320:, which was intended to be an interpretive section of the Canadian Constitution. The Canada Clause set out general values which it asserted defined the nature of Canadian character and political society. One such value was the recognition of Quebec as a distinct society within Canada. Other aspects of the Canada Clause dealt with the rule of law, Canada as a parliamentary and federal system, Aboriginal Peoples of Canada and their rights, official-language minorities, cultural and racial diversity, individual and collective rights, gender equality, and the equality and diversity of the provinces. The purpose of this Clause was to symbolically recognize what the leaders believed to be the core values of Canada. On a more practical level, it would require the courts to interpret the Constitution in accordance with the basic values outlined.
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order of government, analogous to the federal government and the provinces. In other words, Aboriginal governments would have been granted their own order of government, which would have been constitutionally autonomous from the federal and provincial levels of government. Aboriginal legislation, however, would have been required to be consistent with the principles of "peace, order, and good government in Canada", and would have been subject to judicial review under the
3924:
722:, only considered the consent of provincial legislatures and had no binding referendum mechanism. The government took an ambiguous stance, with speculation that if one or more recalcitrant provinces voted "No," the legislature could be convinced to pass the national package anyway. The minimum standard was generally seen to have been a majority "Yes" vote in Quebec and a majority of voters in favour of "Yes" amongst the other nine provinces collectively.
258:
held through a back channel. Broad agreement was made for the Meech Lake provisions to be included, a recognition of aboriginal self-government, and wholesale Senate reform that allowed for equality of the provinces. A misunderstanding on the back channel regarding Quebec's position on the latter created an impression that the agreement would be acceptable to the
National Assembly, and Clark announced that a consensus had been reached.
823:
36:
546:
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344:. Federal funding would also have been guaranteed for programs under provincial heads of power, such as Medicare, limiting the federal government's authority to negotiate national standards in return for funding increases. The accord also required the federal and provincial governments to harmonize policy in telecommunications, labour development and training, regional development, and immigration.
1961:, were reduced to two seats in the worst defeat of a sitting government at the federal level. They were replaced in most Western ridings by the Reform Party and in Quebec by the Bloc Québécois, parties who had opposed the Accord and who had not previously won seats as parties in any general election. The NDP was cut down to only nine seats. Both the PCs and NDP thereby lost
713:, but Quebec opted to conduct its vote provincially. One of the effects of the arrangement was that Quebecers "temporarily" living outside the province could have two votes, since they were enumerated to the voters' list based on federal rules, whereas people relatively new to Quebec could not vote at all because they had not established residency.
709:, which was duly passed by Parliament to provide a legal framework for the conduct of referendums on constitutional matters. Notably, the law explicitly gave the federal government the power to conduct such votes in only some provinces while excluding others. British Columbia and Alberta agreed to have their referendums overseen by
703:— had recently passed legislation requiring that constitutional amendments be submitted to a public referendum. At risk of a greater perception of unfairness if only three provinces were able to vote, Prime Minister Mulroney decided to go with a national referendum. Mulroney's government subsequently introduced the
892:, he ripped a piece of paper in half with a dramatic flourish to represent the historic gains for Quebec that would be threatened if the accord failed. Many voters, in fact, misinterpreted the action as a reference to the potential breakup of the country, with overtones of belligerence and intimidation.
257:
for pulling together a new constitutional agreement. Clark conducted over the period from
November 1991 to its culmination in August 1992 a series of negotiations with the non-Quebec premiers on a new constitutional accord. Representation for Quebec was not physically present, but communications were
1952:
Probably the most striking result of the referendum was the effect of most of Canada's population voting against an agreement endorsed by every first minister and most other political groups, and most media. Despite sustained political and media pressure, a majority of
Canadian voters were unwilling
303:
Beyond these general principles, the
Charlottetown Accord did not provide any details on the precise form that such Aboriginal self-government would have taken, or how the transition would have been effected. Further, it provided for a breathing period before Aboriginal groups could access the right
900:
gained national prominence by arguing that the accord represented an attempt to permanently cement Canada's power base in the Quebec-Ontario bloc at the expense of fast-growing, wealthy provinces like
Alberta and British Columbia that were challenging its authority. To proponents of such beliefs,
887:
Mulroney was already deeply unpopular with
Canadian voters, and was generally seen to have made a number of mistakes in the referendum campaign. Most famously, he referred to persons against the Accord as "enemies of Canada", and while speaking about the dangers of voting against the agreement in
402:
Changes were also proposed for the House of
Commons. Following the "equalization" of the Senate, the House's seat distribution would also be based more on population than previously, with more seats allotted to Ontario and the Western provinces. In exchange for Quebec losing Senate seats under a
393:
would have been reformed, with senators to be elected either in a general election or by provincial legislatures at the discretion of the provinces. Six would be assigned for every province and one for each territory, with additional seats able to be created for
Aboriginal voters. The enumerated
295:
The Accord would have substantially altered the status of
Aboriginal groups in Canadian political society. Under the Accord, an Aboriginal right to self-government would have been enshrined in the Canadian Constitution. Moreover, the Accord would have recognized Aboriginal governments as a third
883:
As the campaign progressed, the accord steadily became less and less popular. This is often credited to much of the electorate finding at least some aspect of the lengthy accord with which they disagreed and the extreme unpopularity of Prime
Minister Mulroney in 1992. Canada was experiencing a
749:
groups endorsed it as did some women's groups and business leaders. All ten provincial premiers supported it. Most major media and media figures seemed to support it. All three major party leaders travelled the country supporting the accord while large amounts of money were spent on pro-accord
261:
Mulroney, advised of the agreement while in Paris, was shocked and dismayed, as he believed the Senate arrangements would doom any agreement in Quebec. However, a refusal of the agreement would necessitate the resignation of the popular and influential Clark from Cabinet, crippling his already
304:
to self-government in the courts. This would have allowed the federal government and the provinces time to negotiate the details in the absence of court decisions. If, however, self-government was not realized during this period, then Aboriginal groups could litigate matters in the courts.
