Iranian Revolution

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Iran provided 90% of South Africa's oil. After the revolution, Iran cut South Africa off from its oil supply and financially supported the African National Congress. This was part of the larger want by Khomeini to support the "downtrodden" of the world, including,non-aligned countries. In 1980, the ANC attended the "Gather of World Liberation" hosted in Tehran for the third worldist movement. In 2015, the International Relations and Cooperation minister of South Africa said of Iran, "The Islamic Republic stood by us during our darkest days, cutting ties with the apartheid regime. Your revolution was our revolution. You showed us that emancipation was possible, whatever the odds". A connection with the ANC continued even when tested during the apartheid era and the Iran–Iraq war. In 1985, Iran and South Africa traded weapons for oil. The belief in third-worldism seemed to have superseded the change in behavior by Iran.

8742: 8757: 4705: 8672: 4874:. Other than the politicization of women, there were particular circumstances during the revolution which pushed women into being involved with politics. For example, "the combination of martial law with its curfew hours and the closing down of shops and workplaces, together with the cold of the fall and winter months resulted in the centers of political discussion often being within the home." Women engaged with news and media as well as political discussions alongside their male counterparts as "the revolution was the only topic of interest to anyone, regardless of age or sex." During 1978 and 1979 there were many gatherings in women's homes where they exchanged interpersonal news and anecdotes. These personal accounts were valuable in a time where the official coverage of news was not trusted by many people. 4493: 8648: 3375: 4785:

counterparts. Not only participating through voting, women also contributed to the revolution through marches, demonstrations and chanting slogans. Women were involved in caring for the wounded, including doctors who responded to calls for help and opened their homes for those who needed assistance. While women themselves were often killed, tortured, arrested or injured and some were involved in guerilla activities, most contributed in non-violent ways. Many women were instrumental not only in being involved in the revolution themselves but in mobilizing men and other non-political women. Many women protested while carrying children and their presence was one of the main reasons for disarming soldiers (who were there on behalf of the regime) who were ordered to shoot if necessary.

4469:. Bakhtiar would be appointed prime minister (a return to civilian rule), while the Shah and his family would leave the country. His royal duties would be carried out by a Regency Council, and three months after his departure a referendum would be submitted to the people deciding on whether Iran would remain a monarchy or become a republic. A former opponent of the Shah, Bakhtiar became motivated to join the government because he was increasingly aware of Khomeini's intentions to implement hard-line religious rule rather than a democracy. Karim Sanjabi immediately expelled Bakhtiar from the National Front, and Bakhtiar was denounced by Khomeini (who declared that acceptance of his government was the equivalent of "obedience to false gods"). 4000:

refinery in Tehran called for higher wages and housing allowances. The government ignored the request, causing the workers to strike. The Shah's government responded by killing dozens of strikers in an event known as Black Friday. One day after this massacre, strikes began in Tehran, Abadan, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Kermanshah. This began the first wave of strikes, which SAVAK reports to include 11,000 workers. The oil strikes of 1978 were imperative to the Iranian Revolution's success, as they put extreme economic pressure on the Shah's regime. Oil revenues are a significant part of the government's income and regardless of the motivation behind those who strike, oil strikes will always threaten to destabilize Iranian regimes.

8684: 4835: 4824: 4324: 4313: 8467:. However, most of these women expected the revolution to lead to an increase in their rights and opportunities rather than the restrictions that actually occurred. The policy enacted by the revolutionary government and its attempts to limit the rights of women were challenged by the mobilization and politicization of women that occurred during and after the revolution. Women's resistance included remaining in the work force in large numbers and challenging Islamic dress by showing hair under their head scarves. The Iranian government has had to reconsider and change aspects of its policies towards women because of their resistance to laws that restrict their rights. 3407:

beneficiary of the income generated by oil, and the line between state earnings and family earnings blurred. By 1976, the Shah had accumulated upward of $ 1 billion from oil revenue; his family – including 63 princes and princesses had accumulated between $ 5 and $ 20 billion; and the family foundation controlled approximately $ 3 billion. By mid-1977 economic austerity measures to fight inflation disproportionately affected the thousands of poor and unskilled male migrants settling in the cities working in the construction industry. Culturally and religiously conservative, many went on to form the core of the revolution's demonstrators and "martyrs".

4208: 3027:. Their resentment towards the Shah also grew as they were now stripped of organizations that had represented them in the past, such as political parties, professional associations, trade unions, and independent newspapers. The land reform, instead of allying the peasants with the government, produced large numbers of independent farmers and landless laborers who became loose political cannons, with no feeling of loyalty to the Shah. Many of the masses felt resentment towards the increasingly corrupt government; their loyalty to the clergy, who were seen as more concerned with the fate of the populace, remained consistent or increased. As 3616: 4543:, entered Iran. While the option of a pro-Shah military coup still was a possibility, Huyser met with military leaders (but not the Shah) and established meetings between them and Khomeini allies for the purpose of agreeing on Bakhtiar's transitional government. Ambassador Sullivan disagreed, and attempted to pressure Huyser to ignore the military and work directly with Khomeini's opposition. Nevertheless, Huyser won out and continued to work with both the military and opposition. He left Iran on 3 February. The Shah was privately embittered by Huyser's mission and felt that the United States no longer wanted him in power. 4892:

examining the daily lives of women, their living conditions and their relationship to other groups to understand their participation in the socio-political events of the revolution. She further explains that the cultural, ideological, social and material factors shaping the social life and class differences in the period just prior to the revolution need to be studied to understand how the Iranian women's social consciousness developed and how it led them to take part in public protests. Caroline M. Brooks argues that women were left to express their concerns through the protest rather than in the

728: 8784: 4165:(king of kings), which he insisted on being called previously. In his speech he stated "I have heard the voice of your revolution...this revolution cannot but be supported by me, the king of Iran". He apologized for mistakes that were committed during his reign, and promised to ensure that corruption would no longer exist. He stated he would begin to work with the opposition to bring democracy, and would form a coalition government. In effect, the Shah intended to restrain the military government (which he described as a temporary caretaker government) from carrying out a full crackdown. 108: 8282: 3969: 7612:. Revolutionaries were angry because of how the Shah had left Iran which spawned rumors of another U.S.–backed coup in Iran that would re-install him. The occupation was also intended as leverage to demand the return of the Shah to stand trial in exchange for the hostages, and depose Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan, who they believed was plotting to normalize relations with the U.S. The students held 52 American diplomats hostage for 444 days, which played a role in helping to pass the constitution, suppressing moderates, and otherwise radicalising the revolution. 4802:

the 'referendum of the streets'... women fought side by side with men in the struggle for their independence and their liberty." Khomeini pleaded for women to participate in anti-Shah demonstrations in various cities. Furthermore, women later responded to Khomeini's urgings to vote in favor of the Islamic Republic and the new constitution. Women were so pivotal to the revolution that in response to a suggestion from a top aide to ban women from coming to group audience, Khomeini said "I threw the Shah out with these women, there's no problem in their coming."

4219: 8727: 3893: 8636:". Some of the major issues highlighted were the government in Islam, the need for the clergy's independent financial organization, Islam as a way of life, advising and guiding youth and necessity of being community. Allameh Tabatabei refers to velayat as a political philosophy for Shia and velayat faqih for Shia community. There are also other attempts to formulate a new attitude of Islam such as the publication of three volumes of Maktab Tashayyo. Also some believe that it is indispensable to revive the religious gathered in Hoseyniyeh-e-Ershad. 8715: 8703: 12161: 704: 693: 675: 657: 645: 634: 623: 612: 601: 16629: 10370: 3905: 13725: 7964:. Following the death of Sands in May 1981, the street in Tehran the British Embassy is on was renamed from "Winston Churchill Street" to "Bobby Sands Street". The IRA saw the Iranian revolution as aspirational, an example of mass action as a way to meet goals. Both the Iranian government and their opposition supported the hunger strikes, creating a competition for the favor of the IRA. The support by the government came after the UK sided with Iraq and Saddam Hussein in the Iran–Iraq war. Oppositional groups like 870: 348: 4565: 56: 27553: 3060: 28044: 7780: 4956: 25847: 762: 751: 739: 717: 412: 685: 667: 7684: 4591: 8380:. While persecution occurred before the revolution since then more than 200 Baháʼís have been executed or presumed killed, and many more have been imprisoned, deprived of jobs, pensions, businesses, and educational opportunities. Baháʼí holy places have been confiscated, vandalized, or destroyed. More recently, Baháʼís in Iran have been deprived of education and work. Several thousand young Baháʼís between the ages of 17 and 24 have been expelled from universities. 4509: 8914: 7346: 5954: 29717: 29355: 27987: 27496: 26815: 26324: 25791: 20743: 7652: 8592:

from $ 7762 in 1979 to $ 3699 at the end of the war in 1989. After three decades of reconstruction and growth since then, it has not yet reached its 1979 level and has only recovered to $ 6751 in 2016. Data on GNI per capita in PPP terms is only available since 1990 globally. In PPP terms, GNI per capita has increased from Int. $ 11,425 in 1990 to Int. $ 18,544 in 2016. But most of this increase can be attributed to the rise in oil prices in the 2000s.

20753: 4478: 4394: 8122:. Most European countries, despite their significant investments within Iran, stood in solidarity with the United States and also imposed economic sanctions on the theocratic regime. Britain suspended all diplomatic relations with Iran and did not re-open their embassy in Tehran until 1988. The European country that maintained the closest relations with the new Iranian government was Switzerland, which was neither a part of the 25529: 28034: 27543: 25837: 8886: 2099: 8928: 5943: 2948: 15920: 4641: 4044: 3003:. Part of the reason for launching the White Revolution was that the Shah hoped to get rid of the influence of landlords and to create a new base of support among the peasants and working class. Thus, the White Revolution in Iran was an attempt to introduce reform from above and preserve traditional power patterns. Through land reform, the essence of the White Revolution, the Shah hoped to ally himself with the 17092: 4767:, the number executed by revolutionary courts as the revolution was consolidated (8,000 opponents between June 1981 and June 1985) exceeded those killed by the royalist government trying to stop the revolution. According to Tucker's estimations, in the period of 1980 to 1985, between 25,000 and 40,000 Iranians were arrested, 15,000 Iranians were tried, and between 8,000 and 9,500 Iranians were executed. 3823:, legalized all political parties and released political prisoners, increased freedom of expression, curtailed SAVAK's authority and dismissed 34 of its commanders, closed down casinos and nightclubs, and abolished the imperial calendar. The government also began to prosecute corrupt government and royal family members. Sharif-Emami entered into negotiations with Shariatmadari and National Front leader 8900: 17088: 15890: 8443:

women's issues. During these decades, women became active in formerly male domains such as the parliament, the cabinet, armed forces, legal professions, and fields of science and technology. Additionally, women achieved the right to vote in 1963. Many of these achievements and rights that Iranian women had gained in the decades leading up to the revolution were reversed by the Islamic Revolution.

3126: 4439:" telegram). The telegram effectively declared his belief that the Shah would not survive the protests and that the US should consider withdrawing its support for his government and persuading the monarch to abdicate. The United States would then help assemble a coalition of pro-Western military officers, middle class professionals, and moderate clergy, with Khomeini installed as a 16010: 2785:(renamed the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1935), a British oil company, enjoyed a monopoly on sale and production of Iranian oil. It was the most profitable British business in the world. Most Iranians lived in poverty while the wealth generated from Iranian oil played a decisive role in maintaining Britain as a preeminent global power. In 1951, Iranian Prime Minister 2614:, it failed to provide a powerful alternative government. Therefore, in the decades following the establishment of the new parliament, a number of critical events took place. Many of these events can be viewed as a continuation of the struggle between the constitutionalists and the Shahs of Persia, many of whom were backed by foreign powers against the parliament. 4220: 15882: 4222: 8328:, or even popular religious devotion. Opinion polls and observers report widespread dissatisfaction, including a "rift" between the revolutionary generation and younger Iranians who find it "impossible to understand what their parents were so passionate about." To honor the 40th anniversary of revolution around 50,000 prisoners were forgiven by order 7738:). Most victims of the 1981 massacre were young activists aged eleven to twenty-four. These activists were either high school students or had recently graduated from universities in Iran and abroad. During the massacre, hundreds of minors were also subjected to arbitrary detention, torture, and summary executions on ideologically motivated charges of 7730:. More recently, Rastyad Collective has verified the identities of more than 3,400 political dissidents who were executed between June 1981 and March 1982. These dissidents were sentenced to death by the Islamic Revolutionary Courts during show trials in more than eighty-five cities across the country on charges of spreading "corruption on Earth" ( 4223: 7890:, the secretary-general of the party and head of the Islamic Republic's judicial system. The government arrested thousands, and there were hundreds of executions against the MEK and its followers. Despite these and other assassinations the hoped-for mass uprising and armed struggle against the Khomeiniists was crushed. 4597: 4595: 4592: 4040:, France. The Shah hoped that Khomeini would be cut off from the mosques of Najaf and be cut off from the protest movement. Instead, the plan backfired badly. With superior French telephone and postal connections (compared to Iraqi ones), Khomeini's supporters flooded Iran with tapes and recordings of his sermons. 4596: 4675:

when one must stand firm and say no.... I have never seen a book about an Islamic republic; neither has anyone else for that matter.... Some of the people surrounding the Ayatollah are like violent vultures.... The clergy should go to Qom and build a wall around themselves and create their own Vatican.

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Since the revolution Iran's GDP (Nominal) has grown from $ 90.392 billion in 1979 to $ 385.874 in 2015. GDP per capita (nominal) has grown from $ 2290 in 1979 to $ 5470 in 2016. Real GNI per capita in 2011 constant international dollars decreased after the revolution and during the Iran-Iraq war

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The revolutionary government rewrote laws in an attempt to force women to leave the workforce by promoting the early retirement of female government employees, the closing of childcare centers, enforcing full Islamic cover in offices and public places, as well as preventing women from studying in 140

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for Constitution was elected that summer. Critics complained that "vote-rigging, violence against undesirable candidates and the dissemination of false information" was used to "produce an assembly overwhelmingly dominated by clergy, all took active roles during the revolution and loyal to Khomeini."

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While the moderate Bazargan and his government (temporarily) reassured the middle class, it became apparent they did not have power over the "Khomeinist" revolutionary bodies, particularly the Revolutionary Council (the "real power" in the revolutionary state), and later the Islamic Republican Party.

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marched in support for the revolution and it was important that women very much linked to the government also turned against the Shah's regime. Yet, there was some tension later between feminists' dress and the revolution's stance on women's clothing and they began to feel uncomfortable at opposition

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The military leadership was increasingly paralyzed by indecision, and rank-and-file soldiers were demoralized, having been forced to confront demonstrators while prohibited from using their own weapons (and being condemned by the Shah if they did). Increasingly, Khomeini called on the soldiers of the

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government executed a police officer for the act, a man claiming to be the lone surviving arsonist claimed he was responsible for starting the fire. After forcing the resignation of the presiding judges in an attempt to hamper the investigation, the new government finally executed Hossein Talakhzadeh

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period that following modernization the society was heteronormalized. During the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, a faux same-sex wedding occurred between two young men with ties to the royal court, which became a source of shame and outrage for some citizens and was utilized by Islamists as further

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in 1941, the discipline of the government decreased, and women were able to further exercise their rights, including the ability to wear the veil if they wanted. More organization of women's groups occurred in the 1960s and 70s, and they used the government's modernization to define and advocate for

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Hussein was confident that with Iraq's armed forces being well-equipped with new technology and with high morale would enjoy a decisive strategic advantage against an Iranian military that had recently had much of its command officers purged following the revolution. Iran was also struggling to find

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Supporters of the revolution both within and outside of Iran began calling for the overthrow of monarchies in the region and for them to be replaced by Islamic republics. This alarmed many of Iran's neighbours, particularly Kuwait, Iraq and Saudi Arabia as well as Western nations dependent on Middle

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movements like the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. The Pahlavis and South Africa had relations dating back to when Reza Shah went there in exile. After the first Shah's ousting by the Soviets and British during World War II, he spent the remainder of his life in Johannesburg. Pre-revolution

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After the revolution, human rights groups estimated the number of casualties suffered by protesters and prisoners of the new system to be several thousand. The first to be executed were members of the old system – senior generals, followed by over 200 senior civilian officials – as punishment and to

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In addition to the president, the new constitution included a more powerful post of guardian jurist ruler intended for Khomeini, with control of the military and security services, and power to appoint several top government and judicial officials. It increased the power and number of clerics on the

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were functioning as guerrilla units during the revolutions in opposition to the Shah's regime. There were also other groups of women with various agendas that sometimes converged and sometimes diverged from the Islamic Republic's political positions. For example, organized feminism, which was around

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The final collapse of the provisional non-Islamist government came at 2 pm on 11 February when the Supreme Military Council declared itself "neutral in the current political disputes... in order to prevent further disorder and bloodshed." All military personnel were ordered back to their bases,

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Iran has one government. More than this is intolerable, either for me or for you or for any other Iranian. As a Muslim, I had not heard that jihad refers to one Muslim against other Muslims.... I will not give permission to Ayatollah Khomeini to form an interim government. In life there comes a time

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about the coming revolution. Secular and leftist politicians piled onto the movement hoping to gain power in the aftermath, ignoring the fact that Khomeini was the very antithesis to all of the positions they supported. While it was increasingly clear to more secular Iranians that Khomeini was not a

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prayer was granted, in which 200,000–500,000 people attended. Instead, the clergy directed the crowd on a large march through the center of Tehran, while the Shah reportedly watched the march from his helicopter, unnerved, and confused. A few days later, even larger protests took place, and, for the

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Literacy has continued to increase under the Islamic Republic. By 2002, illiteracy rates dropped by more than half. Maternal and infant mortality rates have also been cut significantly. Population growth was first encouraged but discouraged after 1988. Overall, Iran's Human development Index rating

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drive since he took power in 1977, talked of "simultaneous triumph of Islamic ideology in both our countries" and that "Khomeini is a symbol of Islamic insurgence." Some American analysts noted that, at this point, Khomeini's influence and prestige in Pakistan was greater than Zia-ul-Haq's himself.

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and increasingly warmer in recent years following an international backlash over the annexation of Crimea in 2014 which led to sanctions by the Western powers. Russia had sought Iran on expanding arms trade over the past three decades especially with the cooperation with the Assad government during

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Between June 1981 and March 1982, the theocratic regime carried out the largest political massacre in Iranian history, targeting communists, socialists, social democrats, liberals, monarchists, moderate Islamists, and members of the Baha'i faith as part of the Iranian Cultural Revolution decreed by

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In late October 1979, the exiled and dying Shah was admitted into the United States for cancer treatment. In Iran there was an immediate outcry, and both Khomeini and leftist groups demanded the Shah's return to Iran for trial and execution. On 4 November 1979 youthful Islamists, calling themselves

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There are some contesting understandings in academic literature regarding the reasons behind the mobilization of women. While some argue that the micro-level actions of women can be understood through religious and political ideologies, others argue that it is in fact the effect of manipulations of

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Women who were activists, religious women and women dissatisfied with the regime were able to unite under the anti-Shah umbrella. However, "women were not united in their opinions of the revolution and its outcome as much as they were not united in their reasons for joining the revolution". Despite

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as a symbol of the revolution, saying that "a nation whose respected women demonstrate in modest garb to express their disgust with the Shah's regime- such a nation will be victorious." He also said that "women from all levels of society took part in the recent demonstrations, which we are calling

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Tensions between the two rival governments increased rapidly. To demonstrate his support, Khomeini called for demonstrators to occupy the streets throughout the country. He also sent a letter to American officials warning them to withdraw support for Bakhtiar. Bakhtiar became increasingly isolated,

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There were a variety of factors influencing the workers' decision to strike. The Shah's regime had relaxed oppression in 1977, giving people more access to protest and organizing. At the same time, the economy had faltered after doing better in the early 70s. The strikes began when the workers at a

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for setting the fire, and, due to the pervasive revolutionary atmosphere, the public also blamed the Shah for starting the fire, despite the government's insistence that they were uninvolved. Tens of thousands of people took to the streets shouting "Burn the Shah!" and "The Shah is the guilty one!"

