1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

4686:, Zhao Ziyang's aide, was the highest-ranking official to be formally charged with a crime connected with 1989 demonstrations. He was convicted in 1992 of "revealing state secrets and counter-revolutionary propagandizing" and served seven years in prison. To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators from among the party's rank-and-file, the party leadership initiated a one-and-a-half-year-long rectification program to "deal strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. More than 30,000 Communist officers were deployed to assess the "political reliability" of more than one million government officials. The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked in the street; others were arrested at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, and torture was not uncommon. 5355: 5367: 4154: 5383: 4789:. Privately run print media then again flourished. Private newspapers increased from 250 in the 1980s to over 7,000 by 2003. Provincially-run, satellite TV stations sprang up all over the country and challenged the market share of state-run CCTV. The leadership also stepped away from promoting communism as an all-encompassing belief system. State-approved religious organizations increased their membership significantly, and traditional beliefs suppressed during the Mao era re-appeared. This state-sanctioned plurality also created an environment for unsanctioned forms of spirituality and worship to grow. To reduce the need for controversial methods of state control, Protestants, Buddhists, and Taoists were often used by the state as "approved" denominations to "fight against cults" such as 4950:

in 1992, visiting various cities in the country's most prosperous regions while advocating for further economic reforms. Partly in response to Deng, by the mid-1990s the country was again pursuing market liberalization on a scale even greater than those seen in the initial stages of the reforms in the 1980s. Although political liberals were purged from within the party, many of those who were economically liberal remained. The economic shocks caused by the events of 1989, in retrospect, had only a minor and temporary effect on China's economic growth. Indeed, with many previously aggrieved groups now regarding political liberalization as a lost cause, more of their energy was spent on economic activities. The economy would quickly regain momentum into the 1990s.

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meet increased demand in the areas of agriculture, light industry, services, and foreign investment. The job market was especially limited for students specializing in social sciences and the humanities. Moreover, private companies no longer needed to accept students assigned to them by the state, and many high-paying jobs were offered based on nepotism and favoritism. Gaining a good state-assigned placement meant navigating a highly inefficient bureaucracy that gave power to officials who had little expertise in areas under their jurisdiction. Facing a dismal job market and limited chances of going abroad, intellectuals and students had a greater vested interest in political issues. Small study groups, such as the "Democracy Salon" (

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internal discord, and increasingly diluted by declining engagement from the student body at large. In this context, a group of charismatic leaders, including Wang Dan and Wu'erkaixi, desired to regain momentum. They also distrusted the government's offers of dialogue, dismissing them as merely a ploy designed to play for time and pacify the students. To break from the moderate and incremental approach now adopted by other major student leaders, these few began calling for a return to more confrontational tactics. They settled on a plan of mobilizing students for a hunger strike that would begin on 13 May. Early attempts to mobilize others to join them met with only modest success until

2679:. Fang was part of a wide undercurrent within the elite intellectual community that thought China's poverty and underdevelopment, and the disaster of the Cultural Revolution, were a direct result of China's authoritarian political system and rigid command economy. The view that political reform was the only answer to China's ongoing problems gained widespread appeal among students, as Fang's recorded speeches became widely circulated throughout the country. In response, Deng Xiaoping warned that Fang was blindly worshipping Western lifestyles, capitalism, and multi-party systems while undermining China's socialist ideology, traditional values, and the party's leadership. 4251:, appearing in public for the first time since the protests began, delivered a speech praising the "martyrs" (PLA soldiers who had died). Deng stated that the goal of the student movement was to overthrow the party and the state. Of the protesters, Deng said: "Their goal is to establish a totally Western-dependent bourgeois republic." Deng argued that protesters had complained about corruption to cover their real motive, replacing the socialist system. He said that "the entire imperialist Western world plans to make all socialist countries discard the socialist road and then bring them under the monopoly of international capital and onto the capitalist road." 3478:

and Xinjiang. Without a clearly articulated official position from the Beijing leadership, local authorities did not know how to respond. Because the demonstrations now included a wide array of social groups, each having its own set of grievances, it became increasingly unclear with whom the government should negotiate and what the demands were. The government, still split on how to deal with the movement, saw its authority and legitimacy gradually erode as the hunger strikers took the limelight and gained widespread sympathy. These combined circumstances put immense pressure on the authorities to act, and martial law was discussed as an appropriate response.

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lead to struggles for control of the loudspeakers in the middle of the square in a series of "mini-coups": whoever controlled the loudspeakers was "in charge" of the movement. Some students would wait at the train station to greet arrivals of students from other parts of the country in an attempt to enlist factional support. Student groups began accusing each other of ulterior motives, such as collusion with the government and trying to gain personal fame from the movement. Some students even tried to oust Chai Ling, and Feng Congde from their leadership positions in an attempted kidnapping, an action Chai called a "well-organized and premeditated plot".

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made within China return censored results or result in temporarily severed server connections. Specific web pages with select keywords are censored while other websites, such as those which support the overseas Chinese democracy movement, are blocked wholesale. The policy is much more stringent with regard to Chinese-language sites than it is with regard to foreign-language ones. Social media censorship is more stringent in the weeks leading up to the anniversaries of the massacre; even oblique references to the protests and seemingly unrelated terms are usually very aggressively patrolled and censored. In January 2006,

3930: 5399: 5065: 751: 5432: 2452: 357: 379: 5008: 79: 68: 4300: 3799:, as well as the cultivation of pro-American ideologies among Chinese students studying abroad as a long-term strategy. Furthermore, the report also resolved that U.S. intelligence had made efforts to get close to leaders of several Chinese institutions; According to the report, a CIA agent from the U.S. Embassy had nearly fifty contacts between 1981 and 1988, fifteen of whom were associated with the Economic Restructuring Commission. The report advocated for immediate military action, and was viewed as providing one of the best justifications for it. 3341: 3989:, about 5 km west of the square. After protesters repelled an attempt by an anti-riot brigade to storm the bridge, regular troops advanced on the crowd and turned their weapons on them. Soldiers alternated between shooting into the air and firing directly at protesters. Soldiers raked apartment buildings with gunfire, and some people inside or on their balconies were shot. As the army advanced, fatalities were recorded along Chang'an Avenue. By far, the largest number occurred in the two-mile stretch of road running from Muxidi to 5171:

After the protests, officials banned controversial films and books and shut down many newspapers. Within a year, 12% of all newspapers, 8% of all publishing companies, 13% of all social science periodicals, and more than 150 films were either banned or shut down. The government also announced that it had seized 32 million contraband books and 2.4 million video and audio cassettes. Access to media and Internet resources about the subject are either restricted or blocked by censors. Banned literature and films include

3945: 393: 5050:, increasingly isolated internationally. This was a significant setback for the leadership, who had courted international investment for much of the 1980s, as the country emerged from the chaos of the Cultural Revolution; however, Deng Xiaoping and the core leadership vowed to continue economic liberalization policies after 1989. From there on, China would work domestically and internationally to reshape its national image from that of a repressive regime to that of a benign global economic and military partner. 4850: 3907: 3432:

incoherent demands to the leadership. Shortly after student leaders learned that the event had not been broadcast nationally, as initially promised by the government, the meeting fell apart. Yan then personally went to the square to appeal to the students, even offering himself to be held hostage. Yan also took the student's pleas to Li Peng the next day, asking Li to consider formally retracting the 26 April Editorial and rebranding the movement as "patriotic and democratic"; Li refused.

5460: 3178: 3244:—an event that was initially branded an anti-government conspiracy but was later rehabilitated as "patriotic" under Deng's leadership. The article enraged students, who interpreted it as a direct indictment of the protests and its cause. The editorial backfired: instead of scaring students into submission, it antagonized the students and put them squarely against the government. The editorial's polarizing nature made it a major sticking point for the remainder of the protests. 3851:—who remained after Zhao Ziyang and Hu Qili had been ousted. The committee members agreed to clear the square so "the riot can be halted and order be restored to the Capital". They also agreed that the square needed to be cleared as peacefully as possible; but if protesters did not cooperate, the troops would be authorized to use force to complete the job. That day, state-run newspapers reported that troops were positioned in ten key areas in the city. Units of the 5488: 4373:, whose children were killed by the government during the crackdown, have identified 202 victims as of August 2011. In the face of government interference, the group has worked painstakingly to locate victims' families and collect information about the victims. Their tally had grown from 155 in 1999 to 202 in 2011. The list includes four individuals who committed suicide on or after 4 June for reasons related to their involvement in the demonstrations. 2715: 5446: 808: 3154:(PSC). Zhao stressed three points: discourage students from further protests and ask them to go back to class, use all measures necessary to combat rioting, and open forms of dialogue with students at different levels of government. Premier Li Peng called upon Zhao to condemn protestors and recognize the need to take more serious action. Zhao dismissed Li's views. Despite calls for him to remain in Beijing, Zhao left for a scheduled state visit to 5474: 4606:, citing a provincial government, 1,602 individuals were imprisoned for protest-related activities in early 1989. As of May 2012, at least two remain incarcerated in Beijing, and five others remain unaccounted for. In June 2014, it was reported that Miao Deshun was believed to be the last known prisoner incarcerated for their participation in the protests; he was last heard from a decade ago. All are reported to have mental illnesses. 3114:) made a brief, emotional speech begging for Li Peng to come out and speak with them. The larger number of students still in the square but outside the cordon were at times emotional, shouting demands or slogans and rushing toward police. Wu'erkaixi calmed the crowd as they waited for the Premier to emerge. However, no leaders emerged from the Great Hall, leaving the students disappointed and angry; some called for a classroom boycott. 4959: 875: 4063:

Xinguo relayed their request to Martial Law Headquarters, who agreed to the students' request. Ji Xinguo informed them of this and told them to exit to the south. After Hou and Zhou returned to the square, they called for an immediate evacuation, and the Martial Law Headquarters announced, "Students, we appreciate that you will leave the Square voluntarily. Students, please leave in the southeastern direction."

3364:. Knowing that Gorbachev's welcoming ceremony was scheduled to be held on the square, student leaders wanted to use the hunger strike to force the government into meeting their demands. Moreover, the hunger strike gained widespread sympathy from the population at large and earned the student movement the moral high ground that it sought. By the afternoon of 13 May, some 300,000 were gathered at the square. 3150:. In Xi'an, arson by rioters destroyed cars and houses, and looting occurred in shops near the city's Xihua Gate. In Changsha, 38 stores were ransacked by looters. Over 350 people were arrested in both cities for looting. In Wuhan, university students organized protests against the provincial government. As the situation became more volatile nationally, Zhao Ziyang called numerous meetings of the 2588:, the party leadership under Deng agreed to implement a transition to a market-based pricing system. News of the relaxation of price controls triggered waves of cash withdrawals, buying, and hoarding all over China. The government panicked and rescinded the price reforms in less than two weeks, but there was a pronounced impact for much longer. Inflation soared; official indices reported that the 418: 3259: 4031:

the three occupants were forced out of the vehicle by the heat, students escorted the three men to a medic station. However, according to other accounts, including an eyewitness account of a Chinese-American reporter, the soldiers were attacked by the crowd: Two soldiers were burned alive inside the APC, and a third was beaten to death in full view of other soldiers.

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requests. Meanwhile, those responsible for the use of excessive force had not "faced any sanction, administrative or criminal." The Committee recommended that the Chinese government should take all of those steps, plus "offer apologies and reparation as appropriate and prosecute those found responsible for excessive use of force, torture and other ill-treatment."

3187: 3971:, and made an attempt to break through. Troops armed with anti-riot gear clashed with the protesters, firing rubber bullets and tear gas, while the protesters threw rocks, bricks, and bottles at them. Other troops fired warning shots into the air, which was ineffective. At 10:10 pm, an army officer picked up a megaphone and urged the protesters to disperse. 5093:

way for multinational corporations to turn a blind eye to politics and human rights in favor of focusing on business interests. Since then, Western leaders who were previously critical of China have sometimes paid lip service to the legacy of Tiananmen in bilateral meetings, but the substance of discussions revolved around business and trade interests.

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pro-democracy politicians in Hong Kong, especially in relation to democratic reform in Hong Kong and the territory's relationship with Beijing. Academic studies indicate that those who supported the Tiananmen Square movement's rehabilitation had a tendency to support democratization in the territory and the election of pro-democracy parties.

3398:. Yan said that the government was prepared to hold an immediate dialogue with student representatives. The Tiananmen welcoming ceremony for Gorbachev would be canceled whether or not the students withdrew—in effect removing the bargaining power the students thought they possessed. The announcement sent the student leadership into disarray. 4731:: "The 4 June Incident was a turmoil and unrest. The Central Government took decisive measures to calm the unrest and stop the turmoil, and it is because of this decision that the stability within the country can be established. For the past three decades, China has undergone tremendous changes under the leadership of the Communist Party." 11156: 2505:. That movement, spearheaded by Mao, had caused severe damage to the country's initially diverse economic and social fabric. As a result, the country was now mired in poverty as economic production slowed or came to a halt. Political ideology was paramount in the lives of ordinary people as well as the inner workings of the party itself. 5061:, attributes the slight impact to the fact that "the human rights records in most of these countries were not better than China's. To a certain extent, they were sympathetic to China's struggle against pressures from Western countries." Even in the wake of the crackdown, China's foreign relations with its neighbors generally improved. 3273:

leaders, eager to show the patriotic nature of the movement, also toned down anti-Communist slogans, choosing to present a message of "anti-corruption" and "anti-cronyism", but "pro-party". In a twist of irony, student factions who genuinely called for the overthrow of the Communist Party gained traction due to the 26 April editorial.

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Ziyang, while hardliner conservatives opposed the movement rallied behind Premier Li Peng. Zhao and Li clashed at a PSC meeting on 1 May. Li maintained that the need for stability overrode all else, while Zhao said that the party should show support for increased democracy and transparency. Zhao pushed the case for further dialogue.

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discontent was brewing over unfair wealth distribution. Greed, not skill, appeared to be the most crucial factor in success. There was widespread public disillusionment concerning the country's future. People wanted change, yet the power to define "the correct path" continued to rest solely in the unelected government's hands.

4946:, and foreign governments; China's credit rating was lowered; tourism revenue decreased from US$ 2.2 billion to US$ 1.8 billion; and foreign direct investment commitments were canceled. However, there was a rise in government defense spending from 8.6% in 1986, to 15.5% in 1990, reversing a previous 10-year decline. 4647:, another PSC member who opposed martial law but abstained from voting, was also removed from the committee. However, he was able to retain his party membership, and after "changing his opinion", he was reassigned as deputy minister in the Ministry for Machinery and Electronics Industry. Another reform-minded Chinese leader, 1014:

city's major thoroughfares in the early morning hours of 4 June and engaged in bloody clashes with demonstrators attempting to block them, in which many people – demonstrators, bystanders, and soldiers – were killed. Estimates of the death toll vary from several hundred to several thousand, with thousands more wounded.

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essentially disappeared. After his initial arrest in January 1991 and subsequent release, nothing further is known about his situation and where he lives now. Zhang Zhiqing's role and reason for being listed on the 21 most wanted is generally unknown; this is the case for many others on the list, such as Wang Chaohua.

3533: 5212:, or the significance of the date of the massacre 4 June itself. Some older intellectuals no longer aspire to implement political change. Instead, they focus on economic issues. Some political prisoners have refused to talk to their children about their involvement in the protests out of fear of putting them at risk. 3529:

hunger strikers to hospitals. The discussions were confrontational and yielded little substantive progress, but gained student leaders prominent airtime on national television. By this point, those calling for the overthrow of the party and Li Peng and Deng became prominent both in Beijing and in other cities.

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reluctant to speak about the protests because of potentially negative repercussions. Many young people who were born after 1980 are unfamiliar with the events and are therefore apathetic about politics. Youth in China are sometimes unaware of the events, the symbols which are associated with them such as the

3501:" advocates who were pulling strings behind the scenes, as well as tools of elements within the party who wished to further their personal ambitions. For the rest of his life, Zhao Ziyang maintained that the decision was ultimately in Deng's hands: among the five PSC members present at the meeting, he and 4035:, a military intelligence officer at the U.S. Embassy at the time, noted that the demonstrators' swarming tactics were clearly rehearsed and practiced, having been used similarly in other places around the city. The reporter noted that APC incident "appeared to have sparked the shooting that followed". 5256:

Journalists have frequently been denied entry to the square on the anniversaries of the massacre. Also, the authorities are known to have detained foreign journalists and increase surveillance of prominent human rights activists during this time of year. Internet searches on "4 June Tiananmen Square"

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As the party departed from the orthodox communism it was founded upon, much of its attention was focused on the cultivation of nationalism as an alternative ideology. This policy largely succeeded in tying the party's legitimacy to China's "national pride", turning domestic public opinion back in its

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The remaining student leaders were apprehended and incarcerated. Those who escaped, whether in 1989 or after, generally have had difficulty re-entering China up to this day. The Chinese government has preferred to leave the dissidents in exile. Those who attempt to re-enter, such as Wu'er Kaixi, have

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By dawn, the sky was enveloped with smoke rising from the center of the city, and the streets were filled with burned-out vehicles. Skirmishes between protesters and troops continued sporadically in the city. Some demonstrators regrouped and attempted to re-enter the square from the northeast on East

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am. The debris left over from the student occupation was either piled and burnt on the square or placed in large plastic bags that were then airlifted away by military helicopters. After the cleanup, the troops stationed at The Great Hall of the People remained confined within for the next nine days.

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am, a few minutes after the demonstrators started to retreat, the lights in the square were turned on, and troops began to advance. A squad of commandos charged up the monument and shot out the students' loudspeaker. According to Hou Dejian, tear gas was used during the operation to clear the square.

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Student leaders were put under close surveillance by the authorities; traffic cameras were used to perform surveillance on the square; and nearby restaurants, and wherever students gathered, were wiretapped. This surveillance led to the identification, capture, and punishment of protest participants.

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Organized by the Union on 27 April, some 50,000–100,000 students from all Beijing universities marched through the streets of the capital to Tiananmen Square, breaking through lines set up by police, and receiving widespread public support along the way, particularly from factory workers. The student

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Starting on the night of 17 April, three thousand PKU students marched from the campus towards Tiananmen Square, and soon nearly a thousand students from Tsinghua joined. Upon arrival, they soon joined forces with those already gathered at the square. As its size grew, the gathering gradually evolved

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and the control over the ideology that came with it, opening a deep chasm within the central leadership. The reformers ("the right", led by Hu Yaobang) favored political liberalization and a plurality of ideas as a channel to voice popular discontent and pressed for further reforms. The conservatives

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that benefited some people but seriously disadvantaged others, and the one-party political system also faced a challenge to its legitimacy. Common grievances at the time included inflation, corruption, limited preparedness of graduates for the new economy, and restrictions on political participation.

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A few people may have been killed by random shooting on streets near the square, but all verified eyewitness accounts say that the students who remained in the square when troops arrived were allowed to leave peacefully. Hundreds of people, most of them workers and passersby, did die that night, but

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Furthermore, the government has successfully promoted China as an attractive destination for investment by emphasizing its skilled workers, comparatively low wages, established infrastructure, and sizable consumer base. At the same time, the explosion of commercial interest in the country opened the

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was present in the square to show solidarity with the students and said that he did not see any massacre occurring in the square. He was quoted by Xiaoping Li, a former China dissident to have stated: "Some people said 200 died in the square, and others claimed that as many as 2,000 died. There were

4384:, an overseas group agitating for democratic reform in China, said that he was only able to identify and verify 15 military deaths. Wu asserts that if deaths from events unrelated to demonstrators were removed from the count, only seven deaths among military personnel might be counted as from being " 4243:

At a news conference on 6 June, State Council spokesperson Yuan Mu announced that based on "preliminary statistics", "nearly 300 people died ... includ soldiers", 23 students, "bad elements who deserve this because of their crimes, and people who were killed by mistake." He said the wounded included

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and another 4,000 gathered at the railway station. About one thousand students staged a railroad "sit-in", and rail traffic on the Beijing-Guangzhou and Wuhan-Dalian lines was interrupted. The students also urged employees of major state-owned enterprises to go on strike. In Wuhan, the situation was

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overpasses. Shellfire was heard throughout the night, and the next morning a United States Marine in the eastern part of the city reported spotting a damaged armored vehicle that an armor-piercing shell had disabled. The ongoing turmoil in the capital disrupted everyday life flow. No editions of the

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There was initial reluctance among the students to leave, but as the deadline approached, Feng Congde asked students for a voice vote on whether to stay or leave. Although the vote's results were inconclusive, Feng said the vote to leave was louder. The demonstrators began to evacuate, with students

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reported witnessing rioters setting fire to military vehicles and beating the soldiers inside them to death. On one avenue in western Beijing, anti-government protestors torched a military convoy of more than 100 trucks and armored vehicles. They also hijacked an armored personnel carrier, taking it

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amid the backdrop of commotion and protest in the square. When Gorbachev met with Zhao on 16 May, Zhao told him, and by extension the international press, that Deng was still the "paramount authority" in China. Deng felt that this remark was Zhao's attempt to shift blame for mishandling the movement

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Afraid that the movement would spin out of control, Deng Xiaoping ordered the square to be cleared for Gorbachev's visit. Executing Deng's request, Zhao again used a soft approach and directed his subordinates to coordinate negotiations with students immediately. Zhao believed he could appeal to the

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In preparation for dialogue, the Union elected representatives to a formal delegation. However, there was some friction as the Union leaders were reluctant to let the delegation unilaterally take control of the movement. The movement was slowed by a change to a more deliberate approach, fractured by

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on 30 April and reasserted his authority. In Zhao's view, the hardliner approach was not working, and the concession was the only alternative. Zhao asked that the press be allowed to positively report the movement and delivered two sympathetic speeches on 3–4 May. In the speeches, Zhao said that the

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On 20 April, most students had been persuaded to leave Xinhua Gate. To disperse about 200 students that remained, police used batons; minor clashes were reported. Many students felt abused by the police, and rumors about police brutality spread quickly. The incident angered students on campus, where

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In 1978, reformist leaders had envisioned that intellectuals would play a leading role in guiding the country through reforms, but this did not happen as planned. Despite the opening of new universities and increased enrollment, the state-directed education system did not produce enough graduates to

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p. 468. "After Li's report the Elders voiced their anger at the foreign and domestic enemies who were manipulating the students, and their con- viction that there was no choice left but to clear the Square by force. Nonetheless, most of the Elders hoped the job could be done without casualties, and

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The Chinese government continues to forbid discussions about the Tiananmen Square protests and has taken measures to block or censor related information, in an attempt to suppress the public's memory of the Tiananmen Square protests. Textbooks contain little, if any, information about the protests.

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in 1996. Whereas China had been a member of only 30 international organizations in 1986, it was a member of over 50 by 1997. China also sought to diversify its external partnerships, establishing good diplomatic relations with post-Soviet Russia, and welcoming Taiwanese business in lieu of Western

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In the aftermath of the protests, the government sought again to centralize control over the economy, though the changes were short-lived. Sensing that conservative policies had again taken a foothold within the party, Deng, now retired from all of his official positions, launched his southern tour

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Government officials have long asserted that no one died in the square in the early morning hours of 4 June, during the "hold-out" of students' last batch in the south part of the square. Initially, foreign media reports of a "massacre" on the square were prevalent, though subsequently, journalists

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The number of deaths and the extent of bloodshed in the square itself have been in dispute since the events. The government actively suppressed discussion of casualty figures immediately after the events, and estimates rely heavily on eyewitness testimony, hospital records, and organized efforts by

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After the order was restored in Beijing on 4 June, protests of various sizes continued in some 80 other Chinese cities outside the international press's spotlight. In the British colony of Hong Kong, people again took to wearing black in solidarity with the demonstrators in Beijing. There were also

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Between 3:30 and 3:45 am, the ambulance arrived at the Museum of Chinese History in the northeast corner of the square, and Hou Dejian and Zhou Duo met with Ji Xinguo, a regimental political commissar. They requested that the army give them time to evacuate, and to open a path for them to leave. Ji

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In the early morning on 4 June, the first APC entered Tiananmen Square from Chang'an West Boulevard. Demonstrators attacked the APC with molotov cocktails and immobilized it with a traffic divider, before covering it with gasoline-doused blankets and setting it on fire. Wu Renhua claims that after

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reported on the fighting: "As columns of tanks and tens of thousands of soldiers approached Tiananmen, many troops were set on by angry mobs who screamed, 'Fascists'. Dozens of soldiers were pulled from trucks, severely beaten, and left for dead. At an intersection west of the square, the body of a

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At 1 pm, a crowd intercepted one of these buses at Liubukou, and several men raised military helmets on bayonets to show the rest of the crowd. At 2:30 pm, a clash broke out between protesters and police. The police attempted to disperse the crowd with tear gas, but demonstrators counterattacked

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moderated his position, ostensibly sensing the impending military action and its consequences. He advocated for a temporary withdrawal from Tiananmen Square to re-group on campus, but this was opposed by hardline student factions who wanted to hold the square. The increasing internal friction would

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for the first time on 18 May in an attempt to placate public concern over the hunger strike. During the talks, student leaders again demanded that the government rescind the 26 April Editorial and affirm the student movement as "patriotic". Li Peng said the government's main concern was sending the

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The hunger strikes galvanized support for the students and aroused sympathy across the country. Around a million Beijing residents from all walks of life demonstrated in solidarity from 17 to 18 May. These included PLA personnel, police officers, and lower party officials. Many grassroots Party and

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to gauge the situation at the square. The municipal officials wanted a quick resolution to the crisis and framed the protests as a conspiracy to overthrow China's political system and prominent party leaders, including Deng Xiaoping. In Zhao's absence, the PSC agreed to take firm action against the

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on the part of elite party bureaucrats. The state-mandated pricing system, in place since the 1950s, had long kept prices fixed at low levels. The initial reforms created a two-tier system where some prices were fixed while others were allowed to fluctuate. In a market with chronic shortages, price

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The European Union and United States embargo on armament sales to China, put in place due to the violent suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests, remains in place today. China has been calling for a lift of the ban for years and has had a varying amount of support from European Union members.

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With the imposition of martial law, the Chinese government cut off Western broadcasters' satellite transmissions such as CNN and CBS. Broadcasters tried to defy these orders by reporting via telephone. Video footage was smuggled out of the country, although the only network that was able to record

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The suppression of 4 June marked the end of a period of relative press freedom in China, and media workers—both foreign and domestic—faced heightened restrictions and punishment in the aftermath of the crackdown. State media reports in the immediate aftermath were sympathetic to the students. As a

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On June 5, having secured the square, the military began to reassert control over thoroughfares through the city, especially Chang'an Avenue. A column of tanks of the 1st Armored Division left the square and, heading east on Chang'an Avenue, came upon a lone protester standing in the middle of the

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am on 4 June, as a convoy of students who had vacated the square were walking westward in the bicycle lane along Chang'an Avenue back to campus, three tanks pursued them from the square, firing tear gas. One tank was said to have driven through the crowd, killing 11 students and injuring scores of

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In the evening on 3 June, the government issued an emergency announcement urging citizens to "stay off the streets and away from Tiananmen Square". Meanwhile, protesters made their own broadcasts across various university campuses in Beijing to call for students and citizens to arm themselves and

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On 2 June, with increasing action on the part of protesters, the government saw that it was time to act. Protests broke out as newspapers published articles that called for the students to leave Tiananmen Square and end the movement. Many of the students in the square were not willing to leave and

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Students, we came too late. We are sorry. You talk about us, criticize us, it is all necessary. The reason that I came here is not to ask you to forgive us. All I want to say is that students are getting very weak. It is the 7th day since you went on a hunger strike. You can't continue like this.

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The movement, on the wane at the end of April, now regained momentum. By 17 May, as students from across the country poured into the capital to join the movement, protests of various sizes occurred in some 400 Chinese cities. Students demonstrated at provincial party headquarters in Fujian, Hubei,

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The government was divided on how to respond to the movement as early as mid-April. After Zhao Ziyang's return from North Korea, tensions between the progressive camp and the conservative camp intensified. Those who supported continued dialogue and a soft approach with students rallied behind Zhao

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In December 2009, the Chinese government responded to the committee's recommendations by saying that the government had closed the case concerning the "political turmoil in the spring and summer of 1989". It also stated that the "practice of the past 20 years has made it clear that the timely and

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Although the Chinese government never officially acknowledged relevant accusations when it came to the incident, in 2005 a payment was made to one of the victims' mothers, the first publicized case of the government offering redress to a Tiananmen-related victim's family. The payment was termed a

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Print media that contain references to the protests must be consistent with the government's version of events. Domestic and foreign journalists are detained, harassed, or threatened, as are their Chinese colleagues and any Chinese citizens who they interview. Thus, Chinese citizens are typically

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opposed lifting the ban. Members of the United States Congress had also proposed restrictions on the transfer of military technology to the European Union if the latter lifted the ban. The United Kingdom also opposed the embargo lifting when it took charge of the European Union presidency in July

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said that "preliminary tallies" by the government showed that about 300 civilians and soldiers died, including 23 students from universities in Beijing, along with some people he described as "ruffians". Yuan also said some 5,000 soldiers and police were wounded, along with 2,000 civilians. On 19

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In Shanghai, students marched on the streets on 5 June and erected roadblocks on major thoroughfares. Public transport including railway traffic was blocked. On 6 June, the municipal government tried to clear the rail blockade, but it was met with fierce resistance from the crowds. Several people

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equipment and training among both the Chinese military and police. The PLA was not trained or equipped to handle riots, and the few PAP riot control units that were dispatched were insufficient in crowd control. Since 1989, efforts have been made to create effective riot control units in Chinese

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s 1 June article "Tiananmen, I Cry for You", which was written by a fellow student who had become disillusioned with the movement, as he thought it was chaotic and disorganized. In response to the articles, thousands of students lined the streets of Beijing to protest against leaving the square.

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When Hu Yaobang suddenly died of a heart attack on 15 April 1989, students reacted strongly, most of them believing that his death was related to his forced resignation. Hu's death provided the initial impetus for students to gather in large numbers. On university campuses, many posters appeared

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After several weeks of standoffs and violent confrontations between the army and demonstrators left many on both sides severely injured, a meeting held among the CCP's top leadership on 1 June concluded with a decision to clear the square. The troops advanced into central parts of Beijing on the

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has repeatedly called on the government to reverse its verdict on the demonstrations. Chen Xitong, the mayor of Beijing, who read the martial law order and was later disgraced by a political scandal, expressed regret in 2012, a year before his death, for the death of innocent civilians. Premier

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and his having prevented deadly violence in the city won him support from party elders in Beijing. Having put the new leadership team in place and recognizing his weakened position, Deng Xiaoping himself also bowed out of the party leadership—at least officially—by resigning his last leadership

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in late 1989 for their involvement in the protests. Chinese authorities alleged they were the "black hands" behind the movement. Both Chen and Wang rejected the allegations made against them. They were put on trial in 1990 and sentenced to 13 years in prison. Others, such as Zhang Zhiqing, have

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agreed there was no bloodshed inside Tiananmen Square. Instead, they said Chinese soldiers opened fire on protesters outside the square as they fought their way from the west towards the center. A Chilean diplomat who had been positioned next to a Red Cross station inside the square told his US

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A stopped convoy of 37 APCs on Changan Boulevard at Muxidi was forced to abandon their vehicles after becoming stuck among an assortment of burned-out buses and military vehicles. In addition to occasional incidents of soldiers opening fire on civilians in Beijing, Western news outlets reported

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The soldiers were beaten by the crowd, as were Beijing security personnel who attempted to aid the soldiers. Some of the soldiers were kidnapped when they attempted to head for the hospital. Several other buses carrying weapons, gear, and supplies were intercepted and boarded around Tiananmen.