398:
and, in cases of deadlock, joint sittings between the Senate and the (much larger) House of Commons. On matters related to francophone culture and language, passage of a bill would require a majority in the Senate as a whole and a majority of (self-declared) francophone senators.
1932:
Many thought, from a perspective favouring national unity, that the result given was probably the next-best result to the Accord passing: since both Quebec and English Canada rejected it, there really was not a fundamental disagreement as there was with Meech. A division in the
307:
In addition to the principle of self-government, the Charlottetown Accord would have entrenched existing treaty rights in the Constitution (although it would not have created any additional treaty rights) and it would have given constitutional recognition to MĂ©tis rights.
1953:
to support the Accord. This stinging rebuke against the "political class" in Canada was a preview of things to come. Mulroney retired from politics in June 1993 after polls showed the Tories would be heavily defeated under his continued leadership. In the
180:) be exempted from the statute because the federal and provincial governments could not agree upon an amending formula for the acts. Negotiations between Ottawa and the provinces were finally successful in 1981, allowing Canada to
895:
The Accord was especially unpopular in Western provinces, where prominent figures argued that the Accord was essentially a document created by the nation's elites to codify their vision of what Canada "should" be. B.C. broadcaster
916:, responding to Mair's comments, said that Bourassa had been "outgunned" in the discussions. Despite a consensus victory by Bourassa in a television debate against Parizeau, the "Oui" campaign stalled at 45% in the polls.
1929:, an honour that usually goes to individual people. CBC said that this was the first time that the "country's newsrooms have selected a symbol instead of a specific person", which was done again in 2006, 2007, and 2020.
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The Accord declared that forestry, mining, natural resources, and cultural policy would become provincial jurisdictions, with the federal government retaining jurisdiction over national cultural bodies such as the
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884:
deepening recession since the Meech Lake Accord process ended on June 23, 1990, and many saw a political elite obsessed with constitutional affairs to the detriment of the health of the economy.
223:
stated that a referendum would occur in 1992 on either a new constitutional agreement with Canada or sovereignty for Quebec, and citing his dignity, refused to again negotiate as one province.
1529:
On October 26, 1992, two referendums, the Quebec government's referendum in Quebec, and the federal government's referendum in all other provinces and territories, were put to the voters.
262:
unpopular government. Mulroney decided to work with the agreement, and on August 28, 1992, the agreement known as the Charlottetown Accord was reached. It required intense negotiations in
366:, and provided for Aboriginal inclusion in certain circumstances. It also increased the number of matters in the existing constitutional amending formula that required unanimous consent.
912:
saying that Bourassa had "caved" in negotiations was played on a radio station. Further undermining the "Yes" vote in Quebec was when British Columbia's Constitutional Affairs minister
2010:, recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. As of 2023 there have been no further attempts to resolve the status of Quebec through a formal constitutional process.
1992:
235:
231:
2017:, Quebec received seats that were proportional to its population relative to Canada (23%), slightly fewer than the 25% of seats it would have been guaranteed under the Accord.
3476:
200:, and finally established an amending formula for the Canadian Constitution. These constitutional changes had the consent of all provincial governments except Quebec's.
2229:
750:
advertising. While many advocates of the accord acknowledged that it was a compromise and had many flaws, they also felt that without it the country would break apart.
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w More", opposing recognition of Quebec's "distinct society", Quebec's guarantee of 25% of House seats and arguing that Senate reform did not go far enough.
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could refer a bill passed by a provincial legislature to the federal government for assent or refusal, would have been abolished, and the federal power of
768:, he argued that the accord meant the end of Canada and was the effective disintegration of the federal government. He hosted a press conference at a
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3003:
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2014:
250:
2405:
359:, under which the federal government could overrule a provincial law that had already been signed into law, would have been severely limited.
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who promised not to revisit constitutional issues, and won a large majority in the new Parliament. The Liberals won nearly every seat in
435:. It also proposed the elimination of barriers to the free flow of goods, services, labour and capital, and other provisions related to
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2456:
2433:
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3186:
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2013:
Changes to Canada's population confirm that Quebec's 25% guarantee clause would have taken effect during seat distributions. During
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Unlike the Meech Lake Accord, the Charlottetown Accord's ratification process provided for a national referendum. Three provinces —
452:
3582:
3028:
734:
100:
17:
2219:
Cernetig, Miro (September 12, 1992). "Mulroney makes bid to turn Alberta tide: Weekend poll finds No side in control". p. D3.
2208:
Cernetig, Miro (September 12, 1992). "Mulroney makes bid to turn Alberta tide: Weekend poll finds No side in control". p. D3.