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declared heart attack as the cause of death, though many believed his death was attributed to SAVAK. Khomeini remained silent after the incident, while in Iran with the spread of the news came a wave of protest and mourning ceremonies in several cities. The mourning of Mostafa was given a political

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writes, "The regime succeeded in putting women back in the veil in public places, but not in resocializing them into fundamentalist norms." After the revolution, women often had to work hard to support their families as the post-revolutionary economy suffered. Women also asserted themselves in the

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Views differ on the impact of the revolution. For some it was "the most significant, hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary Islamic history", while other Iranians believe that the revolution was a time when "for a few years we all lost our minds", and which "promised us heaven,

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However, Iran was "galvanized" by the invasion and the populace of Iran rallied behind their new government in an effort to repel the invaders. After some early successes, the Iraqi invasion stalled and was then repelled and by 1982, Iran had recaptured almost all of its territories. In June 1982,

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Oil strikes started in fall of 1978 and led to a 4.8 million drop of crude oil production every day, which was about seven percent of the world's supply. Prices rose from 13 dollars per barrel in 1979 to 34 dollars in 1980. While increased production from other countries, like Saudi Arabia, offset

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On 15 August 1953 a coup d'état was initiated to remove Mosaddegh, with the support of the United States, the United Kingdom and most of the Shia clergy. The Shah fled to Italy when the initial coup attempt on August 15 failed, but returned after a successful second attempt on August 19. Mosaddegh

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men were known to "indulge in intercourse with males." (1:152) These ancient practices continued into the Islamic period of Iran, with one scholar noting how "...homosexuality and homoerotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, military

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Internationally, the initial impact of the revolution was immense. In the non-Muslim world, it changed the image of Islam, generating much interest in Islam—both sympathetic and hostile—and even speculation that the revolution might change "the world balance of power more than any political event

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With great publicity the students released documents from the American embassy, which they labeled a "den of spies", showing that moderate Iranian leaders had met with U.S. officials (and did not release similar evidence of high-ranking Islamists having done the same). Among the casualties of the

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Some argue that this politicization and mobilization of women made it difficult for the new regime to push them out of the public and political spheres. The revolution resulted in an unprecedented opening for Iranian women into politics (mostly through demonstrations and voting), and some authors

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After the revolution, Khomeini credited much of the success of the movement to women, even commending the women for mobilizing men, "you ladies have proved that you are in the vanguard of the movement, you have proved that you lead the men, men get their inspiration from you, the men of Iran have

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be returned from exile. The protests grew incredibly fast, reaching between six million and nine million in strength in the first week. About 5% of the population had taken to the streets in the Muharram protests. Both beginning and ending in the month of Muharram, the protests succeeded, and the

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produced an "alarming" increase in inflation, waste and an "accelerating gap" between the rich and poor, the city and the country, along with the presence of tens of thousands of unpopular skilled foreign workers. Many Iranians were also angered by the fact that the Shah's family was the foremost

8042:. At the centre of Iraq's objectives was the annexation of the East Bank of the Shaat Al-Arab waterway that makes up part of the border between the two nations and which had been the site of numerous border skirmishes between the two countries going back to the late 1960s. The president of Iraq, 7717:, former Prime Minister of Iran. Between January 1980 and June 1981, when Bani-Sadr was impeached, at least 900 executions took place, for everything from drug and sexual offenses to "corruption on earth", from plotting counter-revolution and spying for Israel to membership in opposition groups. 4784:

The Iranian Revolution was a gendered revolution; much of the new regime's rhetoric was centered on the position of women in society. Beyond rhetoric, thousands of women were also heavily mobilized in the revolution itself, and different groups of women actively participated alongside their male

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When news of the Shah's departure was announced, there were spontaneous scenes of joy throughout the country. Millions poured onto the streets, and virtually every remaining sign of the monarchy was torn down by the crowds. Bakhtiar dissolved SAVAK and freed all remaining political prisoners. He

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On 10 and 11 December 1978, the days of Tasu'a and Ashura, between 6 and 9 million anti-Shah demonstrators marched throughout Iran. According to one historian, "even discounting for exaggeration, these figures may represent the largest protest event in history." The marches were led by Ayatollah

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administration cut spending and reduced business. However, the cutbacks led to a sharp rise in layoffs—particularly among young, unskilled, male workers living in the working-class districts. By summer 1978, the working class joined the street protests in massive numbers. In addition, it was the

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must water the "tree of Islam"), radicals pressured the mosques and moderate clergy to commemorate the deaths of the students, and used the occasion to generate protests. The informal network of mosques and bazaars, which for years had been used to carry out religious events, increasingly became

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The developments initiated by seminaries in the city of Qom closing on 7 January 1978 were followed by the bazaar and seminary closing, and students rallied towards the homes of the religious leaders on the next day. On 9 January 1978, seminary students and other people demonstrated in the city,

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The contributions of women to the revolutions and the intentions behind these contributions are complex and layered. The motivations of women for being part of the revolutions were complex and varied among a plethora of religious, political and economic reasons and women participating were from

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Khomeini was now not only the undisputed leader of the revolution, he had become what some called a "semi-divine" figure, greeted as he descended from his airplane with cries of 'Khomeini, O Imam, we salute you, peace be upon you.' Crowds were now known to chant "Islam, Islam, Khomeini, We Will

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More than 10% of the country marched in anti-Shah demonstrations on the two days, possibly a higher percentage than any previous revolution. It is rare for a revolution to involve as much as 1 percent of a country's population; the French, Russian, and Romanian revolutions may have passed the 1

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The Shah did not attempt to crack down on strikers, but instead gave them generous wage increases, and allowed strikers who lived in government housing to remain in their homes. By the beginning of November, many important officials in the Shah's government were demanding from the Shah forceful

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to visit prisons. Through 1977 liberal opposition formed organizations and issued open letters denouncing the government. Against this background a first crucial manifestation of public expression of social discontent and political protest against the regime took place in October 1977, when the

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notes that "Khomeini's regime grossly overstated the revolution's death toll for propaganda purposes". Tucker explains that the consensus of historians regarding estimated deaths during the Iranian Revolution (from January 1978 to February 1979), numbers between 532 and 2,781. According to the

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highlights this neglected aspect of the revolution, "Although women's participation in the events leading to the 11 February revolution was instrumental in its success, most studies have not addressed the reasons for their involvement or their contribution." Janet Baur argues the necessity of

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The songs most closely associated with the revolution are epic ballads, composed during and in support of the Islamic Revolution and in opposition to the Pahlavi dynasty. Before the revolution was consolidated, these chants were made by various political supporters, and were often recorded on

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Another interesting borderline case between authoritarianism and totalitarianism is Iran, where an almost totalitarian interpretation of a religious ideology is combined with elements of limited pluralism. Under the Islamist regime, Islam has been transformed into a political ideology with a

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found new opportunity to change conditions. Before them, Boroujerdi was considered a conservative Marja. They tried to reform conditions after the death of the ayatollah. They presented their arguments by rendering lectures in 1960 and 1963 in Tehran. The result of the lectures was the book

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television station and using it to "broadcast demands and grievances." The regime reacted quickly, sending Revolutionary Guards to retake the TV station, mediators to defuse complaints and activists to stage a massive pro-Khomeini counter-demonstration. The party was suppressed, and in 1982

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power-grab," and that except for his core supporters, the members of the coalition thought Khomeini intended to be more of a spiritual guide than a ruler. Khomeini was in his mid-70s, never held public office, had been out of Iran for more than a decade, and told questioners "the religious

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The Shah himself was horrified by the events of Black Friday, and harshly criticized the events, though this did little to sway public perception of him as being responsible for the shooting. While martial law officially remained in effect, the government decided not to break up any more

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analysis in August concluded that Iran "is not in a revolutionary or even a pre-revolutionary situation." These and later events in Iran are frequently cited as one of the most consequential strategic surprises that the United States has experienced since the CIA was established in 1947.

3193:) as government, that Muslims—in fact everyone—required "guardianship," in the form of rule or supervision by the leading Islamic jurist or jurists. Such rule was ultimately "more necessary even than prayer and fasting" in Islam, as it would protect Islam from deviation from traditional 13618: 4594: 3035:. Instead, it paved the way for an Islamic Revolution." In theory, oil money funneled to the elite was supposed to be used to create jobs and factories, eventually distributing the money, but instead the wealth tended to remain concentrated in the hands of the very few at the top. 8065:

The war would continue for another six years during which time countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other Gulf states provided financial assistance to Iraq in an effort to prevent an Iranian victory, even though their relations with Iraq were often hostile – Kuwait itself was

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Another view is Khomeini had "overwhelming ideological, political and organizational hegemony," and non-theocratic groups never seriously challenged Khomeini's movement in popular support. Supporters of the new rule themselves have claimed that Iranians who opposed Khomeini were

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Khomeini on 14 June 1980 with the intent of "purifying" Iranian society of non-Islamic elements. Between June 1981 and June 1982, Amnesty International documented 2,946 executions, with several thousand more killed in the next two years according to the anti-government guerilla

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to veto un-Islamic legislation, but had no guardian jurist ruler. Leftists found the draft too conservative and in need of major changes but Khomeini declared it 'correct'. To approve the new constitution and prevent leftist alterations, a relatively small seventy-three-member

14813: 4758:) claim 2,781 protesters and revolutionaries were killed in 1978–79 during the revolution. Khomeini reported of a much larger number; he said that "60,000 men, women and children were martyred by the Shah's regime". In reference to this 60,000 figure, the military historian 16110: 3987:

demonstrations or strikes (in effect, "martial law without there exactly being martial law," according to Sharif-Emami), instead continuing to negotiate with protest leaders. Consequently, protest gatherings often took place without any serious intervention by soldiers.

3082:. Khomeini was arrested in 1963 after declaring the Shah a "wretched miserable man" who had "embarked on the destruction of Islam in Iran." Three days of major riots throughout Iran followed, with 15,000 dead from police fire as reported by opposition sources. However, 4085:

flew to Paris to meet Khomeini. There the two signed an agreement for a draft constitution that would be "Islamic and democratic". It signaled the now official alliance between the clergy and the secular opposition. To help create a democratic façade, Khomeini placed

3948:, who was known for his severity against opponents. However, the Shah made clear that once martial law was lifted, he intended to continue with the liberalization. He retained Sharif-Emami's civilian government, hoping that protesters would avoid taking the streets. 7928:

The Islamic Republic positioned itself as a revolutionary beacon under the slogan "neither East nor West, only Islamic Republic" ("Na Sharq, Na Gharb, Faqat Jumhuri-e Islami," i.e., neither Soviet nor American / West European models) and called for the overthrow of

4712:

The armed rebels attacked a weapons factory, capturing nearly 50,000 machine guns and distributing them to civilians who joined in the fighting. The rebels began storming police stations and military bases throughout Tehran. The city's martial law commander General

4276:" ('God is great'). According to one witness, many of the clashes on the street had an air of playfulness rather than seriousness, with security forces using "kid gloves" against the opposition. Nevertheless, the government reported at least 12 opposition deaths. 3449:, and removed a potential revolutionary rival to Khomeini. Finally, in October Khomeini's son Mostafa died of an alleged heart attack, and his death was also blamed on SAVAK. A subsequent memorial service for Mostafa in Tehran put Khomeini back in the spotlight. 4352:, and on 8 December revoked the ban on street demonstrations. Permits were issued for the marchers, and troops were removed from the procession's path. In turn, Shariatmadari pledged that to make sure that there would be no violence during the demonstrations. 4886:

While there has been some academic literature exploring individual narratives of women on the revolution, most of the academic work produced focuses on the effect of the revolution on women rather than the role of Iranian women during the revolution. Scholar

4624:

On the day of his arrival Khomeini made clear his rejection of Bakhtiar's government in a speech promising, "I shall kick their teeth in. I appoint the government, I appoint the government in support of this nation". On 5 February at his headquarters in the

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and committees at the expense of its remaining allies-turned-opponents, such as the MEK. While enormously costly and destructive, the war "rejuvenate the drive for national unity and Islamic revolution" and "inhibited fractious debate and dispute" in Iran.

4922:

had been overthrown, the economy and the apparatus of government had collapsed, and military and security forces were in disarray. Yet, by 1982 Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions, defeated local rebellions and consolidated power.

7422:

on 4 November 1979. Bazargan's resignation was received by Khomeini without complaint, saying "Mr. Bazargan ... was a little tired and preferred to stay on the sidelines for a while." Khomeini later described his appointment of Bazargan as a "mistake."

4007:

was declared, with workers in virtually all major industries walking off their jobs, most damagingly in the oil industry and the print media. Special "strike committees" were set up throughout major industries to organize and coordinate the activities.

8598:

The economy has become slightly more diversified since the revolution, with 80% of Iranian GDP dependent on oil and gas as of 2010. The Islamic Republic lags some countries in transparency and ease of doing business according to international surveys.

7867:

By mid-1981 matters came to a head. An attempt by Khomeini to forge a reconciliation between Banisadr and IRP leaders had failed, and now it was Banisadr who was the rallying point "for all doubters and dissidents" of the theocracy, including the MEK.

3631:

The Shah was taken completely by surprise by the protests and, to make matters worse, he often became indecisive during times of crisis; virtually every major decision he would make backfired on his government and further inflamed the revolutionaries.

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hrough the guardianship that I have from the holy lawgiver , I hereby pronounce Bazargan as the Ruler, and since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed. The nation must obey him. This is not an ordinary government. It is a government based on the

4457:

Increasing contact was established with the pro-Khomeini camp. Based on the revolutionaries' responses, some American officials (especially Ambassador Sullivan) felt that Khomeini was genuinely intent on creating a democracy. According to historian

2659:

There were widespread social, economic, and political reforms introduced during his reign, a number of which led to public discontent that would provide the circumstances for the Iranian Revolution. Particularly controversial was the replacement of

7430:, was established by Khomeini on 5 May 1979, as a counterweight both to the armed groups of the left, and to the Shah's military. The guard eventually grew into "a full-scale" military force, becoming "the strongest institution of the revolution." 3542:'s security forces who shot live ammunition to disperse the crowd when the peaceful demonstration turned violent. Between 5–300 of the demonstrators were reportedly killed in the protest. 9 January 1978 (19 Dey) is regarded as a bloody day in Qom. 4809:

It has been argued that Khomeini and his fellow leaders danced around the issue of women's rights and rather focused their rhetoric on mobilizing women through encouraging them to participate in protests and fueling their anti-Shah sentiments.

9274:

Fear of the shah and his regime had disappeared, and anti-government and pro-Khomeini demonstrations escalated, with the soldiers refusing to shoot the offenders, who went on a rampage, burning cinemas and destroying banks and some government

3955:

failed to disperse the crowd, troops fired directly into the crowd, killing 64, while General Oveissi claimed that 30 soldiers were killed by armed snipers in surrounding buildings. Additional clashes throughout the day, which would be called

2703:. However, he would avoid entering into political issues, as did other religious leaders who followed him. Hence, no widespread anti-government attempts were organized by the clergy during the rule of Reza Shah. However, the future Ayatollah 13614: 16994: 2560:

Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for 50 years. At the time, the Persian tobacco industry employed over 200,000 people, so the concession represented a major blow to Persian farmers and

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various classes and backgrounds. Many Western educated upper-middle-class women from secular, urban and professional families were involved as well as many women from working-class and rural backgrounds. There were groups as varied as the

2912:

was appointed as new Prime Minister by the Shah. The sovereign, who was mainly seen as a figurehead at the time, eventually managed to break free from the shackles of the Iranian elites and impose himself as an autocratic reformist ruler.

8254:

On the other side of the ledger, at least one observer argues that despite great effort and expense the only countries outside Iran the revolution had a "measure of lasting influence" on are Lebanon and Iraq. Others claim the devastating

8404:, without whose official permission, "no books or magazines are published, no audiotapes are distributed, no movies are shown and no cultural organization is established. Men and women are not allowed to dance or swim with each other." 8259:"mortally wounded ... the ideal of spreading the Islamic revolution," or that the Islamic Republic's pursuit of an ideological rather than a "nationalist, pragmatic" foreign policy has weakened Iran's "place as a great regional power". 7415:

Inevitably, the overlapping authority of the Revolutionary Council (which had the power to pass laws) and Bazargan's government was a source of conflict, despite the fact that both had been approved by and/or put in place by Khomeini.

3182:, against injustice and tyranny was part of Shia Islam, and that Muslims should reject the influence of both liberal capitalism and communism, ideas that inspired the revolutionary slogan "Neither East, nor West – Islamic Republic!" 14805: 4878:

this mobilization and high participation rate of women, they were still kept out of leadership positions which were exclusive to men; women are thought to be part of the rank and file rather than the elite strata of the revolution.

3353:, organized by the government, was attacked for its extravagance. "As the foreigners reveled on drink forbidden by Islam, Iranians were not only excluded from the festivities, some were starving." Five years later, the Shah angered 7968:

claimed solidarity with the hunger strike and connected their Marxist influences. The Iranian government, Iranian leftist groups, and the IRA saw Britain as a colonizing force in both regions. For a time, Mojahedin-e-Khalq and the

7754:

In mid-August 1979, shortly after the election of the constitution-writing assembly, several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing Khomeini's idea of theocratic rule by jurists were shut down. When protests were organized by the

4221: 2861:, told their British counterparts that they were ready to move against Mosaddegh. In their eyes, any country not decisively allied with the United States was a potential enemy. Iran had immense oil wealth, a long border with the 8236:, Khomeini said, "it is a cause of joy that… all Pakistan has risen against the United States" and the struggle is not that of the US and Iran but "the entire world of disbelief and the world of Islam". According to journalist 4261:

On 2 December 1978, the Muharram protests began. Named for the Islamic month they began in, the Muharram protests were impressively huge and pivotal. Over two million protesters (many of whom were teenagers proselytized by the

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After the U.S. sanctions were tightened and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China became the main principal allies for Iran. Relations between the two countries improved

4700:

attempted to apprehend the rebels, and an armed battle broke out. Soon large crowds took to the streets, building barricades and supporting the rebels, while Islamic-Marxist guerillas with their weapons joined in support.

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Whether the Islamic Republic has brought more or less severe political repression is disputed. Grumbling once done about the tyranny and corruption of the Shah and his court is now directed against "the Mullahs." Fear of

4299:, in the 1930s. Even in his years in exile, Khomeini remained relevant in Iran. Supporting the protests from beyond Iran's borders, he proclaimed that "freedom and liberation from the bonds of imperialism" was imminent. 4796:

asserted that "You ladies here have proved that you are at the forefront of this movement. You have a great share in our Islamic movement. The future of our country depends on your support." He invoked the image of the

3018:

that helped create many of the problems the Shah had been trying to avoid. The Shah's reforms more than quadrupled the combined size of the two classes that had posed the most challenges to his monarchy in the past—the

25803: 4059:(BBC), immediately put Khomeini into the spotlight. Khomeini rapidly became a household name in the West, portraying himself as an "Eastern mystic" who did not seek power, but instead sought to "free" his people from " 4896:. Thus, this created a "dangerous bargaining position for activist women" since rather than arguing their position through intellect they were only able to "argue by numbers in the streets and be repelled by force". 545: 4689:) defecting to Khomeini. The military was crumbling, with its leadership completely paralyzed, unsure of whether to support Bakhtiar or act on their own, and rank-and-file soldiers either demoralized or deserting. 8050:, substantially populated by Iranian Arabs. There was also concern that a Shia-centric revolution in Iran may stimulate a similar uprising in Iraq, where the country's Sunni minority ruled over the Shia majority. 4168:

The speech backfired when the revolutionaries sensed weakness from the Shah and "smelled blood". Khomeini announced that there would be no reconciliation with the Shah and called on all Iranians to overthrow him.

7659:

In early March 1979, Khomeini announced, "do not use this term, 'democratic.' That is the Western style," giving pro-democracy liberals (and later leftists) a taste of disappointments to come. In succession the

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would be held in 1979; censorship was relaxed; a resolution was drafted to help reduce corruption within the royal family and the government; and protesters were tried in civilian courts rather than by military

2308:, or disgruntled military. It occurred in a country experiencing relative prosperity, produced profound change at great speed, was very popular, resulted in a massive exile that characterizes a large portion of 2928:

groups attacked his government (often from outside Iran as they were suppressed within) for violating the Iranian constitution, political corruption, and the political oppression, torture, and killings, by the

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to attack and destroy western and secular symbols. The army and police, confused about their orders and under pressure from the Shah not to risk initiating violence, effectively gave up and did not intervene.

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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and lasting until 1979. Mohammad Reza Shah's reform program was built especially to weaken those classes that supported the traditional system. It consisted of several elements including

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people attacked meeting places, bookstores, and newsstands of Mujahideen and other leftists, driving them underground. Universities were closed to purge them of opponents of theocratic rule as a part of the

4776:

cassette tapes in underground and home studios. In schools, these songs were sung by students as part of the celebrations of Fajr Decades. "Iran Iran" or "Allah Allah" chants are famous revolutionary songs.

11814: 9167: 7439:, volunteers in everything from earthquake emergency management to attacking opposition demonstrators and newspaper offices. The Islamic Republican Party then fought to establish a theocratic government by 8633: 15696: 8180:

In the Muslim world, particularly in its early years, the revolution inspired enormous enthusiasm and redoubled opposition to western imperialism, intervention and influence. Islamist insurgents rose in

8058:

with Iraqi forces all but expelled from Iranian territory, the Iraqi government offered a ceasefire. This was rejected by Khomeini, who declared that the only condition for peace was that "the regime in

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For example, Islamic Republic Party and allied forces controlled approximately 80% of the seats on the Assembly of Experts of Constitution. An impressive margin even allowing for electoral manipulation

3438:. In these "Ten Nights" (Dah Shab) 57 of Iran's most prominent poets and writers read their works to thousands of listeners. They demanded the end of censorship and claimed the freedom of expression. 7883:

were compelled to make and publicly broadcast apologies for supporting the Front's appeal. Those attending the rally were menaced by Hezbollahi and Revolutionary Guards and intimidated into silence.

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made progress difficult, and the government had to contain its promotion of basic women's rights to the norms of the patriarchal social hierarchy to accommodate the clerics. After the abdication of

7703:

eliminate the danger of a coup d'état. Brief trials lacking defense attorneys, juries, transparency or the opportunity for the accused to defend themselves were held by revolutionary judges such as

4870:

argue that this had a lasting impact on Iranian women's political participation and role in the public sphere. Some women were also part of the inner circle of the leaders of the new regime such as

4121:

broke out into a full-scale riot. Block after block of Western symbols such as movie theaters and department stores, as well as government and police buildings, were seized, looted, and burned. The

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The Islamic Republic of Iran experienced difficult relations with some Western countries, especially the United States and the Eastern Bloc nations led by the Soviet Union. Iran was under constant

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had become a rallying point for Iranians who wanted democracy not theocracy. Riots broke out in Shariatmadari's Azeri home region with members of the MPRP and Shariatmadari's followers seizing the

4114:

to student protesters. Worse, the opposition was increasingly becoming armed with weapons, firing at soldiers and attacking banks and government buildings in an attempt to destabilize the country.