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jeep ran onto a sidewalk, civilians, killing three pedestrians and injuring a fourth. This incident sparked fear that the army and the police were trying to advance into Tiananmen Square. Student leaders issued emergency orders to set up roadblocks at major intersections to prevent the entry of

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issued a report titled "On the True Nature of the Turmoil", which was circulated to every member of the Politburo. The report concludes that the demonstrators' leadership, referred to as a "tiny minority", had "organized and plotted the turmoil", and that they were using the square as a base to

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am Zhao made a speech with a bullhorn to a crowd of students, urging them to end the hunger strike. He told the students that they were still young and urged them to stay healthy and not to sacrifice themselves without due concern for their futures. Zhao's emotional speech was applauded by some

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met with Deng at the latter's residence. Deng endorsed a hardline stance and said an appropriate warning must be disseminated via mass media to curb further demonstrations. The meeting firmly established the first official evaluation of the protests, and highlighted Deng's having "final say" on

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took place on 22 April. On the evening of 21 April, some 100,000 students marched on Tiananmen Square, ignoring orders from Beijing municipal authorities that the square was to be closed for the funeral. The funeral, which took place inside the Great Hall and was attended by the leadership, was

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Simultaneously, the party's nominally socialist ideology faced a legitimacy crisis as it gradually adopted capitalist practices. Private enterprise gave rise to profiteers who took advantage of lax regulations and who often flaunted their wealth in front of those who were less well off. Popular

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Richard Roth reported that he was held captive by troops in the Great Hall of the People on the west side of the square on the night of 3 June and could hear but not see into the square until dawn when they were driven through the square. He heard a "volley of gunfire" to silence the students'

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met with appointed representatives of government-sanctioned student associations. While the talks discussed a wide range of issues, including the editorial, the Xinhua Gate incident, and freedom of the press, they achieved few substantive results. Independent student leaders such as Wu'erkaixi

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expressed concern over the lack of investigations into the reports of people "killed, arrested or disappeared on or following the 4 June 1989 Beijing suppression." It stated that the Chinese government had also failed to inform relatives of those individuals' fate, despite relatives' numerous

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has consistently opposed the lifting of the arms embargo to China. Though its agreement is not necessary for lifting the ban, many argue it reflects the will of the European people better as it is the only directly elected European body. The arms embargo has limited China's options in seeking

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later that year. He kept a low profile until 1992. According to diplomatic cables de-classified by Canada, the Swiss ambassador informed Canadian diplomats in confidence that over several months following the massacre, "every member of the Politburo Standing Committee has approached him about

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and Xiang Xiaoji. Yan affirmed the student movement's patriotic nature and pleaded for the students to withdraw from the square. While Yan's apparent sincerity for compromise satisfied some students, the meeting grew increasingly chaotic as competing student factions relayed uncoordinated and

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The events continue to strongly impact perceptions of China, its government, attitudes towards democracy, and the extent to which Hong Kongers should identify as "Chinese". The events of 4 June are seen as representative of the Chinese brand of authoritarianism, and they are often invoked by

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A severe counterrevolutionary riot has broken out in the capital tonight. Rioters have savagely attacked soldiers of the PLA, have stolen their weapons and burned their vehicles, have erected roadblocks, and have kidnapped officers and soldiers Citizens and students must evacuate the Square

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declared a second hunger strike to revive the movement. After weeks of occupying the square, the students were tired, and internal rifts opened between moderate and hardline student groups. In their declaration speech, the hunger strikers openly criticized the government's suppression of the

3024:, near Tiananmen Square, to mourn Hu. The gathering featured speakers from various backgrounds who gave public orations commemorating Hu and discussed social problems. However, it was soon deemed obstructive to the Great Hall's operation, so police tried to persuade the students to disperse. 4058:

At 3:00 am, Hou Dejian, Liu Xiaobo, Zhou Duo, and Gao Xin decided to convince the students to evacuate the square; Chai Ling, however, insisted that "those who wish to leave may leave, and those who don't may stay." The group asked Chai Ling and other student leaders to negotiate a peaceful

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Inspired by the events in Beijing, protests and strikes began at universities in other cities, with many students traveling to Beijing to join the demonstration. Generally, the Tiananmen Square demonstration was well ordered, with daily marches of students from various Beijing-area colleges

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Ren Jianmin (Victim No. 106), was a farmer from Hebei who was passing through the city and wounded by gunfire in the stomach on 4 June. He was unable to afford medical bills and hanged himself in August because of unbearable pain. Zou Bing (Victim No. 51), a 19-year-old student at the

5734:, hanged himself for escaping the pressure of post-protest investigations at his school. Wei Wumin (Victim No. 163), also a student at the Central Academy of Drama, who participated in the hunger strike, committed suicide by standing in front of an oncoming train. List of casualties, 4621: 1802:

In English, the terms "Tiananmen Square Massacre", "Tiananmen Square Protests", and "Tiananmen Square Crackdown" are often used to describe the series of events. However, much of the violence in Beijing did not actually happen in Tiananmen, but outside the square along a stretch of

4244:"5,000 officers and " and over "2,000 civilians, including the handful of lawless ruffians and the onlooking masses who do understand the situation." Military spokesperson Zhang Gong stated that no one was killed in Tiananmen Square and no one was run over by tanks in the square. 3058:

On the morning of 18 April, students remained in the square. Some gathered around the Monument to the People's Heroes, singing patriotic songs and listening to student organizers' impromptu speeches. Others gathered at the Great Hall. Meanwhile, a few thousand students gathered at

9329:"This was clearly a tactic rehearsed and even practiced among the demonstrators, since it was used in the same way in separate places around the city. By this time, having seen their fellow soldiers killed, the troops were scared Predictably, the troops reacted by opening fire." 5354: 5715:

similarly described the act as "...in line with the classic Chinese tradition of aggrieved parties wailing before the Yamen door, of publicly dramatizing their unhappiness by petitioning officialdom... sincerely believed that the officials would have to respond by meeting with

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At the same time, internal divisions intensified within the student movement itself. By late May, the students became increasingly disorganized with no clear leadership or unified course of action. Moreover, Tiananmen Square was overcrowded and facing serious hygiene problems.

2653:) said that the reforms had gone too far and advocated a return to greater state control to ensure social stability and to better align with the party's socialist ideology. Both sides needed the backing of paramount leader Deng Xiaoping to carry out important policy decisions. 995:. Workers' protests were generally focused on inflation and the erosion of welfare. These groups united around anti-corruption demands, adjusting economic policies, and protecting social security. At the height of the protests, about one million people assembled in the square. 3790:

into China and the negative effect that Western ideological influence, particularly from the United States, had on the students. The MSS had determined that the United States had infiltrated the student movement by various means, including the use of the U.S. government-owned

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students' concerns about corruption were legitimate and that the student movement was patriotic in nature. The speeches essentially negated the message presented by 26 April Editorial. While some 100,000 students marched on the streets of Beijing on 4 May to commemorate the

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and repeated demands from earlier marches, many students were satisfied with the government's concessions. On 4 May, all Beijing universities except PKU and BNU announced the end of the classroom boycott. Subsequently, most students began to lose interest in the movement.

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Deng's reforms aimed to decrease the state's role in the economy and gradually allow private production in agriculture and industry. By 1981, roughly 73% of rural farms had been de-collectivized, and 80% of state-owned enterprises were permitted to retain their profits.

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that 4 June was the most serious mistake committed by the Communist Party in its history, a mistake that Yang himself could not correct, but one that certainly will eventually be corrected. Zhao Ziyang remained under house arrest until his death in 2005. Zhao's aide

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General Secretary Hu Yaobang was blamed for showing a "soft" attitude and mishandling the protests, thus undermining social stability. He was denounced thoroughly by conservatives and was forced to resign as general secretary on 16 January 1987. The party began the

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After the announcement, most people in the square began to leave, and by 2:00 am, there were only a few thousand demonstrators in the square. North of the square, a dozen students and citizens attempted to torch army trucks with cans of gasoline but were arrested.

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In conjunction with the plan to clear the square by force, the Politburo received word from army headquarters stating that troops were ready to help stabilize the capital and that they understood the necessity and legality of martial law to overcome the turmoil.

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Each of the 21 students faced diverse experiences after their arrests or escapes; while some remain abroad with no intent to return, others have chosen to stay indefinitely, such as Zhang Ming. Only 7 of the 21 were able to escape. Some student leaders, such as

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claimed in a speech broadcast on Hong Kong television that she witnessed tanks arrive at the square and crush students who were sleeping in their tents, and added that between 200 and 4000 students died at the square. Ling was joined by fellow student leader

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were available in Beijing on 5 June, despite assurances that they had been printed. Many shops, offices, and factories were not able to open, as workers remained in their homes, and public transit services were limited to the subway and suburban bus routes.

3439:, marked the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations and was seen as a breakthrough of tremendous historical significance for China's leaders. However, its smooth proceedings were derailed by the student movement; this created a major embarrassment ("loss of 4038:

Troops from the west arrived at the square at about 1:30 am, and troops from other directions gradually arrived as well, blocking main roads to the square to prevent entry. A second emergency announcement from the government was broadcast on loudspeakers:

3493:, on 4 May, Zhao had exposed divisions within the top leadership and emboldened the students. Deng warned that "there is no way to back down now without the situation spiraling out of control", and so "the decision is to move troops into Beijing to declare 3512:

On the evening of 17 May, the PSC met at Zhongnanhai to finalize plans for martial law. At the meeting, Zhao announced that he was ready to "take leave", citing he could not bring himself to carry out martial law. The elders in attendance at the meeting,

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in Beijing, launching political reforms in China. He called for a systematic revision of China's constitution, criticizing bureaucracy, centralization of power, and patriarchy, while proposing term limits for the leading positions in China and advocating

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Zhang Shijun, a former soldier who was involved in the military crackdown, published an open letter to President Hu Jintao that sought to have the government reevaluate its position on the protests. He was subsequently arrested and taken from his home.

3963:, began to advance from military office compounds in Shijingshan and Fentai District in western Beijing along the western extension of Chang'an Avenue toward the square to the east. At 9:30 p.m, this army encountered a blockade set up by protesters at 11224: 2699:

campaign", aiming at Hu, political liberalization, and Western-inspired ideas in general. The campaign stopped student protests and restricted political activity, but Hu remained popular among intellectuals, students, and Communist Party progressives.

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provoke conflict in order to create an international impact. It also maintains that they had formed connections with criminal elements and used funding from foreign and domestic sources to improve their communications equipment and procure weapons.

15721: 4212:. Although there were rumors of possible martial law in the city, the situation was gradually brought under control without deadly force. The municipal government gained recognition from the top leadership in Beijing for averting a major upheaval. 3312: 5890: 4194:

By and large, the government regained control in the week following the square's military seizure. A political purge followed in which officials responsible for organizing or condoning the protests were removed, and protest leaders were jailed.

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was the only political party in the world to pass a resolution supporting the crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests, calling them "an imperialist attempt to internally subvert socialism, was successfully thwarted by the CPC and the PLA."

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eulogizing Hu, calling for honoring Hu's legacy. Within days, most posters were about broader political issues, such as corruption, democracy, and freedom of the press. Small, spontaneous gatherings to mourn Hu began on 15 April around the

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The army's initial entry into the capital was blocked in the suburbs by throngs of protesters. Seeing no way forward, the authorities ordered the army to withdraw on 24 May. All government forces then retreated to bases outside the city.

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On 17 June, two individuals were captured after exchanging gunfire with soldiers. The same day, a woman who had been visiting a Western diplomat at Jianguomenwai diplomatic compound was observed being arrested by plainclothes policemen.

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to him. Zhao's defense against this accusation was that privately informing world leaders that Deng was the true center of power was standard operating procedure; Li Peng had made nearly identical private statements to US president

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counterparts that he did not observe any mass firing of weapons into the crowds in the square itself, although sporadic gunfire was heard. He said that most of the troops who entered the square were armed only with anti-riot gear.

3240:". The language in the editorial effectively branded the student movement to be an anti-party, anti-government revolt. The editorial invoked memories of the Cultural Revolution, using similar rhetoric that had been used during the 3603: 12721: 5120:, in March 2005, increased tensions between mainland China and Taiwan, damaging attempts to lift the ban; and several European Union Council members retracted their support for a lift of the ban. Moreover, Schröder's successor 4875:

responded to the massacre by ordering the state television to offer only the absolute minimum coverage of the incident so as not to jeopardize a thawing in relations with China and to empathize with the Chinese government. The

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In the interior cities of Xi'an, Wuhan, Nanjing, and Chengdu, many students continued protests after 4 June, often erecting roadblocks. In Xi'an, students stopped workers from entering factories. In Wuhan, students blocked the

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regimes fear facts because they have built their power on unjust foundations" and he also wrote that memory is important: "without it there is no such thing as a civilised society or nation" because "our past is all we have."

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who said he had witnessed 200 students being cut down by gunfire; however, according to Mathews, it was later proven that he had already left the square several hours before the events he claimed to have happened. Taiwan-born

15726: 4712:, who were general secretaries of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party—consistently reiterated the official narrative of the Chinese Communist Party when being asked about the protests by foreign journalists. 2834: 13743: 4933:

After the Tiananmen Square protests, many business analysts downgraded their outlook for China's economic future. The violent response to the protests was one of the factors that led to a delay in China's acceptance in the

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On the morning of 4 June, many estimates of deaths were reported, including from government-affiliated sources. Peking University leaflets circulated on campus suggested a death toll of between two and three thousand. The

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on 4 June Incident states that the use of force was necessary to control "political turmoil", and this also ensures the stable society that is necessary for successful economic development. Chinese leaders—including

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reported to the Politburo that the government's confirmed death toll was 241, including 218 civilians (of which 36 were students), 10 PLA soldiers, and 13 People's Armed Police, along with 7,000 wounded. On 30 June,

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evacuation. Hou Dejian addressed the students by loudspeaker, urging them to leave the square and surrender their rifles and other weapons, before leaving with Zhou Duo in an ambulance to meet the government troops.

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Press restrictions were loosened significantly from early to mid-May. State media began broadcasting footage sympathetic to protesters and the movement, including the hunger strikers. On 14 May, intellectuals led by

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Several foreign journalists who had covered the crackdown were expelled in the weeks that followed, while others were harassed by authorities or blacklisted from reentering the country. Some were reportedly beaten.

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avenue. The brief standoff between the man and the tanks was captured by Western media atop the Beijing Hotel. After returning to his position in front of the tanks, the man was pulled aside by a group of people.

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organizations, as well as government-sponsored labor unions, encouraged their membership to demonstrate. In addition, several of China's non-Communist parties sent a letter to Li Peng to support the students. The

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While public discussions about the events have become socially taboo, private discussions about them continue to occur despite frequent interference and harassment by the authorities. Nobel Peace Prize laureate

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At the Square, soldiers and students initially attempted to show restraint, but that residents refused to follow student orders. Soldiers did not fight back at first after some citizens threw rocks at them.

3525: 16122: 15746: 4938:, which was not completed until twelve years later, in 2001. Furthermore, bilateral aid to China decreased from $ 3.4 billion in 1988 to $ 700 million in 1990. Loans to China were suspended by the 3666: 3657:. Across the world, especially where ethnic Chinese lived, people gathered and protested. Many governments, including those of the United States and Japan, issued travel warnings against traveling to China. 933: 14157: 7349: 7310: 3860: 2839:

During the demonstrations, protesters received a significant amount of support from domestic and outside sources. The Chinese University in Hong Kong donated HK$ 10,000 by early May, and groups such as the

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In December 1986, inspired by Fang and other "people-power" movements worldwide, student demonstrators staged protests against the slow pace of reform. The issues were wide-ranging and included demands for

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upon returning from a shortened trip abroad; the authorities declared his detention to be on health grounds. When Wan Li was released from his house arrest after he finally "changed his opinion", he, like

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also emerged as leaders. The Union then called for a general classroom boycott at all Beijing universities. Such an independent organization operating outside of party jurisdiction alarmed the leadership.

11920: 4985:, Tiananmen served as the turning point when they lost trust in the Beijing government. The event, coupled with general uncertainty about the status of Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty, led to 13342: 10354: 10324: 3645:). Many Hong Kong celebrities sang songs and expressed their support for the students in Beijing. The following day, a procession of 1.5 million people, one fourth of Hong Kong's population, led by 10511: 5886: 5710:

described their actions as "...a mock-ceremonial remonstrance... presenting their scrolled-up demands on hands and knees in the stylized, obsequious manner of an imperial petition." Political scientist

2581:. Discontent over corruption reached a fever pitch with the public; and many, particularly intellectuals, began to believe that only democratic reform and the rule of law could cure the country's ills. 9171: 5382: 3716:

What we actually are hoping for is bloodshed, the moment when the government is ready to brazenly butcher the people. Only when the Square is awash with blood will the people of China open their eyes.

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fluctuation allowed people with powerful connections to buy goods at low prices and sell at market prices. Party bureaucrats in charge of economic management had enormous incentives to engage in such

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on 6 June 1989, two days after the Chinese Army dispersed the Tiananmen protesters. She was reportedly paid CNY70,000 (approximately US$ 10,250). This has been welcomed by various Chinese activists.

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At about 10:30 p.m., still being pummeled by rocks thrown by protesters, the 38th Army troops opened fire. The crowds were stunned that the army was using live ammunition and fell back towards

2691:, where Fang lived, they quickly spread to Shanghai, Beijing, and other major cities. This alarmed the central leadership, who accused the students of instigating Cultural Revolution-style turmoil. 11943: 10784: 5261:

their mainland China site to remove information about Tiananmen and other subjects which are considered sensitive by the authorities. Google withdrew its cooperation on censorship in January 2010.

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have acknowledged that most of the deaths occurred outside of the square in western Beijing. Several people who were situated around the square that night, including former Beijing bureau chief of

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On the morning of 3 June, students and citizens intercepted and questioned a busload of plainclothed soldiers at Xinjiekou. Isolated pockets of soldiers were similarly surrounded and interrogated.

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important issues. Li Peng subsequently ordered Deng's views to be drafted as a communique and issued to all high-level Communist Party officials to mobilize the party apparatus against protesters.

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and Yang Shangkun, urged the PSC to follow Deng's orders. Zhao did not consider the inconclusive PSC vote to have legally binding implications for martial law; Yang Shangkun, in his capacity as

12750: 4454: 928:, lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989. After weeks of unsuccessful attempts between the demonstrators and the Chinese government to find a peaceful resolution, the Chinese government declared 13824: 8811:"Class Struggle: China's Harsh Actions Threaten to Set Back 10-Year Reform Drive – Suspicions of Westernization Are Ascendant, and Army Has a Political Role Again – A Movement Unlikely to Die" 3681: 3474:, many foreign journalists remained in the Chinese capital to cover the protests, shining an international spotlight on the movement. Western governments urged Beijing to exercise restraint. 2754:

In the first half of 1986, Deng repeatedly called for the revival of political reforms, as further economic reforms were hindered by the original political system with an increasing trend of

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formed in May 1989. After the Beijing protest crackdown, this group drew up an initial list of 40 dissidents they believed could form the nucleus of a "Chinese democracy movement in exile".

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students' patriotism. The students understood that signs of internal turmoil during the Sino-Soviet summit would embarrass the nation and not just the government. On the morning of 13 May,

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increased by 30% in Beijing between 1987 and 1988, leading to panic among salaried workers that they could no longer afford staple goods. Moreover, in the new market economy, unprofitable

12674: 5398: 2782:. Deng's intention was to boost administrative efficiency, further separate responsibilities of the Party and the government, and eliminate bureaucracy. Although he spoke in terms of the 5004:, has started to crowdfund money to open the museum in a new location. A virtual version of the museum released online in August 2021 has also been blocked by Chinese telecom companies. 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 5237: 4330:

cable filed on the same day estimated 180–500 deaths up to the morning of 4 June. Beijing hospital records compiled shortly after the events recorded at least 478 dead and 920 wounded.

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loudspeakers. He added that there is no doubt that many people were killed in the area on the way to and around the square, mostly in western Beijing, which the Communist Party denies.

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meeting at Deng's residence. At the meeting, Zhao Ziyang's concessions-based strategy, which called for the retraction of the 26 April Editorial, was thoroughly criticized. Li Peng,

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victims' relatives. As a result, large discrepancies exist among various casualty estimates. Initial estimates ranged from the official figure of a few hundred to several thousand.

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Security cordoned off the east entrance to the Great Hall of the People, but several students pressed forward. A few were allowed to cross the police line. Three of these students,

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to commemorate Hu Yaobang. Its wreath-laying ceremony was on 17 April, and a larger-than-expected crowd assembled. At 5 pm, 500 CUPL students reached the eastern gate of the

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immediately so that martial law troops can successfully carry out their mission. We cannot guarantee the safety of violators, who will be solely responsible for any consequences.

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At 5:30 pm, several thousand troops awaiting orders began to retreat from the Great Hall of the People. That evening, the government leaders continued to monitor the situation.

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and CBS correspondent Richard Roth reported that while they had heard sporadic gunfire, they could not find enough evidence to suggest that a massacre took place on the square.

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young soldier, who had been beaten to death, was stripped naked and hung from the side of a bus. Another soldier's corpse was strung up at an intersection east of the square."

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event, reaction to the protests set limits on political expression in China that have lasted up to the present day. The events remain one of the most sensitive and most widely

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expressed great sadness over the event. In 1992, he however stated that the crackdown had been exaggerated, and that he received no convincing evidence of widespread killing.

3688:. At least 14 of the PLA's 24 army corps contributed troops. Guangzhou's civil aviation authorities suspended civil airline travel to prepare for transporting military units. 136: 9109: 20775: 16443: 14933: 12278: 6424: 4444: 3729:

However, she felt that she was unable to convince her fellow students of this. She also claimed that her expectation of a violent crackdown was something she had heard from

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As the protests developed, the authorities responded with both conciliatory and hardline tactics, exposing deep divisions within the party leadership. By May, a student-led

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reportedly suggested reversing the government's position on Tiananmen in party meetings before he departed from politics in 2013, only to be rebuffed by his colleagues.

3067:, the seat of the party leadership, where they demanded dialogue with the administration. After police restrained the students from entering the compound, they staged a 2399: 12191: 12150: 4177:

clashes between units of the PLA. Late in the afternoon, 26 tanks, three armored personnel carriers, and supporting infantry took up defensive positions facing east at

1850: 15462: 14595: 5864: 5236:, every year on 4 June in order to prevent public displays of remembrance, with an especially heavy security presence on the anniversaries of major events such as the 2473: 1771:

Outside mainland China, and among circles critical of the crackdown within mainland China, the crackdown is commonly referred to in Chinese as "June Fourth Massacre" (

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Lee, Francis L.F. (June 2012). "Generational Differences in the Impact of Historical Events: The Tiananmen Square Incident in Contemporary Hong Kong Public Opinion".

12698: 4467:, which had been instrumental in the Tiananmen Square protests. Though decades have passed, this most-wanted list has never been retracted by the Chinese government. 4165:

Although the fate of Tank Man following the demonstration is not known, paramount Chinese leader Jiang Zemin stated in 1990 that he did not think the man was killed.

16672: 15610: 12540: 10260: 5343:" is a "distortion in the nature of the incident". According to the Chinese government, such observations were "inconsistent with the Committee's responsibilities". 4334:'s estimates put the number of deaths at between several hundred and close to 1,000, while a Western diplomat who compiled estimates put the number at 300 to 1,000. 3618:, which commented favorably on the Beijing student protests, and called for a reassessment of Hu's 1987 purge. Sensing the conservative political trends in Beijing, 3443:") for the leadership on the global stage and drove many moderates in government onto a more hardline path. The summit between Deng and Gorbachev took place at the 21246: 18062: 17730: 10113: 5730:, hanged herself in September 1989 because of her inability to endure interrogation into her involvement in the protest. Qi Li, (Victim No. 162), a student at the 4474:

The 21 most-wanted student leaders' faces and descriptions were often broadcast on television. Photographs with biographies of the leaders followed in this order:

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The event had both short and long term consequences. Western countries imposed arms embargoes on China, and various Western media outlets labeled the crackdown a "

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The students remained in the square during the Gorbachev visit; his welcoming ceremony was held at the airport. The Sino-Soviet summit, the first of its kind in

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decisive measures taken by the Chinese Government at the time were necessary and correct". It said that the labeling of the "incident as 'the Democracy Movement

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organization and were particularly outspoken about the humanitarian aspects of the protests. The authorities mobilize security forces, including members of the

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During this time, the soldiers were apparently left to sleep on the floors and were daily supplied a single packet of instant noodles shared between three men.

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also stories of tanks running over students who were trying to leave. I have to say I did not see any of that. I was in the square until 6:30 in the morning."

892: 887: 12130: 11262: 9163: 8748:, p. 482: "A Mitsubishi jeep belonging to the People's Armed Police ran onto a sidewalk at Muxidi, killing three pedestrians and seriously injuring one." 21174: 19626: 13256: 12487: 7333: 7294: 3918: 3481:

The situation seemed intractable, and the weight of taking decisive action fell on paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Matters came to a head on 17 May during a

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Zhao's departure to North Korea left Li Peng as the acting executive authority in Beijing. On 24 April, Li Peng and the PSC met with Beijing Party Secretary

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area. The term also gives a misleading impression that demonstrations only happened in Beijing, when in fact, they occurred in many cities throughout China.

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Includes footage of the shutting down of CNN, and interviews with Al Pessin (VOA) and John Pomfret (AP), both of whom were expelled soon after the protests.

14319:"Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History – Document 9: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 3, 1989, China: Police Use Tear Gas on Crowds" 9132: 4322:

wrote on 21 June that "it seems plausible that about a dozen soldiers and policemen were killed, along with 400 to 800 civilians." United States ambassador

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Official government announcements shortly after the event put the number who died at around 300. At the State Council press conference on 6 June, spokesman

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On 21 April, students began organizing under the banners of formal organizations. On 23 April, in a meeting of around 40 students from 21 universities, the

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remained in China in order to speak out about Tiananmen in the 1990s despite the fact that he received offers of asylum; he faced constant surveillance.

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Having removed the students from the square, soldiers were ordered to relinquish their ammunition, after which they were allowed a short reprieve, from 7

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While the reforms were generally well received by the public, concerns grew over a series of social problems which the changes brought about, including

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Although the crackdown hurt relations with Western countries, it had relatively little impact on China's relations with its Asian neighbors. Professor

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Cuba, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany, under the Soviet sphere of influence at the time, supported the Chinese government and denounced the protests.

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to explain the government's views on the protests. Later, anonymous people within the Chinese government shipped the files overseas and published the "

4342: 4170: 3277: 1003: 371: 67: 21565: 20927: 17491: 16423: 15645: 13815: 13135: 4660:, was transferred to a different position with equal rank but a mostly ceremonial role. Several Chinese ambassadors abroad claimed political asylum. 2744: 1877: 17247: 10762: 3348:, student protester at Tiananmen, taken on 10 May. The words say: "We want the freedom of newspapers, freedom of associations, also to support the ' 20955: 20760: 20287: 19037: 13211: 13159: 6666: 6406: 5046:

The Chinese government drew widespread condemnation for its suppression of the protests. In the immediate aftermath, China seemed to be becoming a

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were founded in support of the protests. Funding also came from the United States, Canada, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, and countries across Europe.

21141: 18604: 16710: 16549: 13056: 12666: 12171: 11190: 9605:"Cable, From: Department of State, Wash DC, To: U.S. Embassy Beijing, China Task Force Situation Report No. 3 - Situation as of 1700 EDT, 6/4/89" 4595: 4507: 4503: 4499: 3594:

After the massacre, the government did thorough interrogations at work units, institutions, and schools to identify who had been at the protest.

3103: 14350:"Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History – Document 13: Secretary of State's Morning Summary for June 4, 1989, China: Troops Open Fire" 13227: 21377: 20846: 18355: 18164: 11072: 2821:

and, taking Deng's speech in 1980 as a guideline, detailed steps to be taken for political reform, including promoting the rule of law and the

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released an order for the arrest of 21 students they identified as the protest leaders. These 21 most-wanted student leaders were part of the

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were killed from being run over by a train. On 7 June, students from major Shanghai universities stormed various campus facilities to erect

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issued a special notice and sent in many personnel to provide medical services to the hunger strikers on the square. After the departure of

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erected shrines and joined the gathering in Tiananmen Square in a piecemeal fashion. Small, organized student gatherings also took place in

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Print media were required to be consistent with the Chinese government's account of the 4 June Incident. The Chinese government prepared a

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pointed out that Donald later revised his estimate to 2,700–3,400 deaths, a number closer to, but still much higher than, other estimates.

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said that "as far as can be determined from the available evidence, no one died that night in Tiananmen Square". He goes on to conclude:

3543:, accompanied Zhao Ziyang to meet with students in the square, surviving the political purge of the party's liberals and later serving as 21317: 20810: 16587: 14396: 10964: 1887: 14682: 12963: 10724: 6335: 4153: 21736: 20800: 17115: 16108: 15576: 14960: 13598: 12770: 12040: 9644: 9611: 9252: 9217: 8362: 8307: 6646: 4464: 3276:

The stunning success of the march forced the government into making concessions and meeting with student representatives. On 29 April,

3118: 2537:). Within several years, the country's focus on ideological purity was replaced by a concerted attempt to achieve material prosperity. 2224: 422: 27: 14360: 14329: 13548: 13032: 12395: 5108:

Since 2004, China has portrayed the ban as "outdated" and damaging to China–European Union relations. In early 2004, French President

4349:, but which is an estimated number much higher than other sources provided. After the declassification, former student protest leader 3832:

movement, to remind the students that their cause was worth fighting for and pushing them to continue their occupation of the square.

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At 17:00, a sitrep from the U.S. State Department to the U.S. Embassy indicated that the PLA was "mopping up isolated resistance".

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You are still young, there are still many days yet to come, you must live healthily, and see the day when China accomplishes the

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and the 25th anniversary of the protests in 2014. On the 30th anniversary of the protests in 2019, the renowned Chinese artist

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and Editor-in-Chief Tan Wenrui, were also sacked because of reports in the paper that were sympathetic towards the protesters.