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3383:
1957:, a year less a day after the Charlottetown referendum, the Progressive Conservatives under Mulroney's successor, Prime Minister
197:
72:
2399:
3667:
3176:
2696:
1998:
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, several matters relating to the status of Quebec were pursued through Parliament (e.g., the
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348:
3694:
2942:
2371:
2344:
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844:
53:
79:
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1537:
Do you agree that the Constitution of Canada should be renewed on the basis of the agreement reached on August 28, 1992?
495:
Do you agree that the Constitution of Canada should be renewed on the basis of the agreement reached on August 28, 1992?
4610:
1944:
86:
3662:
3204:
2265:
2164:
Picard, Andre (October 26, 1992). "Both sides preach unity to Quebec: CROP poll gives No side wide lead". p. A4.
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870:
337:
119:
852:
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2074:
Discussed in "The Challenge of Direct Democracy", Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitt
1546:
Acceptez-vous que la Constitution du Canada soit renouvelée sur la base de l'entente conclue le 28 août 1992 ?
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4222:
3928:
3747:
3069:
2989:
68:
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2197:
Gagnon, Lysiane (September 12, 1992). "For Bourassa, the Yes campaign has got off to a shaky start". p. D3.
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2426:
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1954:
1926:
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57:
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Acceptez-vous que la Constitution du Canada soit renouvelée sur la base de l'entente conclue le 28 août 1992 ?
266:, Prince Edward Island, between federal, provincial and territorial governments, and representatives from the
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2057:
407:(dropping from 24 to 6), Quebec was guaranteed never to be allotted less than 25% of the seats in the House.
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powers of the Senate would be reduced, with the body's power to defeat legislation removed and replaced with
341:
3843:
3657:
2007:
382:
were to be constitutionally entrenched, ending the ambiguity surrounding the inclusion of the Court in the
215:
were not able to ratify the document by the deadline established. This was followed by a resurgence in the
165:
725:
The campaign began with the accord popular across English Canada, with a statistical dead heat in Quebec.
4517:
4422:
4002:
3797:
3319:
3064:
216:
1991:
One of the Accord's reforms dealing specifically with New Brunswick was successfully enacted in 1993 as
3354:
3298:
3074:
2003:
363:
173:
4605:
3716:
3699:
3148:
2419:
2038:
1693:
267:
212:
279:
3153:
3131:
1984:, and in spite of the Reform and Bloc breakthroughs won respectable numbers of seats in Quebec and
1966:
833:
716:
The referendum's measure of success was an open question, as the amending formula in Part V of the
271:
93:
4635:
4630:
3881:
3823:
3711:
3136:
3084:
3033:
837:
746:
738:
375:
275:
46:
2246:
3886:
3838:
3672:
3374:
3163:
3120:
3012:
783:
718:
192:
177:
145:
2411:
4537:
2929:
2447:
2136:
Bryden, Joan (November 6, 1991). "Support for proposals on the wane, poll finds". p. A6.
1962:
1825:
432:
153:
2360:
2186:
Picard, Andre (September 24, 1992). "Prominent businessman says Yes in Quebec". p. A10.
4506:
3833:
3828:
1934:
1759:
809:, both strongly opposed the Accord, as they believed it did not give Quebec enough powers.
806:
3364:
8:
4072:
3773:
3171:
2443:
798:
428:
352:
329:
733:
The campaign saw an alignment of disparate groups in support of the new amendments. The
4142:
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3813:
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3059:
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2333:
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2302:
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3101:
2367:
2340:
2309:
2091:
379:
239:
204:
4547:
4496:
4282:
4112:
4052:
3677:
3359:
3324:
3314:
2297:
1627:
802:
710:
692:
390:
4362:
4322:
4082:
1973:
772:
restaurant, the transcript of which was published and distributed in book form as
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3758:
3704:
2085:
2034:
1981:
1541:
794:
779:
404:
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220:
186:
137:
328:
The Charlottetown Accord attempted to resolve long-standing disputes around the
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4412:
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4132:
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1922:
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227:
169:
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Attempts to appease Quebec's enduring resentment and demands resulted in the
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1958:
1938:
1803:
764:
374:
The Accord proposed a number of major reforms to Federal institutions. The
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4202:
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1999:
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909:
630:
416:
362:
The accord formally institutionalized the federal-provincial-territorial
152:
federal and provincial governments in 1992. It was submitted to a public
1972:
The Liberals, despite their support for the accord, had a new leader in
415:
The accord also proposed a social charter to promote such objectives as
3343:
3079:
913:
902:
889:
436:
181:
2230:"Rejection of Charlottetown accord ended era of constitutional reform"
762:
was a prominent opponent of the Accord. In a piece first published in
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4162:
2111:
Fraser, Graham (August 31, 1992). "Not a 'clean launch'". p. A4.
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424:
246:
2040:
The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister
822:
35:
4452:
1909:, not by the federal Chief Electoral Officer as in other provinces.
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769:
453:
Referendums in Canada § Referendum on the Charlottetown Accord
208:
2402:: A clip of Brian Mulroney speaking after the defeat of the Accord
2362:
The Charlottetown Accord, the referendum, and the future of Canada
2122:"Few risks in referendum, poll says". August 31, 1992. p. A4.
1977:
1937:
over the accord brought former Liberal youth committee president
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1605:
696:
234:
to discuss Quebec's future and the federal government struck the
2304:
Constitutional Odyssey: can Canadians become a sovereign people?