2242:

in 1964. However, as ideological tensions persisted between Pahlavi and Khomeini, anti-government demonstrations began in October 1977, developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included

15107: 8130:. Relations with the USSR became strained as well after the Soviet government condemned Khomeini's repression of certain minorities after the revolution. Diplomatic relations between Iran and the 3816:

to the post of prime minister, himself a veteran prime minister. Emami was chosen due to his family ties to the clergy, although he had a reputation of corruption during his previous premiership.

3697:

to the opposition, and soon began to dismiss civil servants and government officials whom he felt the public blamed. In the first national concession, he replaced the hardline SAVAK chief General

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reports that approximately 5,000 homosexuals have been executed in Iran since the revolution, including two gay men executed in 2014, both hanged for engaging in consensual homosexual relations.

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is a movie about an Iranian Jewish family. After creating a prosperous life in Iran, they may be forced to abandon everything as a revolution looms on the horizon. It is based on the 2007 novel

8362:

Iran has elected governmental bodies at the national, provincial, and local levels. Although these bodies are subordinate to theocracy – which has veto power over who can run for parliament (or

27539: 27205: 27054: 8392:, and other religious revolutionary enforcers. Violations of human rights by the theocratic government is said to be worse than during the monarchy, and in any case extremely grave. Reports of 8232:, setting it on fire and taking hostages. While the crisis was quickly defused by the Pakistan military, the next day, before some 120 Pakistani army officers stationed in Iran on the road to 4617:. The welcoming crowd of several million Iranians was so large he was forced to take a helicopter after the car taking him from the airport was overwhelmed by an enthusiastic welcoming crowd. 3827:

to help organize future elections. Censorship was effectively terminated, and the newspapers began reporting heavily on demonstrations, often highly critically and negatively of the Shah. The

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The value of Iran's currency declined precipitously after the revolution. Whereas on 15 March 1978, 71.46 rials equaled one U.S. dollar, in January 2018, 44,650 rials amounted to one dollar.

4074:. The BBC itself later issued a statement admitting to having a "critical" disposition to the Shah, saying that its broadcasts helped to "change the collective perception of the population." 28030: 16252: 12870: 8647: 7829: 4532:

The Shah, hoping to see Bakhtiar established, kept delaying his departure. Consequently, to the Iranian public, Bakhtiar was seen as the Shah's last prime minister, undermining his support.

3979:

The deaths shocked the country and damaged any attempt at reconciliation between the Shah and the opposition. Khomeini immediately declared that "4,000 innocent protesters were massacred by

15980: 8771: 8683: 8615:

It is said that there were attempts to incorporate modern political and social concepts into Islamic canon since 1950. The attempt was a reaction to the secular political discourse namely

4465:

The Shah began to search for a new prime minister, one who was a civilian and a member of the opposition. On 28 December, he secured an agreement with another major National Front figure,

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cast by Khomeini's political credentials, their enduring opposition to the monarchy and their exile. This dimension of the ceremonies went beyond the religious credentials of the family.

3334:

In the post-Shah era, some revolutionaries who clashed with his theocracy and were suppressed by his movement complained of deception, but in the meantime anti-Shah unity was maintained.

2304:

The success of the Revolution was met with surprise around the world, as it was unusual. It lacked many customary causes of revolutionary sentiment, e.g. defeat in war, financial crisis,

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to be prime minister because of his mild-mannered approach to the situation. The cabinet he would choose was a military cabinet in name only and consisted primarily of civilian leaders.

28699: 8541:, a journalist asked Khomeini to justify the state-sanctioned shootings of homosexuals. In reply Khomeini compared them as well as other adulterers to gangrene, thieves, and murderers. 3603:'s house, killing one of his students. Shariatmadari immediately made a public announcement declaring his support for a "constitutional government," and a return to the policies of the 8741: 22529: 3951:

However, 5,000 protesters took to the streets, either in defiance or because they had missed hearing the declaration, and faced off with soldiers at Jaleh Square. After the firing of

555: 13768: 3323:

problems of the Shah's government (corruption and unequal income and development), while avoiding specifics among the public that might divide the factions—particularly his plan for

3290:—had been weakened considerably by government repression. Despite this the guerrillas did help play an important part in the final February 1979 overthrow delivering "the regime its 15741: 7933:, American influence, and social injustice in the Middle East and the rest of the world. Revolutionary leaders in Iran gave and sought support from non-Muslim activists such as the 7619:, "This action has many benefits. ... This has united our people. Our opponents do not dare act against us. We can put the constitution to the people's vote without difficulty ..." 4231:

Khomeini condemned the military government and called for continued protests. He and the protest organizers planned a series of escalating protests during the holy Islamic month of

4295:

as its religious and political leader for life. Khomeini had been an opposition leader to Shah for many years, rising to prominence after the death of his mentor, renowned scholar

2822:, reported that Mosaddegh "would rather be fried in Persian oil than make the slightest concession to the British." The British considered an armed invasion, but UK Prime Minister 16305: 8957: 2442:(i.e., the United States) whose culture was affecting that of Iran. At the same time, support for the Shah may have waned among Western politicians and media—especially under the 13184: 12899: 2458:

policy which said that countries guilty of human-rights violations would be deprived of American arms or aid, this helped give some Iranians the courage to post open letters and

12966: 11955: 7508:, which resulted in fighting between them and revolutionary forces. These revolts began in April 1979 and lasted between several months to over a year, depending on the region. 12714: 3659:

training nor equipment since 1963. As a result, police forces were unable to control demonstrations, thus the army was frequently deployed. Soldiers were instructed not to use

28192: 26359: 11753: 3805:

and government buildings were burned, and a bus full of American workers was bombed. Due to his failure to stop the protests, Prime Minister Amuzegar offered his resignation.

2285:. By 11 February, the monarchy was brought down and Khomeini assumed leadership while guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed Pahlavi loyalists in armed combat. Following the 112:

Mass demonstrations of people protesting against the Shah and the Pahlavi government on the day of Hosseini's Ashura on 11 December 1978 at College Bridge (now Hafez Bridge),

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in the oil industry. Street marches declined, and oil production began increasing once again, nearly reaching pre-revolutionary levels. In a symbolic blow to the opposition,

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by Hamid Ansari, Institute for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, International Affairs Division, translated by Seyed Manoochehr Moosavi, pp. 165–76

7578:

Khomeini (and the assembly) now rejected the constitution – its correctness notwithstanding – and Khomeini declared that the new government should be based "100% on Islam."

5400: 5113: 4145:

As the situation on the streets spiraled out of control, many well known and reputable figures within the country began to approach the Shah, begging him to stop the chaos.

18054: 12933: 12345: 10020: 9303:(...) thirty-seven days by a caretaker regime, which collapsed on 11 February when guerillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the shah in armed street fighting. 8603:

ranked Iran 136th out of 175 countries in transparency (i.e., lack of corruption) for its 2014 index; and the IRI was ranked 130th out of the 189 countries surveyed in the

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Some observers believe "what began as an authentic and anti-dictatorial popular revolution based on a broad coalition of all anti-Shah forces was soon transformed into an

8348:

has climbed significantly from 0.569 in 1980 to 0.732 in 2002, on a par with neighbouring Turkey. In the latest HDI, however, Iran has since fallen 8 ranks below Turkey.

28520: 28245: 27531: 13385: 2262:—served as a catalyst for a popular revolutionary movement across Iran, and large-scale strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country for the remainder of that year. 15240:"Iranian consecration of Irish nationalist 'martyrs': the Islamic Republic of Iran and the 1981 republican prisoners' hunger strike in Northern Ireland, Social History" 7763:... After each revolution several thousand of these corrupt elements are executed in public and burnt and the story is over. They are not allowed to publish newspapers. 3434:

German-Iranian Cultural Association in Tehran hosted a series of literature reading sessions, organized by the newly revived Iranian Writers Association and the German

28182: 28022: 18473: 14472: 7466:

Two major political groups that formed after the fall of the Shah that clashed with and were eventually suppressed by pro-Khomeini groups, were the moderate religious

4725:, marking the end of the monarchy in Iran. Bakhtiar escaped the palace under a hail of bullets, fleeing Iran in disguise. He was later assassinated by an agent of the 4436: 17308: 17019: 7945:

struggle in South Africa, even favoring far-left revolutionaries over Islamist (but ideologically different and strategically harmful) causes such as the neighboring

28831: 28488: 25825: 13415: 8426:

Throughout the beginning of the 20th century and prior to the revolution, many women leaders emerged and demanded basic social rights for women. During the reign of

4861:

since the Pahlavi dynasty, joined the revolutionary movement after the Shah dropped the cabinet position on Women's Affairs to appease the Islamists. Members of the

18452: 9891: 8470:

Since the revolution, university enrollment and the number of women in the civil service and higher education has risen. and several women have been elected to the

3819:

Under the Shah's guidance, Sharif-Emami effectively began a policy of "appeasing the opposition's demands before they even made them." The government abolished the

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increasingly became locked in a debate about continued support for the monarchy. As early as November, ambassador William Sullivan sent a telegram to Carter (the "

16830:

Najmabadi, Afsaneh. Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

4613:, declaring that "We will soon have the honor of welcoming home the Ayatollah Khomeini". On 1 February 1979 Khomeini returned to Tehran in a chartered Air France 28147: 15686: 15185: 9178:

Researcher Emad al-Din Baghi at the Martyrs Foundation (Bonyad Shahid) counted 2,781 protesters killed in 1978–79, a total of 3,164 killed between 1963 and 1979.

14533: 8671: 4148:

On 6 November, the Shah dismissed Sharif-Emami from the post of prime minister, and chose to appoint a military government in its place. The Shah chose General

29800: 26903: 7536: 3777:

By August, the protests had "kick…into high gear," and the number of demonstrators mushroomed to hundreds of thousands. In an attempt to dampen inflation, the

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Women – especially those from traditional backgrounds – participated on a large scale in demonstrations leading up to the revolution. They were encouraged by

4621:

Follow You", and even "Khomeini for King". When asked by a reporter how he felt returning to his home country after a long exile, Khomeini replied "Nothing".

3526:

newspaper. Written under a pseudonym by a government agent, it denounced Khomeini as a "British agent" and a "mad Indian poet" conspiring to sell out Iran to

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armed forces to defect to the opposition. Revolutionaries gave flowers and civilian clothes to deserters, while threatening retribution to those who stayed.

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whose livelihoods were largely dependent on the lucrative tobacco business. The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive as result of

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The prestige of Khomeini and the hostage taking was further enhanced with the failure of a hostage rescue attempt, widely credited to divine intervention.

3717:

By summer, the protests had stagnated, remaining at a steady rate for four months, with about 10,000 participants in each major city—with the exception of

535: 16938: 11916: 9351: 7623:

hostage crisis was Prime Minister Bazargan and his government, who resigned in November unable to enforce the government's order to release the hostages.

4721:

effectively yielding control of the entire country to Khomeini. Revolutionaries took over government buildings, TV and radio stations, and palaces of the

3595:. In an increasingly predictable pattern, deadly riots broke out in major cities, and again 40 days later, on 10 May. It led to an incident in which army 28434: 28394: 28217: 28212: 28207: 25480: 18426: 16876: 11251: 5395: 5108: 4426: 15860: 15276:"Iranian consecration of Irish nationalist 'martyrs': the Islamic Republic of Iran and the 1981 republican prisoners' hunger strike in Northern Ireland" 9138: 8016: 8004: 4546:

On the morning of 16 January 1979, Bakhtiar was officially appointed prime minister. The same day, a tearful Shah and his family left Iran for exile in

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Street demonstrations continued at full force with little response from the military; by late October, government officials effectively even ceded the

3462: 575: 8529:

When Ruhollah Khomeini came to power in 1979, he called for homosexuals to be "exterminated", and one of his first political actions was to institute

7953:. In terms of future relevance, the conflicts that originated from the Iranian Revolution continued to define geo-politics for the following decades. 2800:

the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and became a national hero. The British, however, were outraged and accused him of stealing. The British unsuccessfully

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The growing dissatisfaction continued until the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911. The revolution led to the establishment of a parliament, the

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The new constitution was also approved overwhelmingly by the December 1979 constitutional referendum, but with more opposition and smaller turnout.

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served as "the eyes and ears" of the new rule and are credited by critics with "many arbitrary arrests, executions and confiscations of property".

5517: 5484: 2578:

The Tobacco Protest was the first significant Iranian resistance against the Shah and foreign interests, revealing the power of the people and the

2222:

and cultivated a close relationship with the US to consolidate his power as an authoritarian ruler. Relying heavily on American support amidst the

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On 28 June 1981, a bombing of the office of the IRP killed around 70 high-ranking officials, cabinet members and members of parliament, including

4258:

While the military authorities banned street demonstrations and extended the curfew, the Shah faced deep misgivings about the potential violence.

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and negotiation. The Shah ordered the arrest of 100 officials from his own government for charges of corruption, including former prime minister

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were deployed to the city to restore order. The death toll, according to the government was 6, while Khomeini claimed hundreds were "martyred."

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ordered the army to allow mass demonstrations, promised free elections and invited the revolutionaries into a government of "national unity".

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Khomeini was released after eight months of house arrest and continued his agitation, condemning Iran's close cooperation with Israel and its

28791: 27391: 27210: 26818: 26480: 26345: 25991: 25818: 25284: 24870: 15147: 10966: 10832: 10732: 8783: 8240:, "the Pakistani officers, many of whom had graduated from Western military academies, seemed swayed by the ayatollah's intoxicating words." 5469: 17455: 15595: 8702: 28909: 28339: 27834: 27814: 26843: 26776: 26761: 26285: 26270: 25746: 24914: 23925: 19447: 16383: 13760: 10105: 5554: 5479: 4417:(the second largest city in Iran) was abandoned to the protesters, and in many provincial towns demonstrators were effectively in control. 3346: 15719: 15372:

Middle Eastern Posters Collection, Box 2, Poster 49, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library

9433: 3473:'s death in the United Kingdom shortly after led to another public demonstration, with the opposition accusing the Shah of murdering him. 29264: 29156: 28455: 28386: 28130: 27819: 27761: 27306: 26997: 26551: 26485: 26055: 25996: 25872: 25862: 25491: 25385: 23899: 22786: 21021: 20775: 19225: 15634: 13496: 13026: 12379: 12060: 11040: 9051: 8714: 8305: 8091: 7821:

was elected president of Iran. Though an adviser to Khomeini, he was a leftist who clashed with another ally of Khomeini, the theocratic

5505: 1048: 15464: 14028: 12826: 12776: 12104: 2575:(judicial decree). Within 2 years, Nasir al-Din Shah found himself powerless to stop the popular movement and cancelled the concession. 29259: 29244: 29209: 29179: 28949: 28816: 28657: 27990: 27824: 27517: 27433: 26766: 26436: 26295: 26275: 25947: 25455: 25197: 23889: 20916: 19593: 19109: 13180: 12895: 12558: 11873: 9002: 8159: 7965: 5982: 4454:

rejected a military crackdown; he and his supporters believed in the "moderate and progressive" intentions of Khomeini and his circle.

3725:, where they were smaller—protesting every 40 days. This amounted to a small minority of the more than 15 million adults in Iran. 530: 12958: 11939: 29815: 29358: 28826: 28610: 28498: 28344: 28008: 27790: 27605: 27600: 26958: 26651: 26155: 25595: 25485: 23978: 21067: 16967: 16675: 12722: 12580: 9213:

example: "Secular Iranian writers of the early 1980s, most of whom supported the revolution, lamented the course it eventually took."

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first published in 2000 that depicts the author's childhood in Iran during and after the Islamic Revolution. The 2007 animated film

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Holding the hostages was very popular and continued even after the death of the Shah. As Khomeini explained to his future President

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This conflict lasted only a few months however. The provisional government fell shortly after American Embassy officials were taken

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paranoia and fears of communism influence, contributed to American strategic interests. On 20 January 1953, U.S. Secretary of State

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replacement parts for much of its US- and British-supplied equipment. Hussein believed that victory would therefore come swiftly.

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in Algeria on 19 January 1981. The hostages were formally released to United States custody the following day, just minutes after

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Ultimately only the Lebanese Islamists succeeded. The Islamic revolutionary government itself is credited with helping establish

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guerrillas came under attack in February 1980, a purge of universities started in March 1980, and the liberal Islamist President

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released its draft constitution for the Islamic Republic that it had been working on since Khomeini was in exile. It included a

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was underway. Secular opponents of the Shah began to meet in secret to denounce the government. Led by the leftist intellectual

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Iran's Sunni minority (about 8%) has seen some unrest. Five of the 290 parliamentary seats are allocated to their communities.

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On 5 November, demonstrations at University of Tehran became deadly after a fight broke out with armed soldiers. Within hours,

377: 257: 24658: 18377: 16440: 13393: 13208: 4637:, affiliated with the National Front) as his own prime minister, and commanded Iranians to obey Bazargan as a religious duty: 29286: 28682: 28652: 27958: 27590: 27448: 26636: 26495: 26140: 26006: 25778: 25435: 24786: 23854: 21789: 21476: 21454: 20115: 19945: 19890: 19759: 19625: 18523: 18366: 18028: 17927: 17727: 17659: 17594: 17547: 17449: 17428: 17344: 16752: 16365: 16340: 15628: 15548: 15458: 15101: 14671: 14022: 13995: 13908: 13568: 13471: 13439: 13164: 13020: 12864: 12820: 12770: 12629: 12538: 12458: 12433: 12373: 12140: 12098: 12054: 11949: 11910: 11883: 11778: 11747: 11381: 11114: 11034: 11005: 10926: 10868: 10796: 10757: 10706: 10237: 10204: 10157: 10128: 9853: 9699: 9610: 9565: 9296: 9267: 8213: 8073:

The war served in part as an opportunity for the government to strengthen revolutionary ardour and revolutionary groups; the

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Pahlavi maintained a close relationship with the U.S. government, as both regimes shared opposition to the expansion of the

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After more than a year of civil strife and street protests, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi left Iran for exile in January 1979.

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Although the British were initially turned down in their request for American support by President Truman, the election of

2239: 782: 309: 170: 16126: 14601: 7539:, and several Kurdish parties opposed the vote. The results showed that 98.2% had voted in favor of the Islamic Republic. 7072: 4176:

province (Iran's main oil producing province) and deployed troops to its oil facilities. Navy personnel were also used as

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by some of the society's classes at that time. It also suffered from some basic functional failures that brought economic

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Narrative of Awakening : A Look at Imam Khomeini's Ideal, Scientific and Political Biography from Birth to Ascension

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called for a demonstration in June 1981 in favor of Banisadr, Khomeini threatened its leaders with the death penalty for

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In 1977 the Shah responded to the "polite reminder" of the importance of political rights by the new American president,

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Azar Tabari (1982). "Mystifications of the Past and Illusions of the Future". In Nikki R. Keddie; Eric Hooglund (eds.).

13592: 10680: 8537:, and the death penalty for any sexual acts outside traditional Islamic heterosexual marriage. In a 1979 interview with 4132:

Many of the rioters were young teenage boys, often organized by the mosques in southern Tehran, and encouraged by their

2354:, Iran began to back Shia militancy across the region, to combat Sunni influence and establish Iranian dominance in the 29234: 29096: 28759: 28187: 27661: 27453: 27150: 27135: 27012: 26734: 26671: 26243: 26175: 25555: 24100: 24016: 23983: 23336: 22431: 21409: 21294: 21248: 21243: 21189: 19700: 19689: 19634: 19582: 19437: 19240: 18468: 18270: 8987: 8417: 8127: 7242: 7052: 6512: 3374: 3190: 3114: 2747:

The post-war years were characterized by political instability, as the Shah clashed with the pro-Soviet Prime Minister

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Following the events of the revolution, Marxist guerrillas and federalist parties revolted in some regions comprising

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decided not to use his 30,000 loyal Immortal Guards to crush the rebellion for fear of producing civilian casualties.

2652:, in 1925 and being designated monarch by the National Assembly, to be known thenceforth as Reza Shah, founder of the 29790: 28924: 28904: 28867: 28786: 28672: 28667: 28548: 28059: 27547: 27241: 27027: 26556: 26458: 26060: 25969: 25638: 25460: 25352: 25202: 25116: 24950: 24276: 24268: 23068: 22631: 21901: 21842: 20813: 20130: 20074: 20054: 19870: 19845: 19741: 19665: 19567: 19197: 19039: 18168: 18132: 18115: 18080: 17994: 17971: 17950: 17896: 17868: 17849: 17830: 17811: 17790: 17769: 17748: 17708: 17680: 17627: 17526: 17505: 17484: 17388: 16704: 15494: 14525: 14500: 14219: 14092: 13649: 13633: 11720: 11475: 10674: 10481: 10415: 9459: 9056: 8570: 8087: 8074: 7950: 7938: 7532: 7392: 7388: 7332: 6797: 6582: 5676: 5454: 2591: 570: 515: 452: 417: 31: 21639: 19964: 13944: 10136:

totalitarian bent, and the limited pluralism is allowed only among political groups loyal to the Islamic revolution.

10119:Özbudun, Ergun (2011). "Authoritarian Regimes". In Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.). 9416: 7531:

over whether to replace the monarchy with an "Islamic republic". Khomeini called for a massive turnout and only the

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in Tehran and 11 other major cities throughout the country. All street demonstrations were banned, and a night-time

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liberal, he was widely perceived as a figurehead, and that power would eventually be handed to the secular groups.

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and National Front leader Karim Sanjabi, thus symbolizing the "unity" of the secular and religious opposition. The

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like those who ran the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Mosaddegh, however, learned of Churchill's plans and ordered the

2509: 510: 447: 22449: 22311: 21995: 18013:

Translated from Polish by William R. Brand and Katarzyna Mroczkowska-Brand. New York: Vintage International, 1992.