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Although they were highly disorganized and their goals varied, the students called for things like rollback of the removal of "

7271: 7238: 21746: 21466: 21421: 20920: 20765: 18700: 18387: 18365: 17511: 17343: 17323: 17298: 17200: 17145: 13179: 12187: 12146: 7019: 5613: 5541: 5081: 5038:. On 22 December 2021, it was removed by the university authorities, a move that was condemned by survivors of the massacre. 4764:, were fired because they openly emoted in sympathy with the protesters. Wu Xiaoyong, the son of the former foreign minister 4652: 4426: 2189: 781: 19788: 15527: 15454: 14906: 14775:"Tiananmen Square Document 35: State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, "China: Aftermath of the Crisis," 1989" 14715: 14617: 14479: 14421: 14244: 14211: 14102: 13923: 13776: 13662: 13581: 13523: 13289: 12946: 12913: 12826: 12573: 12512:

A Heart for Freedom: The Remarkable Journey of a Young Dissident, Her Daring Escape, and Her Quest to Free China's Daughters

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demanded that the article be censored, and many newspapers were printed with a blank page. Jiang then suspended lead editor

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those who were not politically active decided to join the protests. Additionally, a group of workers calling themselves the

2762:. A five-man committee to study the feasibility of political reform was established in September 1986; the members included 21721: 21471: 21395: 21021: 19607: 19532: 19192: 18792: 17363: 17353: 16418: 15731: 15665: 14178: 12690: 4919:

cities increased spending on internal security and to an expanded role for the People's Armed Police in handling protests.

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Unlike more moderate student leaders, Chai seemed willing to allow the student movement to end in a violent confrontation.

3497:" as a show of the government's no-tolerance stance. To justify martial law, the demonstrators were described as tools of " 2637:), began appearing on Beijing university campuses. These organizations motivated the students to get involved politically. 2369: 2062: 1975: 432: 12548: 4312:

had given a figure of 2,600 deaths but later denied having given such a figure. The Swiss Ambassador had estimated 2,700.

21078: 21056: 21011: 20965: 20805: 19212: 18345: 17399: 16730: 15660: 13322:

Kristof, Nicholas D. (6 June 1989). "Units Said to Clash: Troops in Capital Seem to Assume Positions Against an Attack".

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A banner in support of the June Fourth Student Movement in Shanghai Fashion Store (formerly the Xianshi Company Building)

4676: 4627:, the party secretary of Shanghai, where student protests were subdued largely without violence, was promoted to succeed 2662: 2376: 2084: 1970: 777: 767: 710: 18454: 18382: 13252: 10105: 9316: 6747: 1002:

galvanized support around the country for the demonstrators, and the protests spread to some 400 cities. On 20 May, the

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Qiping, Luo., Yantting, Mai., Meifen, Liang., Li Peter., trans., Fons Lampoo., "Student Organizations and Strategies,"

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suggested an open election of the student leadership to speak for the movement but was met with opposition. Meanwhile,

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Kristof, Nicholas D. (3 June 1989). "Beijing Residents Block Army Move Near City Center: Tear Gas said to be Fired".

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said that, based on visits to hospitals around Beijing, a minimum of several hundred had been killed. A declassified

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in February 1989. Nevertheless, the statement marked a decisive split between the country's two most senior leaders.

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correspondent at the time, stated that a photo of a soldier who was "burnt to a crisp" was not sent to subscribers.

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spearheaded a movement within the European Union to lift the ban, his efforts being supported by German Chancellor

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into a protest, as students began to draft a list of pleas and suggestions (the Seven Demands) for the government:

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The Chinese government has used numerous names for the event since 1989. As the events unfolded, it was labeled a "

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Mathews, Jay (2 June 1989). "Chinese Army Moving Closer to Protesters: Finances, Leadership Split Student Ranks".

12456: 7564: 3767:, was submitted to the party leadership, and likewise sent to every member of the Politburo, as well as to senior 21585: 21201: 21046: 20402: 19783: 19712: 19612: 19490: 19262: 19252: 18839: 18226: 17979: 17596: 17526: 17277: 17160: 17155: 16761: 16580: 16330: 16283: 15680: 14873: 8818: 7996:

Preliminary Findings on Killings of Unarmed Civilians, Arbitrary Arrests and Summary Executions Since 3 June 1989

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On 18 August 1980, Deng Xiaoping gave a speech titled "On the Reform of the Party and State Leadership System" ("

2354: 2339: 2015: 1022: 797: 19177: 19064: 19052: 14816: 9793: 21651: 21446: 21179: 21066: 21061: 19833: 19602: 19182: 19084: 18817: 18261: 18256: 17434: 16725: 14288:(1990). "Tiananmen and Chinese Political Culture: The Escalation of Confrontation from Moralizing to Revenge". 13467: 12006: 5727: 5411: 5289: 4460: 4345:, that a minimum of 10,000 civilians died, claims which were repeated in a speech by Australian Prime Minister 3638: 3634: 2057: 1686: 1531: 1456: 1342: 1250: 19502: 19232: 18743: 18515: 13793: 9448: 3993:, where "65 PLA trucks and 47 APCs ... were totally destroyed, and 485 other military vehicles were damaged." 3091:

delivered the eulogy. The funeral seemed rushed, lasting only 40 minutes, as emotions ran high in the square.

21236: 20780: 19795: 19748: 19512: 19435: 19167: 18003: 17967: 17845: 17762: 17606: 17205: 17190: 16351: 7176:

Shigong, Jiang (2014). "Chinese-Style Constitutionalism: On Backer's Chinese Party-State Constitutionalism".

5681: 5656: 5631: 5281: 4871:, Asian countries generally remained silent throughout the protests; India's government under Prime Minister 3614:, a magazine close to reformists, decided to publish a commemorative section on Hu. Inside was an article by 2610: 2072: 1627: 1517: 1328: 1191: 792: 19227: 18936: 18859: 18530: 14141: 11659: 6613: 3709: 21726: 21661: 21505: 21456: 21451: 21287: 21258: 21189: 21151: 21083: 20994: 19813: 19773: 19743: 19692: 19552: 19470: 19466: 19337: 19267: 19032: 18849: 18615: 18510: 18442: 17851: 17516: 17481: 17471: 17429: 17242: 13127: 12422:"How China Managed to De-Isolate Itself on the International Stage and Re-Engage the World after Tiananmen" 5558: 5506: 5331: 4885: 4640: 4079:

am, a Chinese unit crushed the Goddess of Democracy statue, removing its severed torch first as a memento.

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In Hong Kong, the Tiananmen Square protests led to fears that China would renege on its commitments under

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Liu, Alan P.L. (May 1990). "Aspects of Beijing's Crisis Management: The Tiananmen Square Demonstration".

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Chang'an Avenue, but were driven off by gunfire. The square remained closed to the public for two weeks.

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of Spain (TVE). During the military action, some foreign journalists faced harassment from authorities.

4562:, were able to escape to the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and other Western nations under 4285: 3509:

remained carefully neutral and noncommittal. Deng appointed the latter three to carry out the decision.

1795:, alternative names have sprung up to describe the events on the Internet, such as May 35th, VIIV ( 1768:

rebellion", which was later changed to simply "riot", followed by "political turmoil" and "1989 storm".

21646: 21636: 21626: 21560: 21535: 21051: 20936: 20622: 19843: 19828: 19818: 19672: 19272: 18760: 18563: 18330: 17875: 17561: 17215: 17210: 16573: 16042: 15378: 14438: 13965: 12167: 10682: 10652: 5546: 5531: 4973:, following the impending handover of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom in 1997. In response, Governor 4309: 4217: 3467: 2818: 2269: 1665: 1435: 1229: 859: 845: 54: 13734:"At least 10,000 people died in Tiananmen Square massacre, secret British cable from the time alleged" 13235: 13048: 11179: 6151:

Deng Xiaop- ing repeated his insistence that nothing should stop the momentum of reform and opening."

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The Chinese government's response was widely denounced by Western governments and media. According to

21701: 21641: 21595: 21590: 21498: 21359: 20851: 20727: 20672: 20492: 19480: 19187: 18748: 18360: 18277: 17961: 17576: 12371: 11050: 5887:"As China Cracks Down on Dissent, New York City Gives Refuge to Exhibit Remembering Tiananmen Square" 5173: 5165: 4821: 2897: 2880: 2719: 2596:

were pressured to cut costs. This threatened a vast proportion of the population that relied on the "

2344: 2234: 2169: 2161: 13709:"Article: Still on the wing; inside Operation Yellowbird, the daring plot to help dissidents escape" 13417:

Kurlantzick, Joshua (2003). "The Dragon Still Has Teeth: How the West Winks at Chinese Repression".

9164:"TURMOIL IN CHINA; FOREBODING GRASPS BEIJING; ARMY UNITS CRISSCROSS CITY; FOREIGNERS HURRY TO LEAVE" 21671: 21515: 21223: 21114: 21102: 20940: 20477: 20044: 19307: 19197: 18951: 18495: 17839: 17591: 17541: 17180: 17170: 16939: 16700: 16408: 16324: 15716: 14588:"8 Sentenced to Die in Beijing Fighting : Are Convicted of Beating Soldiers, Burning Vehicles" 11180:"Resolution Adopted at the 14th Congress of the CPI(M) Madras, January 3–9, 1992, 4.0(xvii), p. 12" 5731: 5233: 5086: 4970: 4935: 4811: 4761: 4327: 3871: 3626:, his decisive action earning the trust of conservative party elders, who praised Jiang's loyalty. 3444: 3421:

to bypass government censorship and air the progressive views of the nation's intellectuals in the

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Dialogue between students and the government during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

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and his cameraman were taken into custody while filing a report from the square via mobile phone.

2675:

and began a personal tour of universities in China, speaking about liberty, human rights, and the

21297: 21251: 21073: 20905: 19707: 19652: 19637: 19577: 19385: 19365: 19125: 18802: 18407: 17821: 17642: 17581: 17521: 17424: 17348: 17308: 17175: 17165: 16944: 16861: 16793: 16705: 15756: 15736: 15711: 15675: 15650: 10106:"Previously classified diplomatic cable reveals what PM Bob Hawke knew about Tiananamen Massacre" 8990:"Laws of War: Declaration on the Use of Bullets Which Expand or Flatten Easily in the Human Body" 5596: 5536: 4700: 4013: 3929: 3630: 3423: 3407: 3368:

displaying their support of the classroom boycott and the protesters' demands. The students sang

3253: 3241: 2684: 2530: 2309: 2239: 2114: 1832: 971: 956: 854: 787: 348: 221: 179: 18610: 13858: 9418: 3982:, prohibited by international law for use in warfare between countries but not for other uses. 3886:

and threw rocks, forcing them to retreat inside the Zhongnanhai compound through the west gate.

3386:, called an emergency meeting, gathering prominent student leaders and intellectuals, including 208: 21731: 21631: 21621: 21520: 21335: 21184: 20497: 20001: 19395: 19069: 18545: 18305: 18300: 18093: 17833: 17797: 17707: 17546: 17358: 16929: 16776: 5179: 5000:

closed in July 2016, after only two years in its location. The group that runs the museum, the

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on a joy ride; These scenes were captured on camera and broadcast by Chinese state television.

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Rights beyond borders : the global community and the struggle over human rights in China

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The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leadership and the Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy

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People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre § Casualties

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and halted the policies of liberalization of the 1980s, which were only partly resumed after

15403: 14950: 14923: 14349: 14318: 13814: 13332: 12740: 12657: 12394: 12268: 12241: 12036: 10747:"Relatives of dead at Tiananmen seek review – Asia – Pacific – International Herald Tribune" 9636: 9604: 9245: 9210: 8354: 8299: 6670: 970:, reflecting anxieties among the people and political elite about the country's future. The 21282: 21241: 21165:

Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

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In the early morning of 19 May, Zhao Ziyang went to Tiananmen in what became his political

3498: 3383: 3126: 2904: 2822: 2676: 2672: 2589: 2518:("bringing order out of chaos") to correct the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution. At the 2386: 2249: 1940: 1872: 1026: 988: 581: 320: 256: 225: 16826: 15583: 12633: 11831:"They faced down the tanks in Tiananmen Square. Now they want their children to forget it" 11217:"CPI(M) assailed for welcoming hardliners' coup, but refuses to budge from Marxist dogmas" 7141:

Finch, George (2007). "Modern Chinese Constitutionalism: Reflections of Economic Change".

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The comprehensive and wide-ranging reforms created political differences over the pace of

2540:

To oversee his reform agenda, Deng promoted his allies to top government and party posts.

2027: 8: 21441: 20717: 20632: 20627: 20527: 20390: 20187: 20071: 19986: 19874: 19727: 19722: 19702: 19687: 19597: 19592: 19497: 19430: 19420: 19332: 19327: 19317: 19217: 19157: 19130: 18956: 18941: 18911: 18889: 18675: 18665: 18392: 18315: 18285: 18269: 18009: 17815: 17501: 17476: 17272: 17257: 16856: 16596: 16344: 16318: 16290: 16276: 16269: 16193: 15795: 15670: 15640: 15081: 14752: 13882: 11106: 10506: 5191: 5155: 5129: 4994:

large candlelight vigils attended by tens of thousands in Hong Kong every year since 1989

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In a disputed cable sent in the aftermath of the events at Tiananmen, British Ambassador

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In the evening, a firefight broke out between soldiers and demonstrators at Shuangjing.

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Gifts and donations from outside Mainland China during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests

3571: 3294: 3106:, knelt on the steps of the Great Hall to present a petition and demanded to see Premier 3005: 2759: 2755: 2569: 2494: 2409: 2119: 2039: 2034: 1965: 1960: 1058: 361: 278:

Heavy casualties in urban clashes between rioters and soldiers in Beijing, especially at

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The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leadership's Decision to Use Force, in Their Own Words

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Ruan, Lotus; Knockel, Jeffrey; Ng, Jason Q.; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi (December 2016).

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protests in other countries, where many adopted the wearing of black armbands as well.

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Funding of student organizations during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

2435: 2430: 2404: 1935: 1907: 1804: 1722: 1714: 1286: 1278: 252: 20567: 20396: 16803: 12347: 12296:"Chinese detain Zhang Shijun, soldier who spoke out against Tiananmen Square massacre" 9015: 8438:

Yeung, Chris (29 May 1989). "Another vast crowd joins world-wide show of solidarity".

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opposed the imposition of martial law, Li Peng and Yao Yilin firmly supported it, and

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The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement

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result, those responsible were all later removed from their posts. Two news anchors,

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The government's tone grew increasingly conciliatory when Zhao Ziyang returned from

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Wright, Kate (1990). "The Political Fortunes of Shanghai's World Economic Herald".

14544: 14536: 14522:"China's Fear of Contagion: Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example" 14297: 14137: 14040: 13687: 13541:"Latin American Diplomat Eyewitness Account of June 3–4 Events on Tiananmen Square" 13455: 13426: 12634:"China: 15 years after Tiananmen, calls for justice continue and the arrests go on" 12471: 11054: 8927: 7549: 7544: 7532: 7486: 7261: 7228: 7185: 7099: 7053: 6170: 6073: 5580: 5465: 5089:

and established relations with Indonesia, Israel, South Korea, and others in 1992.

4772:, ostensibly for his sympathies towards protesters. Editors and other staff at the 4651:, was also put under house arrest immediately after he stepped out of his plane at 4385: 3968: 3944: 3914: 3792: 3654: 2997: 2523: 2425: 2334: 2264: 1562: 1373: 1126: 1088: 966:

in April 1989 amid the backdrop of rapid economic development and social change in

917: 307: 131: 88: 13175: 11687:"He tried to commemorate erased history. China detained him, then erased that too" 11107:"India's Communist Party (Marxist): Defender of Stalin and capitalist restoration" 7044:

Ng-Quinn, Michael (1982). "Deng Xiaoping's Political Reform and Political Order".

7011: 5829:"He tried to commemorate erased history. China detained him, then erased that too" 3356:

Students began the hunger strike on 13 May, two days before the highly publicized

20975: 20866: 20722: 20712: 20697: 20677: 20662: 20637: 20582: 20347: 20315: 20207: 20167: 19929: 19924: 19864: 19805: 19537: 19415: 19242: 19207: 19115: 19110: 18834: 18728: 18402: 18335: 18325: 18290: 18246: 18233: 18185: 17949: 17637: 17627: 17486: 17394: 16715: 16690: 16667: 16514: 16372: 15511: 15221:[Incident at Liubukou When Tanks Ran Over Retreating Group of Students]. 14890: 14699: 14633: 14611: 14463: 14228: 14195: 14086: 13907: 13760: 13738: 13644: 13565: 13507: 13273: 12930: 12897: 12810: 12557: 12421: 12208: 8221: 5493: 5249: 5026: 5012: 4997: 4906:

Political purges during and after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

4616:

Political purges during and after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

2791: 2743:." In December 1982, the fourth and current Constitution of China, known as the " 2687:, democracy, and the rule of law. While the protests were initially contained in 2514: 2314: 2179: 2000: 1828: 1613: 1177: 18829: 16982: 13849: 13358:

Kristof, Nicholas D. (14 June 1989). "Beijing Ousts 2 American Correspondents".

13314: 3326:

made an emotional appeal on the night before the strike was scheduled to begin.

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Behind the Tiananmen Massacre: Social, Political, and Economic Ferment in China

12376:

Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement

11136: 8423:

Macklin, Simon; Tang, John (27 May 1989). "Organisers ready for mass concert".

5479: 5221: 5109: 4751: 4370: 2597: 2129: 2044: 1912: 1796: 1792: 1597: 1394: 1161: 980: 975: 762: 11488:"University of Hong Kong removes Tiananmen Massacre monument in dead of night" 10918: 8397: 7490: 7103: 4831:

Some Western outlets withheld certain images from viewers; Graham Earnshaw, a

4785:

The restrictions were loosened after a few years had passed, especially after

1054: 21610: 21389: 20856: 20702: 20597: 20562: 20547: 20507: 20049: 19879: 19617: 19527: 19390: 19370: 19257: 19018: 18996: 18961: 18540: 18535: 18490: 18412: 18372: 18121: 17991: 17914: 17667: 17657: 17652: 17536: 17404: 17087: 17067: 17047: 17027: 17002: 16959: 16901: 16891: 16720: 16057: 15785: 15775: 15479: 14846: 14836: 12766: 12742:"Deng's June 9 Speech: 'We Faced a Rebellious Clique' and 'Dregs of Society'" 12325: 10758: 9805: 9308: 7498: 7445:"Tiananmen 30 years on: A China that's averse to political reforms – for now" 7197: 7189: 7154: 7111: 7065: 6743: 6425:"After 20 Years of 'Peaceful Evolution,' China Faces Another Historic Moment" 6182: 6085: 5590: 5570: 5309: 5121: 5054: 4868: 4849: 4756: 4479: 4413: 4248: 4032: 3960: 3906: 3772: 3219: 3130: 3111: 3083: 2887: 2645: 2509: 2319: 999: 702: 675: 586: 490: 461: 311: 244: 202: 151: 138: 15324: 15297: 15270: 15243: 14657: 14061: 13708: 12888: 11936:"Tiananmen Square protests: crackdown intensifies as 30th anniversary nears" 11019: 11017: 9930: 8810: 5976: 4049:

Emergency Announcement, Beijing Municipal Government and Martial Law Command

3574:. You are not like us. We are already old. It doesn't matter to us anymore. 3042:

Publish information on the income of state leaders and their family members.

633: 306:, previously Party Secretary of Shanghai, promoted to General Secretary and 21461: 21365: 20642: 20592: 20522: 20512: 20366: 20354: 20341: 20147: 19974: 19475: 18723: 18573: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18128: 17531: 17150: 17077: 17032: 16766: 16657: 16632: 16147: 16037: 16002: 15767: 15507: 13998: 13852:– via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The Washington Post (1877–1994). 13459: 13394:"How China has censored words relating to the Tiananmen Square anniversary" 13027: 12147:"All references to Tiananmen Square massacre closely censored for 20 years" 12099: 12097: 11239: 11044: 10936:

11. "Troops march near Beijing square; foreign press coverage restricted,"

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People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

3262: 3122: 3095: 2978: 2502: 2456: 2304: 1995: 1731: 1569: 1484: 1380: 1295: 1133: 1042: 1041:. The government also invested heavily into creating more effective police 628: 15405:"China's Newspapers, After Crackdown by Beijing, Revert to a Single Voice" 14986: 14865: 13317:– via ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2007). 12084: 12082: 11372: 11058: 9773: 7335:

Chinese Democracy and the Crisis of 1989: Chinese and American Reflections

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military hardware. Among the sources that were sought included the former

2809:

on the political reforms. In his speech titled "Advance Along the Road of

2714: 21431: 20687: 20292: 20262: 20117: 20107: 20006: 19869: 19662: 19151: 18981: 18966: 18777: 18625: 18593: 18480: 18295: 18200: 18139: 17929: 17130: 17017: 16992: 16934: 16896: 16886: 16756: 16157: 16142: 16137: 16052: 16017: 15992: 15869: 15864: 15823: 15790: 14735: 14540: 13940: 12964:"Foreign journalists in China harassed over Tiananmen Square anniversary" 11913:"Why searching for the truth about Tiananmen is more important than ever" 11014: 5952: 5584: 5134: 4982: 4716: 4705: 4663: 4628: 4624: 4527: 4519: 4401: 4350: 4338: 4288: 3863:

into the Great Hall of the People on the west side of the square and the

3776: 3677: 3619: 3580: 3494: 3395: 3391: 3374:, the world socialist anthem, on their way to, and while at, the square. 3357: 3345: 3214: 3196: 3155: 3088: 3064: 3060: 2946: 2917: 2783: 2763: 2541: 2329: 2244: 2079: 1927: 1007: 929: 650: 616: 606: 562: 537: 525: 520: 515: 495: 303: 290: 198: 15064: 14613:

Sino-American relations: One year after the massacre at Tiananmen Square

14558: 14052: 13635: 13438: 12094: 11338: 11328: 9990: 9911: 8939: 8911: 7533:"Postsocialism? Reflections on 'socialism with Chinese characteristics'" 7205: 7162: 6190: 6154: 6093: 6057: 5487: 4680:

transferring very significant amounts of money to Swiss bank accounts."

2842:

Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China

21426: 21341: 20446: 20157: 20127: 20081: 19996: 19964: 19956: 19899: 19587: 19302: 18991: 18879: 18485: 17923: 17632: 17506: 17120: 16906: 16851: 16821: 16751: 16172: 16167: 16077: 16072: 16022: 16007: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15930: 15925: 15910: 15900: 15874: 15483: 15194:[1989 Tiananmen Square incident Highlights: Saturday, June 3]. 15027: 14309: 14285: 14262:"Fresh details of 'savage' Tiananmen massacre emerge in embassy cables" 13794:"Chinese human rights official says the crackdown 'completely correct'" 13699: 13622:

Lin, Chong-Pin; Deng, Xiaoping (28 June 1989). "Deng's 9 June Speech".

12475: 12079: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8809:

Greenberger, Robert S.; Ignatius, Adi; Sterba, James P. (5 June 1989).

7073: 6568:"Bus driver in '8964' massacre memento suspended for 3 months - report" 6259: 5735: 5712: 5319: 5225: 5217: 4996:, even after the transfer of power to China in 1997. Despite that, the 4939: 4790: 4779: 4765: 4724: 4559: 4531: 4418: 4366: 3964: 3828: 3824: 3697: 3646: 3556: 3536: 3532: 3387: 3379: 2779: 2771: 2668: 2549: 2498: 2219: 1882: 1658: 1428: 1222: 1070: 1021:". In the aftermath of the protests, the Chinese government suppressed 963: 670: 660: 645: 567: 557: 284:

Protest leaders and pro-democracy activists later exiled or imprisoned

174: 19100: 16565: 14549: 13369:"A Reassessment of How Many Died in the Military Crackdown in Beijing" 10178:"Tiananmen Square massacre cable makes chilling '10,000 killed' claim" 9037: 9035: 9033: 8833: 7506: 7296:

Toward a Democratic China: The Intellectual Autobiography of Yan Jiaqi

7119: 4857: 4584:, the operation involved more than 40 people and had its roots in the 3559:. Li Peng also went to the square but left shortly thereafter. At 4:50 21575: 20742: 20587: 20436: 20409: 20222: 20177: 20086: 20054: 20034: 20026: 19355: 19145: 17672: 17466: 17185: 17125: 17007: 16617: 16152: 16067: 16032: 16027: 15962: 15879: 15859: 15843: 15800: 15455:"China Censors: The Tiananmen Square Anniversary Will Not Be Tweeted" 14143:

Beijing Spring, 1989: Confrontation and Conflict: The Basic Documents

14044: 12506: 9966: 9246:"Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC" 9211:"Cable, From: U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC" 9106:""Tank Man" photographer reflects on 30 years since Tiananmen Square" 8931: 7619:

Zhang Liang, "An Emergency Report of the Beijing Party Committee" in

6174: 6134: 6132: 6077: 5415: 5245: 5241: 4965:

in Hong Kong in 2009 on the 20th anniversary of the June 4th incident

4754:, who reported this event on 4 and 5 June, respectively in the daily 4709: 4555: 4487: 4408: 4377: 4346: 4280: 4182: 3848: 3650: 3623: 3615: 3552: 3486: 3428: 3323: 3289: 3210: 3177: 2933: 2871: 2787: 2578: 2254: 1679: 1449: 1243: 984: 813: 596: 591: 510: 505: 316:

Imposition of Western economic sanctions and arms embargoes on China

287:

Rioters charged with violent crimes executed in the following months

184: 15019: 14301: 13762:

The Politics of China: Sixty Years of The People's Republic of China

13691: 9542: 8845: 7057: 6927: 5445: 5096: 4455:

Women's roles during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

4341:

initially claimed, based on information from a "good friend" in the

4067:

leaving under their school banners, heading southeast. At about 4:35

1799:

for 6 and 4), Eight Squared (since 8=64) and 8964 (in yymd format).

20321: 20162: 20059: 19934: 19753: 19657: 18797: 18655: 18109: 17022: 16997: 16954: 16788: 16771: 16695: 16509: 15997: 15972: 15967: 15895: 15833: 15780: 15543:

Zhao, Ziyang (2009). Pu, Bao; Chiang, Renee; Ignatius, Adi (eds.).

11856: 11854: 11852: 9030: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 5314: 5209: 5197: 4958: 4683: 4657: 4483: 4222: 4141: 4132: 4120: 3844: 3780: 3506: 3414: 3147: 3143: 3009: 2951: 2893: 2876: 2806: 2650: 2585: 2573: 1700: 1583: 1470: 1264: 1147: 1018: 665: 655: 601: 552: 500: 485: 194: 46: 20935: 19441:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

15167:[The advance target and route of the martial law forces]. 12396:"Chen Xitong, Beijing Mayor During Tiananmen Protests, Dies at 82" 10405: 6547: 6129: 5473: 2710:

History of the People's Republic of China § Political reforms

2603: 21160:

Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR

20267: 20152: 20142: 20091: 19632: 18377: 17995: 16949: 15957: 15915: 15905: 15838: 15828: 15805: 14734:. Long Bow Group in collaboration with ITVS. 1995. Archived from 13357: 13334:"Moderates Appear on Beijing TV, Easing Fears of Wholesale Purge" 12007:"China tried to pay off Tiananmen Square family, activists claim" 11384: 10924: 10570: 10568: 7090:

Whyte, Martin King (1993). "Deng Xiaoping: The Social Reformer".

6455:"The inside story of the propaganda fightback for Deng's reforms" 5574: 5297: 4832: 4727:, a general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, said in the 4644: 4275: 4158: 3840: 3747: 3514: 3502: 3418: 3281: 3223: 3200: 3107: 2922: 2775: 2767: 1738: 1491: 1302: 1039:

demoted or purged officials it deemed sympathetic to the protests

921: 542: 480: 260: 15546:

Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang

14668:

Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations 1989–2000

13176:"It Is Necessary To Take A Clear-Cut Stand Against Disturbances" 13078:

Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang

11849: 9715: 9713: 6904: 6298: 6296: 4803:

Foreign media at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

4303:

A burned-out vehicle on a Beijing street a few days after 6 June

3985:

The advance of the army was again halted by another blockade at

3489:, and Deng asserted that by making a conciliatory speech to the 26:"Tiananmen Square protests" redirects here. For other uses, see 21530: 20335: 20137: 20076: 19011: 17802: 16876: 15920: 15625: 15140:[Casualties of military police in martial law forces]. 15051:

Military Units Enforcing Martial Law During the June 4 Incident

14976:

Wong, Jan (6 June 1989). "Troops Brace for Attack in Beijing".

14892:

China's New Order: Society, Politics, and Economy in Transition

12932:

Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Revolution: A Political Biography

12610:"China tightens information controls for Tiananmen anniversary" 10347:"Wikileaks: no bloodshed inside Tiananmen Square, cables claim" 10317:"Wikileaks: no bloodshed inside Tiananmen Square, cables claim" 9064: 9062: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7952: 5689: 5664: 5639: 5600: 4989:

to Western countries such as Canada and Australia before 1997.

4861: 4648: 4620: 4566:, which was organized by Western intelligence agencies such as 4391: 3986: 3975: 3258: 3068: 3017: 2618: 1808: 547: 279: 248: 14348:

Richelson, Jeffrey T.; Evans, Michael L., eds. (1 June 1999).

14317:

Richelson, Jeffrey T.; Evans, Michael L., eds. (1 June 1999).

13881: 11518:"Pillar of Shame: Hong Kong's Tiananmen Square statue removed" 10565: 10059: 9568: 9133:"Images Vilify Protesters; Chinese Launch Propaganda Campaign" 7833: 7143:

Willamette Journal of International Law and Dispute Resolution

3812:

were outraged by the articles. They were also outraged by the

3238:

It is necessary to take a clear-cut stand against disturbances

3121:(also known as the Union) was formed. It elected CUPL student 3032:

Affirm Hu Yaobang's views on democracy and freedom as correct.

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American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

20282: 20065: 18144: 18068:

Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China

17941: 17734: 16012: 14197:

Out of Mao's Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China

13509:

Culture and Politics in China: An Anatomy of Tiananmen Square

13023:"Director hailed at Cannes faces five-year film ban in China" 12119: 10884: 10882: 10869: 10867: 9863: 9779: 9710: 8703: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6279: 5796:"261 ways to refer to the Tiananmen Square massacre in China" 5103:

European Union arms embargo on the People's Republic of China

4535: 4445:

Dissidents in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

3990: 3730: 2967: 2962: 2688: 2259: 1746: 1499: 1310: 925: 880: 755: 750: 611: 14773: 11890:"The west is complicit in the 30-year cover-up of Tiananmen" 11798: 11657: 11245: 11023: 9851: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9059: 8727: 8715: 8608: 7949: 6486:"Prosperity, repression mark China 30 years after Tiananmen" 6216: 6214: 6212: 5137:

that it had a strained relationship with as a result of the

4845:

Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

3048:

Increase funding for education and raise intellectuals' pay.

983:" jobs, greater accountability, constitutional due process, 19:"June 4th movement" redirects here. Not to be confused with 20360: 20242: 18134: 18078: 17894: 15584:"Assignment: China – Tiananmen Square – US-China Institute" 15113:[The release of Tiananmen Square clearance order]. 14385:. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 300–. 13366: 11810: 11593: 11591: 11284: 11282: 11280: 11142:

Pax Indica: India and the World of the Twenty-first Century

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Schram, Stuart R. (1988). "China after the 13th Congress".