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2335:
The challenge of direct democracy: the 1992 Canadian referendum
2058:"Charlottetown Accord: History and Overview - Mapleleafweb.com"
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2nd ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993), p. 231.
330:
division of powers between federal and provincial jurisdiction
242:
to find ways to resolve concerns in Canada's other provinces.
2249:(Report). Chief Electoral Office of Canada. 1994. p. 57.
2151:"Results and statistics from the October 26, 1992 referendum"
1847:
1551:
253:
on 21 April 1991, and was made responsible by Prime Minister
2322:
27:
Series of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada
316:
A central component of the Charlottetown Accord was the
3289:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
2002:) or through intergovernmental agreements. In 2006 the
3871:
3796:
2308:(3rd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2015:
Canada's 2012 redistribution of House of Commons seats
901:
opposing the accord became portrayed as a campaign of
3373:
3162:
3576:
Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
2269:, December 25, 2006, URL accessed 16 February 2010.
2175:"Yes side in a slide". October 3, 1992. p. A4.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2332:
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2050:
786:battled the Accord in the West with the slogan, "K
285:
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3592:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
3384:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
2353:
905:activism against the interests of the powerful.
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2143:
2047:
251:Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs
3096:Report on the Affairs of British North America
168:gave Canada legislative independence from the
144:) was a package of proposed amendments to the
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2339:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
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2400:History of Quebec and Canada Resource Centre
2395:Draft Legal Text of the Charlottetown Accord
2247:The 1992 Federal Referendum: A Challenge Met
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1942:
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3090:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
851:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4263:The referendum on the Charlottetown Accord
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3049:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
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1906:Directeur général des élections du Québec
871:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2366:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
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1921:The impact of the referendum caused the
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1419:
3365:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
3258:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
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2261:'Canadian Soldier' voted 2006 Newsmaker
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1903:Quebec's results were tabulated by the
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950:
443:, and development among the provinces.
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298:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
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4337:1999, as Newsmaker of the 20th Century
2971:Historical federal electoral districts
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3695:Individual ministerial responsibility
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1993:section 16.1 of the Charter of Rights
207:, which failed when the provinces of
4528:Children lost in residential schools
3263:Matters of a local or private nature
1955:federal election on October 25, 1993
849:adding citations to reliable sources
816:
812:
637:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3892:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
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3872:Provincial constitutions of Canada
3798:Interpretation of the Constitution
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2043:. Random House Canada. p. 11.
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25:
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3663:Cabinet collective responsibility
3205:Peace, order, and good government
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2845:29th (1973–1974; no by-elections)
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2266:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2236:, By John D. Whyte. Oct. 26, 2012
635:Results by province and territory
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386:, but not its governing statute.
338:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
226:The Quebec government set up the
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3024:List of constitutional documents
2153:. Élections Québec. 17 May 2021.
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908:In Quebec, a tape featuring two
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184:its constitution by passing the
156:on October 26 and was defeated.
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1927:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year
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286:Topics addressed by the Accord
198:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
13:
1:
4626:History of Canada (1982–1992)
3779:Other unsuccessful amendments
2389:Charlottetown Accord document
2087:A Mess That Deserves a Big NO
2020:
1945:Action démocratique du Québec
774:A Mess That Deserves a Big No
753:
351:, under which the provincial
323:
176:(the written portions of the
166:Statute of Westminster (1931)
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3844:Interjurisdictional immunity
3668:Disallowance and reservation
3320:Statute of Westminster, 1931
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782:'s fledgling, western-based
172:. Canada requested that the
7:
4003:William Lyon Mackenzie King
3220:Matters excepted from s. 92
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1560:
1554:
217:Quebec sovereignty movement
10:
4652:
4516:Front-line workers in the
3809:Indigenous self-government
3299:British North America Acts
3085:Constitutional Act of 1791
3075:Royal Proclamation of 1763
3070:Constitution of New France
2004:House of Commons of Canada
1868:
1846:
1824:
1802:
1780:
1758:
1736:
1714:
1692:
1670:
1648:
1626:
1604:
1584:
1524:
728:
470:October 26, 1992
450:
291:Aboriginal self-government
236:Beaudoin–Edwards Committee
232:Bélanger–Campeau Committee
174:British North America Acts
4611:1992 in Canadian politics
4561:
3978:
3904:
3877:
3866:
3804:
3791:
3754:
3741:
3717:Parliamentary sovereignty
3658:At His Majesty's pleasure
3653:
3640:
3607:
3591:
3575:
3382:
3350:
3337:
3294:
3283:
3253:Administration of justice
3248:Property and civil rights
3228:
3195:
3127:
3114:
3055:
3042:
3019:
2961:Federal political parties
2956:
2928:
2695:
2455:
2408:Canada parliament library
2391:The Canadian encyclopedia
1943:
1905:
1568:
735:Progressive Conservatives
628:
619:
604:Registered voters/turnout
522:
519:
510:
505:
493:
462:
276:Inuit Tapirisat of Canada
268:Assembly of First Nations
4538:Canada convoy protesters
3154:Fathers of Confederation
3034:Quasi-constitutional law
2331:; Nevitte, Neil (1996).
2084:Trudeau, Pierre (1992).
