Health
1652:Design
1577:Rights
1557:Policy
1330:Topics
776:School
701:Health
602:Social
505:Social
451:Basic
436:Portal
108:, (c)
104:, (b)
65:, and
3998:Chile
3838:Tonga
3828:Samoa
3818:Palau
3808:Nauru
3666:Aruba
3591:Haiti
3458:Ă…land
3377:Spain
3302:Malta
3272:Italy
3103:Macau
3022:Yemen
2982:Syria
2957:Qatar
2937:Nepal
2872:Japan
2847:India
2837:Egypt
2822:China
2703:Ceuta
2623:Sudan
2573:Niger
2528:Libya
2513:Kenya
2493:Ghana
2483:Gabon
2458:Egypt
2398:Benin
2046:Texts
2016:Books
1717:Peace
1707:Music
1687:Legal
1647:Death
1447:Index
1277:Lists
736:Music
721:Media
716:Legal
567:Moral
37:, or
4023:Peru
3919:Guam
3871:Niue
3793:Fiji
3736:Saba
3561:Cuba
2942:Oman
2907:Laos
2862:Iraq
2857:Iran
2633:Togo
2543:Mali
2433:Chad
2036:News
962:Mind
53:and
4051:and
3074:and
1757:Sex
1622:Art
4140::
285:^
239:^
206:^
120:.
61:,
41:)
33:,
2278:)
2274:(
1407:e
1400:t
1393:v
493:/
407:e
400:t
393:v
23:.
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