7012:"On the Reform of the System of Party and State Leadership" 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6270: 4723:" in 2001. At the 30th anniversary of the 4 June Incident, 4209: 3203:(right) who declared martial law and backed military action 1010:, and as many as 300,000 troops were mobilized to Beijing. 14800:"Why China Refuses to Arrest its 'Most Wanted' Dissidents" 14465:

The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989

13468:"Less Than a Dozen June Fourth Protesters Still in Prison" 13228:"Japan concerned by call to lift China embargo – official" 11615: 11603: 10879: 10864: 9954: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9335: 8377: 8282: 8280: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8093: 8091: 8018: 8016: 7973: 7971: 7725: 7713: 6937: 6276: 3870:

On the evening of 2 June, an accident occurred in which a

955:

The protests were precipitated by the death of pro-reform

20815: 20795: 20790: 16673:

Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

16652: 15086:[Number of Beijing martial law units on June 4]. 13304: 13107: 12652: 12210:

Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping

12103: 12088: 10422: 10420: 10014: 9698: 9580: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9285: 9275: 9273: 8958: 8882: 8880: 8867: 8865: 8839: 8808: 8184: 8136: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7808: 7806: 7742: 7740: 7701: 7667: 7665: 6954: 6952: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6209: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5308:

Before his death in 1998, Yang Shangkun told army doctor

5057:, Director of the Center for China-US Cooperation at the 4817: 4571: 4567: 3199:(left) who pushed for dialogue with students and Premier 3186: 3079:

issued two handbills challenging the central leadership.

3054:

Provide objective coverage of students in official media.

3045:

Allow privately run newspapers and stop press censorship.

2817:"), Zhao argued that socialism in China was still in its 1719: 1705: 1691: 1475: 1461: 1283: 1269: 1255: 1025:, carried out mass arrests of protesters which catalyzed 14175:"Web-savvy & cynical: China's youth since Tiananmen" 14136: 12739: 11627: 11588: 11576: 11552: 11540: 11467: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11294: 11277: 10852: 10543: 10541: 10311: 10309: 10041: 10031: 10029: 9996: 9972: 9936: 9924: 9899: 9887: 9875: 9839: 9824: 9315:. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College: 74. 8782: 8770: 8751: 8691: 8647: 8632: 8620: 8596: 8584: 8572: 8560: 8545: 8533: 8521: 8509: 7891: 7889: 7818: 7565:"1987: 13th CPC National Congress starts – China.org.cn" 6843: 6841: 6807: 4438: 3629:

On 27 May, over 300,000 people in Hong Kong gathered at

1670: 1440: 1234: 15430:"Young clerk let Tiananmen ad slip past censors: paper" 15329:[Last act of the Tiananmen incident (page 4)]. 15302:[Last act of the Tiananmen incident (page 3)]. 15275:[Last act of the Tiananmen incident (page 2)]. 15248:[Last act of the Tiananmen incident (page 1)]. 15214: 14698:

Thakur, Manab; Burton, Gene E; Srivastava, B N (1997).

14610: 13150: 12899:

China Road: A Journey into the Future of a Rising Power

12667:"Olympic hopeful who lost his legs in Tiananmen Square" 12188:"China's Youth post-Tiananmen: Apathy a fact or front?" 11871: 11869: 11762: 11445:"Tiananmen Massacre Online Museum Blocked in Hong Kong" 10616: 10592: 10002: 9942: 9548: 9389: 9332: 8856: 8681: 8679: 8461: 8451: 8449: 8277: 8265: 8115: 8088: 8076: 8064: 8052: 8028: 8013: 8001: 7968: 7937: 7913: 7901: 7610:

Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1994

6725: 6723: 6721: 6537: 6535: 6249: 6247: 6235: 5264: 5228:, the mothers of victims who died in 1989, founded the 3012:

and Shanghai on 16 April. On 17 April, students at the

2559: 1819: 1359:

Political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989

236:, social equality, democratic input on economic reforms 14697: 13126: 12713: 12608: 12588: 12067: 11716: 11714: 11378: 11306: 10785:"Hong Kong's 'Long-Haired' Provocateurs International" 10526: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10417: 9518: 9508: 9506: 9368: 9351: 9270: 9186: 9047: 9041: 8877: 8862: 8485: 8473: 8322: 8196: 8160: 7874: 7862: 7845: 7803: 7793: 7791: 7776: 7737: 7689: 7662: 7650: 6988: 6949: 6877: 6790: 6766: 6754: 6595: 6593: 6553: 6520: 6138: 5995: 5330:

During its 41st session, from 3–21 November 2008, the

5024:

In memory of the events among other monuments at 1997

2584:

Following the 1988 meeting at their summer retreat of

893:

2010 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest

888:

2007 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest

91:

on 2 June (top), and tanks in Beijing in July (bottom)

16:

Chinese pro-democracy movement and subsequent massacre

21752:

Massacres committed by the People's Republic of China

18063:

Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China

14140:; Sullivan, Lawrence R.; Lambert, Marc, eds. (1990). 13567:

The People's Republic of Amnesia: Tiananmen Revisited

13330: 12660: 21 November 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2019. 11986: 11396: 10894: 10604: 10538: 10411: 10369: 10306: 10128: 10074: 10026: 9737: 9725: 9313:

Chinese National Security Decisionmaking Under Stress

8910:

Nathan, Andrew J.; Link, Perry; Liang, Zhang (2002).

7886: 6976: 6964: 6894: 6892: 6865: 6853: 6838: 6826: 6153:

Nathan, Andrew J.; Link, Perry; Liang, Zhang (2002).

6056:

Nathan, Andrew J.; Link, Perry; Liang, Zhang (2002).

6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 5787: 4768:, was removed from the English Program Department of 4670:. Jiang's decisive actions in Shanghai involving the 3996:

Demonstrators attacked troops with poles, rocks, and

3142:

On 22 April, near dusk, serious rioting broke out in

1646: 1632: 1618: 1602: 1588: 1574: 1416: 1399: 1385: 1210: 1196: 1182: 1166: 1152: 1138: 14730: 12844:"Most Chinese students have never heard of Tank Man" 12590:"China: The massacre of June 1989 and its aftermath" 12055: 11866: 11750: 11362: 11360: 10628: 10212: 9467: 8676: 8664: 8497: 8446: 8241: 7677: 6931: 6718: 6532: 6244: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6014: 5917: 5427: 5274:"hardship assistance" and was given to Tang Deying ( 5118:

Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China

4586:

Alliance in Support of Democratic Movements in China

3786:

The report emphasized the danger of infiltration of

1029:, strictly controlled coverage of the events in the 14118:Naughton, Barry (2010). Béja, Jean-Philippe (ed.). 13196:(People's Daily) editorial (printed April 26, 1989) 13076:. In Pu, Bao; Chiang, Renee; Ignatius, Adi (eds.). 13049:"How Many Really Died? Tiananmen Square Fatalities" 12270:"Beijing Orders Its Ambassadors Home for a Meeting" 12145: 11860: 11774: 11738: 11726: 11711: 11639: 11564: 10840: 10580: 10432: 10393: 10381: 10086: 9530: 9503: 9491: 9479: 9086: 9074: 8970: 8253: 7788: 7752: 7626: 6590: 6376: 5905: 5758:

in a different place and under other circumstances.