1967:35th Canadian Parliament
1890:
272:Native Council of Canada
18:1992 Canadian referendum
3882:Constitution of Alberta
3824:Equal authenticity rule
3712:Parliamentary privilege
3149:London Conference, 1866
3137:Quebec Conference, 1864
2280:Constitutional Odyssey,
2008:Québécois nation motion
575:Invalid or blank votes
376:Supreme Court of Canada
142:Accord de Charlottetown
4616:Constitution of Canada
3887:Constitution of Quebec
3839:Implied Bill of Rights
3673:Responsible government
3375:Constitution Act, 1982
3355:Fulton–Favreau formula
3325:Newfoundland Act, 1949
3315:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
3243:Works and undertakings
3164:Constitution Act, 1867
3013:Constitution of Canada
758:Former Prime Minister
745:supported the accord.
719:Constitution Act, 1982
498:
384:Constitution Act, 1982
280:MĂ©tis National Council
245:Former Prime Minister
193:Constitution Act, 1982
178:Constitution of Canada
146:Constitution of Canada
141:
69:"Charlottetown Accord"
4621:Referendums in Canada
3748:Constitutional debate
3060:Iroquois constitution
2090:. Robert Davies Pub.
1963:official party status
1826:Northwest Territories
1578:Breakdown by province
1420:British Columbia only
433:collective bargaining
380:governing legislation
347:The federal power of
190:, which included the
4507:Jody Wilson-Raybould
4393:The Canadian Soldier
3769:Charlottetown Accord
3065:Mi'kmaq constitution
2406:Charlottetown Accord
2354:McRoberts, Kenneth;
1935:Quebec Liberal Party
1760:Prince Edward Island
845:improve this section
743:New Democratic Party
370:Institutional reform
364:consultative process
134:Charlottetown Accord
54:improve this article
3774:Calgary Declaration
3172:Canadian federalism
2920:44th (2021–present)
2356:Monahan, Patrick J.
2329:Gidengil, Elisabeth
2323:Johnston, Richard;
2064:. 10 February 2009.
1224:September 19, 1992
1194:September 30, 1992
459:
353:lieutenant governor
342:National Film Board
4573:History portal
3854:Dialogue principle
3814:Pith and substance
3683:King-in-Parliament
3608:Part VII – General
3305:Manitoba Act, 1870
3210:Trade and commerce
3142:Quebec Resolutions
3080:Quebec Act of 1774
457:
441:standard of living
148:, proposed by the
4593:
4592:
4585:Canada portal
4518:COVID-19 pandemic
4123:Lester B. Pearson
4093:Lester B. Pearson
4043:Lester B. Pearson
4023:Lester B. Pearson
4013:Louis St. Laurent
3993:Barbara Ann Scott
3938:
3937:
3917:Canada portal
3900:
3899:
3862:
3861:
3787:
3786:
3764:Meech Lake Accord
3737:
3736:
3727:Royal prerogative
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3333:
3332:
3310:Alberta Act, 1905
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3110:
3109:
3102:Act of Union 1840
2979:
2978:
2457:General elections
2373:978-1-4875-7768-1
2346:978-0-7735-1504-8
2315:978-0-8020-3936-1
2298:Russell, Peter H.
2278:Russell, Peter.
1888:
1887:
1575:
1574:
1548:
1522:
1521:
1417:
1416:
1311:
1310:
1282:October 29, 1991
1164:October 22, 1992
1087:
1086:
1058:October 29, 1991
881:
880:
873:
813:Waning popularity
689:
688:
683:
682:
615:
614:
484:
483:
396:suspensive vetoes
240:Spicer commission
228:Allaire Committee
205:Meech Lake Accord
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4643:
4606:1992 referendums
4583:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4548:Pierre Poilievre
4497:Humboldt Broncos
4423:Russell Williams
4283:Jacques Parizeau
4113:John Diefenbaker
4053:John Diefenbaker
3965:
3958:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3868:
3867:
3849:Purposive theory
3793:
3792:
3743:
3742:
3678:Fusion of powers
3642:
3641:
3380:
3379:
3371:
3370:
3360:Victoria Charter
3339:
3338:
3285:
3284:
3193:
3192:
3160:
3159:
3116:
3115:
3044:
3043:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2915:43rd (2019–2021)
2910:42nd (2015–2019)
2905:41st (2011–2015)
2900:40th (2008–2011)
2895:39th (2006–2008)
2890:38th (2004–2006)
2885:37th (2000–2004)
2880:36th (1997–2000)
2875:35th (1994–1997)
2870:34th (1988–1993)
2865:33rd (1984–1988)
2860:32nd (1980–1984)
2850:30th (1974–1979)
2846:
2840:28th (1968–1972)
2835:27th (1965–1968)
2830:26th (1963–1965)
2825:25th (1962–1963)
2820:24th (1958–1962)
2815:23rd (1957–1958)
2810:22nd (1953–1957)
2805:21st (1949–1953)
2800:20th (1945–1949)
2795:19th (1940–1945)
2790:18th (1936–1940)
2785:17th (1930–1935)
2780:16th (1926–1930)
2770:14th (1921–1925)
2765:13th (1918–1921)
2760:12th (1911–1917)
2755:11th (1909–1911)
2750:10th (1905–1908)
2436:
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2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2062:mapleleafweb.com
2054:
2045:
2044:
2035:Newman, Peter C.