16928:"State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love" 13960: 10885: 10544:

Moaddel, Mansoor (1992). "Shi'i Political Discourse and Class Mobilization in the Tobacco Movement of 1890–1892".

7463:(the Party of God), "strong-arm thugs" who attacked demonstrators and offices of newspapers critical of Khomeini. 7112: 3445:

died under mysterious circumstances. This both angered his followers, who considered him a martyr at the hands of

2606:), and approval of the first constitution. Although the constitutional revolution was successful in weakening the 29194: 29011: 28662: 28605: 28322: 27428: 27268: 27140: 27115: 26992: 26880: 26754: 26376: 26263: 25867: 25841: 25600: 25509: 25378: 25258: 24960: 24336: 23491: 22872: 22801: 22701: 22579: 22351: 22341: 21928: 21315: 20105: 19645: 19481: 19476: 19215: 18842: 18251: 16504: 16486: 15950: 9022: 8141:

stance. The former Israeli embassy in Tehran was handed over to the PLO, and Iran has allied itself with several

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The telegram touched off a vigorous debate in the American cabinet, with some, such as National Security Advisor

4344:(10 and 11 December) approached, to prevent a deadly showdown, the Shah began to draw back. In negotiations with 1488: 442: 437: 22266: 22153: 22141: 29820: 29805: 28600: 28585: 28329: 28089: 27722: 27682: 27443: 26920: 26859: 26744: 26739: 26661: 26253: 26248: 26165: 25741: 25516: 25299: 24321: 24224: 24074: 22922: 22691: 22271: 22173: 21906: 21350: 21345: 21139: 21112: 21062: 21035: 20909: 20834: 20710: 20535: 20415: 20399: 19885: 19820: 19721: 19670: 19442: 19393: 19378: 19282: 19272: 19252: 19044: 18703: 17600: 16927: 15883:"همکاری نزدیک لاریجانی با دولت در قرارداد 25 ساله با چین- اخبار مجلس و دولت ایران – اخبار سیاسی تسنیم – Tasnim" 11900: 11593: 9347: 9075: 8522:

evidence of the "immoral" monarchy. This also tied the monarchy to the West, which had begun to be regarded in

8366:) and whether its bills can become law – they have more power than equivalent organs in the Shah's government. 8142: 8137:

Israel had relations with Iran under the Shah, but relations were cut on 18 February 1979 when Iran adopted an

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The Shah increasingly felt that he was losing control of the situation and hoped to regain it through complete

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On 16 January 1979, Pahlavi went into exile as the last Iranian monarch by birth, leaving his duties to Iran's

2055: 1230: 28135: 27756: 27744: 22591: 22321: 21832: 21604: 20844: 20839: 20343: 19114: 19054: 16868: 11787: 11243: 9095: 9036: 8377: 7127: 4063:." Many western media outlets, usually critical of such claims, became one of Khomeini's most powerful tools. 3327:, which he believed most Iranians had become prejudiced against as a result of propaganda campaign by Western 2902: 2548:. The clergy first showed itself to be a powerful political force in opposition to the monarchy with the 1891 2396: 28535: 28463: 28140: 27773: 27727: 27687: 27288: 27195: 27047: 27042: 26943: 26935: 26895: 26786: 23869: 22884: 22837: 22601: 22524: 22256: 21097: 21006: 20985: 20870: 20569: 20010: 19993: 19900: 19875: 19731: 19639: 19629: 18443: 16554: 15856: 14782: 9090: 8857: 8471: 8363: 7840: 7803:

Shariatmadari was "demoted" from the rank of Grand Ayatollah and many of his clerical followers were purged.

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and to negotiate rather than to use force against the still-nascent protest movement: he promised that fully

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as progress that was the basis of the Shah's secular reign, and to form the ideology of the 1979 revolution:

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Angered, Bakhtiar made a speech of his own. Reaffirming himself as the legitimate leader, he declared that:

3276:

rather than to replace him with a theocracy, but lacked the cohesion and organization of Khomeini's forces.

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Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Why has Islamic Government not been established?

9080: 8302: 7795: 7471: 7322: 7285: 7205: 7165: 7067: 7062: 5876: 4345: 3706: 3600: 3418:" campaigns—fining and jailing merchants for high prices – angered and politicized merchants while fueling 3306: 3273: 2226:, he remained the Shah of Iran for 26 years, keeping the country from swaying towards the influence of the 505: 432: 253: 20339: 16275: 14433: 4270:. Protesters frequently went out at night, defying the set curfew, often taking to rooftops and shouting " 3663:, yet there were instances of inexperienced soldiers reacting excessively, inflaming the violence without 3572:

On 18 February, 40 days after the Qom protests, demonstrations broke out in various different cities. The

2755:

grew in size and influence and the Iranian Army had to deal with Soviet-sponsored separatist movements in

29785: 29780: 29740: 29553: 29478: 29066: 28914: 28806: 28493: 28202: 26885: 26507: 25465: 25450: 25408: 24936: 24509: 24256: 24251: 23874: 23346: 23341: 23058: 22736: 22464: 22209: 22168: 22112: 22015: 21896: 21854: 21759: 21284: 21238: 21144: 21087: 21057: 20953: 20364: 20358: 20309: 20120: 19950: 19829: 19454: 16522: 10666: 9378: 8396:, imprisonment of dissidents, and the murder of prominent critics have been made by human rights groups. 8294: 8150: 8123: 7861: 7688: 7396: 7057: 5146: 4626: 3854: 3794: 3137:

In this interim period of "disaffected calm," the budding Iranian revival began to undermine the idea of

2890: 2830:, who sympathized with nationalist movements like Mosaddegh's and had nothing but contempt for old-style 2729: 2692: 2092: 2080: 919: 490: 18385:

by Ted Grant, "In Defence of Marxism" website, International Marxist Tendency (Friday, 9 February 1979).

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camps, bathhouses and coffee houses. In the early Safavid era (1501–1723), male houses of prostitution (

4098:) as the public spokesmen of the opposition, and never spoke to the media of his intentions to create a 29810: 29413: 29341: 29316: 29291: 28677: 28369: 28359: 27807: 27750: 27396: 27273: 27253: 27037: 26801: 26698: 26646: 26641: 26534: 26310: 26202: 26150: 26145: 26038: 25794: 25689: 25470: 25371: 25320: 25289: 24720: 24306: 23711: 22932: 22917: 22907: 22761: 22361: 21849: 21652: 21419: 21149: 20579: 20040: 19905: 19373: 19151: 19049: 17265: 17051:"Political Risk to Investment in Iran: Sanctions, Inflation, Protectionism, War, Bonyads, and the IRGC" 16222: 15570: 12506: 8600: 7843:(or MEK) – were being suppressed by Khomeini's forces. Khomeini attacked the MEK, referring to them as 7160: 6861: 6532: 5796: 5449: 5263: 5070: 4432: 4129:

nearly suffered the same fate. The event became known to foreign observers as "The Day Tehran Burned."

4021: 3668: 3493: 3212:, mosque sermons, and smuggled cassette speeches by Khomeini among his opposition network of students ( 2801: 2688: 2443: 2208: 2204: 2050: 2011: 18407: 18265: 17204: 10727: 9935: 9397: 7839:

At the same time, erstwhile revolutionary allies of Khomeini – the Islamist modernist guerrilla group

4666:

of Islam ... Revolt against God's government is a revolt against God. Revolt against God is blasphemy.

4368:

effectively policed the gathering, and protesters who attempted to initiate violence were restrained.

3736:, the Shah's policy appeared to have worked, leading Amuzegar to declare that "the crisis is over." A 2845:

as U.S. president in November 1952 changed the American stance toward the conflict. This, paired with

29775: 29765: 29683: 28836: 28737: 28635: 27911: 27895: 27890: 27458: 27418: 27278: 27226: 27082: 27017: 26867: 26703: 26676: 26609: 26389: 26207: 26180: 26113: 25911: 25719: 24801: 24147: 23940: 23816: 23761: 23581: 22569: 22276: 21837: 21449: 21366: 20902: 20683: 20274: 20044: 19825: 19751: 19613: 19588: 19511: 19262: 19161: 19104: 18516: 18413: 15656:

Halliday, Fred (Spring 1994). "An Elusive Normalization: Western Europe and the Iranian Revolution".

15409: 15275: 15239: 12450: 11591:"Dah Šab – Zehn Literaturabende in Teheran 1977: Der Kampf um das Monopol literarischer Legitimität." 9316: 9046: 8619:, liberalism and nationalism. Following the death of Ayatollah Boroujerdi, some of the scholars like 8413: 8218: 8109: 8099: 8095: 7977:) had consistent contact. Contact ended in June 1981 after fear of offending the Iranian Government. 7771:

attacked the protesters, and shortly after, a warrant was issued for the arrest of the NDF's leader.

7170: 7137: 7037: 7032: 6702: 6319: 5968: 5923: 5228: 4834: 4823: 4323: 4312: 4292: 4207: 3615: 3604: 3175:'s popularized retellings of the Shia faith all spread and gained listeners, readers and supporters. 2782: 2776: 2669: 1992: 1896: 1155: 18020:

A Time to Betray: The Astonishing Double Life of a CIA Agent Inside the Revolutionary Guards of Iran

15794: 15335: 13233: 11179: 9731:

Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present

4629:

in southern Tehran, he declared a provisional revolutionary government, appointed opposition leader

3744:

As a sign of easing of government restrictions, three prominent opposition leaders from the secular

29296: 29056: 28939: 28934: 28894: 28856: 28615: 28419: 28295: 27641: 27170: 27100: 27092: 26796: 26781: 26713: 26689: 26561: 26529: 26448: 26305: 26290: 26217: 26193: 26065: 26033: 25959: 25683: 25177: 24791: 24351: 24311: 23566: 23133: 22396: 22286: 22040: 21584: 20394: 20184: 20064: 20015: 19987: 19850: 19388: 19302: 19031: 18003: 17174: 17144: 17114: 12203: 11373: 10403:

The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East

9012: 8845: 8103: 8067: 7957: 7880: 7562: 7400: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7087: 6662: 6065: 4634: 3261: 3229: 2113: 2075: 2070: 2060: 849: 482: 29373: 23306: 15857:"The new power couple: Russia and Iran in the Middle East – European Council on Foreign Relations" 15155: 10974: 10824: 10722: 6442: 4553: 3580:, which descended into a full-scale riot. "Western" and government symbols such as cinemas, bars, 3564:) are held 40 days after a person's death. Encouraged by Khomeini (who declared that the blood of 29693: 28553: 28290: 28275: 27931: 27870: 27646: 27580: 27375: 27298: 27258: 27200: 27022: 26708: 26441: 26212: 25952: 25575: 24434: 24346: 24341: 24301: 24231: 22796: 22741: 22726: 22666: 22474: 22454: 22214: 21891: 21496: 21040: 20625: 20599: 20590: 20460: 20420: 20024: 19960: 19920: 19655: 19506: 19363: 19322: 18580: 18457: 17439: 15658: 15565: 14490: 9742: 9374: 8585: 8581: 8321: 8222: 8162:

with China that includes "political, strategic and economic" components between the two nations.

7864:", and 20,000 teachers and nearly 8,000 military officers deemed too westernized were dismissed. 7571: 7497: 7487: 7220: 7210: 7175: 6891: 6537: 6128: 6040: 5866: 4841: 4601:

Video of people welcoming Ayatollah Khomeini in the streets of Tehran after his return from exile

4462:, this resulted in the United States effectively helping to facilitate Khomeini's rise to power. 4067: 3415: 2818: 2641: 2633: 2553: 2431: 2305: 1638: 1394: 975: 457: 211: 24459: 21699: 16380: 13938: 13810: 13659: 13643: 5598: 3358: 2203:, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions. The ousting of Pahlavi, the last 29770: 29755: 29745: 29321: 29204: 28861: 28851: 28724: 28374: 28285: 28280: 28265: 27936: 27626: 26470: 26453: 26429: 25981: 25964: 25940: 25499: 24875: 24589: 24514: 24371: 24281: 24219: 24037: 24009: 23586: 23090: 22484: 22158: 21634: 21394: 21389: 21182: 21016: 20715: 20354: 20095: 20050: 19774: 19736: 19464: 19220: 14806:"Onderzoekers lanceren online database over de grootste massamoord uit de Iraanse geschiedenis" 13954: 9734: 9441: 8814: 8566: 8115: 8039: 7822: 7230: 7215: 6747: 6682: 6231: 6221: 6158: 5741: 5152: 4976:

dignitaries do not want to rule." However, nobody could deny the unanimous central role of the

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learnt lessons from the honourable ladies of Iran ...You are in the vanguard of the movement."

4693: 4686: 4420: 3269: 3225: 3130: 3050: 2438:, and inflation. The Shah was perceived by many as beholden to—if not a puppet of—a non-Muslim 2313: 2298: 2274: 2266: 1955: 1458: 932: 500: 367: 266: 25428: 23796: 18298: 15618: 15540: 14012: 13970: 13535:, but also "Fedayins and Kurds as well as Tudeh, National Front, and Shariatmadari supporters" 13520:

The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History

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Forty days later, on 29 March, demonstrations were organized in at least 55 cities, including

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Kabalan, Marwan J. (2020). "Iran-Iraq-Syria". In Mansour, Imad; Thompson, William R. (eds.).

9201: 8977: 8545: 8186: 7946: 7872: 7505: 7275: 7097: 6911: 6792: 6404: 6384: 6294: 6138: 6020: 5814: 5633: 5439: 4697: 4280: 4078: 3887: 3745: 3694: 3585: 3539: 3309:—first remained aloof from politics and then came out in support of a democratic revolution. 3090: 3083: 3024: 2838:

to be closed in October 1952, forcing all British diplomats and agents to leave the country.

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Regency Council was practically dissolved on 22 January 1979, when its head resigned to meet

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The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran

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114 billion in 1980 to $ 858 billion in 2010. GDP per capita (PPP) has grown from

4066:

In addition, the media coverage eroded the influence of other, more moderate clergy such as

3414:—all other parties were banned. That party's attempt to fight inflation with populist "anti- 2628:

Insecurity and chaos created after the Constitutional Revolution led to the rise of General

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Burns, Gene (1996). "Ideology, Culture, and Ambiguity: The Revolutionary Process in Iran".

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Islamic discourse as immoral due to "...female nudity and open adult male homosexuality.".

8483: 8389: 8313: 8204:, it has been noted that the "press was largely favorable towards the new government"; the 8182: 7696: 7583: 7260: 7002: 6941: 6304: 6226: 6133: 6100: 5731: 5638: 5510: 5075: 4853: 4111: 3926: 3858: 3761: 3573: 3551: 3097:, to American government personnel in Iran. In November 1964, Khomeini was re-arrested and 2842: 2416: 2294: 2065: 494: 462: 249: 107: 24489: 17571:"Khomeini's Face is in the Moon: Limitations of Sacredness and the Origins of Sovereignty" 16963: 9114:

According to Kurzman, scholars writing on the revolution who have mentioned this include:

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judge. By January 1980 "at least 582 persons had been executed." Among those executed was

2281:, following an invitation by the government; several thousand greeted him as he landed in 8: 29698: 29548: 29528: 29463: 28404: 28255: 28099: 27951: 27355: 26589: 26404: 26093: 25926: 25585: 25263: 25148: 24698: 24584: 24105: 23806: 23721: 23716: 23616: 23479: 23276: 23160: 23075: 22963: 22816: 22811: 22791: 22776: 22686: 22681: 22586: 22519: 22509: 22421: 22416: 22406: 22306: 22246: 22219: 22045: 22030: 22000: 21978: 21764: 21754: 21481: 21404: 21374: 21358: 20973: 20294: 19983: 19716: 19608: 19207: 19202: 19166: 19099: 18948: 18636: 18357: 15691: 15305: 13386:"Iran: 25th Anniversary Of Islamic Revolution Commemorated Amid Serious Political Crisis" 13282: 11366: 10407: 8997: 8534: 8487: 8309: 7818: 7783: 7673: 7616: 7609: 7598: 7419: 7235: 7180: 7102: 7012: 6901: 6414: 6196: 6186: 6181: 6070: 5911: 5861: 5055: 4939: 4927: 4447: 4071: 3973: 3881: 3789:

A series of escalating protests broke out in major cities, and deadly riots broke out in

3760:—were allowed to pen an open letter to the Shah demanding that he reign according to the 3640: 3395: 3383: 3283: 3094: 2973: 2866: 2752: 1798: 1668: 1097: 893: 540: 397: 271: 22661: 22574: 16306:"Large number of Iranian prisoners to be pardoned for revolution anniversary – Khamenei" 8281: 7664:

was banned in August 1979, the provisional government was disempowered in November, the

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Pictures of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after the revolution, Shah and wife in Morocco

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Source: Letter from Amnesty International to the Shaul Bakhash, 6 July 1982. Quoted in

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government of South Africa were completely severed following Khomeini's rise to power.

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Workers and Working Classes in the Middle East: Struggles, Histories, Historiographies

4155:

The same day, the Shah made a speech on Iranian television. He referred to himself as

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Parsi, Arsham (2014). "Iranian Queers and Laws: Fighting for Freedom of Expression".

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Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/3: Iran II. Iranian history–Iran V. Peoples of Iran

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Iran is currently one of the world's only jurisdictions to actively execute gay men.

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The Islamic Republic changed the foreign policy of the Pahlavi dynasty by supporting

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movement by both the Shah's reign—who considered them a minor threat compared to the

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Islamic Values and World View: Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics

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supported the left, while perhaps the most senior and influential ayatollah in Iran—

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Imam Khomeini life, thought and legacy: essays from an Islamic movement perspective

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the decline in supply slightly there was still a 10 percent drop in available oil.

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Slideshow with audio commentary of the legacy of Islamic revolution after 30 years

17581:. Vol. 6: Helden – Heroisierungen – Heroismen. Würzburg: Ergon. pp. 229–244. 17574: 16692:

My Sister, Guard Your Veil, My Brother, Guard Your Eyes: Uncensored Iranian Voices

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At the same time, events that made up both the crisis and its resolution were the

4692:

On 9 February, a rebellion of pro-Khomeini air force technicians broke out at the

3983:," which gave him a pretext to reject any further compromise with the government. 3772: 3291: 3272:. They were based in the urban middle class, and wanted the Shah to adhere to the 2826:

decided on a coup after being refused American military support by U.S. President

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Iranian Jews in Israel: Between Persian Cultural Identity and Israeli Nationalism

16130: 15943:"Iran stresses deepening of the 25-year bilateral cooperation program with China" 14066: 13558: 13475: 13443: 13325: 13289: 13212: 12621: 12528: 12130: 11597: 11186: 10916: 10858: 10786: 10747: 9895: 9843: 9689: 9555: 9420: 9405: 9385: 9355: 9255: 9247: 8982: 8919: 8826: 8562: 8557: 8505: 8464: 8317: 7974: 7646: 7630: 7441: 7350: 7042: 7027: 6667: 6547: 6507: 6482: 6462: 6409: 6394: 6246: 6241: 6110: 6105: 6095: 6050: 6025: 5958: 5891: 5696: 5656: 5593: 5424: 5334: 5258: 5103: 5098: 5060: 4967:. Khomeini told questioners that "the religious dignitaries do not want to rule". 4751: 4722: 4564: 4296: 3840: 3820: 3802: 3466: 3435: 3411: 3403: 3379: 3368: 3164: 3000: 2977: 2969: 2827: 2797: 2653: 2549: 2545: 2533: 2482: 2451: 2406: 2338:

as a core objective, post-revolutionary Iran aimed to undermine the influence of

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The commandment of Ayatollah Khomeini for Bazargan and his sermon on 5 February.

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On 11 December, a dozen officers were shot dead by their own troops at Tehran's

4020:

Hoping to break Khomeini's contacts with the opposition, the Shah pressured the

3732:

protests to be carried out as a one-day stay. Although tensions remained in the

3014:

What the Shah did not expect, however, was that the White Revolution led to new

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The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Islamic Revolution

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Bakhtiar's premiership and Ayatollah Khomeini's return (January–February, 1979)

4440: 4248: 4177: 4087: 4004: 3904: 3679: 3649: 3636: 3527: 3458: 3371:. "Iran jumped overnight from the Muslim year 1355 to the royalist year 2535." 3320: 3265: 3138: 3059: 3020: 3015: 2992: 2985: 2882: 2623: 2557: 2497: 2486: 2215: 1848: 1528: 1508: 1448: 1084: 995: 732: 216: 18483: 18478: 18101:

Iran Erupts: Independence: News and Analysis of the Iranian National Movement.

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and gave it control over elections as well as laws passed by the legislature.