4666:, the Party Secretary of Shanghai, was promoted to 4639:The party leadership expelled Zhao Ziyang from the 3521:, mobilized the military to move into the capital. 15349: 14817:"China's Tiananmen activists: Where are they now?" 14068:(Interview). Interviewed by Maria Elena Viggiano. 14031:Nathan, Andrew (2002). "On the Tiananmen Papers". 13174: 13098: 12689: 12541:"Document of 1989: 21 Most Wanted Student Leaders" 12120: 11974: 11962: 11087: 10906: 10553: 10224: 10148:"Tiananmen Square protest death toll 'was 10,000'" 8329:Kevin D. Haggerty, Richard Victor Ericson (2006). 8172: 7839: 7764: 7638: 6889: 6508: 6026: 5929: 5085:investment. China expedited negotiations with the 4979:franchise for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong 4291:said that the number of injured was around 6,000. 3919:Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution 3653:, and other organization leaders, paraded through 3564:students. It would be his last public appearance. 3218:protesters. On the morning of 25 April, President 3087:broadcast live to the students. General Secretary 21566:Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location 16424:Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy 15579:about 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 15356:[1989 Tiananmen Events: Sunday, June 4]. 13506:Li, Peter; Li, Marjorie H.; Mark, Steven (2011). 13466: 12812:China Since Tiananmen: The Politics of Transition 12632: 11950: 11449:The Daily News Brief | Real News without the Spin 11357: 10949:21. Jonathan Mirsky, "Revenge of the old guard," 10574: 9761: 9749: 9686: 8328: 6302: 6112: 5303: 5097:European Union and the United States arms embargo 2847: 2548:, the head of government, in September 1980, and 1069:"8964" redirects here. For the minor planet, see 21608: 20956:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 20761:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 15106: 14925:"Chen Ziming, Dissident in China, Is Dead at 62" 13448:International Journal of Public Opinion Research 13321: 12616:. Australia. Agence France-Presse. 4 June 2009. 11425: 10451: 9719: 9240: 9238: 9205: 9203: 9201: 8709: 8431: 6667:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 6308: 5041: 4914:The protests highlighted severe inadequacies in 4578:, a British territory at the time. According to 3519:Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission 2794:and opposed the implementation of Western-style 1403:nien chʻun hsia chih-chiao te cheng-chih feng-po 831:December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong 19198:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 18605:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 16711:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 16550:Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao 15428: 15160: 14347: 13991:"Tiananmen's Most Wanted – Where Are They Now?" 12998:"Miao Deshun: China's last Tiananmen prisoner?" 12457:"Revolution and repression in Tiananmen square" 11804: 11786: 11413: 9068: 8909: 8733: 8331:The New Politics of Surveillance and Visibility 6152: 6055: 4981:, which led to friction with Beijing. For many 4741:People's Daily during the 1989 Student Movement 4171:100 most influential people of the 20th century 4150:, thought that they were concerned bystanders. 2604:Social disenfranchisement and legitimacy crisis 1807:only a few miles long, and especially near the 1045:units. More broadly, the suppression ended the 21401:Information operations and information warfare 21378:Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism 17492:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 15646:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 15133: 15079: 14316: 11145:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. 10206: 6287: 5030:with height of 8 meters performed by sculptor 4232: 3051:End restrictions on demonstrations in Beijing. 2656: 1842:History of the People's Republic of China 1442:1989-ni tshen-ghô tsy-jiau di tsen-tsy fhon-bo 732: 20921: 18094: 17715: 16581: 15611: 14952:"Far-Ranging Support for Google's China Move" 14842:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China 14671:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 58–. 14120:The Impact of China's 1989 Tiananmen Massacre 13649:The Impact of China's 1989 Tiananmen Massacre 13271: 13047: 12765: 12426:The Impact of China's 1989 Tiananmen Massacre 11390: 11214: 11129: 9960: 9597: 9235: 9198: 6787:, Chapter 5: On the Eve of the 1989 Movement. 6220: 5750:Jay Mathews, former Beijing bureau chief for 5372:Mourning banners hung near the South Gate of 5275: 4809: 3827:, Zhou Duo, and Gao Xin—and Taiwanese singer 3588: 3301: 3014:China University of Political Science and Law 2984:China University of Political Science and Law 2474: 1536: 1522: 1501:1989-nî chhun-hē chi-kau tī chèng-tī hong-pho 1463:1989-nìhn cheūnhaah jígáau dī jingchìh fūngbō 1387:1989-nián chūn xià zhījiāo de zhèngzhì fēngbō 1347: 1333: 1093: 718: 110:(1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days) 20837:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 18388:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 15722:Dialogue between students and the government 15322: 15295: 15268: 15241: 14701:International Management: Concepts and Cases 14585: 11323: 11321: 11251: 9591: 9291: 8333:. University of Toronto Press. p. 204. 7623:(New York: Public Affairs, 2001). pp. 334-5. 6691: 5296:) died at age 15 while in police custody in 5196:and any writings of Zhao Ziyang or his aide 4854:Monument in Memory of Chinese from Tiananmen 4392:Deaths around and in Tiananmen Square itself 3401: 3230:On 26 April, the party's official newspaper 3039:and bourgeois liberalization had been wrong. 2522:, in December 1978, Deng emerged as China's 21617:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 21318:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 19698:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 17787:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 15627:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 14798:Traywick, Catherine A. (25 November 2013). 14088:The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth 14006:Nathan, Andrew J. (January–February 2001). 13941:"Tiananmen killings: Were the media right?" 13758: 13416: 13226: 11828: 11633: 11621: 11609: 10888: 10873: 9302: 9300: 8422: 8154: 5889:. US News & World Report. 1 June 2023. 4221:so tense that residents reportedly began a 4198: 3759:On the same day, another report, issued by 2095:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 1888:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 1079:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 773:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 40:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 20928: 20914: 20801:United States involvement in regime change 18356:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 18101: 18087: 17722: 17708: 16588: 16574: 15618: 15604: 14863: 14664: 14439:"There Was No 'Tiananmen Square Massacre'" 13909:The Legacy of Tiananmen: China in Disarray 13272:Kelley, Lane; Shenkar, Oded, eds. (1993). 12961: 12555: 12266: 12239: 11768: 10598: 8964: 8398:"Playlist of 'Democratic Songs for China'" 7707: 7613: 6647:"Huíshǒu 1978 – Lìshǐ zài zhèlǐ zhuǎnzhé" 4699:The official narrative constructed by the 4365:, a victims' advocacy group co-founded by 4114: 3898:assemble at intersections and the Square. 3247: 3110:. Standing beside them, a fourth student ( 2520:Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee 2481: 2467: 725: 711: 28:Tiananmen Square protests (disambiguation) 21477:List of Hong Kong national security cases 21175:Independent Commission Against Corruption 15008:The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 14987:"Security tight on Tiananmen anniversary" 14864:Walder, Andrew W.; Gong, Xiaoxia (1993). 14732:"The Gate of Heavenly Peace – Transcript" 14548: 13791: 12165: 12073: 11318: 11312: 10983: 10469: 9629: 7600: 7548: 4596:Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao were arrested 3306: 836:Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement 21017:National Defense Mobilization Commission 15477: 14797: 14259: 14117: 14084: 13966:"Places 20 years apart – Indian Express" 13883:"The Memory Of Tiananmen – The Tank Man" 13505: 13071: 12991:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 12808: 12654:United Nations Committee Against Torture 12592:. Amnesty International. 31 March 1990. 12556:Cheng, Chu-yüan; Zheng, Zhuyuan (1990). 12538: 12529: 12419: 12318: 12293: 12243:"In Taiwan, Sympathies Lean Toward Home" 12149:. Reports Without Borders. 2 June 2009. 11992: 11933: 11829:Lee, Lily; Westcott, Ben (3 June 2019). 11597: 11582: 11558: 11546: 11407: 11300: 11288: 10989: 10956: 10900: 10858: 10610: 10547: 10375: 10242: 10047: 10008: 9948: 9905: 9893: 9881: 9869: 9857: 9845: 9833: 9791: 9297: 9155: 8793: 8776: 8764: 8745: 8721: 8697: 8658: 8641: 8626: 8614: 8602: 8590: 8578: 8566: 8554: 8539: 8527: 8515: 8416: 8286: 8202: 7962: 7683: 7587: 7043: 6958: 6760: 6729: 6559: 5325: 5238:20th anniversary of the protests in 2009 5063: 5006: 4957: 4884:Former United Nations Secretary-General 4848: 4793:, playing the sects against each other. 4668:General Secretary of the Communist Party 4619: 4592:been simply sent back but not arrested. 4298: 4152: 3943: 3928: 3921:in western Beijing, was deployed by the 3905: 3531: 3339: 3257: 2790:, Deng delimited the reforms within the 2713: 128:Beijing, China and 400 cities nationwide 21108:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police 18927:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 17116:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 16595: 16109:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 15542: 15506: 14519: 14378: 13857:Mathews, Jay (September–October 1998). 13856: 13839: 13621: 13470:. The Dui Hua Foundation. 31 May 2012. 13253:"Hong Kong's Tiananmen Museum to close" 13021:Higgins, Charlotte (5 September 2006). 13020: 12928: 12895: 12454: 12392: 12378:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 12345: 12168:"Wen lays ground for Tiananmen healing" 12061: 11923:from the original on 29 September 2019. 11910: 11875: 11816: 11756: 11135: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11032: 10218: 9984: 9562:"Despair and Death In a Beijing Square" 9413: 9411: 9402: 9345: 9161: 9130: 8685: 8214: 8190: 8166: 8142: 8097: 8082: 8070: 8058: 8034: 8022: 8007: 7977: 7943: 7931: 7919: 7907: 7880: 7868: 7856: 7797: 7782: 7746: 7719: 7695: 7671: 7656: 7632: 7608:Sowing the Seeds of Democracy in China. 7175: 6994: 6943: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6832: 6801: 6784: 6772: 6526: 6008: 5954:The transformation of Chinese socialism 5861:"I watched the 1989 Tiananmen uprising" 4356: 4157:A mural of the legendary "Tank Man" in 3951:, used by soldiers during the crackdown 3352:', and support those just journalists." 3329: 3119:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 2805:, Zhao Ziyang gave a report drafted by 2501:'s death in 1976 and the arrest of the 1903:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 1030: 423:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 21609: 21556:Picking quarrels and provoking trouble 21354:1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign 21062:provincial Public Security Departments 20771:Russian espionage in the United States 19043:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 16799:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 16736:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 16545:Reactions to the protests and massacre 16104:Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation 15686:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 15452: 15401: 15379:"Why China's Political Reforms Failed" 15187: 15053:] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: 真相出版社. 15005: 14750: 14632: 14497:"China faces dark memory of Tiananmen" 14494: 14172: 14059: 14030: 14005: 13988: 13812: 13731: 13609:from the original on 27 September 2018 13538: 13182:from the original on 12 September 2006 13138:from the original on 21 September 2009 12995: 12986: 12841: 12664: 12636:. Amnesty International. 2 June 2004. 11780: 11744: 11720: 11645: 11485: 11455:from the original on 30 September 2021 11196:from the original on 25 September 2020 11177: 10846: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10586: 10445: 10092: 9997:Oksenberg, Sullivan & Lambert 1990 9937:Oksenberg, Sullivan & Lambert 1990 9925:Oksenberg, Sullivan & Lambert 1990 9574: 9536: 9512: 9383: 9362: 9279: 9192: 9080: 9053: 8976: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8886: 8871: 8821:from the original on 12 September 2020 8491: 8479: 8383: 8130: 7530: 7476: 7442: 7085: 7083: 7005: 7003: 6982: 6741: 6641: 6639: 6514: 6483: 6338:from the original on 21 September 2023 6144: 6043: 5935: 5793: 5517:Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 5149: 5144: 5016:in the University of Hong Kong in 2020 4465:Beijing Students Autonomous Federation 4439:Arrests, punishments, and evacuations 4433: 4425:In 2011, three secret cables from the 4021: 3267:Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation 3236:issued a front-page editorial titled " 3137: 3077:Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation 2852: 2828: 2811:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 1721: 1648: 1418: 1285: 1212: 428:Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation 197:(especially regarding the children of 20909: 20766:Soviet espionage in the United States 18922:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 18701:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 18366:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 18082: 17703: 17146:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 16569: 16291:The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries 15599: 14948: 14936:from the original on 22 December 2017 14921: 14835: 14598:from the original on 27 February 2019 14461: 14436: 14411: 13976:from the original on 27 February 2019 13963: 13938: 13905: 13869:from the original on 23 December 2016 13526:from the original on 4 September 2015 13391: 13367:Kristof, Nicholas D. 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New York: Oxford University Press. 12753:from the original on 13 November 2013 12370: 12004: 11980: 11968: 11093: 10962: 10925:Kristof: Beijing Ousts Correspondents 10912: 10663:from the original on 27 February 2019 10634: 10622: 10559: 10281: 10230: 10134: 10080: 10035: 10020: 9743: 9731: 9704: 9668:"Jan Wong, August 1988 - August 1994" 9659: 9647:from the original on 17 February 2009 9429:from the original on 23 December 2016 9098: 8670: 8467: 8437: 8404:from the original on 27 February 2019 8395: 8271: 8247: 8215:Higgins, Andrew (14 September 1998). 8178: 7895: 7827: 7526: 7524: 7472: 7470: 7424:from the original on 16 December 2019 7405: 7403: 7369: 7367: 7140: 7089: 7039: 7037: 6820: 6541: 6465:from the original on 26 February 2020 6382: 6253: 6123: 6020: 5946: 5944: 5911: 5879: 5614:2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement 5542:Mass killings under communist regimes 4894: 4808:video during the night of 4 June was 4694: 4609: 3835:On 2 June, Deng Xiaoping and several 3455: 3161: 2531:program to reform the Chinese economy 940:. The events are sometimes called the 782:2011 crackdown on dissidents in China 706: 20842:Soviet Union–United States relations 19193:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 15666:Campaign against spiritual pollution 14984: 14975: 14963:from the original on 4 February 2010 14888: 14876:from the original on 1 December 2010 14814: 14424:from the original on 23 October 2012 13642: 13596: 13563: 13379:from the original on 4 February 2011 13259:from the original on 11 January 2017 13201: 12866: 12796:from the original on 27 October 2015 12787: 12640:from the original on 31 January 2019 12596:from the original on 16 January 2019 12505: 12254:from the original on 4 November 2018 12206: 11956: 11946:from the original on 31 August 2019. 11666:from the original on 10 October 2019 11570: 11379:Thakur, Burton & Srivastava 1997 11366: 11042: 11029: 10653:"China: Tiananmen's Unhealed Wounds" 10532: 10426: 10399: 10387: 9767: 9755: 9692: 9524: 9497: 9485: 9473: 9449:"ACTIVIST: NO KILLINGS IN TIANANMEN" 9408: 9162:Kristof, Nicholas D. 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On the same day, many students at 2703: 2667:In mid-1986, astrophysics professor 2560:Challenges to Reforms and Opening-up 2370:2020 Hong Kong national security law 2063:Campaign against spiritual pollution 934:deployed troops to occupy the square 433:Defend Tiananmen Square Headquarters 21067:city/county Public Security Bureaus 20806:Soviet involvement in regime change 15661:1986 Chinese student demonstrations 14866:"Workers in the Tiananmen Protests" 14586:Schoenberger, Karl (18 June 1989). 14573:from the original on 1 October 2020 14482:from the original on 19 August 2020 14366:from the original on 25 August 2017 14335:from the original on 25 August 2017 14284: 14226: 14193: 13719:from the original on 1 October 2020 13706: 13677: 13445: 13392:Kuang, Keng Kek Ser (4 June 2016). 13250: 12727:from the original on 5 January 2017 12691:"The Day China trampled on freedom" 12348:"Journalists banned from Tiananmen" 12267:Bernstein, Richard (29 June 1989). 12133:from the original on 27 August 2018 12037:"China doctor calls 1989 'mistake'" 11732: 11528:from the original on 1 January 2022 11473: 11431: 11215:Raj Chengappa (15 September 1991). 10813: 10765:from the original on 4 October 2018 10640: 10472:"Tiananmen Square: the long shadow" 10457: 10060:Frontline: Memory of Tiananmen 2006 9792:McFadden, Robert D. 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Kennedy 18793:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 18311:Restatement of Policy on Germany 17689:Human rights in the Soviet Union 16648:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 15727:Funding of student organizations 15440:from the original on 16 May 2008 15256:from the original on 1 July 2018 15148:from the original on 18 May 2013 14922:Weber, Bruce (25 October 2014). 14823:from the original on 13 May 2017 14359:. George Washington University. 14160:from the original on 4 June 2024 13951:from the original on 9 July 2015 13926:from the original on 9 July 2020 13912:. University of Michigan Press. 13746:from the original on 4 June 2019 13647:. 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University of Chicago Press. 15402:Wudunn, Sheryl (22 June 1989). 15337:from the original on 3 May 2019 15283:from the original on 3 May 2019 14062:"The Consequences of Tiananmen" 13491:. Hong Kong: Au Ya Publishing. 13275:International Business in China 12962:Greenslade, Roy (3 June 2014). 12122:"Ageing rebels, bitter victims" 12005:Watts, Jonathan (31 May 2011). 11934:Davidson, Helen (31 May 2019). 11911:Needham, Kirsty (31 May 2019). 10282:Clark, Gregory (21 July 2008). 10158:from the original on 7 May 2020 9812:from the original on 3 May 2019 9665: 7557: 7325: 7286: 7253: 7220: 7169: 7134: 6685: 6477: 6447: 6416: 6396:"Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour" 6271:Kristof: Reassessing Casualties 6049: 5700: 5553:Moving the Mountain (1994 film) 5186:Collection of June Fourth Poems 3839:met with the three PSC members— 3682:mobilized at least 30 divisions 2994:Monument to the People's Heroes 2355:China International Import Expo 1791:). To bypass censorship by the 1781:) and "June Fourth Crackdown" ( 1747: 1720: 1706: 1692: 1671: 1512:Second alternative Chinese name 1500: 1476: 1462: 1441: 1323:Name used by the PRC Government 1311: 1284: 1270: 1256: 1235: 1047:political reforms begun in 1986 798:2022 COVID-19 protests in China 695: 21447:Central Case Examination Group 21180:Hong Kong Disciplined Services 19183:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 18818:Mozambican War of Independence 18257:Indonesian National Revolution 17587:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 16726:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 15360:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15333:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15306:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15279:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15252:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15225:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15198:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15171:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15144:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15117:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 15090:. Wu Renhua 4 June Anthology. 14704:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 14665:Suettinger, Robert L. (2004). 14636:(1999). "Testing the Limits". 14414:"Remembering Tiananmen Square" 13765:. Cambridge University Press. 13759:MacFarquhar, Roderick (2011). 13715:. Vol. 127, no. 14. 13539:Lilley, James (12 July 1989). 13152:"Interview with Timothy Brook" 12815:. Cambridge University Press. 12420:Cabestan, Jean-Pierre (2010). 12393:Buckley, Chris (5 June 2013). 12213:. Princeton University Press. 12104:Committee Against Torture 2008 12089:Committee Against Torture 2008 11259:"Tiananmen toll 'exaggerated'" 10963:Clark, Gregory (3 June 2014). 10789:english.ohmynews.com – OhmyNew 10470:Anderlini, Jamil (June 2014). 9131:Burgess, John (12 June 1989). 7550:10.1080/14672715.1989.10413190 7299:. University of Hawaii Press. 6566:Yuen, Chantal (13 June 2016). 6423:Ma, Damien (23 January 2012). 6403:Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 5853: 5794:Sonnad, Nikhil (3 June 2019). 5728:Beijing Broadcasting Institute 5694: 5685: 5675: 5669: 5660: 5650: 5644: 5635: 5625: 5412:University of British Columbia 5304:Chinese leaders voicing regret 5293: 5285: 5116:. However, the passing of the 5078:Convention on Chemical Weapons 4461:Beijing Public Security Bureau 4382:Chinese Alliance for Democracy 4279:June, Beijing Party Secretary 4094: 3671: 3642: 3635:Concert for Democracy in China 2848:Beginning of the 1989 protests 2814: 2749:5th National People's Congress 2633: 2628: 2623: 2614: 2529:. He launched a comprehensive 2058:Sino-British Joint Declaration 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1647: 1633: 1619: 1603: 1589: 1575: 1548:Eighty-Nine Democracy Movement 1537: 1523: 1417: 1400: 1386: 1348: 1334: 1211: 1197: 1183: 1167: 1153: 1139: 1094: 936:in what is referred to as the 1: 21682:Political repression in China 21237:Commission Against Corruption 20781:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 19796:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 19749:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 19471:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 19436:Seven Days to the River Rhine 19168:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 18455:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 18383:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 17763:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency 17607:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 17206:Inter-regional Deputies Group 17191:National League for Democracy 16352:Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square 14849:of Harvard University Press. 14437:Roth, Richard (4 June 2009). 14173:Olesen, Alexa (30 May 2009). 13989:Mosher, Stacy (26 May 2004). 13707:Liu, Melinda (1 April 1996). 13597:Lim, Louisa (15 April 2014). 13204:"Time 100: The Unknown Rebel" 13128:"Interview with John Pomfret" 12996:Harron, Celia (3 June 2014). 12929:Goodman, David S. G. (1994). 12539:Cheng, Eddie (13 June 2012). 10502:"The great escape from China" 10246:The Second Chinese Revolution 8840:Kristof: Residents Block Army 8361:. Event occurs at 00:42:12. 8306:. Event occurs at 00:24:50. 5776: 5082:Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 5042:China's image internationally 4929:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour 4787:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour 4254: 3867:compound east of the square. 3754: 2350:China–United States trade war 2023:China–United States relations 1814: 1051:Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour 793:Beijing Sitong Bridge protest 220:End of corruption within the 21747:Human rights abuses in China 21467:Grid-style social management 21457:Death sentence with reprieve 21452:Civil Servant-Family Pair Up 21288:Correctional Services Bureau 21190:National Security Department 21022:Ministry of National Defense 20995:United Front Work Department 20961:National Security Commission 19774:Fall of communism in Albania 19744:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 19693:Polish Round Table Agreement 19033:1968 Polish political crisis 18850:Eritrean War of Independence 18616:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 18511:East German uprising of 1953 18443:Chinese Communist Revolution 18108: 17517:Alexanderplatz demonstration 17482:Polish Round Table Agreement 17156:People's Movement of Ukraine 15080:Wu, Renhua (23 April 2010). 14895:. Harvard University Press. 14815:Tsui, Anjali; Pang, Esther. 14233:. Harvard University Press. 13939:Miles, James (2 June 2009). 13813:Martel, Ed (11 April 2006). 13251:Kam, Vivian (11 July 2016). 13202:Iyer, Pico (13 April 1998). 12715:"Declassified British cable" 12515:. Tyndale House Publishers. 12329:(in Spanish). Archived from 10817:【六四三十】國防部長魏鳳和：中央果斷平息動亂屬正確決定 9306: 8857:Timothy Brook interview 2006 7374:Wu, Wei (15 December 2014). 6692:Tom Phillips (11 May 2016). 5781: 5559:Protest and dissent in China 5332:UN Committee Against Torture 4953: 4838: 4675:position as Chairman of the 4641:Politburo Standing Committee 4218:Yangtze River Railway bridge 3733:and not an idea of her own. 3483:Politburo Standing Committee 3152:Politburo Standing Committee 2730:") at a full meeting of the 2671:returned from a position at 2365:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 1956:Socialist Education Movement 865:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 7: 21722:Chinese democracy movements 21012:Ministry of Public Security 20966:Central Military Commission 19648:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 19376:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 19121:Corrective Movement (Syria) 19085:New People's Army rebellion 19080:Sino-Soviet border conflict 18808:Angolan War of Independence 18671:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 18551:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 18196:Jamaican political conflict 18040:Johnson South Reef Skirmish 17903:Sino-Soviet border conflict 17858:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 17562:January Events in Lithuania 17497:Hungarian Round Table Talks 17136:Democratic Party of Albania 15453:Zetter, Kim (2 June 2009). 15215:Wu, Renhua (12 June 2010). 14639:The Search for Modern China 14379:Roberts, John A.G. (2011). 13964:Mohan, Raja (4 June 2009). 13906:Miles, James A. R. (1997). 13599:"After 25 Years of Amnesia" 13570:. Oxford University Press. 12842:Fisher, Max (3 June 2014). 12790:"Talking Points, June 3–18" 12656: Session 41 11330:Why the People's Army Fired 9549:Wu: Tanks Ran Over Students 9069:Richelson & Evans 1999b 9042:John Pomfret interview 2006 6328:"Tiananmen Square incident" 5565:Other protests in the 1980s 5423: 5280:), whose son Zhou Guocong ( 5036:the University of Hong Kong 4899: 4770:Chinese Radio International 4677:Central Military Commission 4233:Government's pronouncements 4169:later named him one of the 3959:, led by interim commander 3892: 3865:Ministry of Public Security 3802: 3684:from five of the country's 3633:for a gathering called the 2657:1986 student demonstrations 1477:1989-nin4 ceon1ci4 fung1bo1 1023:other protests around China 932:on the night of 3 June and 10: 21768: 21561:Re-education through labor 21098:Judicial Administrative PP 21007:Ministry of State Security 19844:Sino-Indian border dispute 19673:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 19603:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 19361:1976 Argentine coup d'état 19273:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 19223:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 18907:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 18875:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 18564:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 18331:Asian Relations Conference 17876:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 17735:People's Republic of China 17216:Hungarian Democratic Forum 17211:Alliance of Free Democrats 17201:Union of Democratic Forces 16312:The Gate of Heavenly Peace 15350:Wu, Renhua (4 June 2011). 15188:Wu, Renhua (5 June 2010). 15161:Wu, Renhua (5 June 2010). 15134:Wu, Renhua (23 May 2010). 14985:Wong, Andy (3 June 2009). 13863:Columbia Journalism Review 13512:. Transaction Publishers. 13431:10.1215/07402775-2003-2011 12697:. Australia. 30 May 2009. 12112: 11888:Ai, Weiwei (4 June 2019). 11685:Su, Alice (24 June 2021). 11178:CPI(M) (9 January 1992) . 10824:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 10284:"Birth of a massacre myth" 9423:Columbia Journalism Review 6554:China tightens information 6288:Richelson & Evans 1999 6139:Declassified British cable 5827:Su, Alice (24 June 2021). 5547:Mass surveillance in China 5532:List of massacres in China 5346: 5159: 5153: 5100: 5072:The government signed the 5068:Protest in Hong Kong, 2020 4926: 4922: 4903: 4842: 4800: 4738: 4613: 4452: 4442: 4258: 4236: 4118: 3761:Ministry of State Security 3723:The Gate of Heavenly Peace 3664: 3601: 3589:Surveillance of protesters 3405: 3333: 3310: 3302:Escalation of the protests 3251: 3165: 2832: 2707: 2660: 1826: 1068: 860:2016 Mong Kok civil unrest 846:Hong Kong new year marches 55:Chinese democracy movement 25: 18: 21717:June 1989 events in China 21707:April 1989 events in Asia 21692:Student protests in China 21657:Cold War history of China 21596:Holistic security concept 21591:Xinjiang internment camps 21414: 21360:Persecution of Falun Gong 21310: 21222: 21150: 21037: 20948: 20880: 20829: 20751: 20728:William Appleman Williams 20673:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 20455: 20427: 20376: 20308: 20301: 20235: 20100: 20025: 19955: 19948: 19857: 19804: 19736: 19449: 19188:Bangladesh Liberation War 19178:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 19093: 19065:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 19053:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 18716: 18491:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 18468: 18178: 18116: 18055: 18016:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 17989: 17939: 17912: 17892: 17885: 17796: 17741: 17681: 17615: 17577:1991 protests in Belgrade 17457: 17382: 17291: 17233: 17224: 17106: 16968: 16915: 16812: 16744: 16681: 16603: 16537: 16495: 16442: 16396: 16261: 16181: 16130: 16121: 16096: 15950: 15943: 15888: 15852: 15814: 15766: 15755: 15699: 15633: 15107:Wu, Renhua (4 May 2010). 14501:The Sydney Morning Herald 14357:National Security Archive 14326:National Security Archive 14230:From Reform to Revolution 13100:"Interview with Jan Wong" 12809:Fewsmith, Joseph (2001). 11917:The Sydney Morning Herald 11492:Hong Kong Free Press HKFP 11391:Kelley & Shenkar 1993 11051:Stanford University Press 10412:Kristof: Moderates Appear 9973:Deng's 9 June Speech 1989 8217:"Obituary: Yang Shangkun" 7491:10.1017/S0305741000026758 7260:Bao, Tong (4 June 2015). 7227:Wu, Wei (18 March 2014). 7104:10.1017/S0305741000013898 6932:The Gate of Heavenly 1995 6694:"The Cultural Revolution" 6572:Hong Kong Free Press HKFP 5863:. LA Times. 30 May 2019. 5738:. Retrieved 21 May 2007. 5276: 5166:Chinese censorship abroad 4810: 3917:, here on display at the 3736: 3402:Mikhail Gorbachev's visit 2977: 2961: 2945: 2932: 2916: 2903: 2898:Beijing Normal University 2886: 2881:Beijing Normal University 2870: 2865: 2862: 2727: 2720:paramount leader of China 2345:Xinjiang internment camps 2320:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou 2170:China Western Development 2162:Persecution of Falun Gong 1758: 1737: 1730: 1713: 1699: 1685: 1678: 1664: 1657: 1640: 1626: 1612: 1596: 1582: 1568: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1530: 1516: 1511: 1490: 1483: 1469: 1455: 1448: 1434: 1427: 1410: 1393: 1379: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1355: 1341: 1327: 1322: 1301: 1294: 1277: 1263: 1249: 1242: 1228: 1221: 1204: 1190: 1176: 1160: 1146: 1132: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1095: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1064: 946:Tiananmen Square Incident 938:Tiananmen Square massacre 906:Tiananmen Square protests 744: 690: 685: 456: 451: 334: 329: 266: 240: 216: 167: 123: 99: 60: 44: 39: 21697:Labour movement in China 21372:Anti-corruption campaign 21132:State Secrets Protection 20971:People's Liberation Army 19503:1980 Turkish coup d'état 19338:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 19308:1978 Somali coup attempt 19268:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 19233:1973 Chilean coup d'état 19058:Revolutionary Government 18952:South African Border War 18744:1960 Turkish coup d'état 18661:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 18516:1953 Iranian coup d'état 18496:1952 Egyptian revolution 17968:Daulat Beg Oldi incident 17567:January Events in Latvia 17557:Reunification of Germany 17542:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 17472:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 17196:National Salvation Front 17181:Belarusian Popular Front 17171:Popular Front of Estonia 16940:Polish underground press 16701:List of socialist states 16409:Democracy Party of China 15549:. Simon & Schuster. 15352: 15325: 15298: 15271: 15244: 15217: 15190: 15163: 15136: 15109: 15082: 15045: 14146:. Qiao Li. M.E. Sharpe. 14085:Naughton, Barry (2007). 12771: 11861:References Censored 2009 11111:World Socialist Web Site 11049:. Stanford, California: 10816: 10715: 10683: 8440:South China Morning Post 8425:South China Morning Post 7412: 7376: 7262: 7229: 7190:10.1177/0097700413511313 6744:"A Country Study: China" 6656: 6648: 6459:South China Morning Post 5732:Central Academy of Drama 5619: 5608:Similar student killings 5507:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 5087:World Trade Organization 5074:Non-Proliferation Treaty 4971:one country, two systems 4936:World Trade Organization 4762:China Central Television 4328:National Security Agency 4199:Protests outside Beijing 3978:Bridge. The troops used 3938:People's Liberation Army 3923:People's Liberation Army 3555:. He was accompanied by 3445:Great Hall of the People 3336:Tiananmen hunger strikes 3022:Great Hall of the People 2801:In October 1987, at the 2697:bourgeois liberalization 2627:) and the "Lawn Salon" ( 2325:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit 2300:Belt and Road Initiative 2295:Anti-corruption campaign 2135:One country, two systems 2068:Bourgeois liberalization 1946:Two Bombs, One Satellite 1918:Hundred Flowers Campaign 1532:Traditional Chinese 1343:Traditional Chinese 1059:censored topics in China 1035:foreign affiliated press 908:, known in China as the 826:Hong Kong 1 July marches 437:Pro-democracy protesters 385:People's Liberation Army 21712:May 1989 events in Asia 21047:Supervisory Commissions 19708:Fall of the Berlin Wall 19653:People Power Revolution 19638:Central American crisis 19578:1986 Black Sea incident 19228:1973 Afghan coup d'état 19126:Western Sahara conflict 18937:1966 Syrian coup d'état 18860:1963 Syrian coup d'état 18803:Portuguese Colonial War 18766:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 18531:1954 Syrian coup d'état 18408:Annexation of Hyderabad 18351:1947–1949 Palestine war 17643:Economic liberalization 17582:1991 Belarusian strikes 17522:Fall of the Berlin Wall 17176:Public Against Violence 17166:Popular Front of Latvia 16945:Political demonstration 16794:Chinese economic reform 16706:People Power Revolution 15712:April 27 demonstrations 15651:1976 Tiananmen Incident 15377:Wu, Wei (4 June 2015). 14751:Thomas, Antony (2006). 14194:Pan, Philip P. (2008). 13859:"The Myth of Tiananmen" 13192:English translation of 12867:Foot, Rosemary (2000). 12455:Calhoun, Craig (1989). 