2031:
1948:
1947:
1925:to label it the
1910:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1628:British Columbia
1582:
1581:
1552:
1540:
1464:Official results
1459:October 26, 1992
1447:
1427:Completion Date
1424:
1423:
1358:Official results
1353:October 26, 1992
1341:
1321:Completion Date
1318:
1317:
1134:Official results
1129:October 26, 1992
1117:
1097:Completion Date
1094:
1093:
1028:August 16, 1992
969:Official results
964:October 26, 1992
952:
932:Completion Date
929:
928:
876:
869:
865:
862:
856:
825:
817:
803:Jacques Parizeau
711:Elections Canada
693:British Columbia
676:
670:
664:
653:
647:
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633:
624:
623:
605:
548:
547:
532:
531:
512:
511:
489:
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477:
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464:
463:
460:
456:
431:protection, and
391:Senate of Canada
125:
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111:
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62:
38:
30:
21:
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4646:
4645:
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4640:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4557:
4463:Patrice Vincent
4313:Sheldon Kennedy
4293:Lucien Bouchard
3974:
3969:
3939:
3934:
3911:
3909:
3896:
3873:
3858:
3800:
3783:
3759:Triple-E Senate
3750:
3733:
3705:Question Period
3649:
3624:
3603:
3587:
3571:
3369:
3346:
3329:
3290:
3267:
3230:
3224:
3197:
3191:
3158:
3123:
3106:
3051:
3038:
3015:
3010:
2980:
2975:
2952:
2924:
2844:
2745:9th (1901–1904)
2740:8th (1896–1900)
2735:7th (1891–1896)
2730:6th (1887–1891)
2725:5th (1883–1887)
2720:4th (1879–1882)
2715:3rd (1874–1878)
2710:2nd (1873–1874)
2705:1st (1867–1872)
2691:
2451:
2440:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2358:, eds. (1993).
2347:
2316:
2292:
2290:Further reading
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2273:
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2032:
2028:
2023:
1982:Atlantic Canada
1919:
1914:
1913:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1848:Yukon Territory
1580:
1539:
1527:
1422:
1316:
1092:
927:
922:
877:
866:
860:
857:
842:
826:
815:
807:Parti Québécois
795:Lucien Bouchard
780:Preston Manning
756:
731:
685:
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455:
449:
413:
411:Social Charters
405:Triple-E Senate
372:
326:
314:
293:
288:
221:Robert Bourassa
187:Canada Act 1982
162:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4649:
4639:
4638:
4636:1992 documents
4633:
4631:1992 in Quebec
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4575:
4562:
4559:
4558:
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4504:
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4502:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4477:Justin Trudeau
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:Nathan Cirillo
4460:
4459:
4458:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4413:Stephen Harper
4410:
4409:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4343:Pierre Trudeau
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:Pierre Trudeau
4330:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4303:Donovan Bailey
4300:
4299:
4298:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4253:Brian Mulroney
4250:
4249:
4248:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:Michael Wilson
4230:
4229:
4228:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4193:Brian Mulroney
4190:
4189:
4188:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:Pierre Trudeau
4150:
4149:
4148:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:Pierre Trudeau
4130:
4129:
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4120:
4119:
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4063:Joey Smallwood
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3700:Interpellation
3697:
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3690:Implied repeal
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2383:External links
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1923:Canadian Press
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1549:
1532:The Question:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
989:
987:
985:
983:
978:
973:
971:
966:
960:
959:
956:
953:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
926:
923:
921:
918:
879:
878:
829:
827:
820:
814:
811:
799:Bloc Québécois
760:Pierre Trudeau
755:
752:
730:
727:
706:Referendum Act
687:
686:
681:
680:
673:
667:
661:
656:
650:
644:
636:
634:
626:
625:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
606:
600:
599:
594:
589:
583:
582:
579:
576:
572:
571:
568:
565:
561:
560:
555:
550:
541:
540:
537:
534:
525:
524:
521:
518:
515:
508:
507:
503:
502:
494:
491:
490:
482:
481:
479:
467:
448:
447:The referendum
445:
412:
409:
371:
368:
325:
322:
313:
310:
292:
289:
287:
284:
255:Brian Mulroney
249:was appointed
170:United Kingdom
161:
158:
128:
127:
110:September 2021
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4648:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4443:Luka Magnotta
4441:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4363:Jean Chrétien
4361:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4353:Stockwell Day
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4323:Jean Chrétien
4321:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:Elijah Harper
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4183:Wayne Gretzky
4181:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4143:René Lévesque
4141:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4103:Lucien Rivard