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All Iranians were required to join and pay dues to a new political party, the

3312:

Khomeini worked to unite this opposition behind him (except for the unwanted '

3298:—was leftist Islamist and opposed the influence of the clergy as reactionary. 41:"1979 Revolution" redirects here. For the video game based on the events, see 29734: 29652: 29616: 29523: 29111: 29086: 29081: 29036: 29031: 29021: 29016: 28996: 28981: 28043: 27941: 27850: 27768: 27105: 26828: 26519: 26023: 25222: 24890: 24765: 24686: 24681: 24549: 24534: 24479: 24449: 24361: 24176: 24159: 24120: 23945: 23791: 23686: 23651: 23636: 23596: 23138: 22968: 22706: 22616: 22479: 22459: 22346: 22107: 22085: 22050: 21629: 21624: 21579: 21501: 21461: 21210: 21047: 20746: 20650: 20635: 20605: 20550: 20430: 20385: 20334: 20304: 19007: 18901: 18866: 18588: 18488: 18431: 18333: 18314: 18197: 16762: 16155: 15433: 15359: 13918: 13588: 12692: 11838: 10402: 9620: 8763: 8431: 7779: 7634: 7117: 6951: 6921: 6831: 6737: 6732: 6707: 6687: 6527: 6399: 6374: 6349: 6334: 6324: 6309: 6264: 6030: 6006: 5856: 5771: 5756: 5706: 5691: 5623: 5608: 5534: 5429: 5270: 5207: 4732:

This period, from 1 to 11 February, is celebrated every year in Iran as the "

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This article is about the 1979 revolution. For the 1905–1911 revolution, see

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The Islamic Revolution and the Islamic Republic: Proceedings of a Conference

12762:

US Officials and the Fall of the Shah: Some Safe Contraction Interpretations

12447:

Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001

12132:

Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons From the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War

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American and internal negotiations with the opposition (late December, 1978)

2908:

was removed from power and put under house arrest, while lieutenant general

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History of Undefeated, A few words in commemoration of the 1979 Revolution

18367:

The Seductions of Islamism, Revisiting Foucault and the Islamic Revolution

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Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism

11815:"The Qum Protests and the Coming of the Iranian Revolution, 1975 and 1978" 10229: 9729:. 2009. "Mass Protests in the Islamic Revolution, 1977–79." Pp. 162–78 in 9602: 7970: 7683: 4393: 2766: 811:

Imperial Iranian Army revoked their allegiance to the throne and declared

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and promoted the education of young girls. However, the push-back of the

8028:

Iranian 20 Rials coin – monument of 3rd anniversary of Iranian Revolution

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Bakhtiar invited Khomeini back to Iran, with the intention of creating a

4451: 4188: 3937: 3913: 3809: 3798: 3705:. The government also negotiated with moderate religious leaders such as 3581: 3485: 3387: 3328: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3102: 3008: 2965: 2831: 2748: 2426:

The Shah's regime was seen as an oppressive, brutal, corrupt, and lavish

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The priest and the king: an eyewitness account of the Islamic revolution

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All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror

10279:

Keddie, N. R. (1983). "Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective".

9771: 8913: 8869:, a three-part British documentary series shown in February 2009 on the 7345: 5953: 4291:

After the success of what would become known as a revolution, Ayatollah

3301:

Some important clergy did not follow Khomeini's lead. Popular ayatollah

3151:—that Western culture was a plague or an intoxication to be eliminated; 2312:, and replaced a pro-Western secular and authoritarian monarchy with an 29568: 29146: 28971: 28919: 28687: 27968: 25537: 25059: 24931: 24919: 24755: 24638: 24554: 24137: 24055: 23535: 23246: 23216: 23170: 23085: 23053: 23045: 22988: 22676: 22391: 22080: 21968: 21574: 20110: 19501: 19023: 18991: 18917: 18885: 18695: 18347: 18337: 18214: 18093:

Nafisi, Azar. "Reading Lolita in Tehran." New York: Random House, 2003.

16333:

The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity

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Siddiqui, Abdar Rahman Koya with an introduction by Iqbal, ed. (2009).

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the opposition, and receiving official condemnation from the Shah. The

3557: 3363: 3350: 3168: 2874: 2521: 2517: 2478: 2381: 2355: 2347: 2343: 1964: 1878: 1698: 1678: 1648: 1608: 1568: 1400: 1366: 1286: 1240: 885: 486: 22189: 18211:

Washington, DC: GPO, 1983. JX 1417 A56 1977–80 REF – 67 pages on Iran.

16608: 13699: 13012:

American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945

11318: 10565: 10174:"The religious-ideological reason Iran calls for Israel's destruction" 9412: 8070:

two years after the peace agreement between Iraq and Iran was signed.

3882:

Declaration of martial law and the Jaleh Square Massacre (8 September)

3441:

Also in 1977, the popular and influential modernist Islamist theorist

29327: 24725: 24666: 24648: 24574: 24296: 23831: 23676: 23525: 23498: 23311: 23266: 23175: 23143: 23123: 23115: 22444: 22234: 19236:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

18956: 18933: 18727: 18660: 18628: 17441:

Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: The Pahlavis' Triumph and Tragedy

16438:

Adult education offers new opportunities and options to Iranian women

15942: 12672: 12614:

Oil Crises of the 1970s and the Transformation of International Order

11029:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 198. 9393: 9262:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 243–246. 8439: 8427: 8244: 8226: 8131: 7942: 6777: 6457: 6153: 6045: 5390: 5187: 5007:, whom they later eliminated from Iran's political stage one by one. 4573: 4337: 4236: 4173: 4099: 3531: 3378:

The Shah of Iran (left) meeting with members of the U.S. government:

3279: 3179: 3072: 2886: 2870: 2629: 2607: 2490: 2247: 2243: 1808: 1778: 1768: 1478: 1316: 1174: 392: 179: 25363: 17570: 16935:

International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex association

15913:"ربیعی: برنامه ۲۵ ساله همکاری با چین، شکست انزوای ایران را ثابت کرد" 15566:"The transatlantic and Cold War dynamics of Iran sanctions, 1979–80" 13489:"Iran Chamber Society: The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran" 12684: 12220: 11590: 10468:

The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian mythology and Islamic revolution

10292: 9452:

The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution

8038:

In September 1980, Iraq took advantage of the febrile situation and

4140: 3831:(Parliament) also began issuing resolutions against the government. 2358:, ultimately aiming to achieve an Iranian-led Shia political order. 2258:—claimed by the opposition as having been orchestrated by Pahlavi's 29403: 28365:

Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites

28260: 27470: 25528: 24945: 24828: 24824: 24356: 24209: 24045: 24025: 23410: 23251: 23148: 23023: 22842: 22746: 21886: 21744: 21198: 20894: 20146: 19486: 19368: 18620: 16925: 16124:

Professor Hamid Algar, the Distinguished Shia Muslim Scholar in USA

13833:

Moments of Strength: Iranian Women's Rights and the 1979 Revolution

12919: 12917: 11209: 9429:. 2006. from the original on 29 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2020. 9139:

Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Importance of Islamic Government

8509: 8333: 8205: 8201: 7832: 7767:

Hundreds were injured by "rocks, clubs, chains and iron bars" when

6622: 6379: 6143: 6080: 5370: 5246: 5093: 5035: 4648:

was an advocate of democracy and civil rights. He also opposed the

4518:, 16 January 1979, featuring (on the top) the now-famous headline " 4508: 4497: 4482: 4381: 4266:

from the mosques of southern Tehran) took to the streets, crowding

4232: 4156: 4047:

Ayatollah Khomeini in Neauphle-le-Château surrounded by journalists

3729: 3675: 3596: 3545: 3342:

Several events in the 1970s set the stage for the 1979 revolution.

3038: 2925: 2846: 2741: 2704: 2700: 2505: 2500:, with the Shah playing the role of Husayn's foe, the hated tyrant 2459: 2435: 2373: 2251: 2223: 1628: 1618: 1184: 1071: 99: 22530:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

17332: 14774: 13986:

Richard C. Martín, ed. (2004). "article by Stockdale, Nancy, L.".

8861:, a 2016 video game set in the backdrop of the Iranian Revolution. 8517:) were legally recognized and paid taxes." It was during the late 3031:

pointed out: "The White Revolution had been designed to preempt a

2183:), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the 28578: 27963: 27360: 24902: 24846: 24730: 24402: 24286: 24090: 24050: 23356: 23241: 23231: 23180: 22721: 21466: 20689: 18612: 18271:

The Islamic revolution: 30 years on, its legacy still looms large

14837:"Op zoek naar de verdwenen slachtoffers van de Iraanse revolutie" 13050:"Two Weeks in January: America's secret engagement with Khomeini" 12581:"What Iran's 1979 revolution meant for US and global oil markets" 12204:"Iran's Islamic Revolution: Lessons for the Arab Spring of 2011?" 11150: 11148: 9367: 8694: 8616: 8393: 8286: 8059: 7845: 5355: 5132: 4980:, and the other factions were too small to have any real impact. 4414: 4406: 4365: 3980: 3917: 3790: 3783: 3728:

Against the wishes of Khomeini, Shariatmadari called for 17 June

3718: 3316: 3313: 3238: 3206:

This idea of rule by Islamic jurists was spread through his book

3200: 3004: 2813: 2562: 2501: 2462:

in the hope that the repression by the government might subside.

1818: 1306: 1137: 1127: 1117: 1035: 1008: 28812:

Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act

16136: 12914: 10884:

Dehghan, Saeed Kamali; Norton-Taylor, Richard (19 August 2013).

10098: 8958:

Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

4640: 4043: 3178:

Most importantly, Khomeini preached that revolt, and especially

2947: 2585: 29796:

Conflicts involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran

28700:

Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)

24164: 23424: 23226: 23165: 22100: 20495: 19815: 18644: 18236: 16391: 16061:

The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine

14775:"Rastyad: online database concerning the 1981 Massacre in Iran" 13078: 12953: 12951: 10224:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 491, 505–506. 10152:. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–221. 9595:

U.S. foreign policy in perspective: clients, enemies and empire

8653:

An injured revolutionary during protests against Pahlavi regime

8574: 7799: 7709: 7511: 6299: 5276: 5174: 4881: 4524: 4410: 4361: 4341: 4263: 4240: 4133: 4118: 3941: 3846: 3828: 3786:, bringing a sense of increased religiosity among many people. 3773:

Appointment of Jafar Sharif-Emami as prime minister (11 August)

3722: 3686: 3644: 3624: 3592: 3577: 3565: 3195: 2854: 2677: 2602: 2427: 2335: 2282: 1204: 1107: 113: 25618:

Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)

18501: 16518: 14465:"History of Iran: Iran after the victory of 1979's Revolution" 11571: 11180:"The Last Great Revolution Turmoil and Transformation in Iran" 11145: 10528:

Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891–92

4945: 4388: 4348:, the Shah ordered the release of 120 political prisoners and 28563: 27656: 25580: 25054: 24885: 24291: 24186: 24170: 23909: 23865:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

23371: 23154: 21233: 19353: 18194:

Special volume of Iranian Studies, 1980. Volume 13, nos. 1–4.

17205:"GNI per capita, PPP (constant 2011 international $ ) | Data" 16048:

Iran and Pakistan: Security, Diplomacy and American Influence

15764:"Khamenei says Iran wants removal of Israel state not people" 12485: 12483: 12481: 12479: 11463:

The Last Great Revolution: Turmoil And Transformation in Iran

11417: 11266: 10490: 9592: 8385: 7851: 7435: 5295: 5283: 5235: 5050: 4798: 4547: 4302: 4037: 4025: 3866: 3690: 3489: 3446: 3354: 3125: 2981: 2955:

The White Revolution was a far-reaching series of reforms in

2930: 2681: 2673: 2571: 2540: 2470: 2259: 1012: 387: 17275:. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund. p. 15. 15410:"A battle of principles: South Africa's relations with Iran" 13761:"The role of women in the victory of the Islamic revolution" 13715: 13713: 13711: 13709: 12948: 11429: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9630: 8344:

have had to flee Iran since the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

4105: 3960:

by the opposition, brought the opposition death toll to 89.

297:

Massive exile that characterizes a large portion of today's

28033: 27542: 25836: 23994: 23449: 23331: 21223: 21167: 20799: 19133: 18596: 18532: 18218:

The Near East Since the First World War: A History to 1995.

18053:. Vol. LIV, no. 44 (published 18 December 1978). 15973:"Gov't Approves 25-Year Roadmap for Iran-China Cooperation" 15828:"Russia and Iran Put on a Show of Unity — Against the U.S." 15512: 15500: 15059: 15049: 15047: 14876: 14874: 14751: 14344: 14342: 14305: 14303: 13880: 13878: 13876: 13874: 13872: 13870: 13123:"'A Darker Horizon': The Assassination of Shapour Bakhtiar" 12344:. Vol. LIV, no. 44 (published 18 December 1978). 11407: 11405: 11095: 10035: 8308:

in government. Criticisms have been raised with regards to

8233: 4977: 4915: 4680:

Armed battles and collapse of the monarchy (February, 1979)

4540: 4252: 4029: 3199:

law and in so doing eliminate poverty, injustice, and the "

3007:

in the countryside, and hoped to sever their ties with the

2991:

The Shah advertised the White Revolution as a step towards

2960: 2956: 2661: 2645: 2494: 2192: 1025: 28183:

Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani

17266:"Regional Economic Outlook – Middle East and Central Asia" 16463: 14385: 14189: 14153: 14101: 13857: 13855: 13790: 13788: 13786: 13538: 13446:

IranianVoice.org, 8 August 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar

13343: 13240: 12476: 12409: 12399: 12397: 11615: 11484: 11333: 11278: 10665:. American Values Projected Abroad. Vol. 13. Lanham: 10502: 10346: 9287:

Chalcraft, John (2016). "The Iranian Revolution of 1979".

4918:

was in a "revolutionary crisis mode." After the system of

4900:

information, symbols and context which should be studied.

4844:

women in the Tehran Ashura Demonstration, 11 December 1978

3990: 3185:

Away from public view, Khomeini developed the ideology of

2504:. Other factors include the underestimation of Khomeini's 28489:

United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil

23904: 23884: 23879: 20111:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

18378:"The Religious Background of the 1979 Revolution in Iran" 16745:

In the eye of the storm: women in post-revolutionary Iran

15148:"Man of the Year: The Mystic Who Lit The Fires of Hatred" 14984: 14948: 14409: 14363: 14361: 14359: 14357: 14128: 14124:. Washington DC: Middle East Institute. pp. 101–124. 14040: 14038: 13706: 13478:

IranianVoice.org 8 August 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar

13127: 11345: 11160: 11067: 11055: 10947: 10334: 10076: 10074: 9627: 8870: 4813: 4610: 3737: 3484:. He mysteriously died at midnight on 23 October 1977 in 3429:, by granting amnesty to some prisoners and allowing the 2740:

as Shah. Iran remained under Soviet occupation until the

2691:. On the other hand, during the early rise of Reza Shah, 28715:

Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections

28621:

December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria

17920:

Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and its Consequences

17650:

Reconstructed lives: women and Iran's Islamic revolution

16991:"Trump and Gay Rights The Future of the Global Movement" 16611:"A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Baha'is of Iran" 15071: 15044: 15008: 14972: 14960: 14871: 14548: 14339: 14300: 14276: 14228: 13896: 13867: 11603: 11402: 11226: 11224: 10604:

The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran

10358: 9795:

Shocks and Rivalries in the Middle East and North Africa

9759:

The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran

9289:

Popular Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East

8762:

People accompanying Ayatollah Khomeini from Mehrabad to

8708:

Shah visiting Bakhtiar cabinet before his exit from Iran

8062:

must fall and must be replaced by an Islamic republic".

7734:), "espionage", "terrorism", or "enmity against Allah" ( 5003:

by exploiting temporary allies such as Mehdi Bazargan's

4032:, instead moving to a house bought by Iranian exiles in 2711:

Anglo-Soviet invasion and Mohammad Reza Shah (1941–1951)

2687:

In 1935, dozens were killed and hundreds injured in the

2254:. In August 1978, the deaths of about 400 people in the 28148:

Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights

17333:

Samih K. Farsoun; Mehrdad Mashayekhi (7 January 1993).

15020: 14996: 14938: 14936: 14911: 14909: 14859: 14693: 14427: 14014:

Class, Politics, and Ideology in the Iranian Revolution

13852: 13783: 12981: 12394: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12262: 11941:

British Diplomacy and the Iranian Revolution, 1978–1981

10637: 10047: 10013:"October 14th, 2019 | Vol. 194, No. 15 | International" 3853:

movie theatre and set it on fire. In what would be the

2767:

Mosaddegh and The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (1951–1952)

2454:

earlier in the decade. When President Carter enacted a

28832:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

26904:

Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus

20797: 18410:

By Mansoor Hekmat, Communist Thinker and Revolutionary

18305:

an audio program featuring the pre-Revolutionary elite

18140:

Iran After the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State.

17806:. Translated by Carol Volk. Harvard University Press. 16781: 16769: 14921: 14717:

Nasiri, Shahin; Faghfouri Azar, Leila (28 July 2022).

14640: 14628: 14560: 14354: 14315: 14288: 14264: 14240: 14035: 13930: 13928: 13252: 12464: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12242: 11535: 11441: 10998:

Liberal Nationalism in Iran: The failure of a movement

10699:

Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran

10382: 10071: 10059: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9912: 9317:"Islamic Revivalism and the Quest for Political Power" 9252:"IRAN ii. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period (page 6)" 9196:

opposition included some clerics, including Ayatollah

8217:

After Khomeini claimed that Americans were behind the

8208:

parties were even more enthusiastic; while the ruler,

6979: 4789:

Ayatollah Khomeini's rhetoric on women's participation

4500:

giving a speech after arranging a press-conference at

4187:

However, the government still continued the policy of

4015: 3896:

Demonstration of 8 September 1978. The placard reads:

3861:

in the US in 2001, 422 people inside the theatre were

3767: 3245: 2789:

pledged to throw the company out of Iran, reclaim the

2552:. On 20 March 1890, the long-standing Iranian monarch 2187:

in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the

29185:

Academic relations between Iran and the United States

28842:

United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran

18063:

Middle East Contemporary Survey: Volume III, 1978–79.

17966:. Miami, FL: Florida International University Press. 17539:

Reinventing Khomeini: the struggle for reform in Iran

17497:

Women of Iran: the conflict with fundamentalist Islam

17089:"Iran: 5. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" 16417:"National Literacy Policies/Islamic Republic of Iran" 16003:"برنامه ۲۵ ساله همکاری‌های جامع ایران و چین تصویب شد" 14664:

Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic

12647:"The importance of the oil workers' strike in Iran |" 12610:"The Oil Crises of the 1970s and the Global Cold War" 12331: 12329: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12046:

Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic

11559: 11496: 11390: 11221: 10625: 10613: 10433: 10421: 10307: 10199:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 241. 10195:

Nasr, Vali (2006). "The Battle for the Middle East".

10086: 9900: 9472: 9470: 8580:

Since the revolution Iran's GDP (PPP) has grown from

8492:

Homosexuality has a long history in pre-modern Iran.

7988: 7825:(IRP) – the controlling power in the new parliament. 7749: 7387:

The most important bodies of the revolution were the

4685:

with members of the government (including the entire

4202: 4125:

was partially burned and vandalized as well, and the

3359:

changing the first year of the Iranian solar calendar

3108: 2317: 2316:

Islamist theocratic monarchy based on the concept of

2178: 2153: 64:

A request that this article title be changed to

29250:

Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America

28178:

Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei

26615:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

26367: 26119:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

18151:

All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran.

17740:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

17475:

Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran

16007:خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency 15093:

The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari

15032: 14933: 14906: 14716: 14616: 14505: 14397: 14373: 14327: 14252: 14177: 14165: 13331: 13264: 12365:

The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order

12317: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12301: 12299: 11547: 11523: 11133: 10883: 8881: 8285:

People celebrating anniversary of the revolution in

7901:) assassinated an important lieutenant of Khomeini, 4472: 4235:, to culminate with massive protests on the days of 4214:

in the Tehran Ashura demonstration, 11 December 1978

3944:

was established. Tehran's martial law commander was

3801:

was declared in the city on 11 August as symbols of

3584:, and police stations were set ablaze. Units of the 3569:

consolidated as a coordinated protest organization.

3155:'s vision of Islam as the one true liberator of the 2664:

with Western ones and the forbidding of traditional

2493:

Khomeini as following in the footsteps of the Shi'a

2293:, the new government began drafting the present-day 28395:

Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner

18220:

London: Longman, 1996. Chapter 13: Iran, 1960–1989.

18209:

American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977–1980.

18108:

Class and Labor in Iran; Did the Revolution Matter?