11043:Zhao, Suisheng (2023). 9419:"The Myth of Tiananmen" 9307:Wortzel, Larry (2005). 9020:Weapons Law Enyclopedia 8815:The Wall Street Journal 7840:26 April Editorial 1995 7410:Wu, Wei (7 July 2014). 6746:. Library of Congress. 6742:Worden, Robert (1987). 6237:Sino-American relations 5597:People Power Revolution 5537:Mass incidents in China 5259:Google agreed to censor 4886:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 4701:Chinese Communist Party 4653:Beijing Capital Airport 4115:5 June and the Tank Man 4014:The Wall Street Journal 3859:, and 24th armies were 3631:Happy Valley Racecourse 3417:gained permission from 3408:1989 Sino-Soviet Summit 3254:27 April demonstrations 3248:27 April demonstrations 3242:1976 Tiananmen Incident 2866:Origin and affiliation 2685:economic liberalization 2594:state-owned enterprises 2245:Three Links with Taiwan 2240:2008 Sichuan earthquake 2215:2002–2004 SARS outbreak 2115:Shanghai Stock Exchange 1833:Chinese economic reform 1518:Simplified Chinese 1329:Simplified Chinese 957:Chinese Communist Party 855:2014 Hong Kong protests 788:Egg fried rice protests 349:Chinese Communist Party 222:Chinese Communist Party 209:Third wave of democracy 21521:Judiciary of Hong Kong 21336:Anti-Rightist Campaign 21259:Public Security Police 21247:Unitary Police Service 21170:PLA Hong Kong Garrison 20002:Neoclassical economics 19513:Gulf of Sidra incident 19070:1969 Libyan revolution 18761:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 18546:1954 Geneva Conference 18306:Turkish straits crisis 18301:Corfu Channel incident 17980:Sino-Indian skirmishes 16777:New political thinking 15691:Criticism of communism 14529:International Security 14520:Sarotte, M.E. (2012). 14200:. Simon and Schuster. 14008:"The Tiananmen Papers" 13158:. PBS. 11 April 2006. 13134:. PBS. 11 April 2006. 13072:Ignatius, Adi (2009). 12788:Dube, Clayton (2014). 12207:Baum, Richard (1996). 11660:"One App, Two Systems" 10689:politics.people.com.cn 10575:Less Than a Dozen 2012 9949:Li, Li & Mark 2011 9670:. The Globe and Mail. 7708:Walder & Gong 1993 7443:hermes (4 June 2019). 6303:Calls for Justice 2004 5760: 5069: 5017: 4966: 4944:Asian Development Bank 4864: 4636: 4304: 4162: 4052: 3952: 3941: 3926: 3727: 3686:seven military regions 3576: 3548: 3541:Party's General Office 3491:Asian Development Bank 3353: 3307:Preparing for dialogue 3269: 2723: 2718:Deng Xiaoping was the 2535:Reforms and Opening-up 2382:2020–2021 reform spree 2340:Persecution of Uyghurs 2270:West–East Gas Pipeline 2175:Hainan Island incident 2016:Special economic zones 2011:Reforms and Opening Up 1923:Anti-Rightist Campaign 1053:in 1992. Considered a 942:'89 Democracy Movement 234:freedom of association 152:39.90333°N 116.39167°E 108:15 April – 4 June 1989 21652:Civil rights protests 21293:Macau Customs Service 21115:People's Armed Police 21027:Taiwan Affairs Office 20852:Russia–NATO relations 20733:Jonathan Reed Winkler 20017:Democratic capitalism 20012:Supply-side economics 19980:American conservatism 19779:Breakup of Yugoslavia 19668:Bougainville conflict 19583:South Yemen civil war 19518:Martial law in Poland 19381:Nicaraguan Revolution 19356:Dirty War (Argentina) 19163:1971 JVP insurrection 18977:Years of Lead (Italy) 18855:North Yemen civil war 18773:Berlin Crisis of 1961 18749:Albanian–Soviet split 18681:1959 Tibetan uprising 18646:Syrian Crisis of 1957 18501:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 18361:1948 Arab–Israeli War 17757:Kuomintang insurgency 17648:Post-Soviet conflicts 17602:Tajikistani Civil War 17552:Revolution on Granite 17512:Monday Demonstrations 17038:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 16872:Mengistu Haile Mariam 16638:Eastern Bloc politics 16555:Human rights in China 16419:Human Rights in China 16405:China Support Network 16338:Prisoner of the State 15732:Mao portrait incident 15478:Zhang, Liang (2001). 13178:. The Heavenly Gate. 12896:Gifford, Rob (2007). 12545:Standoff at Tiananmen 12532:Standoff at Tiananmen 12530:Cheng, Eddie (2009). 11451:. 29 September 2021. 11059:10.1515/9781503634152 10243:Bregolat, E. (2016). 9108:. CBSN. 4 June 2019. 7991:Amnesty International 7531:Dirlik, Arif (2019). 5959:Duke University Press 5755: 5527:Human rights in China 5522:Executive Order 12711 5512:December 9th Movement 5390:University of Calgary 5326:United Nations report 5234:People's Armed Police 5154:Further information: 5067: 5010: 4961: 4904:Further information: 4852: 4778:, including director 4672:World Economic Herald 4623: 4459:On 13 June 1989, the 4332:Amnesty International 4302: 4156: 4041: 3949:Type 56 assault rifle 3947: 3932: 3909: 3797:psychological warfare 3714: 3611:World Economic Herald 3567: 3535: 3350:World Economic Herald 3343: 3261: 2747:", was passed by the 2741:collective leadership 2737:democratic centralism 2717: 2554:CCP General Secretary 2512:proposed the idea of 2235:Qinghai–Tibet railway 2140:Handover of Hong Kong 1766:counter revolutionary 974:had led to a nascent 399:People's Armed Police 119:(1 day); 35 years ago 21283:Fire Services Bureau 21242:Macau Security Force 20273:Non-Aligned Movement 19895:Peaceful coexistence 19849:North Borneo dispute 19764:German reunification 19759:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 19457:Salvadoran Civil War 19406:Grand Mosque seizure 19401:Yemenite War of 1979 19293:Mozambican Civil War 19248:Carnation Revolution 19203:Yemenite War of 1972 19141:1970 Polish protests 18972:1967 Hong Kong riots 18947:Argentine Revolution 18897:Guatemalan Civil War 18825:Cuban Missile Crisis 18739:Bay of Pigs Invasion 18611:1956 Poznań protests 18589:Geneva Summit (1955) 18191:Hukbalahap Rebellion 18170:Non-Aligned Movement 18034:Project Blue Sword-B 17974:Sino-Indian Standoff 17962:Sino-Indian skirmish 17058:Vytautas Landsbergis 17053:Viacheslav Chornovil 16882:Denis Sassou Nguesso 16521:Goddess of Democracy 16429:Operation Yellowbird 16366:The Tiananmen Papers 15747:Military involvement 14642:. New York: Norton. 14616:. U.S. G.P.O. 1991. 14541:10.1162/ISEC_a_00101 14462:Saich, Tony (1990). 14227:Pei, Minxin (1994). 13643:Link, Perry (2010). 13564:Lim, Louisa (2014). 13460:10.1093/ijpor/edr042 13419:World Policy Journal 13278:. Psychology Press. 12935:. Psychology Press. 12190:. CNN. 4 June 2009. 11805:Young clerk let 2007 11524:. 23 December 2021. 11476:, pp. 152, 155. 10154:. 23 December 2017. 10110:ABC News (Australia) 9872:, pp. 399, 404. 9720:Kristof: Units Clash 8914:The Tiananmen Papers 8710:Wu: Clear the Square 8412:– via YouTube. 8355:"Tremble & Obey" 8300:"Tremble & Obey" 7621:The Tiananmen Papers 6665:] (in Chinese). 6614:"《亲历拨乱反正》：拨乱反正的日日夜夜" 6461:. 14 November 2018. 6157:The Tiananmen Papers 6060:The Tiananmen Papers 5407:Goddess of Democracy 5059:University of Denver 4977:tried to expand the 4564:Operation Yellowbird 4449:Operation Yellowbird 4357:Identifying the dead 4144:, who was there for 4130:, who was there for 3823:Three intellectuals— 3788:bourgeois liberalism 3539:, then chief of the 3499:bourgeois liberalism 3330:Hunger strikes begin 3016:(CUPL) made a large 2823:separation of powers 2677:separation of powers 2673:Princeton University 2649:("the left", led by 2590:Consumer Price Index 2497:ended with chairman 2387:2022 Winter Olympics 2288:2012–present: Xi era 2250:2008 Summer Olympics 2185:Accession to the WTO 2125:Deng's southern tour 2108:1989–2002: Jiang era 1941:Great Chinese Famine 1898:First five-year plan 1873:Land Reform Movement 1823:and economic reforms 1707:baat3 gau2 man4 wan6 1112:June Fourth Incident 1027:Operation Yellowbird 989:freedom of the press 972:reforms of the 1980s 910:June Fourth Incident 321:Operation Yellowbird 273:Government crackdown 226:freedom of the press 190:Political corruption 21727:Censorship in China 21662:Mass murder in 1989 21506:Internet censorship 20718:Alex von Tunzelmann 20708:Vladimir Tismăneanu 20633:Thomas J. McCormick 20628:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 20528:Robert Hugh Ferrell 20391:Crusade for Freedom 20188:Illiberal democracy 20072:Ho Chi Minh Thought 19875:Eisenhower Doctrine 19728:Peaceful Revolution 19723:Romanian Revolution 19703:Revolutions of 1989 19688:1988 Polish strikes 19598:Operation INFEKTION 19593:1987 Lieyu massacre 19498:Eritrean Civil Wars 19481:Peruvian Revolution 19431:1979 Herat uprising 19421:Sino-Vietnamese War 19386:Uganda–Tanzania War 19366:Egyptian–Libyan War 19333:Third Indochina War 19328:Sino-Albanian split 19318:Ethiopian Civil War 19218:Eritrean Civil Wars 19158:Ping-pong diplomacy 19131:Cambodian Civil War 18957:Korean DMZ Conflict 18942:Cultural Revolution 18912:Dominican Civil War 18890:Tlatelolco massacre 18676:1959 Mosul uprising 18666:1958 Lebanon crisis 18393:Al-Wathbah uprising 18316:First Indochina War 18286:Iran crisis of 1946 18010:Sino-Vietnamese War 17846:Yijiangshan Islands 17798:Cross-Taiwan Strait 17502:Pan-European Picnic 17477:1988 Polish strikes 16857:Wojciech Jaruzelski 16597:Revolutions of 1989 16345:Quelling the People 16331:Moving the Mountain 16319:A Heart for Freedom 16277:A Tiananmen Journal 16270:Almost a Revolution 15641:May Fourth Movement 15353:89天安门事件大事记：6月4日星期日 15191:89天安门事件大事记：6月3日星期六 15043:Wu, Renhua (2009). 14266:The Daily Telegraph 13842:The Washington Post 13238:on 28 November 2007 12989:Cries for Democracy 11819:, pp. 167–168. 11393:, pp. 120–122. 11381:, pp. 404–405. 10940:, June 2, 1989, A4. 10814:朱加樟 (2 June 2019). 10507:The Washington Post 10023:, pp. 151–169. 9987:, pp. 154–158. 9985:Lin & Deng 1989 9939:, pp. 361–367. 9707:, pp. 178–179. 9137:The Washington Post 9016:"Expanding bullets" 8734:Wu: Troop Movements 8724:, pp. 355–362. 8386:, pp. 121–132. 7965:, pp. 612–614. 7934:, pp. 161–162. 7830:, pp. 603–606. 7815:, pp. 505–521. 7722:, pp. 152–153. 7479:The China Quarterly 7293:Yan, Jiaqi (1992). 7092:The China Quarterly 6946:, pp. 64, 215. 6823:, pp. 600–601. 5752:The Washington Post 5593:, South Korea, 1987 5290:traditional Chinese 5192:The Critical Moment 5156:Censorship in China 5150:Censorship in China 5145:Contemporary issues 5130:European Parliament 4812:Televisión Española 4729:Shangri-La Dialogue 4581:The Washington Post 4434:Immediate aftermath 4399:The Washington Post 4343:China State Council 4314:Nicholas D. Kristof 4022:Clearing the square 3572:Four Modernizations 3295:May Fourth Movement 3285:refused to attend. 3138:Rioting on 22 April 3037:spiritual pollution 3006:Tsinghua University 2859: 2853:Death of Hu Yaobang 2829:Funding and support 2760:economic inequality 2508:In September 1977, 2495:Cultural Revolution 2120:Pudong New District 2040:Sino-Vietnamese War 2035:Four Modernizations 1989:1976–1989: Deng era 1976:Richard Nixon visit 1966:Cultural Revolution 912:, were student-led 737:democracy movements 362:Government of China 157:39.90333; 116.39167 148: / 51:Revolutions of 1989 21:May Fourth Movement 21742:Socialism in China 21667:Massacres in China 21551:Political offences 21526:Judiciary of Macau 21437:Capital punishment 21384:Operation Fox Hunt 21232:PLA Macau Garrison 21057:Public Security PP 20872:Russian Revolution 20668:Mary Elise Sarotte 20653:William B. Pickett 20578:Patrick J. Hearden 20558:Gabriel Gorodetsky 20553:Timothy Garton Ash 20538:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 20133:Ethnic nationalism 19885:Hallstein Doctrine 19769:Yemeni unification 19558:1985 Geneva Summit 19523:Casamance conflict 19426:New Jewel Movement 19411:Iranian Revolution 19396:Chadian–Libyan War 19343:Cambodian conflict 19323:Lebanese Civil War 19313:Western Sahara War 19288:June 1976 protests 19283:Cambodian genocide 19048:17 July Revolution 19002:Nigerian Civil War 18917:Rhodesian Bush War 18902:Colombian conflict 18845:Ramadan Revolution 18584:Bandung Conference 18460:Operation Valuable 18341:Partition of India 18022:Battle of Fakashan 17852:Dachen Archipelago 17808:(after 1 Oct 1949) 16862:Slobodan Milošević 16731:Vatican Opposition 16504:Nothing to My Name 16414:Hong Kong Alliance 15816:Standing Committee 15742:June 9 Deng speech 15737:Sino-Soviet Summit 15707:April 26 Editorial 15577:in other libraries 15571:Library resources 15492:. Public Affairs. 15410:The New York Times 15067:on 17 October 2007 14978:The Globe and Mail 14957:The New York Times 14930:The New York Times 14889:Wang, Hui (2006). 14779:US-China Institute 14738:on 12 January 2012 14634:Spence, Jonathan D 14382:A History of China 13970:The Indian Express 13821:The New York Times 13373:The New York Times 13360:The New York Times 13339:The New York Times 13324:The New York Times 13307:The New York Times 12783:on 27 August 2008. 12777:Xinhua News Agency 12772:在接见首都戒严部队军以上干部时的讲话 12747:The New York Times 12562:. Westview Press. 12476:10.1007/BF02700237 12401:The New York Times 12321:"TVE in Tiananmen" 12275:The New York Times 12248:The New York Times 10938:The Globe and Mail 10751:The New York Times 10684:1989年政治风波--时政--人民网 10657:Human Rights Watch 10207:Wu: PLA casualties 9961:Deng Xiaoping 1989 9860:, p. 535-540. 9798:The New York Times 9170:. New York Times. 9168:The New York Times 8617:, p. 455-462. 8492:Han & Hua 1990 8480:Han & Hua 1990 7994:, 30 August 1989. 7597:Vol 5, No 2 (1990) 7332:Ning, Lou (1993). 7268:The New York Times 7263:鲍彤纪念六四，兼谈邓小平与中国的腐败 7235:The New York Times 6221:How Many Died 1990 5951:Lin, Chun (2006). 5695:Tiān'ānmén shìjiàn 5374:Beijing University 5282:simplified Chinese 5070: 5018: 5002:Hong Kong Alliance 4967: 4895:Longer-term impact 4865: 4695:Official narrative 4637: 4610:Leadership changes 4604:Dui Hua Foundation 4319:The New York Times 4305: 4239:June 9 Deng speech 4163: 4147:The Globe and Mail 3953: 3942: 3940:in Beijing in 1989 3927: 3549: 3547:from 2003 to 2013. 3456:Gathering momentum 3371:The Internationale 3354: 3270: 3195:General Secretary 3168:26 April Editorial 3162:26 April Editorial 3063:, the entrance to 2972:Nanjing University 2857: 2724: 2225:Visit of Lien Chan 1936:Great Leap Forward 1908:Bandung Conference 1861:1949–1976: Mao era 1672:poh-cieu Min-yiuin 1184:Liòu-Sìh Shìh-jiàn 1169:Liu-Szu Shih-chien 950:Tiananmen uprising 253:civil disobedience 21647:Conflicts in 1989 21637:Massacres in 1989 21627:Protests in China 21604: 21603: 21536:Life imprisonment 21263:Migration Service 21093:State Security PP 20937:National security 20903: 20902: 20890:List of conflicts 20738:Rudolph Winnacker 20683:Giles Scott-Smith 20658:Ronald E. Powaski 20613:Melvyn P. Leffler 20543:John Lewis Gaddis 20518:Robert D. English 20483:Warren H. Carroll 20473:Michael Beschloss 20442:Nuclear arms race 20423: 20422: 20329:Neues Deutschland 20231: 20230: 20213:White nationalism 20183:Liberal democracy 19920:Ulbricht Doctrine 19910:Brezhnev Doctrine 19718:Velvet Revolution 19462:Soviet–Afghan War 19278:Angolan Civil War 19075:Goulash Communism 18932:ASEAN Declaration 18885:Mexican Dirty War 18783:Annexation of Goa 18734:1960 U-2 incident 18708:Sino-Soviet split 18686:Laotian Civil War 18526:Bricker Amendment 18506:Mau Mau rebellion 18450:Malayan Emergency 18438:Chinese Civil War 18398:Tito–Stalin split 18252:Division of Korea 18076: 18075: 18051: 18050: 18028:Battle of Laoshan 17809: 17781:Xinjiang conflict 17751:Chinese Civil War 17697: 17696: 17623:Colour revolution 17453: 17452: 17420:Congo-Brazzaville 17141:Democratic Russia 17098:Pope John Paul II 17093:George H. W. Bush 17043:Vladimir Bukovsky 16832:Mikhail Gorbachev 16827:Nicolae Ceaușescu 16613:Era of Stagnation 16563: 16562: 16434:Tiananmen Mothers 16298:Escape from China 16257: 16256: 16117: 16116: 15939: 15938: 14810:on 13 April 2018. 14592:Los Angeles Times 14138:Oksenberg, Michel 14001:on 13 April 2018. 13487:Li, Peng (2010). 13110:. 11 April 2006. 12792:. China.usc.edu. 12551:on 13 April 2018. 11692:Los Angeles Times 11189:: 12, 4.0(xvii). 10992:"Tiananmen Story" 10625:, pp. 27–30. 10535:, pp. 73–76. 10429:, pp. 70–71. 9592:Schoenberger 1989 9527:, pp. 25–26. 8470:, pp. 80–82. 8458:, pp. 30–31. 8274:, pp. 42–43. 8193:, pp. 28–30. 8145:, pp. 25–34. 7595:China Information 7449:The Straits Times 7052:(12): 1187–1205. 6973:, pp. 56–57. 5926:, pp. 34–35. 5834:Los Angeles Times 5230:Tiananmen Mothers 5194:: Li Peng diaries 5139:Sino-Soviet split 5080:in 1993, and the 4963:Candlelight vigil 4633:General Secretary 4602:According to the 4530:, Zhang Zhiqing, 4376:Former protester 4363:Tiananmen Mothers 4310:Chinese Red Cross 4138:government agents 3998:molotov cocktails 3980:expanding bullets 3526:met with students 3472:Mikhail Gorbachev 3468:Chinese Red Cross 3450:George H. W. Bush 3362:Mikhail Gorbachev 3360:by Soviet leader 3265:, founder of the 3002:Peking University 2989: 2988: 2956:Peking University 2940:Peking University 2927:Peking University 2911:Peking University 2796:constitutionalism 2745:1982 Constitution 2704:Political reforms 2491: 2490: 2377:COVID-19 pandemic 2208:2002–2012: Hu era 2145:Handover of Macau 2028:Three Communiqués 1971:UN representation 1762: 1761: 1754: 1753: 1687:Yale Romanization 1628:Yale Romanization 1563:Standard Mandarin 1507: 1506: 1457:Yale Romanization 1374:Standard Mandarin 1318: 1317: 1271:Luk4sei3 si6 gin6 1257:Lùhk-sei Sih gihn 1251:Yale Romanization 1198:Lyòu-Sz̀ Shr̀jyàn 1192:Yale Romanization 1127:Standard Mandarin 993:freedom of speech 961:general secretary 901: 900: 851:Umbrella Movement 701: 700: 472: 447: 446: 295:General Secretary 230:freedom of speech 21759: 21702:Tiananmen Square 21642:1980s in Beijing 21581:Two-faced person 21348:Shadian incident 21301: 21277: 21255: 21137:Cyberspace Admin 20981:Maritime Militia 20930: 20923: 20916: 20907: 20906: 20648:David S. Painter 20573:John Earl Haynes 20503:Nicholas J. Cull 20488:Adrian Cioroianu 20468:Thomas A. Bailey 20415:Voice of America 20306: 20305: 20218:White separatism 20198:Social democracy 20193:Guided democracy 20173:Authoritarianism 20123:Ultranationalism 20113:Anti-imperialism 20040:Marxism–Leninism 19953: 19952: 19940:Kinmen Agreement 19905:Johnson Doctrine 19890:Kennedy Doctrine 19806:Frozen conflicts 19789:1991 August Coup 19678:Afghan Civil War 19573:Reykjavík Summit 19568:Somali Rebellion 19508:Ugandan Bush War 19486:Gdańsk Agreement 19007:Protests of 1968 18987:War of Attrition 18696:Cuban Revolution 18632:We will bury you 18599:Cyprus Emergency 18579:Kashmir Princess 18569:Jebel Akhdar War 18418:Western betrayal 18103: 18096: 18089: 18080: 18079: 17890: 17889: 17807: 17775:Tibetan uprising 17769:Battle of Chamdo 17724: 17717: 17710: 17701: 17700: 17572:Transnistria War 17231: 17230: 17073:Aung San Suu Kyi 16988:Alexander Dubček 16925:Civil resistance 16782:Sinatra Doctrine 16762:Demokratizatsiya 16663:Shortage economy 16590: 16583: 16576: 16567: 16566: 16359:Tiananmen Exiles 16128: 16127: 15948: 15947: 15853:Regional leaders 15764: 15763: 15620: 15613: 15606: 15597: 15596: 15591: 15560: 15539: 15537: 15535: 15503: 15474: 15472: 15470: 15449: 15447: 15445: 15425: 15423: 15421: 15407: 15398: 15396: 15394: 15373: 15371: 15369: 15346: 15344: 15342: 15319: 15317: 15315: 15292: 15290: 15288: 15265: 15263: 15261: 15238: 15236: 15234: 15211: 15209: 15207: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15157: 15155: 15153: 15130: 15128: 15126: 15103: 15101: 15099: 15076: 15074: 15072: 15063:. Archived from 15039: 15002: 15000: 14998: 14981: 14972: 14970: 14968: 14954: 14945: 14943: 14941: 14927: 14918: 14916: 14914: 14885: 14883: 14881: 14860: 14832: 14830: 14828: 14811: 14806:. Archived from 14794: 14792: 14790: 14781:. 27 July 1989. 14770: 14768: 14766: 14747: 14745: 14743: 14727: 14725: 14723: 14694: 14692: 14690: 14661: 14629: 14627: 14625: 14607: 14605: 14603: 14582: 14580: 14578: 14552: 14526: 14516: 14514: 14512: 14491: 14489: 14487: 14458: 14456: 14454: 14433: 14431: 14429: 14408: 14406: 14404: 14375: 14373: 14371: 14365: 14354: 14344: 14342: 14340: 14334: 14323: 14313: 14281: 14279: 14277: 14256: 14254: 14252: 14223: 14221: 14219: 14190: 14188: 14186: 14169: 14167: 14165: 14133: 14114: 14112: 14110: 14081: 14079: 14077: 14056: 14045:10.2307/20050041 14027: 14025: 14023: 14014:. Archived from 14002: 13997:. Archived from 13985: 13983: 13981: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13935: 13933: 13931: 13902: 13900: 13898: 13878: 13876: 13874: 13853: 13836: 13834: 13832: 13818: 13809: 13807: 13805: 13788: 13786: 13784: 13755: 13753: 13751: 13728: 13726: 13724: 13703: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13639: 13618: 13616: 13614: 13593: 13591: 13589: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13535: 13533: 13531: 13502: 13483: 13481: 13479: 13463: 13442: 13413: 13411: 13409: 13388: 13386: 13384: 13363: 13354: 13352: 13350: 13336: 13327: 13318: 13301: 13299: 13297: 13268: 13266: 13264: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13223: 13221: 13219: 13198: 13189: 13187: 13171: 13169: 13167: 13147: 13145: 13143: 13123: 13121: 13119: 13095: 13068: 13066: 13064: 13044: 13042: 13040: 13017: 13015: 13013: 12992: 12983: 12981: 12979: 12958: 12956: 12954: 12925: 12923: 12921: 12892: 12863: 12861: 12859: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12805: 12803: 12801: 12784: 12779:. Archived from 12762: 12760: 12758: 12749:. 30 June 1989. 12744: 12736: 12734: 12732: 12726: 12719: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12686: 12684: 12682: 12661: 12649: 12647: 12645: 12629: 12627: 12625: 12605: 12603: 12601: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12552: 12547:. 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Archived from 6649:回首1978 – 历史在这里转折 6643: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6612:Shen, Baoxiang. 6609: 6603: 6597: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6400: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6291: 6285: 6274: 6268: 6257: 6251: 6242: 6233: 6224: 6218: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6175:10.2307/20050041 6148: 6142: 6136: 6127: 6121: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6078:10.2307/20050041 6053: 6047: 6041: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5948: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5791: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5723: 5717: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5687: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5662: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5637: 5629: 5581:Gwangju uprising 5496: 5491: 5490: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5468: 5466:Communism portal 5463: 5462: 5461: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5440: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5401: 5385: 5369: 5357: 5342: 5295: 5287: 5279: 5278: 5114:Gerhard Schröder 4992:There have been 4815: 4814: 4721:Tiananmen Papers 4518:, Wang Zhixing, 4386:killed in action 4270:Official figures 4225:and resorted to 4102: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4070: 4050: 4011:On 5 June 1989, 3969:Haidian District 3936:deployed by the 3915:main battle tank 3818: 3742:Li Peng's Report 3725: 3655:Hong Kong Island 3644: 3584: 3562: 3189: 3180: 2998:Tiananmen Square 2860: 2858:Student leaders 2856: 2816: 2815:沿着有中国特色的社会主义道路前进 2792:one-party system 2729: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2616: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2457:China portal 2455: 2454: 2453: 2335:9th BRICS summit 2265:Three Gorges Dam 1853: 1844: 1837: 1836: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1750: 1749: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1709: 1708: 1695: 1694: 1693:baatgáu màhnwahn 1674: 1673: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1636: 1635: 1622: 1621: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1592: 1591: 1590:ㄅㄚㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄩㄣˋ 1578: 1577: 1554: 1553: 1540: 1539: 1526: 1525: 1503: 1502: 1479: 1478: 1465: 1464: 1444: 1443: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1389: 1388: 1365: 1364: 1351: 1350: 1337: 1336: 1314: 1313: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1273: 1272: 1259: 1258: 1238: 1237: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1200: 1199: 1186: 1185: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1156: 1155: 1142: 1141: 1118: 1117: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1076: 1075: 918:Tiananmen Square 879: 877: 876: 812: 810: 809: 754: 753: 739: 727: 720: 713: 704: 703: 576:Student leaders: 466: 421: 420: 419: 401: 396: 395: 394: 387: 382: 381: 380: 370: 360: 359: 358: 347: 346: 345: 336: 335: 308:paramount leader 163: 162: 160: 159: 158: 153: 149: 146: 145: 144: 141: 132:Tiananmen Square 104:Initial protests 89:Tiananmen Square 81: 70: 37: 36: 21767: 21766: 21762: 21761: 21760: 21758: 21757: 21756: 21672:Filmed killings 21607: 21606: 21605: 21600: 21516:Judicial system 21410: 21306: 21295: 21271: 21269:Judicial Police 21249: 21218: 21146: 21074:Internet police 21052:People's Police 21033: 20944: 20941:law enforcement 20934: 20904: 20899: 20876: 20867:Second Cold War 20825: 20753: 20747: 20723:Odd Arne Westad 20713:Patrick Vaughan 20698:Athan Theoharis 20678:Ellen Schrecker 20663:Yakov M. Rabkin 20638:Timothy Naftali 20583:Tvrtko Jakovina 20568:Jussi Hanhimäki 20451: 20429: 20419: 20397:Paix et Liberté 20372: 20316:Active measures 20297: 20227: 20208:White supremacy 20168:Totalitarianism 20096: 20021: 19944: 19930:Reagan Doctrine 19925:Carter Doctrine 19865:Truman Doctrine 19853: 19800: 19732: 19627:Soviet reaction 19538:Ndogboyosoi War 19445: 19416:Saur Revolution 19243:1973 oil crisis 19208:Munich massacre 19116:Alcora Exercise 19111:Black September 19089: 18835:Sino-Indian War 18729:Simba rebellion 18712: 18556:Capture of the 18464: 18403:Berlin Blockade 18336:May 1947 crises 18326:Truman Doctrine 18291:Greek Civil War 18280:Blacklist Forty 18247:Gouzenko Affair 18234:Cursed soldiers 18186:Morgenthau Plan 18174: 18112: 18107: 18077: 18072: 18047: 18004:Paracel Islands 17985: 17950:Sino-Indian War 17935: 17908: 17881: 17840:Dongshan Island 17806: 17800: 17792: 17737: 17731:Armed conflicts 17728: 17698: 17693: 17677: 17638:Democratization 17628:Decommunization 17611: 17547:Helsinki Summit 17487:April 9 tragedy 17459: 17449: 17378: 17287: 17235: 17226: 17220: 17108: 17102: 16970: 16964: 16917: 16911: 16867:Mathieu Kérékou 16814: 16808: 16740: 16716:Reagan Doctrine 16691:Active measures 16683: 16677: 16668:Totalitarianism 16605: 16599: 16594: 16564: 16559: 16533: 16515:June 4th Museum 16491: 16438: 16398: 16392: 16373:Pillar of Shame 16253: 16177: 16113: 16092: 15951:Leading figures 15935: 15884: 15848: 15810: 15758: 15751: 15695: 15676:Economic reform 15629: 15624: 15582: 15573:in your library 15568: 15563: 15557: 15533: 15531: 15524: 15500: 15468: 15466: 15443: 15441: 15436:. 6 June 2007. 15419: 15417: 15392: 15390: 15367: 15365: 15354: 15340: 15338: 15327: 15313: 15311: 15300: 15286: 15284: 15273: 15259: 15257: 15246: 15232: 15230: 15219: 15218:六部口坦克追轧学生撤退队伍事件 15205: 15203: 15192: 15178: 15176: 15165: 15151: 15149: 15138: 15124: 15122: 15111: 15097: 15095: 15084: 15070: 15068: 15061: 15047: 15020:10.2307/2158797 15014:(23): 121–132. 14996: 14994: 14966: 14964: 14939: 14937: 14912: 14910: 14903: 14879: 14877: 14857: 14826: 14824: 14788: 14786: 14764: 14762: 14741: 14739: 14721: 14719: 14712: 14688: 14686: 14679: 14650: 14623: 14621: 14601: 14599: 14576: 14574: 14524: 14510: 14508: 14485: 14483: 14476: 14468:. M.E. Sharpe. 14452: 14450: 14427: 14425: 14402: 14400: 14393: 14369: 14367: 14363: 14352: 14338: 14336: 14332: 14321: 14302:10.2307/2644711 14275: 14273: 14250: 14248: 14241: 14217: 14215: 14208: 14184: 14182: 14163: 14161: 14154: 14130: 14108: 14106: 14099: 14075: 14073: 14066:Reset Dialogues 14033:Foreign Affairs 14021: 14019: 14012:Foreign Affairs 13979: 13977: 13954: 13952: 13929: 13927: 13920: 13896: 13894: 13872: 13870: 13830: 13828: 13803: 13801: 13782: 13780: 13773: 13749: 13747: 13739:the Independent 13722: 13720: 13692:10.2307/2644842 13668: 13666: 13659: 13612: 13610: 13587: 13585: 13578: 13554: 13552: 13529: 13527: 13520: 13499: 13477: 13475: 13407: 13405: 13382: 13380: 13348: 13346: 13295: 13293: 13286: 13262: 13260: 13241: 13239: 13217: 13215: 13185: 13183: 13165: 13163: 13141: 13139: 13117: 13115: 13092: 13062: 13060: 13055:. 4 June 1990. 13038: 13036: 13011: 13009: 12977: 12975: 12952: 12950: 12943: 12919: 12917: 12910: 12881: 12857: 12855: 12832: 12830: 12823: 12799: 12797: 12773: 12769:(9 June 1989). 12756: 12754: 12730: 12728: 12724: 12717: 12704: 12702: 12680: 12678: 12671:The Independent 12643: 12641: 12623: 12621: 12599: 12597: 12579: 12577: 12570: 12523: 12496: 12494: 12490: 12459: 12445: 12443: 12436: 12410: 12408: 12386: 12361: 12359: 12336: 12334: 12333:on 25 June 2009 12309: 12307: 12284: 12282: 12257: 12255: 12230: 12228: 12221: 12197: 12195: 12177: 12175: 12156: 12154: 12136: 12134: 12129:. 29 May 2014. 12115: 12110: 12102: 12095: 12087: 12080: 12072: 12068: 12060: 12056: 12046: 12044: 12035: 12034: 12030: 12020: 12018: 12003: 11999: 11991: 11987: 11979: 11975: 11967: 11963: 11955: 11951: 11932: 11928: 11909: 11905: 11886: 11882: 11874: 11867: 11859: 11850: 11840: 11838: 11827: 11823: 11815: 11811: 11803: 11799: 11791: 11787: 11779: 11775: 11769:Greenslade 2014 11767: 11763: 11755: 11751: 11743: 11739: 11731: 11727: 11719: 11712: 11702: 11700: 11683: 11679: 11669: 11667: 11656: 11652: 11644: 11640: 11634:Japan Concerned 11632: 11628: 11620: 11616: 11608: 11604: 11596: 11589: 11581: 11577: 11569: 11565: 11557: 11553: 11545: 11541: 11531: 11529: 11516: 11515: 11511: 11501: 11499: 11484: 11480: 11472: 11468: 11458: 11456: 11443: 11442: 11438: 11430: 11426: 11418: 11414: 11406: 11397: 11389: 11385: 11377: 11373: 11365: 11358: 11348: 11346: 11333:. p. 205. 11327: 11326: 11319: 11311: 11307: 11299: 11295: 11287: 11278: 11268: 11266: 11257: 11256: 11252: 11244: 11240: 11230: 11228: 11213: 11209: 11199: 11197: 11193: 11182: 11176: 11172: 11162: 11160: 11153: 11137:Tharoor, Shashi 11134: 11130: 11120: 11118: 11105: 11104: 11100: 11092: 11088: 11078: 11076: 11069: 11041: 11030: 11022: 11015: 11005: 11003: 10988: 10984: 10974: 10972: 10967:. Japan Times. 10961: 10957: 10948: 10944: 10935: 10931: 10923: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10899: 10895: 10887: 10880: 10872: 10865: 10857: 10853: 10845: 10841: 10831: 10829: 10818: 10812: 10808: 10798: 10796: 10783: 10782: 10778: 10768: 10766: 10753:. 29 May 2006. 10745: 10744: 10740: 10730: 10728: 10717: 10713: 10712: 10708: 10698: 10696: 10685: 10681: 10680: 10676: 10666: 10664: 10659:. 13 May 2009. 10651: 10650: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10621: 10617: 10609: 10605: 10597: 10593: 10585: 10581: 10573: 10566: 10558: 10554: 10546: 10539: 10531: 10527: 10517: 10515: 10500: 10499: 10495: 10485: 10483: 10476:Financial Times 10468: 10464: 10456: 10452: 10444: 10433: 10425: 10418: 10410: 10406: 10398: 10394: 10386: 10382: 10374: 10370: 10360: 10358: 10353:. 4 June 2011. 10345: 10344: 10340: 10330: 10328: 10315: 10314: 10307: 10297: 10295: 10288:The Japan Times 10280: 10276: 10266: 10264: 10257: 10241: 10237: 10229: 10225: 10217: 10213: 10205: 10201: 10191: 10189: 10176: 10175: 10171: 10161: 10159: 10146: 10145: 10141: 10133: 10129: 10119: 10117: 10104: 10103: 10099: 10091: 10087: 10079: 10075: 10070: 10066: 10058: 10054: 10046: 10042: 10034: 10027: 10019: 10015: 10007: 10003: 9995: 9991: 9983: 9979: 9971: 9967: 9959: 9955: 9947: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9923: 9912: 9904: 9900: 9892: 9888: 9880: 9876: 9868: 9864: 9856: 9852: 9844: 9840: 9832: 9825: 9815: 9813: 9790: 9786: 9778: 9774: 9768:Tsui & Pang 9766: 9762: 9754: 9750: 9742: 9738: 9730: 9726: 9718: 9711: 9703: 9699: 9691: 9687: 9677: 9675: 9664: 9660: 9650: 9648: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9620: 9618: 9614: 9607: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9590: 9581: 9573: 9569: 9560: 9559: 9555: 9547: 9543: 9535: 9531: 9523: 9519: 9511: 9504: 9496: 9492: 9484: 9480: 9472: 9468: 9458: 9456: 9447: 9446: 9442: 9432: 9430: 9417: 9416: 9409: 9401: 9390: 9386:, pp. 500. 9382: 9369: 9365:, pp. 498. 9361: 9352: 9344: 9333: 9322: 9320: 9305: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9282:, pp. 497. 9278: 9271: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9236: 9226: 9224: 9220: 9213: 9209: 9208: 9199: 9195:, pp. 509. 9191: 9187: 9177: 9175: 9160: 9156: 9146: 9144: 9129: 9125: 9115: 9113: 9104: 9103: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9079: 9075: 9067: 9060: 9056:, pp. 493. 9052: 9048: 9040: 9031: 9014: 9013: 9009: 8999: 8997: 8988: 8987: 8983: 8975: 8971: 8965:Suettinger 2004 8963: 8959: 8949: 8947: 8920:Foreign Affairs 8908: 8893: 8889:, pp. 492. 8885: 8878: 8874:, pp. 489. 8870: 8863: 8855: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8824: 8822: 8807: 8800: 8792: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8763: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8692: 8684: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8648: 8640: 8633: 8625: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8601: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8565: 8561: 8553: 8546: 8538: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8502: 8498: 8490: 8486: 8478: 8474: 8466: 8462: 8454: 8447: 8436: 8432: 8421: 8417: 8407: 8405: 8394: 8390: 8382: 8378: 8368: 8366: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8327: 8323: 8313: 8311: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8285: 8278: 8270: 8266: 8258: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8232: 8230: 8222:The Independent 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8116: 8112:, 17 May entry. 8108: 8104: 8096: 8089: 8081: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8049:, 15 May entry. 8045: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8021: 8014: 8006: 8002: 7988: 7984: 7976: 7969: 7961: 7950: 7942: 7938: 7930: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7894: 7887: 7879: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7855: 7846: 7838: 7834: 7826: 7819: 7811: 7804: 7796: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7745: 7738: 7734:, 21 May entry. 7730: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7710:, pp. 1–2. 7706: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7618: 7614: 7605: 7601: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7529: 7522: 7475: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7441: 7437: 7427: 7425: 7414: 7408: 7401: 7391: 7389: 7378: 7372: 7365: 7355: 7353: 7346: 7330: 7326: 7316: 7314: 7307: 7291: 7287: 7277: 7275: 7264: 7258: 7254: 7244: 7242: 7231: 7230:邓小平为什么重提政治体制改革？ 7225: 7221: 7174: 7170: 7139: 7135: 7088: 7081: 7058:10.2307/2644047 7042: 7035: 7025: 7023: 7008: 7001: 6993: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6957: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6905: 6897: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6846: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6808: 6800: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6719: 6709: 6707: 6690: 6686: 6676: 6674: 6658: 6650: 6645: 6644: 6637: 6627: 6625: 6610: 6606: 6598: 6591: 6581: 6579: 6564: 6560: 6552: 6548: 6540: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6482: 6478: 6468: 6466: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6421: 6417: 6409: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6341: 6339: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6294: 6286: 6277: 6269: 6260: 6252: 6245: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6210: 6200: 6198: 6163:Foreign Affairs 6149: 6145: 6137: 6130: 6122: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6066:Foreign Affairs 6054: 6050: 6042: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6007: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5969: 5961:. p. 211. 5949: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5896: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5809: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5724: 5720: 5705: 5701: 5680: 5676: 5655: 5651: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5494:Politics portal 5492: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5419: 5410:outside of the 5402: 5393: 5386: 5377: 5370: 5361: 5358: 5349: 5340: 5328: 5306: 5267: 5168: 5158: 5152: 5147: 5105: 5099: 5044: 5027:Pillar of Shame 5013:Pillar of Shame 4998:June 4th Museum 4956: 4931: 4925: 4908: 4902: 4897: 4847: 4841: 4805: 4799: 4743: 4737: 4697: 4692: 4618: 4612: 4457: 4451: 4443:Main articles: 4441: 4436: 4407:Student leader 4394: 4359: 4297: 4295:Other estimates 4272: 4263: 4257: 4241: 4235: 4201: 4123: 4117: 4100: 4097: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4051: 4048: 4024: 3925:on 3 June 1989. 