4101:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4083:RĂ©al Caouette
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3983:Igor Gouzenko
3981:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3931:
3930:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Double aspect
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:Reserve power
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3286:
3282:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:Powers under
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3121:Confederation
3117:
3113:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2215:
2204:
2193:
2182:
2171:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2132:
2130:
2118:
2107:
2099:
2097:9782890192508
2093:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:Jean Chrétien
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1900:
1896:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1672:New Brunswick
1669:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:October 1992
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1430:Polling firm
1429:
1426:
1425:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:October 1992
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:Polling firm
1323:
1320:
1319:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:August, 1992
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1100:Polling firm
1099:
1096:
1095:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:August, 1992
997:
996:
993:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
935:Polling firm
934:
931:
930:
925:All of Canada
920:Opinion polls
917:
915:
911:
906:
904:
899:
893:
891:
885:
875:
872:
864:
854:
850:
846:
840:
839:
835:
830:This section
828:
824:
819:
818:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
775:
771:
767:
766:
761:
751:
748:
747:First Nations
744:
740:
736:
726:
723:
721:
720:
714:
712:
708:
707:
702:
698:
694:
660:
657:
643:
640:
639:
632:
627:
618:
610:
607:
602:
601:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
563:
562:
559:
556:
554:
551:
543:
542:
538:
535:
527:
526:
514:
513:
509:
504:
500:
492:
480:
478:
468:
466:
465:
461:
454:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:environmental
426:
422:
418:
408:
406:
400:
397:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
367:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
333:
331:
321:
319:
318:Canada Clause
312:Canada Clause
309:
305:
301:
299:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:Charlottetown
259:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
194:
189:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4273:Kim Campbell
4262:
4033:Marilyn Bell
3927:
3908:
3768:
3215:Criminal law
3196:Powers under
2947:
2697:By-elections
2685:
2361:
2334:
2325:Blais, André
2303:
2279:
2274:
2264:
2255:
2241:
2234:Toronto Star
2233:
2225:
2214:
2203:
2192:
2181:
2170:
2159:
2117:
2106:
2086:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2039:
2029:
2012:
1997:
1990:
1971:
1959:Kim Campbell
1951:
1941:to form the
1939:Mario Dumont
1931:
1920:
1899:
1869:Nation total
1804:Saskatchewan
1694:Newfoundland
1585:Jurisdiction
1569:
1562:
1556:
1545:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1504:
1486:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1450:Sample Size
1399:
1381:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1344:Sample Size
1314:Alberta only
1293:
1262:
1235:
1205:
1175:
1157:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1120:Sample Size
1066:
1036:
1009:
991:
980:
975:
968:
963:
907:
894:
886:
882:
867:
858:
843:Please help
831:
792:
787:
784:Reform Party
778:
773:
763:
757:
732:
724:
717:
715:
704:
690:
677: 70–79%
671: 60–69%
665: 50–59%
658:
654: 60–69%
648: 50–59%
641:
596:
591:
586:
564:Valid votes
557:
552:
469:
414:
401:
388:
383:
373:
361:
357:disallowance
346:
334:
327:
317:
315:
306:
302:
297:
294:
260:
244:
225:
213:Newfoundland
202:
191:
185:
163:
133:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4487:Gord Downie
4433:Jack Layton
4383:John Gomery
4373:Paul Martin
4223:Ben Johnson
4213:Rick Hansen
4203:Steve Fonyo
4073:James Coyne
3834:Living tree
3829:Paramountcy
3647:Conventions
3301:, 1867–1982
3187:Section 125
3182:Section 121
2930:Referendums
2855:31st (1979)
2775:15th (1926)
2448:referendums
2006:passed the
2000:Clarity Act
1716:Nova Scotia
1496:Angus Reid
1391:Angus Reid
1285:Angus Reid
1257:Environics
1090:Quebec only
1061:Angus Reid
910:bureaucrats
861:August 2021
608:18,598,931
587:Total votes
567:13,736,634
417:health care
349:reservation
4600:Categories
3344:Patriation
3231:Section 92
3198:Section 91
2021:References
1442:Undecided
1336:Undecided
1154:3,945,189
1112:Undecided
947:Undecided
914:Moe Sihota
903:grassroots
890:Sherbrooke
754:Opposition
741:, and the
592:13,873,364
536:6,185,902
474:1992-10-26
451:See also:
437:employment
324:Federalism
219:. Premier
160:Background
154:referendum
80:newspapers
4491:2016–2017
4417:2008–2009
4377:2003–2004
4217:1986–1987
4197:1983–1984
4177:1980–1981
4173:Terry Fox
4163:Joe Clark
4147:1976–1977
4137:1968–1975
4097:1963–1964
4057:1957–1960
4047:1955–1956
4027:1950–1953
3238:Licensing
2450:in Canada
2444:elections
2259:CBC.ca, "
1949:in 1994.
1917:Aftermath
1875:5,325,049
1872:4,482,031
1789:2,236,114
1786:1,709,075
1745:2,395,465
1742:2,409,713
1635:1,139,127
1588:Yes votes
1561:Yes/Oui:
898:Rafe Mair
832:does not
765:Maclean's
553:7,550,732
425:education
247:Joe Clark
4453:Rob Ford
3929:Category
3392:Preamble
3177:Preamble
2442:Federal
2300:(2004).
2037:(2005).