16743:Mahnaz., Afkhami; Erika., Friedl (1 January 1994). 16688: 16404:

Iran, the Essential Guide to a Country on the Brink

16165: 16092: 15162: 13455:E. Baqi, 'Figures for the Dead in the Revolution', 13408:"Iran marks 25th anniversary of Islamic revolution" 13363:"Iran marks 20th anniversary of Islamic revolution" 13181:"The Prescott Courier – Google News Archive Search" 12890: 12888: 12239: 11372:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 10445: 9947: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9827: 7958:

Hunger strikes in the H-Block of the HM Prison Maze

7774: 7459:Also enforcing the will of the government were the 4227:

People marching during the Iranian Revolution, 1979

3898:

We want an Islamic government, led by Imam Khomeini

21130:Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 17938: 17647: 17235:"Iran Currency Exchange Rate History: 1975 – 2018" 16926:Aengus Carroll; Lucas Paoli Itaborahy (May 2015). 16672:"Ministers of Murder: Iran's New Security Cabinet" 15532: 13276: 13152: 13079:Saeed Kamali Dehghan; David Smith (10 June 2016). 10463: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9467: 8789:Ayatollah Khomeini before a speech at Alavi school 8451:against these changes, and as activist and writer 8422:International Women's Day Protests in Tehran, 1979 8249:Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq 5010: 4950: 3916:, the holiday celebrating the end of the month of 3908:Demonstration of "Black Friday" (8 September 1978) 3505: 2538:At the end of the 19th century, the Shi'a clergy ( 34:. For the series of reforms launched in 1963, see 28900:Iranian Students Association in the United States 18103:Stanford: Iran-America Documentation Group, 1978. 16543:. Archived from the original on 22 December 2002. 16063:, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group (2008), p. 140 13985: 13383: 12715:"How the BBC helped bring the Ayatollah to power" 12296: 11704: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11694: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11686: 11684: 11000:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 23. 9151:Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas 8336:". Many religious minorities such as Christians, 7956:In February 1981, the Iranian Republic supported 7629:The hostage crisis ended with the signing of the 4999:design for an Islamic republic led by himself as 4504:, France, the day after the departure of the Shah 4413:, many soldiers were returned to their barracks. 4141:Appointment of a military government (6 November) 3133:with pictures of Ruhollah Khomeini in their hands 2980:of forests and pastures; formation of a literacy 29732: 28435:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 23850:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 18389:Class Analysis of the Islamic Revolution of 1979 17091:. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund. 16537:"Iran's unsung rebellion By Syed Saleem Shahzad" 15535:The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict 13755: 13753: 12885: 11898: 11742:. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. p. 41. 11682: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11514: 10995: 10543: 8508:were tolerant towards homosexual behaviour, and 7687:Executed generals of the Imperial Iranian Army: 7608:, invaded the US embassy compound in Tehran and 4522:". The front cover of the same day's edition of 4427:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 3709:, apologizing to him for the raid on his house. 3546:Consolidation of the opposition (February–March) 3500: 3039:Rise and exile of Ayatollah Khomeini (1963–1979) 2465:The revolution that substituted the monarchy of 29404:People executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran 26657:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 26161:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 22287:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 21694:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 19172:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 17336:Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic 17082: 17080: 17014: 17012: 16811: 16809: 16609:Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (2007). 16111:The soul of Iran: a nation's journey to freedom 15620:Historical dictionary of British foreign policy 15182:"Iranian Revolution: Arafat and the Ayatollahs" 14430:"Iranian Government Constitution, English Text" 13215:, ABC Evening News for Monday, 15 January 1979. 12547: 12445:Jones, Milo L., and Philippe Silberzahn. 2013. 10457: 10121:International Encyclopedia of Political Science 9882:1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran 9804: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9505: 8953:Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution 8720:People celebrating Shah's exit from the country 8293:Internally, Iran has had some success with the 8118:, which were tightened under the presidency of 8046:, also wanted to annex the Iranian province of 7557:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 7553:1979 Iranian Constitutional Convention election 4288:Shah stepped down from power later that month. 4161:('Master King'), instead of the more grandiose 3055:Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran § Exile 2936: 2368:Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution 576:Turkmen People's Cultural and Political Society 28646:February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 28626:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad 28596:Deportation of Iranian students at US airports 28484:United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq 28173:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush 28085:Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz 28080:Interests Section of Iran in the United States 27349:Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive 27284:2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria 26858: 24823: 19258:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 19157:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 18493: 18065:New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1980. 16816:Afary, Janet; Anderson, Kevin (15 July 2010). 14772: 13981: 13979: 13292:by Michel Foucault, Chicago: University Press. 13047: 12896:"Lakeland Ledger – Google News Archive Search" 12197: 12195: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12183: 10918:Modern Iran Since 1921: The Pahlavis and After 9503: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9485: 8794: 8172:The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution 7542: 7523:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 4770: 4662:. Opposing this government means opposing the 4375: 3936:At midnight on 8 September, the Shah declared 3834: 3086:sources conjectured that just 32 were killed. 2334:. In addition to declaring the destruction of 546:İran communist Party (Marxism-Leninist-Maoism) 29801:History of civil rights and liberties in Iran 29389: 28792:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act 28016: 27525: 26844: 26353: 25819: 25379: 24010: 21183: 20910: 20783: 19040:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 18517: 18373:, vol. 10, no. 1, whole no. 37 (Summer 2004). 18243:"Iran after the victory of 1979's Revolution" 17987:Holy Wars: The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism 17983:"Iran: Revolutionary Fundamentalism in Power" 17689: 17048: 16815: 16742: 15383:"SA condemns sanctions against Iran | SAnews" 14207: 14082: 13750: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12023: 12021: 12019: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12011: 12009: 12007: 12005: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11997: 11995: 11993: 11875:The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D) 11661: 11600:Die Welt des Islams 55, Nr. 1 (2015): 83–111. 11459: 11435: 11215: 11101: 10278: 7949:. The revolution itself was supported by the 7516: 7368: 5976: 4397:A protester giving flowers to an army officer 4329:Tehran Ashura demonstration, 11 December 1978 4172:Military authorities declared martial law in 4012:measures to bring the strikers back to work. 3878:for "setting the fire on the Shah's orders". 3465:, the Iranian Writers Association met at the 2896: 2808:and the United Nations, sent warships to the 2680:off women who resisted his ban on the public 2586:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 2172: 2121: 28910:Organization of Iranian American Communities 27835:2018 attack on the Iranian Embassy in London 27815:2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel 26777:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 26286:Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition 23926:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 21477:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 20116:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 17672:Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution 17175:"GNI per capita (constant 2010 US$ ) | Data" 17077: 17009: 16806: 15336:"South Africa and Iran in the Apartheid Era" 15306:"Reza Shah Pahlavi | Biography | Britannica" 14804:Amsterdam, Universiteit van (21 June 2022). 14004: 13678:International Journal of Middle East Studies 13560:Performing Islam: Gender and Ritual in Islam 13226:"The Khomeini Era: Iran Becomes a Theocracy" 11991: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11519:. Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 285. 11023:"Historiography, class, and Iranian workers" 11020: 10106:International Journal of Middle East Studies 9797:. Georgetown University Press. p. 113. 8610: 7640: 7637:was sworn in as the new American president. 7512:Establishment of Islamic republic government 5518:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 4882:Academic literature on women's participation 4450:, rejecting it outright. Secretary of State 3963: 3655:Iran's security forces had not received any 3635:The Shah decided to continue on his plan of 3476:The chain of events began with the death of 3347:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire 2869:prime minister. The prospect of a fall into 2727:invasion of allied British and Soviet troops 2707:was a student of Sheikh Abdul Karim Ha'eri. 2520:opponents of the government—who thought the 2372:Reasons advanced for the revolution and its 2295:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 81:this article until the discussion is closed. 29265:United States and state-sponsored terrorism 28131:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 27820:2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel 27762:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 27307:Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists 22787:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 19226:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 18484:NIGHT AFTER THE REVOLUTION English Version 17645: 17402:. 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Khomeini immediately blamed the Shah and 3793:where protesters fought for the release of 3260:liberals—the democratic, reformist Islamic 3203:" of Muslim land by foreign non-believers. 141:(1 year, 1 month and 4 days) 29396: 29382: 29260:United States involvement in regime change 29245:Opposition to military action against Iran 28817:Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act 28658:June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 28023: 28009: 27825:2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran 27532: 27518: 26851: 26837: 26767:Opposition to military action against Iran 26360: 26346: 26276:Opposition to military action against Iran 25826: 25812: 25386: 25372: 25198:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 24017: 24003: 23890:United States involvement in regime change 21445:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 21190: 21176: 20917: 20903: 20790: 20776: 19732:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 19594:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 19110:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 18524: 18510: 18161:The Shah's last ride: The death of an ally 17406: 17400:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic 17397: 17376: 17042: 16919: 16803:, University of Cambridge Press, 2000, p76 16734: 16732: 16730: 16728: 16726: 16724: 16722: 16720: 16718: 16716: 16613:. 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Human Dignity Trust. 13 February 2019. 16074:Hezbollah, the Changing Face of Terrorism 15795:"Iran and Russia in 'strategic alliance'" 15623:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, Incorporated. 14803: 14734: 13689: 13312: 13116: 13114: 13112: 13110: 13108: 13106: 12923: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12794: 12522: 12520: 12500: 12498: 12421:Keeping the Faith: Memoirs of a President 12082: 12080: 12078: 11970: 11107: 10147: 9286: 9246: 7879:"if they did not repent". Leaders of the 5820:Liberal and reform movements within Islam 4106:University of Tehran protest (5 November) 3294:." The most powerful guerrilla group—the 3129:Residents of Tehran participating in the 3063:Ayatollah Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini 2527: 2477:is credited in part to the spread of the 2361: 2238:. Due to his opposition to modernization 824:Prime Minister of the Interim Government. 29230:International Conference on Hollywoodism 28456:America can't do a damn thing against us 28075:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran 28065:Ambassadors of Iran to the United States 27033:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 25492:America can't do a damn thing against us 19060:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 18088:Islam and Revolution in the Middle East. 17959: 17820: 17542:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 17535: 17470: 17437: 16801:Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Scepticism 16273: 15718:Bishku, Michael B. (21 September 2010). 15655: 15610: 15294:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 15258:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 15053: 15014: 14966: 14896: 14865: 14834: 14666:. 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University of Texas Press, p. 248 10514: 9149:Marxist guerrillas groups were the 8777:Ayatollah Khomeini in Behesht Zahra 8588:4,295 in 1980 to $ 11,396 in 2010. 6852:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 4910:Aftermath of the Iranian Revolution 4016:Khomeini moves to France (November) 3768:Renewed protests (August–September) 3518:Iran and Red and Black Colonization 3246:Opposition groups and organizations 2793:and free Iran from foreign powers. 2676:. Police forcibly removed and tore 2640:in February 1921. He established a 2346:political ascendancy and exporting 2195:, as the monarchical government of 2173: 2149: 24: 29235:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 29097:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran 28313:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 28188:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 28095:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal 27830:2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute 27662:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 27454:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 27151:January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident 27136:January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike 27013:January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident 26750:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 26735:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 26672:Abha International Airport attacks 26259:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 26244:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 26239:Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry 26176:Abha International Airport attacks 25779:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order 23936:Soviet Union–United States summits 21410:1947 Polish parliamentary election 21295:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 19050:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 18458:The Islamic Revolution in Pictures 18266:The Islamic revolution, Britannica 18192:Islamic Revolution in Perspective. 18045:Kraft, Joseph (10 December 1978). 17879: 17720:The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran 17701:The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran 17125:from the original on 11 March 2019 16944:from the original on 23 April 2019 16867:Fallaci, Oriana (7 October 1979). 15720:"South Africa and the Middle East" 14087:. Johns Hopkins Press. p. 2. 13674:"Women and the Islamic Revolution" 13232:. 12 February 1979. Archived from 12853:Majd, Hooman (12 September 2011). 12505:Byman, Daniel (30 November 2001). 12336:Kraft, Joseph (10 December 1978). 11853:from the original on 14 April 2021 11244:"Mixtape: Cassetternet | Radiolab" 10973:. 11 February 1966. Archived from 10847: 10180:. 21 February 2022. Archived from 9694:. University of California Press. 9597:. London: Routledge. p. 121. 9315:Momayezi, Nasser (November 1997). 8988:History of political Islam in Iran 8689:Current Iranian leader, Ayatollah 8551: 8447:fields in higher education. Women 8262: 8128:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 7989:Persian Gulf and the Iran–Iraq War 7750:Closing of non-Islamist newspapers 5530:Principles of State and Government 5506:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate 4991:Khomeini and his loyalists in the 4963:interviewed by Italian journalist 4560:Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran 4279:The protesters demanded that Shah 4203:Muharram protests (early December) 3925:first time, protesters called for 3721:, where protests were larger, and 3685:As early as the February riots in 3367:to the ascension to the throne by 3115:Ideology of the Iranian Revolution 3109:Ideology of the Iranian Revolution 2324:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist 25: 29832: 28925:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 28905:National Iranian American Council 28868:Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran 28827:Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act 28668:August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 28060:Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C. 27242:2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats 27181:August 2019 Syria missile strikes 26637:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 26459:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain 26141:2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute 25970:Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain 25639:Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini 25461:Council of the Islamic Revolution 25203:Popular Arab and Islamic Congress 22697:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 22632:United States invasion of Grenada 21902:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 21843:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 20121:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 19742:Supreme National Security Council 19568:Persian Constitutional Revolution 19198:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 19105:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 19095:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 18225: 18110:Syracuse University Press. 2006. 18041:, Harvard University Press, 1996. 17945:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 17245:from the original on 29 June 2017 16689:Zanganeh, Lila Azam, ed. (2006). 16525:from the original on 8 July 2017. 16501:"Turkey: Human Development Index" 16427:from the original on 11 May 2011. 16215:"Dialogue with the Islamic World" 15983:from the original on 14 July 2020 15923:from the original on 29 June 2020 15685:Klose, Kevin (9 September 1979). 14847:from the original on 23 June 2022 14536:from the original on 11 July 2022 14475:from the original on 21 May 2010. 13390:Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 13373:from the original on 6 June 2007. 13135:from the original on 9 June 2016. 13120: 13091:from the original on 13 July 2019 12926:"Muharram Protests in Iran, 1978" 11899:Hovsepian-Bearce, Yvette (2015). 9200:, and by secularists such as the 9155:Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas 9057:Persian Constitutional Revolution 8565:has a significant state-owned or 8563:Iran's post-revolutionary economy 8278:but... created a hell on earth." 7951:Palestine Liberation Organization 7592: 5455:List of Islamic political parties 4488:, leaving Iran on 16 January 1979 4473:The Shah leaves (16 January 1979) 4285:Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 3520:" appeared in the national daily 3256:Other opposition groups included 2988:schemes for workers in industry. 2881:) terrified the Dulles brothers. 2812:, and finally imposed a crushing 2699:and created important changes in 2592:Persian Constitutional Revolution 2544:) had a significant influence on 2199:was superseded by the theocratic 571:Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan 516:Confederation of Iranian Students 453:Islamic Association of Physicians 32:Persian Constitutional Revolution 29721:Category:People executed by Iran 29716: 29715: 29428:Politicians and noblemen of the 29354: 29353: 29157:Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees 28479:Disappearance of Robert Levinson 28350:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani 28340:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 28335:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 28042: 28032: 27986: 27985: 27693:British military network in Iran 27551: 27541: 27495: 27494: 27404:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 27161:March 2017 Israel–Syria incident 26981:2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid 26976:2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid 26916:Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries 26814: 26813: 26762:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 26620:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 26605:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 26600:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 26369:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 26323: 26322: 26271:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 26124:2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution 26109:2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 26104:2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests 25845: 25835: 25790: 25789: 25527: 25091: 22772:United States invasion of Panama 22622:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 22262:1971 Turkish military memorandum 22225:Communist insurgency in Thailand 22195:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 22127:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 21954:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 21882:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 21400:Restatement of Policy on Germany 21053:2015 Fitilieh programme protests 20751: 20742: 20741: 19717:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 18023:. New York: simon and schuster. 17891:. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. 17326: 17257: 17227: 17215:from the original on 2 July 2018 17197: 17185:from the original on 1 July 2018 17167: 17137: 17107: 17065:from the original on 18 May 2015 17030:from the original on 13 May 2015 16982: 16956: 16891: 16860: 16833: 16824: 16793: 16682: 16641: 16602: 16561: 16529: 16511: 16493: 16475: 16450: 16409: 16397: 16374: 16349: 16324: 16298: 16267: 16237: 16207: 16177: 16148: 16116: 16104: 16079: 16066: 16053: 16037: 16013:from the original on 2 July 2020 15995: 15965: 15935: 15905: 15875: 15849: 15819: 15786: 15756: 15738:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2010.00457.x 15711: 15678: 15649: 15557: 15524: 15489:. Simon & Schuster. p. 126. 15479: 15440: 15408:Onderco, Michal (2 April 2016). 15401: 15375: 15366: 15298: 15231: 15207:Ozalp, Mehmet (17 August 2021). 15200: 15174: 15154:. 7 January 1980. Archived from 15140: 15114: 15090:Davari, Mahmood (October 2004). 15083: 14886: 14828: 14797: 14680: 14652: 14572: 14517: 14495:. p. 10, New York: Grove Press. 14479: 14457: 14448: 14432:. iranonline.com. Archived from 14201: 14113: 14076: 13890: 13665: 13607: 13581: 13526: 13481: 13400: 13355: 13295: 13218: 13199: 13072: 13041: 13015:. Univ of North Carolina Press. 12936:from the original on 16 May 2015 12707: 12664: 12638: 12573: 12507:"The Rise of Low-Tech Terrorism" 12439: 12362:Hayward, Stephen (9 June 2009). 11931: 11892: 11865: 11760: 11729: 11715:. New York, NY: Hyperion Books. 