3904: 3902:Chang'an Avenue 3895: 3816: 3805: 3757: 3744: 3739: 3726: 3720: 3712:, Chai stated: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3661:Military action 3606: 3600: 3598:Outside Beijing 3591: 3586: 3578: 3560: 3458: 3424:Guangming Daily 3410: 3404: 3338: 3332: 3315: 3309: 3304: 3256: 3250: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3182: 3181: 3170: 3164: 3140: 2855: 2850: 2837: 2831: 2712: 2706: 2665: 2659: 2606: 2562: 2515:Boluan Fanzheng 2487: 2451: 2449: 2392: 2391: 2315:APEC China 2014 2290: 2280: 2279: 2275:High-speed rail 2210: 2200: 2199: 2180:APEC China 2001 2166: 2110: 2100: 2099: 2049: 2001:Boluan Fanzheng 1991: 1981: 1980: 1932: 1863: 1840: 1835: 1829:Boluan Fanzheng 1827:Main articles: 1825: 1821:Boluan Fanzheng 1817: 1805:Chang'an Avenue 1620:Ba-Jiǒu Mín-yùn 1614:Tongyong Pinyin 1605:Pa-Chiu Min-yün 1604: 1545:Literal meaning 1402: 1356:Literal meaning 1312:La̍k-sù Sū-kiaⁿ 1178:Tongyong Pinyin 1168: 1154:ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄙˋ ㄕˋ ㄐㄧㄢˋ 1109:Literal meaning 1074: 1067: 902: 897: 874: 872: 869: 807: 805: 802: 748: 740: 736: 733: 731: 681: 680: 572: 473: 465: 443: 417: 415: 404: 397: 392: 390: 383: 378: 376: 356: 354: 343: 341: 325: 275: 274: 180:Economic reform 156: 154: 150: 147: 142: 139: 137: 135: 134: 130: 129: 118: 116: 111: 109: 107: 95: 94: 93: 92: 84: 83: 82: 73: 72: 71: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 21765: 21755: 21754: 21749: 21744: 21739: 21734: 21729: 21724: 21719: 21714: 21709: 21704: 21699: 21694: 21689: 21684: 21679: 21674: 21669: 21664: 21659: 21654: 21649: 21644: 21639: 21634: 21629: 21624: 21619: 21602: 21601: 21599: 21598: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21571:Soft detention 21568: 21563: 21558: 21553: 21548: 21546:PLA Unit 61398 21543: 21538: 21533: 21528: 21523: 21518: 21513: 21508: 21503: 21502: 21501: 21496: 21491: 21481: 21480: 21479: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21454: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21422:2011 crackdown 21418: 21416: 21412: 21411: 21409: 21408: 21403: 21398: 21393: 21387: 21381: 21375: 21369: 21363: 21357: 21351: 21345: 21339: 21333: 21330:Sufan movement 21327: 21321: 21314: 21312: 21308: 21307: 21305: 21304: 21303: 21302: 21290: 21285: 21280: 21279: 21278: 21266: 21239: 21234: 21228: 21226: 21220: 21219: 21217: 21216: 21215: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21193: 21192: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21156: 21154: 21148: 21147: 21145: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21123: 21122: 21112: 21111: 21110: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21089: 21088: 21087: 21086: 21076: 21071: 21070: 21069: 21049: 21043: 21041: 21035: 21034: 21032: 21031: 21030: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21014: 21009: 20999: 20998: 20997: 20992: 20991: 20990: 20985: 20984: 20983: 20973: 20963: 20952: 20950: 20946: 20945: 20933: 20932: 20925: 20918: 20910: 20901: 20900: 20898: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20881: 20878: 20877: 20875: 20874: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20833: 20831: 20827: 20826: 20824: 20823: 20818: 20813: 20808: 20803: 20798: 20793: 20788: 20783: 20778: 20773: 20768: 20763: 20757: 20755: 20749: 20748: 20746: 20745: 20740: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20715: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20695: 20693:Timothy Snyder 20690: 20685: 20680: 20675: 20670: 20665: 20660: 20655: 20650: 20645: 20640: 20635: 20630: 20625: 20623:Vojtech Mastny 20620: 20618:Geir Lundestad 20615: 20610: 20608:Walter Laqueur 20605: 20603:Walter LaFeber 20600: 20595: 20590: 20585: 20580: 20575: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20555: 20550: 20545: 20540: 20535: 20533:André Fontaine 20530: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20510: 20505: 20500: 20495: 20490: 20485: 20480: 20475: 20470: 20465: 20463:Gar Alperovitz 20459: 20457: 20453: 20452: 20450: 20449: 20444: 20439: 20433: 20431: 20425: 20424: 20421: 20420: 20418: 20417: 20412: 20406: 20405: 20400: 20393: 20388: 20380: 20378: 20374: 20373: 20371: 20370: 20363: 20358: 20351: 20344: 20339: 20332: 20325: 20318: 20312: 20310: 20303: 20299: 20298: 20296: 20295: 20290: 20285: 20280: 20275: 20270: 20265: 20260: 20255: 20250: 20245: 20239: 20237: 20233: 20232: 20229: 20228: 20226: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20205: 20203:Third-Worldism 20200: 20195: 20190: 20185: 20180: 20175: 20170: 20165: 20160: 20155: 20150: 20145: 20140: 20135: 20130: 20125: 20120: 20115: 20110: 20104: 20102: 20098: 20097: 20095: 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20074: 20069: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20037: 20031: 20029: 20023: 20022: 20020: 20019: 20014: 20009: 20004: 19999: 19994: 19992:Libertarianism 19989: 19984: 19983: 19982: 19972: 19970:Chicago school 19967: 19961: 19959: 19950: 19946: 19945: 19943: 19942: 19937: 19932: 19927: 19922: 19917: 19915:Nixon Doctrine 19912: 19907: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19887: 19882: 19877: 19872: 19867: 19861: 19859: 19858:Foreign policy 19855: 19854: 19852: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19810: 19808: 19802: 19801: 19799: 19798: 19793: 19792: 19791: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19746: 19740: 19738: 19734: 19733: 19731: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19710: 19705: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19643:Operation RYAN 19640: 19635: 19630: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19580: 19575: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19548:Able Archer 83 19545: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19520: 19515: 19510: 19505: 19500: 19495: 19494: 19493: 19483: 19478: 19473: 19464: 19459: 19453: 19451: 19447: 19446: 19444: 19443: 19438: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19413: 19408: 19403: 19398: 19393: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19330: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19298:Oromo conflict 19295: 19290: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19255: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19238:Yom Kippur War 19235: 19230: 19225: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19148: 19143: 19138: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19103: 19097: 19095: 19091: 19090: 19088: 19087: 19082: 19077: 19072: 19067: 19062: 19061: 19060: 19050: 19045: 19040: 19035: 19030: 19021: 19016: 19015: 19014: 19004: 18999: 18994: 18989: 18984: 18979: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18959: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18909: 18904: 18899: 18894: 18893: 18892: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18870:Aden Emergency 18867: 18862: 18857: 18852: 18847: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18827: 18822: 18821: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18788:Papua conflict 18785: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18769: 18768: 18758: 18757: 18756: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18720: 18718: 18714: 18713: 18711: 18710: 18705: 18704: 18703: 18693: 18691:Kitchen Debate 18688: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18651:Sputnik crisis 18648: 18643: 18635: 18628: 18623: 18621:Polish October 18618: 18613: 18608: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18521:Pact of Madrid 18518: 18513: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18476:Bamboo Curtain 18472: 18470: 18466: 18465: 18463: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18446: 18445: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18369: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18275: 18267: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18236: 18231: 18230: 18229: 18224: 18216: 18203: 18198: 18193: 18188: 18182: 18180: 18176: 18175: 18173: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18125: 18117: 18114: 18113: 18106: 18105: 18098: 18091: 18083: 18074: 18073: 18071: 18070: 18065: 18059: 18057: 18053: 18052: 18049: 18048: 18046: 18045: 18044: 18043: 18037: 18031: 18025: 18013: 18007: 18000: 17998: 17987: 17986: 17984: 17983: 17977: 17971: 17965: 17959: 17956:Chola incident 17953: 17946: 17944: 17937: 17936: 17934: 17933: 17927: 17920: 17918: 17910: 17909: 17907: 17906: 17899: 17897: 17887: 17883: 17882: 17880: 17879: 17873: 17867: 17864:Burmese border 17861: 17855: 17849: 17843: 17837: 17831: 17825: 17819: 17812: 17810: 17794: 17793: 17791: 17790: 17784: 17783:(1980–present) 17778: 17772: 17766: 17760: 17754: 17747: 17745: 17743:Mainland China 17739: 17738: 17733:involving the 17727: 17726: 17719: 17712: 17704: 17695: 17694: 17692: 17691: 17685: 17683: 17679: 17678: 17676: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17663:Post-communism 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17619: 17617: 17613: 17612: 17610: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17509: 17504: 17499: 17494: 17489: 17484: 17479: 17474: 17469: 17463: 17461: 17455: 17454: 17451: 17450: 17448: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17386: 17384: 17380: 17379: 17377: 17376: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17301: 17295: 17293: 17289: 17288: 17286: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17253:Czechoslovakia 17250: 17245: 17239: 17237: 17236:Eastern Europe 17228: 17222: 17221: 17219: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17112: 17110: 17104: 17103: 17101: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17083:Isaias Afwerki 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17063:Zianon Pazniak 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16980: 16974: 16972: 16966: 16965: 16963: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16921: 16919: 16913: 16912: 16910: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16842:Erich Honecker 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16818: 16816: 16810: 16809: 16807: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16785: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16754: 16748: 16746: 16742: 16741: 16739: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16687: 16685: 16679: 16678: 16676: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16623:Anti-communism 16620: 16615: 16609: 16607: 16601: 16600: 16593: 16592: 16585: 16578: 16570: 16561: 16560: 16558: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16541: 16539: 16535: 16534: 16532: 16531: 16530: 16529: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16499: 16497: 16493: 16492: 16490: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16448: 16446: 16440: 16439: 16437: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16402: 16400: 16394: 16393: 16391: 16390: 16389: 16388: 16376: 16369: 16362: 16355: 16348: 16341: 16334: 16327: 16322: 16315: 16308: 16301: 16294: 16287: 16280: 16273: 16265: 16263: 16259: 16258: 16255: 16254: 16252: 16251: 16248: 16243: 16240: 16237: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16185: 16183: 16179: 16178: 16176: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16163:Liang Guanglie 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16134: 16132: 16125: 16119: 16118: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16111: 16106: 16100: 16098: 16094: 16093: 16091: 16090: 16085: 16083:Zhao Changqing 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16043:Wang Bingzhang 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15954: 15952: 15945: 15941: 15940: 15937: 15936: 15934: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15892: 15890: 15886: 15885: 15883: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15856: 15854: 15850: 15849: 15847: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15820: 15818: 15812: 15811: 15809: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15772: 15770: 15761: 15753: 15752: 15750: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15703: 15701: 15697: 15696: 15694: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15656:Beijing Spring 15653: 15648: 15643: 15637: 15635: 15631: 15630: 15623: 15622: 15615: 15608: 15600: 15594: 15593: 15580: 15567: 15566:External links 15564: 15562: 15561: 15556:978-1439149386 15555: 15540: 15523:978-0226982601 15522: 15504: 15499:978-1586481223 15498: 15480:Nathan, Andrew 15475: 15450: 15426: 15399: 15374: 15347: 15320: 15293: 15266: 15239: 15212: 15185: 15158: 15131: 15104: 15083:六四北京戒严部队的数量和番号 15077: 15060:978-0982320389 15059: 15040: 15003: 14982: 14973: 14946: 14919: 14902:978-0674021112 14901: 14886: 14870:www.tsquare.tv 14861: 14856:978-0674055445 14855: 14837:Vogel, Ezra F. 14833: 14812: 14804:Foreign Policy 14795: 14771: 14757:(Video). PBS. 14748: 14728: 14711:978-0074633953 14710: 14695: 14678:978-0815782087 14677: 14662: 14649:978-0393973518 14648: 14630: 14608: 14583: 14535:(2): 156–182. 14517: 14492: 14475:978-0873327459 14474: 14459: 14434: 14409: 14392:978-0230344112 14391: 14376: 14345: 14314: 14296:(4): 331–347. 14286:Pye, Lucian W. 14282: 14257: 14240:978-0674325630 14239: 14224: 14207:978-1416537052 14206: 14191: 14181:on 12 May 2011 14170: 14153:978-0765640574 14152: 14134: 14129:978-1136906848 14128: 14115: 14098:978-0262640640 14097: 14082: 14057: 14028: 14018:on 6 July 2004 14003: 13986: 13961: 13936: 13919:978-0472084517 13918: 13903: 13879: 13854: 13837: 13810: 13789: 13772:978-1139498227 13771: 13756: 13729: 13704: 13686:(5): 505–521. 13675: 13658:978-1136906848 13657: 13640: 13630:(3): 154–158. 13619: 13594: 13577:978-0199347704 13576: 13561: 13536: 13519:978-1412811996 13518: 13503: 13498:978-1921815003 13497: 13484: 13464: 13454:(2): 141–162. 13443: 13414: 13389: 13364: 13355: 13341:. p. A1. 13328: 13319: 13302: 13285:978-0415053457 13284: 13269: 13248: 13224: 13199: 13172: 13148: 13124: 13096: 13091:978-1439149386 13090: 13069: 13045: 13018: 12993: 12984: 12959: 12942:978-0415112536 12941: 12926: 12909:978-1588366344 12908: 12893: 12880:978-0198297765 12879: 12864: 12839: 12822:978-0521001052 12821: 12806: 12785: 12775:(in Chinese). 12767:Deng, Xiaoping 12763: 12737: 12711: 12687: 12662: 12658:CAT/C/CHN/CO/4 12650: 12630: 12606: 12586: 12569:978-0813310473 12568: 12553: 12536: 12534:. Sensys Corp. 12527: 12522:978-1414362465 12521: 12503: 12452: 12435:978-1136906848 12434: 12417: 12390: 12385:978-0804736381 12384: 12372:Brook, Timothy 12368: 12343: 12316: 12291: 12264: 12237: 12220:978-0691036373 12219: 12204: 12184: 12163: 12143: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12108: 12093: 12078: 12074:Anderlini 2013 12066: 12054: 12028: 11997: 11985: 11973: 11961: 11949: 11926: 11903: 11880: 11865: 11848: 11821: 11809: 11797: 11785: 11773: 11761: 11749: 11737: 11735:, p. 152. 11725: 11710: 11677: 11650: 11638: 11626: 11614: 11602: 11600:, p. 196. 11587: 11585:, p. 198. 11575: 11563: 11561:, p. 194. 11551: 11549:, p. 424. 11539: 11509: 11478: 11466: 11436: 11424: 11412: 11395: 11383: 11371: 11356: 11317: 11313:MacKinnon 1999 11305: 11303:, p. 201. 11293: 11291:, p. 199. 11276: 11250: 11248:, pp. 11. 11238: 11207: 11170: 11152:978-8184756937 11151: 11128: 11098: 11086: 11068:978-1503634152 11067: 11053:. p. 67. 11028: 11013: 10982: 10955: 10942: 10929: 10917: 10905: 10893: 10878: 10863: 10861:, p. 195. 10851: 10839: 10806: 10776: 10738: 10716:中共重申对六四事件有明确定论 10706: 10674: 10639: 10627: 10615: 10603: 10599:Bernstein1989b 10591: 10579: 10564: 10552: 10537: 10525: 10493: 10462: 10450: 10431: 10416: 10404: 10392: 10380: 10368: 10338: 10305: 10274: 10256:978-1137475992 10255: 10235: 10223: 10211: 10199: 10169: 10139: 10137:, p. 169. 10127: 10097: 10085: 10083:, p. 161. 10073: 10064: 10052: 10050:, p. 436. 10040: 10038:, p. 167. 10025: 10013: 10001: 9999:, p. 378. 9989: 9977: 9965: 9953: 9941: 9929: 9927:, p. 364. 9910: 9908:, p. 408. 9898: 9896:, p. 405. 9886: 9884:, p. 400. 9874: 9862: 9850: 9848:, p. 535. 9838: 9836:, p. 530. 9823: 9784: 9772: 9760: 9748: 9746:, p. 190. 9736: 9734:, p. 189. 9724: 9709: 9697: 9685: 9658: 9628: 9596: 9579: 9577:, 32:23–34:50. 9567: 9553: 9541: 9529: 9517: 9502: 9490: 9478: 9476:, p. 288. 9466: 9440: 9407: 9405:, p. 206. 9388: 9367: 9350: 9348:, p. 205. 9331: 9296: 9284: 9269: 9234: 9197: 9185: 9154: 9123: 9097: 9085: 9073: 9058: 9046: 9029: 9007: 8981: 8969: 8957: 8891: 8876: 8861: 8844: 8832: 8798: 8796:, p. 484. 8781: 8779:, p. 483. 8769: 8767:, p. 482. 8750: 8738: 8726: 8714: 8702: 8700:, p. 363. 8690: 8675: 8663: 8661:, p. 362. 8646: 8644:, p. 353. 8631: 8629:, p. 349. 8619: 8607: 8605:, p. 450. 8595: 8593:, p. 449. 8583: 8581:, p. 447. 8571: 8569:, p. 446. 8559: 8557:, p. 445. 8544: 8542:, p. 437. 8532: 8530:, p. 435. 8520: 8518:, p. 434. 8508: 8506:, p. 165. 8496: 8494:, p. 327. 8484: 8482:, p. 298. 8472: 8460: 8445: 8430: 8415: 8388: 8376: 8346: 8340:978-0802048783 8339: 8321: 8291: 8276: 8264: 8262:, p. 343. 8252: 8240: 8207: 8195: 8183: 8171: 8159: 8157:, p. 443. 8147: 8135: 8114: 8102: 8100:, p. 181. 8087: 8085:, p. 165. 8075: 8073:, p. 170. 8063: 8061:, p. 300. 8051: 8039: 8037:, p. 169. 8027: 8025:, p. 165. 8012: 8010:, p. 164. 8000: 7982: 7980:, p. 167. 7967: 7948: 7946:, p. 163. 7936: 7924: 7922:, p. 161. 7912: 7910:, p. 159. 7900: 7898:, p. 608. 7885: 7883:, p. 156. 7873: 7871:, p. 157. 7861: 7859:, p. 155. 7844: 7832: 7817: 7802: 7787: 7785:, p. 154. 7775: 7773:, p. 337. 7763: 7761:, p. 248. 7751: 7749:, p. 153. 7736: 7724: 7712: 7700: 7698:, p. 149. 7688: 7676: 7674:, p. 148. 7661: 7659:, p. 147. 7649: 7647:, p. 274. 7637: 7625: 7612: 7599: 7586: 7556: 7520: 7466: 7435: 7420:(in Chinese). 7418:New York Times 7399: 7384:(in Chinese). 7382:New York Times 7377:赵紫阳与邓小平的两条政改路线 7363: 7345:978-0791412695 7344: 7338:. SUNY Press. 7324: 7306:978-0824815011 7305: 7285: 7270:(in Chinese). 7252: 7237:(in Chinese). 7219: 7184:(2): 133–167. 7168: 7133: 7079: 7033: 6999: 6997:, p. 138. 6987: 6985:, p. 685. 6975: 6963: 6948: 6936: 6903: 6888: 6886:, p. 137. 6876: 6864: 6852: 6837: 6825: 6806: 6804:, p. 127. 6789: 6777: 6775:, p. 120. 6765: 6753: 6734: 6717: 6684: 6673:on 11 May 2008 6662:People's Daily 6635: 6620:(in Chinese). 6604: 6602:, p. 283. 6589: 6558: 6546: 6544:, p. 634. 6531: 6529:, p. 112. 6519: 6507: 6476: 6446: 6415: 6387: 6375: 6349: 6319: 6307: 6292: 6275: 6258: 6256:, p. 154. 6243: 6241:, p. 445. 6225: 6208: 6169:(1): 468–477. 6143: 6128: 6111: 6072:(1): 468–477. 6048: 6025: 6023:, p. 172. 6013: 6011:, p. 171. 5994: 5968:978-0822337850 5967: 5940: 5928: 5916: 5914:, p. 216. 5904: 5878: 5852: 5819: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5762: 5743: 5718: 5699: 5674: 5649: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5594: 5588: 5578: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5483: 5480:Society portal 5469: 5455: 5441: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5403: 5396: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5327: 5324: 5305: 5302: 5266: 5263: 5222:Zhang Xianling 5202:Zhao's memoirs 5180:Forbidden City 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5110:Jacques Chirac 5101:Main article: 5098: 5095: 5043: 5040: 5034:was placed in 5032:Jens Galschiøt 4955: 4952: 4924: 4921: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4843:Main article: 4840: 4837: 4820:correspondent 4801:Main article: 4798: 4795: 4775:People's Daily 4736: 4733: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4690:Media coverage 4688: 4614:Main article: 4611: 4608: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4393: 4390: 4388:" by rioters. 4371:Zhang Xianling 4358: 4355: 4296: 4293: 4271: 4268: 4256: 4253: 4234: 4231: 4200: 4197: 4188:People's Daily 4119:Main article: 4116: 4113: 4096: 4093: 4046: 4023: 4020: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3861:secretly moved 3804: 3801: 3756: 3753: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3718: 3680:on 20 May and 3673: 3670: 3665:Main article: 3662: 3659: 3602:Main article: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3566: 3457: 3454: 3406:Main article: 3403: 3400: 3334:Main article: 3331: 3328: 3311:Main article: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3252:Main article: 3249: 3246: 3233:People's Daily 3194: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3166:Main article: 3163: 3160: 3139: 3136: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3033: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2891: 2884: 2883: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2833:Main article: 2830: 2827: 2708:Main article: 2705: 2702: 2661:Main article: 2658: 2655: 2624:Mínzhǔ Shālóng 2605: 2602: 2598:iron rice bowl 2561: 2558: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2310:Supercomputing 2307: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2132: 2130:1992 consensus 2127: 2122: 2117: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2047: 2045:Beijing Spring 2042: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1913:Sufan movement 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1846: 1845: 1824: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1797:Roman numerals 1793:Great Firewall 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748:pat-káu bîn-ūn 1744: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1680:Yue: Cantonese 1676: 1675: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634:Bā-Jyǒu Mínyùn 1630: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1557:Transcriptions 1550: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1497: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1450:Yue: Cantonese 1446: 1445: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1368:Transcriptions 1361: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1349:1989年春夏之交的政治風波 1345: 1339: 1338: 1335:1989年春夏之交的政治风波 1331: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1299: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1244:Yue: Cantonese 1240: 1239: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1140:Liù-Sì Shìjiàn 1136: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1121:Transcriptions 1114: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1066: 1063: 981:iron rice bowl 976:market economy 968:post-Mao China 914:demonstrations 899: 898: 896: 895: 890: 884: 883: 868: 867: 862: 857: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 817: 816: 801: 800: 795: 790: 785: 775: 770: 765: 763:Beijing Spring 759: 758: 756:Mainland China 745: 742: 741: 730: 729: 722: 715: 707: 699: 698: 692: 688: 687: 683: 682: 679: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 640:Intellectuals: 637: 636: 631: 620: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 573: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 529: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 458: 457: 454: 453: 449: 448: 445: 444: 442: 441: 438: 435: 430: 425: 407: 405: 403: 402: 388: 374: 364: 339: 332: 331: 327: 326: 324: 323: 319:Initiation of 317: 314: 301: 288: 285: 282: 272: 271: 270: 268: 264: 263: 242: 238: 237: 218: 214: 213: 212: 211: 206: 192: 187: 182: 177: 169: 165: 164: 127: 125: 121: 120: 101: 97: 96: 87:Protesters in 86: 85: 76: 75: 74: 65: 64: 63: 62: 61: 58: 57: 42: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21764: 21753: 21750: 21748: 21745: 21743: 21740: 21738: 21735: 21733: 21732:Deng Xiaoping 21730: 21728: 21725: 21723: 21720: 21718: 21715: 21713: 21710: 21708: 21705: 21703: 21700: 21698: 21695: 21693: 21690: 21688: 21685: 21683: 21680: 21678: 21675: 21673: 21670: 21668: 21665: 21663: 21660: 21658: 21655: 21653: 21650: 21648: 21645: 21643: 21640: 21638: 21635: 21633: 21632:1989 in China 21630: 21628: 21625: 21623: 21622:1989 protests 21620: 21618: 21615: 21614: 21612: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21567: 21564: 21562: 21559: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21549: 21547: 21544: 21542: 21539: 21537: 21534: 21532: 21529: 21527: 21524: 21522: 21519: 21517: 21514: 21512: 21509: 21507: 21504: 21500: 21497: 21495: 21492: 21490: 21487: 21486: 21485: 21482: 21478: 21475: 21474: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21419: 21417: 21413: 21407: 21406:United States 21404: 21402: 21399: 21397: 21394: 21391: 21390:709 crackdown 21388: 21385: 21382: 21379: 21376: 21373: 21370: 21367: 21364: 21361: 21358: 21355: 21352: 21349: 21346: 21343: 21340: 21337: 21334: 21331: 21328: 21325: 21322: 21319: 21316: 21315: 21313: 21309: 21299: 21294: 21291: 21289: 21286: 21284: 21281: 21275: 21270: 21267: 21264: 21260: 21257: 21256: 21253: 21248: 21245: 21244: 21243: 21240: 21238: 21235: 21233: 21230: 21229: 21227: 21225: 21221: 21213: 21210: 21208: 21205: 21203: 21200: 21198: 21195: 21191: 21188: 21187: 21186: 21183: 21182: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21161: 21158: 21157: 21155: 21153: 21149: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21121: 21118: 21117: 21116: 21113: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21085: 21082: 21081: 21080: 21077: 21075: 21072: 21068: 21065: 21064: 21063: 21060: 21059: 21058: 21055: 21054: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21044: 21042: 21040: 21036: 21028: 21025: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21005: 21004: 21003: 21002:State Council 21000: 20996: 20993: 20989: 20986: 20982: 20979: 20978: 20977: 20974: 20972: 20969: 20968: 20967: 20964: 20962: 20959: 20958: 20957: 20954: 20953: 20951: 20947: 20942: 20938: 20931: 20926: 20924: 20919: 20917: 20912: 20911: 20908: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20882: 20879: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20857:War on terror 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20834: 20832: 20828: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20807: 20804: 20802: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20792: 20789: 20787: 20784: 20782: 20779: 20777: 20774: 20772: 20769: 20767: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20758: 20756: 20752:Espionage and 20750: 20744: 20741: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20703:Andrew Thorpe 20701: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20679: 20676: 20674: 20671: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20654: 20651: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20634: 20631: 20629: 20626: 20624: 20621: 20619: 20616: 20614: 20611: 20609: 20606: 20604: 20601: 20599: 20598:Gabriel Kolko 20596: 20594: 20591: 20589: 20586: 20584: 20581: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20563:Fred Halliday 20561: 20559: 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20548:Lloyd Gardner 20546: 20544: 20541: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20508:Norman Davies 20506: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20496: 20494: 20493:John Costello 20491: 20489: 20486: 20484: 20481: 20479: 20476: 20474: 20471: 20469: 20466: 20464: 20461: 20460: 20458: 20454: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20434: 20432: 20428:Technological 20426: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20407: 20404: 20401: 20399: 20398: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20387: 20386: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20375: 20369: 20368: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20356: 20352: 20350: 20349: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20337: 20333: 20331: 20330: 20326: 20324: 20323: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20313: 20311: 20309:Pro-communist 20307: 20304: 20300: 20294: 20291: 20289: 20286: 20284: 20281: 20279: 20276: 20274: 20271: 20269: 20266: 20264: 20261: 20259: 20256: 20254: 20251: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20241: 20240: 20238: 20236:Organizations 20234: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20191: 20189: 20186: 20184: 20181: 20179: 20176: 20174: 20171: 20169: 20166: 20164: 20161: 20159: 20156: 20154: 20151: 20149: 20146: 20144: 20141: 20139: 20136: 20134: 20131: 20129: 20126: 20124: 20121: 20119: 20116: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20106: 20105: 20103: 20099: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20067: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20050:Eurocommunism 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20032: 20030: 20028: 20024: 20018: 20015: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20003: 20000: 19998: 19995: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19981: 19978: 19977: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19962: 19960: 19958: 19954: 19951: 19947: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19880:Domino theory 19878: 19876: 19873: 19871: 19868: 19866: 19863: 19862: 19860: 19856: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19834:South Ossetia 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19811: 19809: 19807: 19803: 19797: 19794: 19790: 19787: 19786: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19741: 19739: 19735: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19628: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19618:8888 Uprising 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19563:Iran–Iraq War 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19528:Falklands War 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19514: 19511: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19492: 19489: 19488: 19487: 19484: 19482: 19479: 19477: 19474: 19472: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19454: 19452: 19448: 19442: 19439: 19437: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19391:NDF Rebellion 19389: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19371:German Autumn 19369: 19367: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19351: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19258:Metapolitefsi 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19236: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19224: 19221: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19153: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19098: 19096: 19092: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19066: 19063: 19059: 19056: 19055: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19031: 19029: 19027: 19022: 19020: 19019:Prague Spring 19017: 19013: 19010: 19009: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18997:Al-Wadiah War 18995: 18993: 18990: 18988: 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18962:12-3 incident 18960: 18958: 18955: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18915: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18900: 18898: 18895: 18891: 18888: 18887: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18805: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18767: 18764: 18763: 18762: 18759: 18755: 18752: 18751: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18721: 18719: 18715: 18709: 18706: 18702: 18699: 18698: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18641: 18636: 18633: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18606: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18559: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18541:Domino theory 18539: 18537: 18536:Petrov Affair 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18473: 18471: 18467: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18444: 18441: 18440: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18413:Madiun Affair 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18373:Marshall Plan 18371: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18353: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18281: 18276: 18274: 18273: 18268: 18266: 18265: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18242: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18222: 18217: 18215: 18214: 18209: 18208: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18194: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18183: 18181: 18177: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18130: 18126: 18124: 18123: 18122:United States 18119: 18118: 18115: 18111: 18104: 18099: 18097: 18092: 18090: 18085: 18084: 18081: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18060: 18058: 18054: 18041: 18038: 18035: 18032: 18029: 18026: 18023: 18020: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18011: 18008: 18005: 18002: 18001: 17999: 17997: 17993: 17992:South Vietnam 17988: 17981: 17978: 17975: 17972: 17969: 17966: 17963: 17960: 17957: 17954: 17951: 17948: 17947: 17945: 17943: 17938: 17931: 17928: 17925: 17922: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17915:United States 17911: 17904: 17901: 17900: 17898: 17896: 17891: 17888: 17886:International 17884: 17877: 17874: 17871: 17868: 17865: 17862: 17859: 17856: 17853: 17850: 17847: 17844: 17841: 17838: 17835: 17832: 17829: 17828:Hainan Island 17826: 17823: 17822:Dengbu Island 17820: 17817: 17814: 17813: 17811: 17804: 17799: 17795: 17788: 17785: 17782: 17779: 17776: 17773: 17770: 17767: 17764: 17761: 17758: 17755: 17752: 17749: 17748: 17746: 17744: 17740: 17736: 17732: 17725: 17720: 17718: 17713: 17711: 17706: 17705: 17702: 17690: 17687: 17686: 17684: 17680: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17668:Yugoslav Wars 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17658:Neo-Stalinism 17656: 17654: 17653:Neo-Sovietism 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17620: 17618: 17614: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17537:Black January 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17505: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17490: 17488: 17485: 17483: 17480: 17478: 17475: 17473: 17470: 17468: 17465: 17464: 17462: 17456: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17387: 17385: 17381: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17296: 17294: 17290: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17240: 17238: 17232: 17229: 17223: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17113: 17111: 17105: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17088:Ronald Reagan 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17068:Zhelyu Zhelev 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17048:Boris Yeltsin 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17028:Joachim Gauck 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16975: 16973: 16967: 16961: 16960:Strike action 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16922: 16920: 16914: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16902:Todor Zhivkov 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16892:Deng Xiaoping 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16819: 16817: 16811: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16759: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16749: 16747: 16743: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16721:Soviet Empire 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16688: 16686: 16682:International 16680: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16610: 16608: 16602: 16598: 16591: 16586: 16584: 16579: 16577: 16572: 16571: 16568: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16542: 16540: 16536: 16528: 16525: 16524: 16523: 16522: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16505: 16501: 16500: 16498: 16494: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16445: 16444:Anniversaries 16441: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16404: 16403: 16401: 16395: 16387: 16384: 16383: 16382: 16381: 16377: 16375: 16374: 16370: 16368: 16367: 16363: 16361: 16360: 16356: 16354: 16353: 16349: 16347: 16346: 16342: 16340: 16339: 16335: 16333: 16332: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16320: 16316: 16314: 16313: 16309: 16307: 16306: 16302: 16300: 16299: 16295: 16293: 16292: 16288: 16286: 16285: 16281: 16279: 16278: 16274: 16272: 16271: 16267: 16266: 16264: 16260: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16241: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16186: 16184: 16180: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16135: 16133: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16120: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16095: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15955: 15953: 15949: 15946: 15942: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15893: 15891: 15887: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15857: 15855: 15851: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15821: 15819: 15817: 15813: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15786:Yang Shangkun 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15776:Deng Xiaoping 15774: 15773: 15771: 15769: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15754: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15717:Hunger Strike 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15704: 15702: 15698: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15638: 15636: 15632: 15628: 15621: 15616: 15614: 15609: 15607: 15602: 15601: 15598: 15589: 15588:china.usc.edu 15585: 15581: 15578: 15574: 15570: 15569: 15558: 15552: 15548: 15547: 15541: 15529: 15525: 15519: 15515: 15514: 15509: 15508:Zhao, Dingxin 15505: 15501: 15495: 15491: 15490: 15485: 15481: 15476: 15464: 15460: 15456: 15451: 15439: 15435: 15431: 15427: 15415: 15411: 15406: 15400: 15388: 15384: 15380: 15375: 15363: 15359: 15355: 15348: 15336: 15332: 15328: 15321: 15309: 15305: 15301: 15294: 15282: 15278: 15274: 15267: 15255: 15251: 15247: 15240: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15213: 15201: 15197: 15193: 15186: 15174: 15170: 15166: 15159: 15147: 15143: 15139: 15132: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15105: 15093: 15089: 15085: 15078: 15066: 15062: 15056: 15052: 15048: 15041: 15037: 15033: 15029: 15025: 15021: 15017: 15013: 15009: 15004: 14992: 14988: 14983: 14980:. p. A1. 