1650:Manitoba
1600:Turnout
1591:No votes
1555:No/Non:
1378:484,472
1031:Insight
770:Montreal
739:Liberals
578:136,730
497:French:
378:and its
340:and the
278:and the
238:and the
230:and the
209:Manitoba
196:and the
182:patriate
150:Canadian
1978:Ontario
1965:in the
1811:251,441
1808:203,525
1738:Ontario
1723:229,690
1720:218,967
1698:133,583
1679:114,885
1676:234,469
1657:320,918
1654:199,905
1632:528,773
1613:732,457
1610:484,472
1606:Alberta
1525:Results
1433:Source
1327:Source
1103:Source
955:Sample
938:Source
853:removed
838:sources
729:Support
697:Alberta
611:74.59%
597:100.00%
570:99.01%
539:45.03%
506:Results
472: (
421:welfare
94:scholar
3098:(1839)
3092:(1838)
2370:
2343:
2312:
2094:
1830:14,723
1782:Quebec
1767:17,128
1764:48,541
1701:77,742
1594:Yes(%)
1542:French
1246:1,016
1216:1,016
1197:Leger
1186:1,016
1080:1,500
737:, the
701:Quebec
699:, and
679:
675:
669:
663:
652:
646:
581:0.99%
558:54.97%
520:Votes
516:Choice
274:, the
270:, the
138:French
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1891:Notes
1884:71.8
1864:70.0
1855:6,916
1852:5,360
1842:70.4
1833:9,280
1820:68.7
1798:82.8
1776:70.5
1754:71.9
1732:67.8
1710:53.3
1688:72.2
1666:70.6
1644:76.7
1622:72.6
1597:No(%)
1563:45.7%
1557:54.3%
1453:Lead
1347:Lead
1227:CROP
1210:28.4
1202:28.8
1167:CROP
1123:Lead
1001:CROP
976:45.7%
958:Lead
101:JSTOR
87:books
4552:2023
4542:2022
4532:2021
4522:2020
4511:2019
4501:2018
4481:2015
4471:2014
4465:and
4457:2013
4447:2012
4437:2011
4427:2010
4407:2007
4403:RCMP
4397:2006
4387:2005
4367:2002
4357:2001
4347:2000
4327:1998
4317:1997
4307:1996
4297:1995
4287:1994
4277:1993
4267:1992
4257:1991
4247:1990
4237:1989
4227:1988
4207:1985
4187:1982
4167:1979
4157:1978
4127:1967
4117:1966
4107:1965
4087:1962
4077:1961
4067:1959
4037:1954
4017:1949
4007:1948
3997:1947
3987:1946
3477:16.1
2948:1992
2943:1942
2938:1898
2686:Next
2680:2021
2675:2019
2670:2015
2665:2011
2660:2008
2655:2006
2650:2004
2645:2000
2640:1997
2635:1993
2630:1988
2625:1984
2620:1980
2615:1979
2610:1974
2605:1972
2600:1968
2595:1965
2590:1963
2585:1962
2580:1958
2575:1957
2570:1953
2565:1949
2560:1945
2555:1940
2550:1935
2545:1930
2540:1926
2535:1925
2530:1921
2525:1917
2520:1911
2515:1908
2510:1904
2505:1900
2500:1896
2495:1891
2490:1887
2485:1882
2480:1878
2475:1874
2470:1872
2465:1867
2446:and
2368:ISBN
2341:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2092:ISBN
1980:and
1881:54.3
1878:45.7
1861:56.3
1858:43.7
1839:38.7
1836:61.3
1817:55.3
1814:44.7
1795:56.7
1792:43.3
1773:26.2
1770:73.9
1751:49.9
1748:50.1
1729:51.2
1726:48.8
1707:36.8
1704:63.2
1685:38.2
1682:61.8
1663:61.6
1660:38.4
1641:68.3
1638:31.7
1619:60.2
1616:39.8
1487:36.6
1476:68.3
1471:31.7
1436:Yes
1382:13.4
1370:60.2
1365:39.8
1330:Yes
1206:42.8
1158:13.4
1146:56.7
1141:43.3
1106:Yes
1077:2.5
992:8.6%
981:54.3
941:Yes
836:any
834:cite
801:and
533:Yes
389:The
211:and
164:The
132:The
73:news
2263:,"
1518:20
1501:30
1439:No
1413:20
1404:10
1396:35
1333:No
1307:14
1298:25
1290:23
1270:18
1267:39
1240:33
1232:38
1219:14
1189:14
1180:17
1172:31
1109:No
1074:20
1071:40
1053:47
1044:13
1041:20
1014:33
1006:37
944:No
847:by
805:'s
797:'s
659:Yes
549:No
56:by
4602::
3620:59
3615:52
3599:36
3583:35
3567:34
3562:33
3557:32
3552:31
3547:30
3542:29
3537:28
3532:27
3527:26
3522:25
3517:24
3512:23
3507:22
3502:21
3497:20
3492:19
3487:18
3482:17
3472:16
3467:15
3462:14
3457:13
3452:12
3447:11
3442:10
2327:;
2232:.
2142:^
2128:^
2060:.
2049:^
1995:.
1988:.
1969:.
1544::
1515:—
1512:—
1509:9
1505:61
1446:ME
1410:6
1407:—
1400:55
1340:ME
1304:—
1301:—
1294:52
1277:5
1263:43
1249:8
1243:3
1236:46
1213:3
1183:3
1176:52
1116:ME
1083:1
1067:41
1050:—
1047:—
1037:67
1023:7
1020:—
1017:—
1010:37
951:ME
788:NO
776:.
695:,
642:No
523:%
439:,
427:,
423:,
419:,
332:.
300:.
282:.
140::
3964:e
3957:t
3950:v
3437:9
3432:8
3427:7
3422:6
3417:5
3412:4
3407:3
3402:2
3397:1
3005:e
2998:t
2991:v
2435:e
2428:t
2421:v
2376:.
2349:.
2318:.
2100:.
1570:â–˛
874:)
868:(
863:)
859:(
855:.
841:.
476:)
136:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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