11583: 11508: 11453: 10835:from the original on 8 June 2019 9216: 9207: 9190: 9181: 9172: 9086:Leftist guerrilla groups of Iran 8926: 8912: 8898: 8884: 8782: 8770: 8755: 8740: 8725: 8713: 8701: 8693:, in a Revolutionary protest in 8682: 8670: 8658: 8646: 8477: 8463:to join him in overthrowing the 8432:mandated the removal of the veil 8176:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 8015: 8003: 7806: 7794:(MPRP) and its spiritual leader 7792:Muslim People's Republican Party 7775:Muslim People's Republican Party 7668:was banned in January 1980, the 7666:Muslim People's Republican Party 7468:Muslim People's Republican Party 7344: 6872:Discourses Concerning Government 5952: 5941: 4833: 4822: 4633:(from the religious-nationalist 4609:-like state in the holy city of 4322: 4311: 4057:British Broadcasting Corporation 4051:Worse for the Shah was that the 3236:), and traditional businessmen ( 2218:, Pahlavi aligned Iran with the 2097: 868: 760: 749: 737: 726: 715: 702: 691: 683: 673: 665: 655: 643: 632: 621: 610: 599: 511:Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran 448:Islamic Association of Engineers 410: 346: 54: 29195:Anti-American sentiment in Iran 28683:2023 Northeastern Syria clashes 28663:July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 28606:June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 28323:February 2019 Warsaw Conference 27269:2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq 27141:May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes 27116:Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh 27055:Projectile attacks from Lebanon 26993:Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh 26971:2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 26552:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen 26056:Saudi-led intervention in Yemen 25868:Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran 25259:Contemporary Islamic philosophy 23492:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 22873:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 22802:Fall of the inner German border 22702:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 22352:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 22342:Spanish transition to democracy 22302:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 21929:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 21435:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 21316:Occupation of the Baltic states 19916:Military equipment manufactured 19482:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 19246:United States withdrawal (2018) 19167:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 18531: 18348:Islamic Revolution: An Exchange 17908:Iran: From Monarchy to Republic 17761:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 17654:. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. 16483:"Iran: Human Development Index" 15687:"Khomeini Denounced By Soviets" 14594:"Iran's Bloody Decade of 1980s" 13840:from the original on 4 May 2016 13305:, vol. 5, p. 31, translated in 12969:from the original on 2 May 2015 12809:Zabir, Sepehr (27 April 2012). 12645:Karim, Matin (15 August 2020). 11357: 11290: 11236: 11196: 11172: 11117:. emadbaghi.com. Archived from 11079: 11014: 10989: 10959: 10908: 10817: 10778: 10739: 10715: 10690: 10649: 10593: 10580: 10537: 10394: 10272: 10259: 10246: 10213: 10188: 10166: 10141: 10112: 10004: 9937:Britannica Student Encyclopedia 9924: 9874: 9786: 9764: 9720: 9586: 9160: 9143: 9131: 9108: 9023:Non-cooperation movement (2024) 8418:Women's rights movement in Iran 8295:governmental promotion of Islam 7960:by Irish Republicans including 7138:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 5011:Organizations of the revolution 4951:Conflicts among revolutionaries 4938:'s Iraq, and the presidency of 4779: 4380:Much of Iranian society was in 4243:, the latter commemorating the 3701:with the more moderate General 3671:in the US also refused to sell 3506:Beginning of protests (January) 3480:, chief aide and eldest son of 443:Islamic Association of Teachers 438:Islamic Association of Students 28802:Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act 28601:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 28586:Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani 28246:United States support for Iraq 28090:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 27723:Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz 27444:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel 26662:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 26166:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 25517:The Satanic Verses controversy 25193:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 24322:Justice and Construction Party 22272:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 21907:Mozambican War of Independence 21346:Indonesian National Revolution 20798:Changes in political power in 20476:modern / contemporary 19722:Expediency Discernment Council 19045:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 19034:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 18558: 18463:Islamic revolution in pictures 18153:New York: Penguin Books, 1986. 17803:The Failure of Political Islam 17383:. Princeton University Press. 16820:. University of Chicago Press. 16460:, Mage publishers, 2002, p. 89 13048:Kambiz Fattahi (3 June 2016). 12859:. W. W. Norton & Company. 12759:Brotons, Jean-Charles (2010). 12671:Ahmed, Ismael (January 1975). 12533:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 12530:Defying the Iranian Revolution 11364:Fischer, Michael M.J. (2003). 9691:The Life and Times of the Shah 9371:. Archived on 31 October 2009. 9339: 9308: 9280: 9240: 9157:(IPFG), and some minor groups. 9076:International rankings of Iran 8221:, student protesters from the 7941:(IRA) in Ireland and the anti- 7492:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran 7073:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 7053:German Revolution of 1918–1919 5005:Provisional Government of Iran 4528:also feature the same headline 4283:step down from power and that 4003:By late October, a nationwide 3538:which was cracked down by the 3121:Islamic fundamentalism in Iran 3067:The post-revolutionary leader— 2995:, and it was a way for him to 2806:International Court of Justice 2598:National Consultative Assembly 2452:OPEC petroleum price increases 833:Head of Revolutionary Council. 827: 818: 805: 792: 13: 1: 28673:2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident 27728:British occupation of Bushehr 27688:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 27548:Iran–United Kingdom relations 27429:Warsaw Middle East conference 27289:2024 Israeli strikes on Yemen 27196:July 2022 Damascus airstrikes 27191:January 2021 Syria airstrikes 27048:Assassination of Ibrahim Aqil 27043:2024 Lebanon pager explosions 27028:2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings 26755:Warsaw Middle East conference 26557:Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict 26264:Warsaw Middle East conference 26061:Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict 25264:Islamic response to modernity 23870:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 22885:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 22838:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 22560:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 22525:Seven Days to the River Rhine 22257:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 21544:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 21472:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 19690:state-sponsorship allegations 19420: 18354:, with reply by Bernard Lewis 18190:Society for Iranian Studies, 18127:, Stein & Day Pub, 1980, 17889:Iran: A Revolution in Turmoil 16747:. Syracuse University Press. 16647:Taheri, Amir (25 July 2005) " 15426:10.1080/14662043.2016.1151168 15352:10.1080/03057070.2016.1201330 15334:Chehabi, H.E. (3 July 2016). 15292:10.1080/03071022.2018.1472884 15274:Bonakdarian, Mansour (2018). 15256:10.1080/03071022.2018.1472884 15238:Bonakdarian, Mansour (2018). 14895:, 20.8.78–21.8.78, quoted in 14736:10.1080/14623528.2022.2105027 13990:. Thomson Gale. p. 357. 12959:"Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini" 11025:. In Lockman, Zachary (ed.). 10785:Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). 10746:Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). 10701:. University of Texas Press. 9848:. Syracuse University Press. 9554:Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). 9228: 8858:1979 Revolution: Black Friday 8388:has been replaced by fear of 8364:Islamic Consultative Assembly 8088:Iran–United Kingdom relations 7746:by the revolutionary courts. 5687:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 4739: 3501:Approaching revolution (1978) 3131:demonstrations of 5 June 1963 2717:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 2632:, the commander of the elite 2240:Khomeini was exiled from Iran 2207:, formally marked the end of 1245: 1209: 1089: 1076: 1053: 1040: 1017: 1000: 950: 937: 924: 911: 898: 477:Liberal Democratic Opposition 44:1979 Revolution: Black Friday 29816:Iran–United States relations 28797:Iran Freedom and Support Act 28782:Iran and Libya Sanctions Act 28516:Detention of American hikers 28440:1980 October Surprise theory 28039:Iran–United States relations 27622:Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1801 27156:April 2015 Qalamoun incident 27065:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 27003:2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt 26513:Iranian intervention in Iraq 26395:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 26019:Iranian intervention in Iraq 25917:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 25601:Khomeini's 8-article command 25481:Engagement with Jimmy Carter 24024: 22863:Fall of communism in Albania 22833:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 22782:Polish Round Table Agreement 22122:1968 Polish political crisis 21939:Eritrean War of Independence 21705:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 21600:East German uprising of 1953 21532:Chinese Communist Revolution 21197: 20147:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 19539: 19448:twin towns and sister cities 18754:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 18631:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 18607:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 18427:Iran: Revolution and Beyond 18342:The New York Review of Books 17782:Women and revolution in Iran 17722:. Harvard University Press. 17703:. Harvard University Press. 17471:Arjomand, Said Amir (1988). 17411:. Columbia University Press. 17380:Iran Between Two Revolutions 16869:"An Interview With KHOMEINI" 16842:Harvard International Review 16356:Cecolin, Alessandra (2015). 16185:"Children of the Revolution" 16009:(in Persian). 21 June 2020. 15949:(in Persian). 24 June 2020. 15919:(in Persian). 23 June 2020. 15539:. Psychology Press. p. 14723:Journal of Genocide Research 14428:Manou & Associates Inc. 14214:. Harvard University Press. 14211:The Trail of Political Islam 14060:Democracy? I meant theocracy 12622:10.5040/9781350416093.ch-001 12135:. Cornell University Press. 10967:"Iran: The White Revolution" 10723:"Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi" 10400:Cooper, Andrew Scott. 2011. 9233: 9198:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 9081:Island of Stability (speech) 8607:2015 Doing Business Report. 7796:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 7472:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 7426:The Revolutionary Guard, or 7323:Republic without republicans 7068:11 September 1922 Revolution 7063:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 4903: 4863:Women's Organization of Iran 4576:on 22 January 1978 issue of 3929:and the establishment of an 3912:The 4th of September marked 3560:customs, memorial services ( 3337: 3307:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 3274:Iranian Constitution of 1906 2937:White Revolution (1963–1979) 2885:was born, in which the only 2873:and a "second China" (after 2160:[ʔeɴɢeˌlɒːbeʔiːɾɒːn] 506:Movement of Militant Muslims 433:Combatant Clergy Association 254:Persian Constitution of 1906 132:– 11 February 1979 7: 29479:Mohammad Reza Ameli Tehrani 28915:United Against Nuclear Iran 28494:Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi 26886:1999 arrest of Iranian Jews 25842:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations 25466:Islamic Revolutionary Court 25409:1963 demonstrations in Iran 24867:Militant Islamism based in 24510:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi 22737:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 22465:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 22210:Corrective Movement (Syria) 22174:New People's Army rebellion 22169:Sino-Soviet border conflict 21897:Angolan War of Independence 21760:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 21640:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 21285:Jamaican political conflict 21058:2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 20938:Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) 20426:Water supply and sanitation 20183: 20157:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 19796: 19216:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 18591:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 18545: 18289:The Story of the Revolution 18061:Legum, Colin, et al., eds. 18039:Memoirs of Shapour Bakhtiar 18037:Habib Ladjevardi (editor), 17646:Isfandiyārī, Hālāh (1997). 17619:Iran, the Illusion of Power 17479:. Oxford University Press. 17438:Amuzegar, Jahangir (1991). 17407:Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). 17398:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). 17377:Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). 16649:Ganji: Iran's Boris YELTSIN 16162:, Norton paperback, p. 156. 12049:. Oxford University Press. 11938:Ali, Luman (19 July 2018). 11770:Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 11647:Ritter, Daniel (May 2010). 11466:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 11436:Khomeini & Algar (1981) 11216:Khomeini & Algar (1981) 11102:Khomeini & Algar (1981) 10667:University Press of America 10464:Hoveyda, Fereydoun (2003). 9321:Journal of Conflict Studies 8877: 8795:Depictions in Western media 8124:European Economic Community 7543:Writing of the constitution 7058:Turkish War of Independence 6980: 5466:Militant Islamism based in 4993:revolutionary organizations 4771:Songs of Iranian Revolution 4376:Revolution (late 1978–1979) 3835:Cinema Rex fire (19 August) 3795:Ayatollah Jalaluddin Taheri 3693:officials in the city as a 3652:and were quickly released. 3452: 2352:aftermath of the revolution 2318: 2201:Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 2179: 2154: 491:Party of the Iranian People 458:Islamic Coalition Societies 10: 29837: 29342:Not for the Faint of Heart 29317:Saint Peter Church, Tehran 29292:American School of Isfahan 29255:State Sponsor of Terrorism 28837:Dames & Moore v. Regan 28678:2022 Erbil missile attacks 28370:Operation Martyr Soleimani 28360:Thirteen revenge scenarios 28330:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 27808:Satanic Verses controversy 27751:Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case 27274:2022 Erbil missile attacks 27254:2012 Cyprus terrorist plot 27038:2024 Haret Hreik airstrike 26860:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 26802:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia 26787:People's Mujahedin of Iran 26745:Arab League–Iran relations 26740:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 26647:2018 Riyadh missile strike 26535:Operation Blow to the Head 26311:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia 26254:Arab League–Iran relations 26249:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 26151:2018 Riyadh missile strike 26039:Operation Blow to the Head 25690:Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini 25321:Political aspects of Islam 24721:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 24307:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami 22933:Sino-Indian border dispute 22762:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 22692:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 22450:1976 Argentine coup d'état 22362:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 22312:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 21996:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 21964:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 21653:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 21420:Asian Relations Conference 19906:Economy of the Middle East 19283:2021–2022 Iranian protests 19273:2019–2020 Iranian protests 19253:2017–2018 Iranian protests 18714:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 18494:Iranian Revolution of 1979 18444:Islamic Revolution, Photos 18207:U.S. Department of State, 17960:Esposito, John L. (1990). 17577:; R. von den Hoff (eds.). 17369: 16458:Inside Iran: Women's Lives 16331:Baumer, Christoph (2016). 14810:Universiteit van Amsterdam 13563:. BRILL. pp. 142–43. 12608:Painter, David S. (2023). 12527:Ganji, Manouchehr (2002). 11767:Harmon, Daniel E. (2004). 10791:. Macmillan. p. 115. 10752:. Macmillan. p. 124. 10281:American Historical Review 10148:R. Newell, Walter (2019). 9363:Islamic Revolution of Iran 9350:." Iran Chamber Society. ( 9153:(OIPFG) and the breakaway 9091:People's Mujahedin of Iran 8639: 8601:Transparency International 8555: 8481: 8411: 8355: 8266: 8169: 8107: 8085: 7992: 7973:(the political arm of the 7917: 7908: 7841:People's Mujahedin of Iran 7810: 7728:People's Mujahedin of Iran 7670:People's Mujahedin of Iran 7644: 7596: 7546: 7520: 7517:Referendum of 12 Farvardin 7485: 7474:, and the secular leftist 7113:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 6862:The Commonwealth of Oceana 5797:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 5450:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 5114:Salafism by country/region 5014: 4907: 4743: 4557: 4539:, the Deputy Commander of 4424: 4409:barracks. Fearing further 3946:General Gholam-Ali Oveissi 3885: 3838: 3549: 3509: 3249: 3191:guardianship of the jurist 3118: 3112: 3048: 3042: 2951:Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2940: 2900: 2897:Iranian coup d'état (1953) 2770: 2714: 2689:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 2644:, deposing the last Qajar 2621: 2589: 2531: 2415:Anger over a short, sharp 2365: 2297:; Khomeini emerged as the 2209:Iran's historical monarchy 288:Hijab for all women by law 171:Exile of Ruhollah Khomeini 40: 29: 29712: 29684:Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani 29666: 29631:Other political opponents 29630: 29607: 29507: 29427: 29409: 29351: 29180:1998 FIFA World Cup match 29172: 28882: 28787:Iran Nonproliferation Act 28738:Maximum pressure campaign 28723: 28636:2021 Erbil rocket attacks 28385: 28233: 28113: 28052: 27982: 27912:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 27904: 27896:Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe 27891:Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht 27843: 27715: 27670: 27614: 27573: 27561: 27491: 27459:Iranian support for Hamas 27384: 27297: 27279:2022 Istanbul terror plot 27227:Operation Outside the Box 27219: 27126: 27091: 27083:Operation Full Disclosure 27063: 27018:Operation Northern Shield 26944:Israeli–Lebanese conflict 26936:Hezbollah–Israel conflict 26934: 26921:Iranian strikes in Israel 26896:2024 Iran–Israel conflict 26894: 26866: 26810: 26727: 26685: 26610:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 26582: 26417: 26390:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 26375: 26319: 26231: 26189: 26114:Execution of Nimr al-Nimr 26086: 25912:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 25897: 25881: 25855: 25787: 25729: 25720:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi 25662: 25609: 25536: 25525: 25401: 25342: 25308: 25277: 25241: 25178:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization 25168: 25101: 25097: 25086: 25032: 24971: 24860: 24839: 24835: 24818: 24779: 24736:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i 24711: 24657: 24626: 24619: 24615: 24602: 24420: 24390: 24277:Freedom and Justice Party 24267: 24202: 24195: 24083: 24036: 24032: 23969: 23918: 23840: 23817:William Appleman Williams 23762:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 23544: 23516: 23465: 23397: 23390: 23324: 23189: 23114: 23044: 23037: 22946: 22893: 22825: 22538: 22277:Bangladesh Liberation War 22267:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 22182: 22154:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 22142:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 21805: 21580:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 21557: 21267: 21205: 20999: 20946: 20930: 20879: 20858: 20827: 20806: 20737: 20703: 20649: 20452: 20443: 20373: 20325: 20257: 20204: 20195: 20191: 20178: 20139: 20131:National Development Fund 20094: 20051:Telecommunications and IT 20045:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 19974: 19871:Foreign direct investment 19816:Bonyad (charitable trust) 19808: 19804: 19791: 19750: 19709: 19551: 19547: 19534: 19428: 19415: 19295: 19162:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 19152:Interim Government (1979) 19131: 19079: 19072: 18968: 18878: 18795: 18786: 18763: 18680: 18573: 18566: 18557: 18553: 18540: 18499: 18075:, Mage Publishers, 2000, 17937:Daniel, Elton L. (2000). 17821:Schirazi, Asghar (1997). 17718:Kurzman, Charles (2005). 17699:Kurzman, Charles (2004). 17675:. Yale University Press. 17536:Brumberg, Daniel (2001). 17423:. Yale University Press. 17055:Journal of Political Risk 16553:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 16443:28 September 2013 at the 16158:. Molavi, Afshin (2005), 15800:. Third World Quarterly. 15584:10.1080/14682740903218854 15453:. Rosen Pub. p. 72. 14085:Iran Since the Revolution 14011:Moaddel, Mansoor (2013). 13691:10.1017/S0020743800052326 12856:The Ayatollah's Democracy 12451:Stanford University Press 12236:, pp. 510, 512, 513. 11831:10.1017/S0145553200012554 11813:Kurzman, Charles (2003). 11515:Gelvin, James L. (2008). 10996:Siavoshi, Sussan (1990). 10863:. John Wiley & Sons. 10220:M. Lüthi, Lorenz (2020). 9390:Vis à Vis Beyond the Veil 9361:Brumberg, Daniel. 2009." 9047:Kurdish Rebellion of 1983 8941:Revolution-related topics 8611:Islamic political culture 8297:, and the elimination of 8219:1979 Grand Mosque seizure 8110:Foreign relations of Iran 7757:National Democratic Front 7662:National Democratic Front 7641:Suppression of opposition 7533:National Democratic Front 7476:National Democratic Front 7286:The Emperor's New Clothes 7038:5 October 1910 revolution 7033:French Revolution of 1848 6056:Liberty as non-domination 5924:Islam and other religions 5877:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi 5396:International propagation 5109:International propagation 4696:. A unit of the pro-Shah 4293:Khomeini returned to Iran 4123:British embassy in Tehran 3964:Reactions to Black Friday 3105:), until the revolution. 2984:; and the institution of 2783:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 2777:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 2736:, and installed his son, 2407:1973 oil revenue windfall 2350:doctrines abroad. In the 788: 780: 775: 594: 589: 338: 333: 235: 205: 194: 157: 145: 120: 105: 97: 92: 29791:20th-century revolutions 29297:Community School, Tehran 29057:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil 28940:National Council of Iran 28935:Kingdom Assembly of Iran 28857:Bank Markazi v. Peterson 28616:2019 K-1 Air Base attack 28531:Strait of Hormuz dispute 28464:Beirut barracks bombings 28420:Operation Credible Sport 28296:Operation Praying Mantis 28136:1953 Iranian coup d'état 27757:1953 Iranian coup d'état 27745:1921 Persian coup d'état 27705:British support for Iraq 27642:Anglo-Russian Convention 27171:Operation House of Cards 26782:Gulf Cooperation Council 26562:Houthi takeover in Yemen 26530:Operation Scorched Earth 26449:2011 Egyptian revolution 26291:Gulf Cooperation Council 26066:Houthi takeover in Yemen 26034:Operation Scorched Earth 25960:2011 Egyptian revolution 25684:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini 25152:(Izetbegović, 1969-1970) 24951:in the Arabian Peninsula 24792:Islamic religious police 24352:Prosperous Justice Party 24312:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan 22592:1980 Turkish coup d'état 22427:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 22397:1978 Somali coup attempt 22357:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 22322:1973 Chilean coup d'état 22147:Revolutionary Government 22041:South African Border War 21833:1960 Turkish coup d'état 21750:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 21605:1953 Iranian coup d'état 21585:1952 Egyptian revolution 21103:2018 university protests 19881:International oil bourse 19646:Ministry of Intelligence 19231:Syrian civil war (2011–) 19055:1921 Persian coup d'état 17906:Barthel, Günter (1983). 