14979: 14974: 14962: 14958: 14953: 14947: 14935: 14931: 14926: 14920: 14908: 14904: 14898: 14894: 14893: 14887: 14875: 14871: 14867: 14862: 14858: 14852: 14848: 14847:Belknap Press 14844: 14843: 14838: 14834: 14822: 14818: 14813: 14809: 14805: 14801: 14796: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14760: 14756: 14755: 14749: 14737: 14733: 14729: 14717: 14713: 14707: 14703: 14702: 14696: 14684: 14680: 14674: 14670: 14669: 14663: 14659: 14655: 14651: 14645: 14641: 14640: 14635: 14631: 14619: 14615: 14614: 14609: 14597: 14593: 14589: 14584: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14542: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14523: 14518: 14506: 14502: 14498: 14493: 14481: 14477: 14471: 14467: 14466: 14460: 14448: 14444: 14440: 14435: 14423: 14419: 14415: 14410: 14398: 14394: 14388: 14384: 14383: 14377: 14362: 14358: 14351: 14346: 14331: 14327: 14320: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14303: 14299: 14295: 14291: 14287: 14283: 14271: 14267: 14263: 14258: 14246: 14242: 14236: 14232: 14231: 14225: 14213: 14209: 14203: 14199: 14198: 14192: 14180: 14176: 14171: 14159: 14155: 14149: 14145: 14144: 14139: 14135: 14131: 14125: 14122:. Routledge. 14121: 14116: 14104: 14100: 14094: 14091:. MIT Press. 14090: 14089: 14083: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14042: 14038: 14034: 14029: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14004: 14000: 13996: 13992: 13987: 13975: 13971: 13967: 13962: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13937: 13925: 13921: 13915: 13911: 13910: 13904: 13892: 13888: 13884: 13880: 13868: 13864: 13860: 13855: 13851: 13847: 13843: 13838: 13826: 13822: 13817: 13811: 13799: 13795: 13790: 13778: 13774: 13768: 13764: 13763: 13757: 13745: 13741: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13705: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13689: 13685: 13681: 13676: 13664: 13660: 13654: 13651:. Routledge. 13650: 13646: 13641: 13637: 13633: 13629: 13625: 13624:World Affairs 13620: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13595: 13583: 13579: 13573: 13569: 13568: 13562: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13537: 13525: 13521: 13515: 13511: 13510: 13504: 13500: 13494: 13490: 13485: 13473: 13469: 13465: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13449: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13415: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13390: 13378: 13374: 13370: 13365: 13361: 13356: 13344: 13340: 13335: 13329: 13326:. p. A1. 13325: 13320: 13316: 13312: 13308: 13303: 13291: 13287: 13281: 13277: 13276: 13270: 13258: 13254: 13249: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13149: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13087: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13070: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13034: 13030: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12994: 12990: 12985: 12973: 12969: 12965: 12960: 12948: 12944: 12938: 12934: 12933: 12927: 12915: 12911: 12905: 12901: 12900: 12894: 12890: 12886: 12882: 12876: 12872: 12871: 12865: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12840: 12828: 12824: 12818: 12814: 12813: 12807: 12795: 12791: 12786: 12782: 12778: 12774: 12768: 12764: 12752: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12723: 12716: 12712: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12639: 12635: 12631: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12575: 12571: 12565: 12561: 12560: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12537: 12533: 12528: 12524: 12518: 12514: 12513: 12508: 12504: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12458: 12453: 12441: 12437: 12431: 12428:. Routledge. 12427: 12423: 12418: 12406: 12402: 12397: 12391: 12387: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12344: 12332: 12328: 12327: 12326:La Vanguardia 12322: 12317: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12292: 12280: 12276: 12271: 12265: 12253: 12249: 12244: 12238: 12226: 12222: 12216: 12212: 12211: 12205: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12173: 12169: 12164: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12132: 12128: 12127:The Economist 12123: 12118: 12117: 12106:, p. 13. 12105: 12100: 12098: 12090: 12085: 12083: 12075: 12070: 12063: 12058: 12042: 12038: 12032: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12001: 11994: 11993:Branigan 2009 11989: 11982: 11977: 11970: 11965: 11958: 11953: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11930: 11922: 11918: 11914: 11907: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11884: 11877: 11872: 11870: 11862: 11857: 11855: 11853: 11836: 11832: 11825: 11818: 11813: 11806: 11801: 11794: 11789: 11782: 11777: 11770: 11765: 11758: 11753: 11746: 11741: 11734: 11729: 11722: 11717: 11715: 11698: 11694: 11693: 11688: 11681: 11665: 11661: 11654: 11647: 11642: 11635: 11630: 11624:, p. 56. 11623: 11618: 11612:, p. 55. 11611: 11606: 11599: 11598:Cabestan 2010 11594: 11592: 11584: 11583:Cabestan 2010 11579: 11573:, p. 19. 11572: 11567: 11560: 11559:Cabestan 2010 11555: 11548: 11547:L. Zhang 2001 11543: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11513: 11497: 11493: 11489: 11482: 11475: 11470: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11440: 11433: 11428: 11421: 11416: 11409: 11408:Naughton 2010 11404: 11402: 11400: 11392: 11387: 11380: 11375: 11368: 11363: 11361: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11331: 11324: 11322: 11314: 11309: 11302: 11301:Cabestan 2010 11297: 11290: 11289:Cabestan 2010 11285: 11283: 11281: 11264: 11260: 11254: 11247: 11242: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11211: 11192: 11188: 11181: 11174: 11158: 11154: 11148: 11144: 11143: 11138: 11132: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11102: 11095: 11090: 11074: 11070: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11047: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11025: 11020: 11018: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10986: 10970: 10966: 10959: 10952: 10946: 10939: 10933: 10926: 10921: 10914: 10909: 10902: 10901:Bregolat 2007 10897: 10891:, p. 52. 10890: 10885: 10883: 10876:, p. 50. 10875: 10870: 10868: 10860: 10859:Cabestan 2010 10855: 10848: 10843: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10810: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10742: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10710: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10678: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10637:, p. 30. 10636: 10631: 10624: 10619: 10612: 10611:Phillips 2015 10607: 10600: 10595: 10588: 10583: 10576: 10571: 10569: 10561: 10556: 10549: 10548:Traywick 2013 10544: 10542: 10534: 10529: 10513: 10509: 10508: 10503: 10497: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10454: 10447: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10428: 10423: 10421: 10413: 10408: 10402:, p. 39. 10401: 10396: 10390:, p. 74. 10389: 10384: 10377: 10376:E. Cheng 2012 10372: 10356: 10352: 10351:The Telegraph 10348: 10342: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10312: 10310: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10278: 10262: 10258: 10252: 10248: 10247: 10239: 10232: 10227: 10220: 10215: 10208: 10203: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10136: 10131: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10101: 10094: 10089: 10082: 10077: 10068: 10061: 10056: 10049: 10048:L. Zhang 2001 10044: 10037: 10032: 10030: 10022: 10017: 10011:, p. 42. 10010: 10009:Fewsmith 2001 10005: 9998: 9993: 9986: 9981: 9974: 9969: 9962: 9957: 9951:, p. 67. 9950: 9945: 9938: 9933: 9926: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9907: 9906:L. Zhang 2001 9902: 9895: 9894:L. Zhang 2001 9890: 9883: 9882:L. Zhang 2001 9878: 9871: 9870:L. Zhang 2001 9866: 9859: 9858:L. Zhang 2001 9854: 9847: 9846:L. Zhang 2001 9842: 9835: 9834:L. Zhang 2001 9830: 9828: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9788: 9781: 9776: 9769: 9764: 9757: 9752: 9745: 9740: 9733: 9728: 9721: 9716: 9714: 9706: 9701: 9694: 9689: 9673: 9669: 9662: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9632: 9613: 9606: 9600: 9593: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9576: 9571: 9563: 9557: 9550: 9545: 9538: 9533: 9526: 9521: 9514: 9509: 9507: 9500:, p. 19. 9499: 9494: 9488:, p. 23. 9487: 9482: 9475: 9470: 9454: 9450: 9444: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9414: 9412: 9404: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9385: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9364: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9347: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9303: 9301: 9293: 9288: 9281: 9276: 9274: 9254: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9219: 9212: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9194: 9189: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9158: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9127: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9095:, p. 38. 9094: 9089: 9082: 9077: 9070: 9065: 9063: 9055: 9050: 9043: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9011: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8978: 8973: 8967:, p. 60. 8966: 8961: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8915: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8888: 8883: 8881: 8873: 8868: 8866: 8858: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8841: 8836: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8803: 8795: 8794:L. Zhang 2001 8790: 8788: 8786: 8778: 8777:L. Zhang 2001 8773: 8766: 8765:L. Zhang 2001 8761: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8747: 8746:L. Zhang 2001 8742: 8735: 8730: 8723: 8722:L. Zhang 2001 8718: 8711: 8706: 8699: 8698:L. Zhang 2001 8694: 8687: 8682: 8680: 8673:, p. 94. 8672: 8667: 8660: 8659:L. Zhang 2001 8655: 8653: 8651: 8643: 8642:L. Zhang 2001 8638: 8636: 8628: 8627:L. Zhang 2001 8623: 8616: 8615:L. Zhang 2001 8611: 8604: 8603:L. Zhang 2001 8599: 8592: 8591:L. Zhang 2001 8587: 8580: 8579:L. Zhang 2001 8575: 8568: 8567:L. Zhang 2001 8563: 8556: 8555:L. Zhang 2001 8551: 8549: 8541: 8540:L. Zhang 2001 8536: 8529: 8528:L. Zhang 2001 8524: 8517: 8516:L. Zhang 2001 8512: 8505: 8500: 8493: 8488: 8481: 8476: 8469: 8464: 8457: 8452: 8450: 8441: 8434: 8426: 8419: 8403: 8399: 8392: 8385: 8380: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8350: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8289:, p. xv. 8288: 8287:Ignatius 2009 8283: 8281: 8273: 8268: 8261: 8256: 8250:, p. 41. 8249: 8244: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8211: 8204: 8203:Ignatius 2009 8199: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8169:, p. 28. 8168: 8163: 8156: 8151: 8144: 8139: 8132: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8111: 8106: 8099: 8094: 8092: 8084: 8079: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8055: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8031: 8024: 8019: 8017: 8009: 8004: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7986: 7979: 7974: 7972: 7964: 7963:E. Cheng 2009 7959: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7945: 7940: 7933: 7928: 7921: 7916: 7909: 7904: 7897: 7892: 7890: 7882: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7858: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7841: 7836: 7829: 7824: 7822: 7814: 7809: 7807: 7799: 7794: 7792: 7784: 7779: 7772: 7767: 7760: 7755: 7748: 7743: 7741: 7733: 7728: 7721: 7716: 7709: 7704: 7697: 7692: 7685: 7684:L. Zhang 2001 7680: 7673: 7668: 7666: 7658: 7653: 7646: 7641: 7634: 7629: 7622: 7616: 7609: 7603: 7596: 7590: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7551: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7525: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7471: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7439: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7406: 7404: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7370: 7368: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7328: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7297: 7289: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7256: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7149:(1): 75–110. 7148: 7144: 7137: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7084: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7038: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7006: 7004: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6972: 6967: 6961:, p. 33. 6960: 6959:E. Cheng 2009 6955: 6953: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6901:, p. 57. 6900: 6895: 6893: 6885: 6880: 6874:, p. 89. 6873: 6868: 6862:, p. 84. 6861: 6856: 6850:, p. 82. 6849: 6844: 6842: 6835:, p. 81. 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6803: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6786: 6781: 6774: 6769: 6763:, p. 91. 6762: 6761:Naughton 2007 6757: 6749: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6730:Naughton 2007 6726: 6724: 6722: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6642: 6640: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6596: 6594: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6550: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6528: 6523: 6516: 6511: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6391: 6385:, p. 28. 6384: 6379: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6299: 6297: 6289: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6272: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6255: 6250: 6248: 6240: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6222: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6158: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6125: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6061: 6052: 6045: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6022: 6017: 6010: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5947: 5945: 5937: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5913: 5908: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5786: 5766: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5645:liùsì shìjiàn 5641: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5591:June Struggle 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5571:8888 Uprising 5569: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5484: 5481: 5475: 5470: 5467: 5456: 5453: 5447: 5442: 5439: 5428: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5404:A replica of 5400: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5344: 5336: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5310:Jiang Yanyong 5301: 5299: 5291: 5283: 5271: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5174:Summer Palace 5167: 5163: 5157: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5123: 5122:Angela Merkel 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5094: 5090: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5076:in 1992, the 5075: 5066: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5055:Suisheng Zhao 5051: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5022: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4920: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4869:Suisheng Zhao 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4804: 4797:Foreign media 4794: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4760:broadcast on 4759: 4758: 4757:Xinwen Lianbo 4753: 4749: 4742: 4735:Chinese media 4732: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4631:as the party 4630: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4508:Zheng Xuguang 4505: 4504:Wang Zhengyun 4501: 4500:Liang Qingdun 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4267: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4249:Deng Xiaoping 4245: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4205: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4092: 4080: 4073: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4034: 4033:Larry Wortzel 4028: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3961:Zhang Meiyuan 3958: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3814:Beijing Daily 3809: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3773:Deng Xiaoping 3770: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3749: 3734: 3732: 3724: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3595: 3585: 3582: 3575: 3573: 3565: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3453: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437:some 30 years 3433: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3319: 3314: 3299: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3278:State Council 3274: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3220:Yang Shangkun 3216: 3212: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3179: 3169: 3159: 3158:on 23 April. 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3104:Zhang Zhiyong 3101: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3085: 3084:state funeral 3080: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2845: 2843: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2819:primary stage 2812: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2732:CCP Politburo 2721: 2716: 2711: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2647: 2646:marketization 2642: 2638: 2636: 2634:Cǎodì Shālóng 2626: 2620: 2612: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2510:Deng Xiaoping 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2360:Space program 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1788:liù-sì zhènyā 1780: 1769: 1767: 1757: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1723: 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Durham : 5936:Nathan 2001 5585:South Korea 5135:Soviet bloc 4983:Hongkongers 4717:white paper 4706:Jiang Zemin 4664:Jiang Zemin 4629:Zhao Ziyang 4625:Jiang Zemin 4528:Wang Youcai 4520:Feng Congde 4512:Ma Shaofang 4496:Zhai Weimin 4414:Wu'er Kaixi 4402:Jay Mathews 4351:Feng Congde 4339:Alan Donald 4289:Chen Xitong 4247:On 9 June, 4099:Just past 6 4095:In the city 3777:Li Xiannian 3746:On 1 June, 3721:Chai Ling, 3678:martial law 3672:Martial law 3620:Jiang Zemin 3581:Zhao Ziyang 3495:martial law 3396:Wang Juntao 3392:Chen Ziming 3358:state visit 3346:Pu Zhiqiang 3215:Chen Xitong 3197:Zhao Ziyang 3156:North Korea 3100:Guo Haifeng 3089:Zhao Ziyang 3065:Zhongnanhai 3061:Xinhua Gate 2947:Wang Youcai 2918:Feng Congde 2784:rule of law 2764:Zhao Ziyang 2542:Zhao Ziyang 2152:1998 floods 2080:863 Program 1961:Third Front 1928:Canton Fair 1008:martial law 930:martial law 651:Wang Juntao 617:Wang Youcai 607:Feng Congde 563:Xi Zhongxun 538:Zhao Ziyang 526:Liu Huaqing 521:Chi Haotian 516:Chen Xitong 496:Li Xiannian 475:Hardliners: 304:Jiang Zemin 291:Zhao Ziyang 267:Resulted in 199:Zhao Ziyang 155: / 143:116°23′30″E 21611:Categories 21442:Censorship 21427:610 Office 21342:Red August 21311:Operations 21202:Correction 21084:Inspection 20456:Historians 20447:Space Race 20348:Rudé právo 20302:Propaganda 20158:Neo-Nazism 20128:Chauvinism 20082:Trotskyism 19997:Monetarism 19965:Liberalism 19957:Capitalism 19949:Ideologies 19900:Ostpolitik 19623:Solidarity 19588:Toyota War 19491:Solidarity 19348:Operation 19303:Ogaden War 18992:Dhofar War 18880:Shifta War 18638:Operation 18486:Korean War 18278:Operation 18270:Operation 18262:Operation 18239:Operation 18219:Operation 18211:Operation 17924:Korean War 17917:and allies 17633:Lustration 17507:Baltic Way 17458:Individual 17435:Mozambique 17374:Uzbekistan 17359:Tajikistan 17344:Kyrgyzstan 17339:Kazakhstan 17304:Azerbaijan 17283:Yugoslavia 17161:Solidarity 17121:Charter 77 17107:Opposition 17003:Wu'erkaixi 16969:Opposition 16916:Opposition 16907:Siad Barre 16852:Egon Krenz 16822:Ramiz Alia 16813:Government 16752:Uskoreniye 16684:background 16606:background 16182:Army units 16173:Li Lianxiu 16168:Xu Qinxian 16078:Zhang Boli 16073:Yu Dongyue 16058:Wu'erkaixi 16023:Liu Xiaobo 16008:Hou Dejian 15988:Fang Zheng 15983:Fang Lizhi 15978:Ding Zilin 15944:Protesters 15931:Wu Xueqian 15926:Wen Jiabao 15911:Yan Mingfu 15901:Hu Yaobang 15875:Zhu Rongji 15700:Chronology 15671:Corruption 15634:Background 15358:Boxun blog 15331:Boxun blog 15326:天安门事件的最后一幕 15304:Boxun blog 15299:天安门事件的最后一幕 15277:Boxun blog 15272:天安门事件的最后一幕 15250:Boxun blog 15245:天安门事件的最后一幕 15223:Boxun blog 15196:Boxun blog 15169:Boxun blog 15142:Boxun blog 15115:Boxun blog 15088:Boxun blog 15046:六四事件中的戒严部队 14940:29 October 14880:1 December 14742:15 January 14550:1811/54988 14276:22 October 14185:2 December 14076:22 October 14022:3 November 13955:15 January 13613:22 October 13263:11 January 13166:9 November 13142:9 November 13118:9 November 12800:22 October 12624:3 November 12600:16 January 12507:Chai, Ling 12497:26 October 12258:4 November 11981:Wines 2010 11969:Kuang 2016 11094:Mohan 2009 10913:Roth 2009a 10635:Miles 1997 10623:Miles 1997 10560:Weber 2014 10361:2 December 10298:2 December 10231:Roth 2009b 10135:Brook 1998 10081:Brook 1998 10036:Brook 1998 10021:Brook 1998 9744:Brook 1998 9732:Brook 1998 9705:Brook 1998 9433:11 January 9147:14 January 8977:Wu: 3 June 8825:14 January 8671:Brook 1998 8468:Brook 1998 8408:22 October 8272:Brook 1998 8248:Brook 1998 8179:Miles 1997 7896:Vogel 2011 7828:Vogel 2011 6821:Vogel 2011 6710:5 November 6542:Vogel 2011 6383:Miles 1997 6332:Britannica 6254:Brook 1998 6124:Miles 2009 6021:Saich 1990 5912:Brook 1998 5777:References 5736:Ding Zilin 5713:Lucian Pye 5320:Wen Jiabao 5246:autocratic 5226:Ding Zilin 5218:Liu Xiaobo 5160:See also: 4940:World Bank 4927:See also: 4791:Falun Gong 4780:Qian Liren 4766:Wu Xueqian 4739:See also: 4725:Wei Fenghe 4560:Wuer Kaixi 4540:Zhang Ming 4532:Zhang Boli 4480:Wuer Kaixi 4453:See also: 4419:Hou Dejian 4367:Ding Zilin 4259:See also: 4255:Death toll 4237:See also: 4179:Jianguomen 4161:, Germany. 3965:Gongzhufen 3829:Hou Dejian 3825:Liu Xiaobo 3755:MSS Report 3698:Hou Dejian 3647:Martin Lee 3557:Wen Jiabao 3537:Wen Jiabao 3388:Liu Xiaobo 3380:Yan Mingfu 3280:spokesman 3213:and mayor 3131:Wu'erkaixi 3125:as chair. 3112:Wu'erkaixi 3004:(PKU) and 2888:Wu'erkaixi 2780:Peng Chong 2772:Tian Jiyun 2756:corruption 2728:党和国家领导制度改革 2669:Fang Lizhi 2570:corruption 2550:Hu Yaobang 2544:was named 2499:Mao Zedong 2220:Shenzhou 5 2073:Opposition 1883:Korean War 1868:Revolution 1815:Background 1598:Wade–Giles 1395:Wade–Giles 1162:Wade–Giles 1071:8964 Corax 964:Hu Yaobang 696:Death toll 686:Casualties 671:Zhang Boli 661:Hou Dejian 646:Liu Xiaobo 634:Lü Jinghua 587:Wu'erkaixi 568:Xu Qinxian 558:Yan Mingfu 532:Moderates: 440:Reformists 257:occupation 175:Hu Yaobang 140:39°54′12″N 21576:Shuanggui 21499:Hong Kong 21356:(1983–87) 21338:(1957–59) 21332:(1955–57) 21326:(1951–52) 21320:(1950–53) 21152:Hong Kong 20743:Ken Young 20588:Tony Judt 20437:Arms race 20410:Red Scare 20278:NN States 20223:Apartheid 20178:Autocracy 20087:Stalinism 20055:Guevarism 20045:Castroism 20035:Communism 20027:Socialism 19553:Star Wars 19146:Koza riot 18272:Beleaguer 18264:Masterdom 17878:(1995–96) 17866:(1960–61) 17816:Kuningtou 17753:(1927–50) 17673:Pink tide 17467:Jeltoqsan 17383:Elsewhere 17334:Lithuania 17186:Rastokhez 17126:New Forum 17109:movements 17008:Chai Ling 16618:Communism 16527:Hong Kong 16386:TV series 16380:Chimerica 16305:Execution 16153:Qin Jiwei 16068:Yan Jiaqi 16063:Xiong Yan 16033:Shen Tong 16028:Qin Benli 15963:Chai Ling 15880:Hu Jintao 15860:Li Ximing 15844:Yao Yilin 15801:Peng Zhen 15796:Wang Zhen 15757:Communist 15036:157680075 14989:. MSNBC. 13995:HRI China 13887:Frontline 13850:734005592 13723:7 January 13545:WikiLeaks 13315:115057724 13156:Frontline 13132:Frontline 13104:Frontline 13074:"Preface" 12731:6 January 12484:145014593 11957:Wong 2009 11571:Link 2010 11532:2 January 11367:Foot 2000 11200:26 August 11079:5 January 10759:0362-4331 10721:boxun.com 10533:Lim 2014a 10427:Lim 2014a 10400:Lim 2014a 10388:Lim 2014a 10321:Telegraph 9806:0362-4331 9756:Wong 1989 9693:Iyer 1998 9651:7 October 9525:Lim 2014a 9498:Lim 2014a 9486:Lim 2014a 9474:Baum 1996 9459:20 August 9093:Lim 2014a 8504:Chai 2011 7759:Baum 1996 7543:: 33–44. 7515:154818820 7499:0305-7410 7214:144236160 7198:0097-7004 7155:1521-0235 7128:135471151 7112:0305-7410 7066:0004-4687 6971:Wang 2006 6899:Wang 2006 6600:Baum 1996 6368:18 August 6315:Dube 2014 6183:0015-7120 6086:0015-7120 5924:Lim 2014a 5782:Citations 5416:Vancouver 5392:in Canada 5242:Ai Weiwei 4954:Hong Kong 4839:Reactions 4710:Hu Jintao 4576:Hong Kong 4556:Chai Ling 4548:Xiong Yan 4544:Xiong Wei 4488:Chai Ling 4409:Chai Ling 4378:Wu Renhua 4347:Bob Hawke 4281:Li Ximing 4183:Fuxingmen 3957:38th Army 3893:3–4 June 3849:Yao Yilin 3651:Szeto Wah 3624:Qin Benli 3616:Yan Jiaqi 3553:swan song 3487:Yao Yilin 3429:Shen Tong 3344:Photo of 3324:Chai Ling 3290:Pyongyang 3211:Li Ximing 2938:Beijing; 2934:Shen Tong 2909:Beijing; 2890:(Örkesh) 2872:Chai Ling 2788:democracy 2579:arbitrage 2556:in 1982. 2436:Geography 2431:Education 2305:Chang'e 3 2255:Expo 2010 1055:watershed 1006:declared 985:democracy 948:, or the 814:Hong Kong 597:Shen Tong 592:Chai Ling 511:Li Ximing 506:Yao Yilin 299:Politburo 185:Inflation 173:Death of 168:Caused by 21039:Mainland 20949:National 20943:in China 20895:Timeline 20885:Category 20830:See also 20322:Izvestia 20163:Islamism 20060:Hoxhaism 19935:Rollback 19814:Abkhazia 19754:Gulf War 19658:Glasnost 19028:incident 18798:Sand War 18656:Ifni War 18165:Rio Pact 18110:Cold War 18056:See also 17870:Dong-Yin 17430:Mongolia 17425:Ethiopia 17410:Cambodia 17314:Chechnya 17248:Bulgaria 17023:Tank Man 17013:Wang Dan 16998:Liu Gang 16955:Samizdat 16950:Protests 16789:Glasnost 16772:500 Days 16696:Cold War 16604:Internal 16510:Tank Man 16131:Generals 16123:Military 16048:Wang Dan 15998:Liu Gang 15973:Dai Qing 15968:Cui Jian 15896:Bao Tong 15834:Qiao Shi 15781:Chen Yun 15534:31 March 15528:Archived 15510:(2001). 15486:(eds.). 15469:30 March 15463:Archived 15444:5 August 15438:Archived 15420:31 March 15414:Archived 15393:16 April 15387:Archived 15368:31 March 15362:Archived 15341:31 March 15335:Archived 15314:31 March 15308:Archived 15287:31 March 15281:Archived 15260:31 March 15254:Archived 15233:31 March 15227:Archived 15206:31 March 15200:Archived 15173:Archived 15146:Archived 15125:31 March 15119:Archived 15098:31 March 15092:Archived 14997:27 March 14991:Archived 14961:Archived 14934:Archived 14913:31 March 14907:Archived 14874:Archived 14839:(2011). 14821:Archived 14789:30 March 14783:Archived 14759:Archived 14722:31 March 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8260:Pye 1990 8233:8 August 8227:Archived 7998:, p. 19. 7813:Liu 1990 7771:Pye 1990 7645:Pan 2008 7573:Archived 7453:Archived 7422:Archived 7386:Archived 7350:Archived 7311:Archived 7272:Archived 7239:Archived 7206:24575589 7163:26211714 7026:29 April 7020:Archived 6748:Archived 6704:Archived 6677:29 April 6628:29 April 6622:Archived 6582:17 April 6576:Archived 6494:Archived 6463:Archived 6433:Archived 6407:Archived 6405:. 2009. 6362:Archived 6336:Archived 6195:Archived 6191:20050041 6098:Archived 6094:20050041 5981:Archived 5977:63178961 5891:Archived 5865:Archived 5839:Archived 5806:Archived 5706:Analyst 5424:See also 5418:, Canada 5315:Bao Tong 5210:Tank Man 5198:Bao Tong 4900:Politics 4684:Bao Tong 4658:Qiao Shi 4635:in 1989. 4516:Yang Tao 4484:Liu Gang 4476:Wang Dan 4223:bank run 4142:Jan Wong 4140:, while 4133:Newsweek 4121:Tank Man 4104:others. 4047:— 3845:Qiao Shi 3803:2–3 June 3781:Chen Yun 3719:— 3702:Wang Dan 3524:Li Peng 3507:Qiao Shi 3415:Dai Qing 3144:Changsha 3127:Wang Dan 2952:Zhejiang 2905:Wang Dan 2894:Xinjiang 2877:Shandong 2807:Bao Tong 2651:Chen Yun 2586:Beidaihe 2574:nepotism 2525:de facto 2441:Politics 2410:Shanghai 2330:Xiong'an 1701:Jyutping 1584:Bopomofo 1471:Jyutping 1265:Jyutping 1148:Bopomofo 1031:domestic 1019:massacre 916:held in 691:Death(s) 666:Cui Jian 656:Dai Qing 623:Workers: 602:Liu Gang 582:Wang Dan 553:Bao Tong 501:Qiao Shi 486:Chen Yun 195:Nepotism 124:Location 113:Massacre 53:and the 47:Cold War 21386:(2014–) 21380:(2014–) 21374:(2012–) 21207:Customs 21127:Customs 20976:Militia 20385:Amerika 20268:Comecon 20153:Fascism 20143:Zionism 20092:Titoism 19633:Contras 19101:Détente 18378:Comecon 17996:Vietnam 17682:Related 17440:Somalia 17369:Ukraine 17349:Moldova 17324:Georgia 17319:Estonia 17309:Belarus 17299:Armenia 17273:Romania 17263:Hungary 17243:Albania 17151:Sąjūdis 16971:leaders 16918:methods 16815:leaders 16804:Đổi Mới 16745:Reforms 16538:Related 15958:Bei Dao 15916:Yuan Mu 15906:Luo Gan 15839:Hu Qili 15829:Li Peng 15806:Bo Yibo 15434:Reuters 15071:16 July 15028:2158797 14819:. CNN. 14310:2644711 13889:. PBS. 13804:5 March 13796:. CNN. 13700:2644842 13605:. NPR. 13603:NPR.org 13588:1 April 13555:2 April 13255:. CNN. 12695:The Age 12614:The Age 12464:Society 12231:1 April 12113:Sources 11833:. CNN. 11420:Wu 2015 11349:24 June 11269:25 July 11163:27 June 11006:25 July 10975:25 July 10182:Newshub 9621:17 July 9564:. TIME. 9262:12 July 9000:20 June 8456:Wu 2009 8110:Li 2010 8047:Li 2010 7732:Li 2010 7074:2644047 6490:AP News 6360:. NPR. 6201:29 June 6104:29 June 5897:23 July 5871:23 July 5812:21 June 5682:Chinese 5657:Chinese 5632:Chinese 5347:Gallery 5298:Chengdu 4923:Economy 4911:favor. 4858:Wrocław 4833:Reuters 4752:Xue Fei 4748:Du Xian 4645:Hu Qili 4643:(PSC). 4380:of the 4276:Yuan Mu 4159:Cologne 4086:am to 9 4075:At 5:23 3912:Type 59 3841:Li Peng 3748:Li Peng 3643:民主歌聲獻中華 3639:Chinese 3545:Premier 3515:Bo Yibo 3503:Hu Qili 3419:Hu Qili 3282:Yuan Mu 3224:Li Peng 3201:Li Peng 3108:Li Peng 2923:Sichuan 2776:Bo Yibo 2768:Hu Qili 2739:" and " 2611:Chinese 2552:became 2546:Premier 2426:Economy 2421:Culture 2405:Beijing 1739:Hokkien 1492:Hokkien 1303:Hokkien 1089:Chinese 922:Beijing 735:Chinese 543:Hu Qili 481:Li Peng 330:Parties 261:rioting 241:Methods 21531:Laogai 21396:Abroad 21392:(2015) 21368:(2009) 21362:(1999) 21350:(1975) 21344:(1966) 21185:Police 20336:Pravda 20138:Racism 20077:Maoism 19829:Kosovo 19350:Condor 19026:Pueblo 19012:May 68 18640:Gladio 18558:Tuapse 18221:Jungle 18213:Priboi 18042:(1988) 18036:(1986) 18030:(1984) 18024:(1981) 18012:(1979) 18006:(1974) 17976:(2017) 17970:(2013) 17958:(1967) 17952:(1962) 17905:(1969) 17872:(1965) 17860:(1958) 17854:(1955) 17848:(1955) 17842:(1953) 17836:(1952) 17830:(1950) 17824:(1949) 17818:(1949) 17803:Taiwan 17789:(1989) 17777:(1959) 17771:(1950) 17460:events 17395:Angola 17354:Russia 17329:Latvia 17268:Poland 17225:Events 16877:Ne Win 16399:groups 16097:Groups 15921:Wan Li 15889:Others 15768:Elders 15553: 15520: 15496: 15179:3 July 15152:7 June 15057: 15034: 15026: 14899: 14853: 14765:2 July 14708: 14675: 14656: 14646: 14565: 14557: 14472: 14389: 14308: 14237: 14204: 14164:2 July 14150: 14126: 14095: 14051: 13916: 13848: 13769: 13698: 13655: 13634: 13574: 13530:7 July 13516: 13495: 13437: 13313: 13282: 13232:Forbes 13088: 13082:iv–xvi 12939: 12906: 12887: 12877: 12819: 12644:30 May 12566: 12519: 12482: 12432: 12411:6 June 12382: 12217: 12178:6 June 12137:3 June 12021:1 June 11841:3 June 11793:Apathy 11703:13 May 11337: 11231:5 June 11149: 11121:5 June 11065: 10757: 10518:5 June 10486:5 June 10331:4 June 10267:25 May 10253: 10192:6 June 10162:4 June 10120:3 June 9816:25 May 9804: 9678:9 July 9323:3 July 9227:3 July 9178:3 July 9116:9 July 8950:4 July 8938: 8337: 7513: 7507:654441 7505: 7497: 7342: 7303: 7212: 7204: 7196: 7161: 7153: 7126: 7120:654100 7118: 7110: 7072: 7064: 6500:3 June 6342:9 July 6189: 6181: 6092: 6084: 5975: 5965: 5845:10 May 5801:Quartz 5692:: 5690:pinyin 5684:: 5667:: 5665:pinyin 5659:: 5642:: 5640:pinyin 5634:: 5603:, 1986 5601:Manila 5587:, 1980 5577:, 1988 5292:: 5284:: 5125:2005. 4862:Poland 4649:Wan Li 4546:, and 4101: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4069: 3987:Muxidi 3976:Muxidi 3847:, and 3763:chief 3737:1 June 3641:: 3561: 3394:, and 3102:, and 3069:sit-in 3018:wreath 2695:"Anti- 2621:: 2619:pinyin 2613:: 2527:leader 1809:Muxidi 1065:Naming 1037:, and 991:, and 959:(CCP) 944:, the 878: 811: 548:Wan Li 280:Muxidi 249:sit-in 49:, the 21494:Macao 21489:Tibet 21300:] 21276:] 21254:] 21224:Macau 20821:Stasi 20288:SAARC 20283:ASEAN 20248:SEATO 20101:Other 20066:Juche 19824:Korea 19737:1990s 19450:1980s 19094:1970s 18717:1960s 18469:1950s 18179:1940s 18160:NEATO 18155:SEATO 18145:ANZUS 17942:India 17415:China 17405:Burma 17400:Benin 16496:Icons 16262:Works 16013:Li Lu 15759:Party 15459:Wired 15049:[ 15032:S2CID 15024:JSTOR 14827:1 May 14563:S2CID 14555:JSTOR 14525:(PDF) 14364:(PDF) 14353:(PDF) 14333:(PDF) 14322:(PDF) 14306:JSTOR 14049:JSTOR 13696:JSTOR 13682:. 5. 13632:JSTOR 13626:. 3. 13435:JSTOR 12757:1 May 12725:(PDF) 12718:(PDF) 12491:(PDF) 12480:S2CID 12460:(PDF) 11335:JSTOR 11194:(PDF) 11183:(PDF) 9615:(PDF) 9608:(PDF) 9256:(PDF) 9249:(PDF) 9221:(PDF) 9214:(PDF) 8936:JSTOR 7579:4 May 7511:S2CID 7503:JSTOR 7459:3 May 7428:3 May 7392:3 May 7278:3 May 7245:3 May 7210:S2CID 7202:JSTOR 7159:JSTOR 7124:S2CID 7116:JSTOR 7070:JSTOR 6659:[ 6469:1 May 6439:1 May 6410:(PDF) 6399:(PDF) 6187:JSTOR 6090:JSTOR 5686:天安门事件 5620:Notes 5575:Burma 4574:from 4536:Li Lu 4286:Mayor 4210:biers 3991:Xidan 3817:' 3731:Li Lu 3148:Xi'an 3082:Hu's 3010:Xi'an 2968:Hebei 2963:Li Lu 2863:Name 2689:Hefei 2260:BRICS 1401:1989- 926:China 881:Macau 612:Li Lu 217:Goals 21197:Fire 20988:NDMC 20939:and 20361:TASS 20253:METO 20243:NATO 19469:and 19467:1980 19024:USS 18150:METO 18135:NATO 17895:USSR 17801:(vs 16250:67th 16246:65th 16242:64th 16239:63rd 16236:54th 16232:40th 16227:39th 16222:38th 16217:28th 16212:27th 16207:26th 16203:24th 16199:20th 16194:15th 16189:12th 15575:and 15551:ISBN 15536:2019 15518:ISBN 15494:ISBN 15471:2019 15446:2008 15422:2019 15395:2018 15370:2019 15343:2019 15316:2019 15289:2019 15262:2019 15235:2019 15208:2019 15181:2013 15154:2013 15127:2019 15100:2019 15073:2013 15055:ISBN 14999:2019 14969:2010 14942:2017 14915:2019 14897:ISBN 14882:2010 14851:ISBN 14829:2017 14791:2019 14767:2013 14744:2012 14724:2019 14706:ISBN 14691:2019 14673:ISBN 14654:OCLC 14644:ISBN 14626:2019 14604:2020 14579:2019 14513:2019 14488:2019 14470:ISBN 14455:2019 14430:2012 14405:2019 14387:ISBN 14372:2008 14341:2010 14278:2018 14253:2019 14235:ISBN 14220:2019 14202:ISBN 14187:2010 14166:2013 14148:ISBN 14124:ISBN 14111:2019 14093:ISBN 14078:2018 14024:2010 13982:2019 13957:2012 13932:2019 13914:ISBN 13899:2017 13875:2019 13833:2019 13806:2007 13785:2019 13767:ISBN 13752:2017 13725:2019 13671:2019 13653:ISBN 13615:2018 13590:2019 13572:ISBN 13557:2016 13532:2015 13514:ISBN 13493:ISBN 13480:2019 13410:2019 13385:2017 13351:2019 13298:2019 13280:ISBN 13265:2017 13244:2017 13220:2019 13208:Time 13188:2019 13168:2009 13144:2009 13120:2009 13086:ISBN 13065:2019 13053:Time 13041:2016 13014:2019 12980:2019 12955:2019 12937:ISBN 12922:2019 12904:ISBN 12885:OCLC 12875:ISBN 12860:2019 12835:2019 12817:ISBN 12802:2018 12759:2012 12733:2017 12707:2019 12683:2017 12646:2009 12626:2010 12602:2019 12582:2019 12564:ISBN 12517:ISBN 12499:2018 12448:2019 12430:ISBN 12413:2014 12380:ISBN 12364:2019 12339:2007 12312:2019 12287:2019 12260:2018 12233:2019 12215:ISBN 12200:2019 12180:2014 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