17840:Shirley, Edward (1997). 17823:The Constitution of Iran 17690:Khomeini; Algar (1981). 17637:Harney, Desmond (1998). 17579:Sakralität und Heldentum 17339:. Taylor & Francis. 16900:Iran: Islamic Penal Code 16695:. Beacon Press. p. 16154:Akhbar Ganji talking to 16145:, pp. 98, 104, 195. 15209:"The Iranian Revolution" 15137:, Norton, (2006), p. 138 15096:. Taylor & Francis. 13522:. ABC-CLIO. p. 439. 13206:"Demonstrations allowed" 12815:. Taylor & Francis. 12093:. Springer. p. 90. 11878:. Taylor & Francis. 11157:, pp. 215, 264–265. 10921:. Longman. p. 140. 10857:Kinzer, Stephen (2008). 10697:Rajaee, Farhang (2010). 10656:Rajaee, Farhang (1983). 9772:"The Iranian Revolution" 9404:27 February 2009 at the 9384:27 February 2009 at the 9375:Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi 9102: 9037:1953 Iranian coup d'état 9013:Preference falsification 8846:The Septembers of Shiraz 8407: 8378:heretical and subversive 7881:Freedom Movement of Iran 7454:Revolutionary Committees 7405:Revolutionary Committees 7401:Islamic Republican Party 7128:1987 Fijian coups d'état 7088:1952 Egyptian revolution 6066:Political representation 5558:Governance of the Jurist 4652:and US embassy takeover. 4443:-like spiritual leader. 4437:Thinking the Unthinkable 4251:, the third Shia Muslim 3857:in history prior to the 3855:largest terrorist attack 3812:. He decided to appoint 3262:Freedom Movement of Iran 3230:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 2974:enfranchisement of women 2903:1953 Iranian coup d'état 2693:Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi 2556:granted a concession to 2193:Islamic Republic of Iran 483:Freedom Movement of Iran 239:Revolutionaries victory 124:7 January 1978 29694:Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi 28807:Kyl–Lieberman Amendment 28554:Nuclear program of Iran 28291:Operation Nimble Archer 28276:Operation Eager Glacier 27932:Imperial Bank of Persia 27647:Anglo-Persian Agreement 27581:Embassy of Iran, London 27376:2023 Iran drone attacks 27299:Nuclear program of Iran 27259:2012 Burgas bus bombing 27220:International incidents 27201:2023 Damascus airstrike 27023:2019 Beirut drone crash 26926:Israeli strikes on Iran 26569:Second Libyan civil war 26508:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 26442:Qatar diplomatic crisis 26073:Second Libyan civil war 25953:Qatar diplomatic crisis 25747:Death and state funeral 24435:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 24347:Malaysian Islamic Party 24342:National Iraqi Alliance 24302:Islamic Salvation Front 24232:Islamic Defenders Front 22797:Fall of the Berlin Wall 22742:People Power Revolution 22727:Central American crisis 22667:1986 Black Sea incident 22317:1973 Afghan coup d'état 22215:Western Sahara conflict 22026:1966 Syrian coup d'état 21949:1963 Syrian coup d'état 21892:Portuguese Colonial War 21855:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 21620:1954 Syrian coup d'état 21497:Annexation of Hyderabad 21440:1947–1949 Palestine war 21041:2011 Khuzestan protests 20405:scientists and scholars 19911:Milad Tower and complex 19701:Women's rights movement 19696:White Revolution (1963) 19364:Peoples of the Caucasus 18706:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 18599:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 18453:Photos from Kave Kazemi 18258:28 October 2009 at the 18182:10 October 2016 at the 18177:The Islamic Revolution. 17989:. New York: Routledge. 17922:. London: John Murray. 17737:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 17616:Graham, Robert (1980). 17518:Reign of the Ayatollahs 17515:Bakhash, Shaul (1984). 16654:13 October 2006 at the 16189:BBC Radio World Service 16113:By Afshin Molavi p. 225 15887:خبرگزاری تسنیم – Tasnim 15659:The Middle East Journal 15617:Neville, Peter (2013). 14580:Guests of the Ayatollah 14526:"Into the Den of Spies" 14491:Guests of the Ayatollah 13437:"A Question of Numbers" 13151:Huyser, Robert (1986). 12129:Jervis, Robert (2011). 11709:Pahlavi, Farah (2004). 10915:Ansari, Ali M. (2003). 10728:Encyclopædia Britannica 9932:Islamic Republic | Iran 9894:24 October 2014 at the 9743:Oxford University Press 9222:It reached 66% in 2003. 8665:Protests in summer 1978 8504:) that the laws of the 8352:Politics and government 8230:attacked the US embassy 8223:Quaid-e-Azam University 8116:US unilateral sanctions 7488:1979 Khuzestan uprising 7397:Revolutionary Tribunals 7108:1969 Libyan coup d'état 6892:Discourse on Inequality 6041:Consent of the governed 5677:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 4995:implemented Khomeini's 4644:Iranian prime minister 4582:, during the revolution 4346:Ayatollah Shariatmadari 4068:Ayatollah Shariatmadari 3268:, and the more secular 2819:Frankfurter Neue Presse 2744:withdrew in June 1946. 2670:separation of the sexes 2642:constitutional monarchy 2634:Persian Cossack Brigade 2273:, the opposition-based 920:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 18:1979 Iranian revolution 29322:Tehran American School 29205:CIA activities in Iran 28883:Groups and individuals 28862:Certain Iranian Assets 28852:United States v. Banki 28591:Arrest of Meng Wanzhou 28375:2020 Camp Taji attacks 28286:Operation Prime Chance 28281:Operation Earnest Will 28141:Abadan Crisis Timeline 27937:Persian Gulf Residency 27627:Treaty of Paris (1857) 27397:Russia–Hamas relations 26949:South Lebanon conflict 26642:2017–2020 Qatif unrest 26471:First Libyan civil war 26454:2011 Bahraini uprising 26430:Action of June 5, 1984 26146:2017–2020 Qatif unrest 25982:First Libyan civil war 25965:2011 Bahraini uprising 25941:Action of June 5, 1984 25500:Supreme Leader of Iran 24876:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 24590:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab 24515:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 24372:State of Law Coalition 24282:Green Algeria Alliance 23091:Neoclassical economics 22602:Gulf of Sidra incident 22159:1969 Libyan revolution 21850:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 21635:1954 Geneva Conference 21395:Turkish straits crisis 21390:Corfu Channel incident 20716:Anti-Iranian sentiment 20711:Science and technology 20536:Intellectual movements 20416:International rankings 20400:Intellectual movements 19886:International rankings 19379:Heads of state of Iran 19185:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 18746:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 18583:culture (3400–2000 BC) 18421:In pictures and videos 18383:The Islamic Revolution 18321:The Islamic revolution 18315:The Islamic revolution 18309:The Islamic Revolution 18121:Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza 18017:Kahlili, Reza (2010). 17887:Afshar, Haleh (1985). 17779:Nashat, Guity (1983). 17764:. Thomas Dunne Books. 17669:Keddie, Nikki (2003). 17622:. St. Martin's Press. 17421:Iran: A Modern History 17409:History of Modern Iran 16089:Norton, (2006), p. 141 16072:Harik, Judith Palmer, 15447:Karsh, Efraim (2009). 14208:Kepel, Gilles (2002). 14083:Zabih, Sepehr (1982). 14065:25 August 2010 at the 13900:In the shadow of Islam 11819:Social Science History 11596:15 August 2021 at the 11460:Wright, Robin (2000). 11218:, pp. 52, 54, 80. 11204:Theology of Discontent 9842:Milani, Abbas (2008). 9379:The Islamic Revolution 9120:Michael M. J. Fischer; 9096:Persecution of Baháʼís 8815:Iranian hostage crisis 8747:Ayatollah Khomeini at 8498:Outlines of Scepticism 8414:Women's rights in Iran 8290: 8158:. Iran also began its 7836: 7823:Islamic Republic Party 7787: 7786:and Ayatollah Khomeini 7765: 7699: 7656: 5742:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 5153:Islamic fundamentalism 4973:Islamic fundamentalist 4968: 4754:, a researcher at the 4750:Some sources (such as 4709: 4694:Doshan Tappeh Air Base 4677: 4668: 4653: 4602: 4583: 4529: 4505: 4489: 4398: 4228: 4215: 4195:and former SAVAK head 4048: 3976: 3909: 3901: 3782:Islamic holy month of 3628: 3399: 3226:Mohammad-Javad Bahonar 3134: 3064: 3051:Movement of 15 Khordad 2952: 2636:who seized power in a 2582:influence among them. 2528:Tobacco Protest (1891) 2362:Background (1891–1977) 2326:), straddling between 2299:Supreme Leader of Iran 2277:. On 1 February 1979, 2189:Imperial State of Iran 1459:Masmughans of Damavand 933:Zayandeh River Culture 354:Imperial State of Iran 267:Supreme Leader of Iran 29821:Civil wars by country 29806:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 29574:Mohammad Taghi Majidi 29240:Iranian frozen assets 29062:Shahrzad Mirgholikhan 28777:Executive Order 13876 28772:Executive Order 13780 28755:Executive Order 13769 28750:Executive Order 12172 28745:Executive Order 12170 28710:Tower 22 drone attack 28469:Khobar Towers bombing 28415:Guadeloupe Conference 27798:Iranian Embassy siege 27786:Guadeloupe Conference 27419:Arab–Israeli alliance 27332:Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan 27317:Massoud Ali-Mohammadi 27247:2012 Bangkok bombings 27232:2009 Sudan airstrikes 27211:Hezbollah involvement 26677:Abqaiq–Khurais attack 26595:Khobar Towers bombing 26481:Hezbollah involvement 26464:insurgency in Bahrain 26181:Abqaiq–Khurais attack 26099:Khobar Towers bombing 25992:Hezbollah involvement 25975:insurgency in Bahrain 24979:Hibatullah Akhundzada 24802:Sufi–Salafi relations 24445:Hibatullah Akhundzada 23941:Russia–NATO relations 23822:Jonathan Reed Winkler 23106:Democratic capitalism 23101:Supply-side economics 23069:American conservatism 22868:Breakup of Yugoslavia 22757:Bougainville conflict 22672:South Yemen civil war 22607:Martial law in Poland 22470:Nicaraguan Revolution 22445:Dirty War (Argentina) 22252:1971 JVP insurrection 22066:Years of Lead (Italy) 21944:North Yemen civil war 21862:Berlin Crisis of 1961 21838:Albanian–Soviet split 21770:1959 Tibetan uprising 21735:Syrian Crisis of 1957 21590:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 21450:1948 Arab–Israeli War 21098:2018 protest movement 21073:2018 Dervish protests 21007:2003 student protests 20991:1999 student protests 20004:Shetab Banking System 19994:Banking and insurance 19956:Tehran Stock Exchange 19876:Intellectual property 19221:PJAK conflict (2004–) 18994:Turcomans (1378–1508) 18986:Turcomans (1374–1468) 18935:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 18738:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 18338:"Islamic Revolution," 18273:– audio slideshow by 18204:(Ayatollah Khomeini). 17863:. Adler & Adler. 17859:Taheri, Amir (1985). 17800:Roy, Olivier (1994). 17587:10.5771/9783956503085 17494:Azari, Farah (1983). 17302:"Doing Business 2015" 15859:. 13 September 2016. 15793:Tarock, Adam (1997). 15485:Wright, Robin (1989) 15158:on 20 September 2010. 13474:4 August 2014 at the 13469:A Question of Numbers 13442:4 August 2014 at the 13324:13 April 2008 at the 12202:Eisenstadt, Michael. 11178:Wright, Robin (2000) 11115:"Emad Baghi: English" 11021:Bayar, Assef (1994). 10586:Lambton, Ann (1987). 10230:10.1017/9781108289825 9603:10.4324/9780203799451 8978:Guadeloupe conference 8677:Revolutionary victims 8546:Amnesty International 8284: 8267:Further information: 8100:Iran–Russia relations 8096:Iran–Israel relations 7971:Provisional Sinn Féin 7939:Irish Republican Army 7918:Further information: 7831: 7782: 7761: 7686: 7654: 7529:a referendum was held 7486:Further information: 7482:1979 ethnic uprisings 7389:Revolutionary Council 7276:Criticism of monarchy 7098:North Yemen civil war 6912:The Federalist Papers 6207:Federal parliamentary 5815:Criticism of Islamism 5809:Criticism of Islamism 5727:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 5634:Hibatullah Akhundzada 4958: 4744:Further information: 4707: 4672: 4655: 4643: 4600: 4567: 4511: 4495: 4480: 4433:Carter administration 4396: 4281:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 4226: 4210: 4077:In November, secular 4046: 3971: 3907: 3895: 3888:Jaleh Square massacre 3689:, the Shah fired all 3669:Carter administration 3618: 3586:Imperial Iranian Army 3404:oil boom of the 1970s 3377: 3282:groups—primarily the 3128: 3062: 2950: 2887:democratic government 2738:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2721:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2618:Reza Shah (1921–1941) 2467:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2197:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2163:), also known as the 1337:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 1291:3rd-century BC–132 BC 1257:Kingdom of Cappadocia 1213: 6th century BC 1195:Neo-Babylonian Empire 776:Casualties and losses 606:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 418:Revolutionary Council 244:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 229:Armed street fighting 165:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 29579:Manouchehr Khosrodad 29454:Abbas Ali Khalatbari 29162:Abdul Majid Muhammed 28895:Iran–America Society 28641:2021 Natanz incident 28631:2020 Iran explosions 28425:Operation Eagle Claw 28387:Incidents after 1979 28198:Joint Plan of Action 28126:Persian Gulf Command 27371:2021 Natanz incident 27366:2020 Iran explosions 27312:Ardeshir Hosseinpour 27101:Gaza War (2008–2009) 27093:Gaza–Israel conflict 26797:Shia–Sunni relations 26719:United Arab Emirates 26574:Western Iran clashes 26496:Spillover in Lebanon 26306:Shia–Sunni relations 26223:United Arab Emirates 26078:Western Iran clashes 26007:Spillover in Lebanon 25768:Homafaran Allegiance 25646:Islam and Revolution 25424:1978 Tabriz protests 25218:September 11 attacks 25188:Grand Mosque seizure 24994:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 24989:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam 24751:Muhammad Al-Munajjid 24460:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 24377:Islamic Action Front 23362:Non-Aligned Movement 22984:Peaceful coexistence 22938:North Borneo dispute 22853:German reunification 22848:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 22546:Salvadoran Civil War 22495:Grand Mosque seizure 22490:Yemenite War of 1979 22382:Mozambican Civil War 22337:Carnation Revolution 22292:Yemenite War of 1972 22230:1970 Polish protests 22061:1967 Hong Kong riots 22036:Argentine Revolution 21986:Guatemalan Civil War 21914:Cuban Missile Crisis 21828:Bay of Pigs Invasion 21700:1956 Poznań protests 21678:Geneva Summit (1955) 21280:Hukbalahap Rebellion 21259:Non-Aligned Movement 21157:Mahsa Amini protests 21093:August 2018 uprising 21027:2009 Ashura protests 20969:1978 Tabriz protests 19965:Technology start-ups 19866:Environmental issues 19856:Economic Reform Plan 19770:Provincial governors 19460:Environmental issues 19208:Iran Air Flight 655 18949:Jalayirid Sultanate 18821:Caliphate (750–1258) 18663:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 18247:Iran Chamber Society 18237:The Iran Revolution. 18163:, Touchstone, 1989, 18004:Kapuściński, Ryszard 17981:Hiro, Dilip (1989). 17758:Moin, Baqer (2000). 17692:Islam and Revolution 17264:IMF (October 2010). 16903:. 20 November 1991. 16386:16 June 2006 at the 16129:12 June 2010 at the 16032:Fundamentalist Power 15770:. 15 November 2019. 15531:Hiro, Dilip (1991). 15509:, pp. 241, 251. 15122:The Shah's Last Ride 15120:Shawcross, William, 14993:, pp. 234, 239. 14773:Rastyad Collective. 13767:. 12 December 2012. 13557:Torab, Azam (2007). 13414:. 11 February 2004. 13396:on 13 February 2007. 12368:. Crown Publishing. 11250:. 12 November 2021. 11206:(1993), pp. 419, 443 11185:23 July 2016 at the 10408:Simon & Schuster 10355:, pp. 236, 260. 10184:on 24 February 2022. 9940:. Archived from the 9440:. Archived from the 9419:29 June 2010 at the 9354:29 June 2011 at the 8840:Septembers of Shiraz 8835:is based upon on it. 8734:University of Tehran 8571:Revolutionary Guards 8484:LGBT history in Iran 8390:Revolutionary Guards 8332:to receive "Islamic 8160:economic cooperation 8104:China–Iran relations 7914:International impact 7871:When leaders of the 7697:Manouchehr Khosrodad 7584:Council of Guardians 7436:Baseej-e Mostaz'afin 7393:Revolutionary Guards 7261:Classical radicalism 7003:Republic of Florence 6942:Democracy in America 6101:Separation of powers 6076:Public participation 5639:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi 5599:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 5556:Islamic Government: 4112:University of Tehran 3859:September 11 attacks 3762:constitution of Iran 3641:democratic elections 3552:1978 Tabriz protests 3319:'), focusing on the 2959:launched in 1963 by 2843:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2524:could be sidelined. 2417:economic contraction 815:on 11 February 1979. 29699:Asadollah Lajevardi 29549:Seyyed Javad Zabihi 29529:Pervez Amini Afshar 29464:Gholamreza Kianpour 29210:Copyright relations 28549:2016 Naval incident 28405:Iran hostage crisis 28256:Iran Air Flight 655 28168:Island of Stability 28100:Iranian Directorate 27952:Tehran War Cemetery 27356:Bid Kaneh explosion 26590:1987 Mecca incident 26486:Iranian involvement 26405:1979 Qatif Uprising 26094:1987 Mecca incident 25997:Iranian involvement 25927:1979 Qatif Uprising 25596:Letter to Gorbachev 25451:Cultural Revolution 25429:Neauphle-le-Château 25150:Islamic Declaration 24699:Young Kashgar Party 23807:Alex von Tunzelmann 23797:Vladimir Tismăneanu 23722:Thomas J. McCormick 23717:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 23617:Robert Hugh Ferrell 23480:Crusade for Freedom 23277:Illiberal democracy 23161:Ho Chi Minh Thought 22964:Eisenhower Doctrine 22817:Peaceful Revolution 22812:Romanian Revolution 22792:Revolutions of 1989 22777:1988 Polish strikes 22687:Operation INFEKTION 22682:1987 Lieyu massacre 22587:Eritrean Civil Wars 22570:Peruvian Revolution 22520:1979 Herat uprising 22510:Sino-Vietnamese War 22475:Uganda–Tanzania War 22455:Egyptian–Libyan War 22422:Third Indochina War 22417:Sino-Albanian split 22407:Ethiopian Civil War 22307:Eritrean Civil Wars 22247:Ping-pong diplomacy 22220:Cambodian Civil War 22046:Korean DMZ Conflict 22031:Cultural Revolution 22001:Dominican Civil War 21979:Tlatelolco massacre 21765:1959 Mosul uprising 21755:1958 Lebanon crisis 21482:Al-Wathbah uprising 21405:First Indochina War 21375:Iran crisis of 1946 21145:2021 water protests 21088:2018 water protests 20974:Black Friday (1978) 20954:1963 demonstrations 20365:Freedom of religion 19951:Supreme Audit Court 19830:Automotive industry 19477:Iranian Balochistan 19203:1987 Mecca incident 19100:Iran crisis of 1946 19089:dynasty (1925–1979) 19018:Dynasty (1751–1794) 18959:dynasty (1338–1357) 18951:dynasty (1335–1432) 18943:dynasty (1314–1393) 18928:dynasty (1244–1381) 18912:dynasty (1077–1231) 18896:dynasty (1011–1215) 18813:Caliphate (661–750) 18805:Caliphate (632–661) 18773:Empire (AD 224–651) 18690:Empire (550–330 BC) 18671:Empire (626–539 BC) 18655:Empire (678–549 BC) 18639:Empire (911–609 BC) 18398:by Satya J. Gabriel 18328:Analytical articles 18283:Historical articles 18125:Response to History 17941:The History of Iran 17861:The Spirit of Allah 17569:Gölz, Olmo (2017). 16993:. Foreign Affairs. 16472:, pp. 287–288. 16059:Yaroslav Trofimov, 15692:The Washington Post 15521:, pp. 128–129. 15184:. 17 January 2019. 15080:, pp. 241–242. 15068:, pp. 158–159. 14981:, pp. 234–235. 14899:, p. 51, also 14883:, pp. 219–220. 14760:, pp. 221–222. 14557:, pp. 248–249. 14436:on 23 November 2010 14312:, pp. 210–211. 14198:, pp. 241–242. 13617:. 9 February 2013. 13369:. 31 January 1999. 13288:6 July 2010 at the 13211:10 May 2011 at the 12765:. Lexington Books. 11624:, pp. 182–183. 11612:, pp. 184–185. 11580:, pp. 501–503. 11426:, pp. 478–479. 11342:, pp. 145–146. 11287:, pp. 144–145. 11275:, pp. 502–503. 11169:, pp. 201–207. 10731:. 22 October 2023. 10499:, pp. 533–534. 10472:. Praeger. p. 10044:, pp. 4, 9–12. 9204:who urged a boycott 8998:Iran hostage crisis 8535:corporal punishment 8488:LGBT rights in Iran 8376:have been declared 8372:The members of the 8247:in Lebanon and the 8183:Saudi Arabia (1979) 8166:In the Muslim world 8075:Revolutionary Guard 7862:Cultural Revolution 7819:Abolhassan Banisadr 7784:Kazem Shariatmadari 7674:Abolhassan Banisadr 7599:Iran hostage crisis 7572:Assembly of Experts 7351:Politics portal 7156:Antigua and Barbuda 7103:Zanzibar Revolution 7013:American Revolution 6902:The Social Contract 6071:Popular sovereignty 5959:Politics portal 5912:Islam and modernity 5560:("Velayat-e faqih") 5542:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 4940:Abolhassan Banisadr 4928:Iran hostage crisis 4650:cultural revolution 4550:, never to return. 4502:Neauphle-le-Château 4481:Shah and his wife, 4448:Zbigniew Brzezinski 4249:Imam Husayn ibn Ali 4072:Ayatollah Taleghani 4034:Neauphle-le-Château 3713:Early summer (June) 3611:Government reaction 3396:Zbigniew Brzezinski 3357:Iranian Muslims by 3284:Tudeh Party of Iran 3095:diplomatic immunity 2796:In 1952, Mosaddegh 2600:(also known as the 2567:Mirza Hasan Shirazi 2388:A backlash against 2384:character include: 2191:by the present-day 1993:Contemporary period 1897:Early modern period 1799:Jalayirid Sultanate 1669:Khwarazmian dynasty 1098:Neo-Assyrian Empire 976:Kura–Araxes culture 894:Baradostian culture 427:Islamist Opposition 272:Iran hostage crisis 29786:Civil wars in Iran 29781:Rebellions in Iran 29741:Iranian Revolution 29689:Mohammad Reyshahri 29609:Left-wing politics 29599:Nematollah Nassiri 29564:Ali Hojjat Kashani 29519:Amir Hossein Rabii 29439:Amir-Abbas Hoveyda 29307:Iran Bethel School 29282:Alborz High School 29117:Abdolreza Shahlaei 29092:Sahar Nowrouzzadeh 29077:Mohammad Mosaddegh 29052:Amir Mirza Hekmati 29042:Mahmoud Reza Banki 28992:Erwin David Rabhan 28962:Howard Baskerville 28847:Oil Platforms case 28822:Public Law 113-100 28499:2008 Naval dispute 28400:Iranian Revolution 28266:Iran–Contra affair 28251:Bridgeton incident 27974:The New Great Game 27927:East India Company 27886:Fowzi Badavi Nejad 27781:Iranian Revolution 27414:Axis of Resistance 27409:Ahmad Reza Djalali 27337:Mohsen Fakhrizadeh 26876:Iranian Revolution 26792:Iran International 26632:2015 Mina stampede 26501:Axis of Resistance 26385:Iranian Revolution 26301:Iran International 26136:2015 Mina stampede 26012:Axis of Resistance 25907:Iranian Revolution 25752:Alef-Laam Khomeini 25737:Jamaran Hussainiya 25653:The Greatest Jihad 25556:Shiite clericalism 25471:Interim Government 25441:Iranian Revolution 25208:Algerian Civil War 25183:Iranian Revolution 25142:Islamic Government 25040:Islam and violence 25014:Juhayman al-Otaybi 24927:Sub-Saharan Africa 24672:Authenticity Party 24440:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 24247:Muslim Brotherhood 24096:Islamic governance 23961:Russian Revolution 23757:Mary Elise Sarotte 23742:William B. Pickett 23667:Patrick J. Hearden 23647:Gabriel Gorodetsky 23642:Timothy Garton Ash 23627:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 23222:Ethnic nationalism 22974:Hallstein Doctrine 22858:Yemeni unification 22647:1985 Geneva Summit 22612:Casamance conflict 22515:New Jewel Movement 22500:Iranian Revolution 22485:Chadian–Libyan War 22432:Cambodian conflict 22412:Lebanese Civil War 22402:Western Sahara War 22377:June 1976 protests 22372:Cambodian genocide 22137:17 July Revolution 22091:Nigerian Civil War 22006:Rhodesian Bush War 21991:Colombian conflict 21934:Ramadan Revolution 21673:Bandung Conference 21549:Operation Valuable 21430:Partition of India 21150:2022 food protests 21140:2021–2022 protests 21113:2019–2020 protests 21063:2017–2018 protests 21048:2015 Mahabad riots 21036:2011–2012 protests 20981:Women Day protests 20959:Iranian Revolution 20496:Persian New Year ( 19901:Main economic laws 19472:Iranian Azerbaijan 19374:Monarchs of Persia 19318:Persianate society 19026:Empire (1789–1925) 19010:Empire (1736–1796) 19002:Empire (1501–1736) 18978:Empire (1370–1507) 18904:Empire (1037–1194) 18869:dynasty (934–1062) 18861:dynasty (931–1090) 18853:dynasty (861–1003) 18722:Empire (312–63 BC) 18623:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 18438:iranrevolution.com 18394:2 May 2014 at the 18344:(21 January 1988). 18232:Islamic Revolution 18200:, 7 January 1980. 18157:Shawcross, William 18086:Munson, Henry Jr. 18047:"Letter from Iran" 17785:. Westview Press. 17209:data.worldbank.org 17179:data.worldbank.org 17087:IMF (March 2010). 16873:The New York Times 16799:Julia Annas (ed), 16507:on 13 August 2007. 16249:The New York Times 16191:. 1 October 2008. 15831:The New York Times 15725:Middle East Policy 15487:In the Name of God 15310:www.britannica.com 13885:Isfandiyārī (1997) 13720:Isfandiyārī (1997) 13516:Tucker, Spencer C. 12725:on 24 October 2014 12557:. iranrights.org. 12338:"Letter from Iran" 11311:10.1007/BF00158262 11299:Theory and Society 11191:The New York Times 10977:on 1 February 2011 10558:10.1007/BF01117556 10546:Sociological Forum 10511:, pp. 293–34. 10367:, pp. 19, 96. 10178:The Jerusalem Post 9727:Abrahamian, Ervand 9448:Hoveyda, Fereydoon 9018:Russian Revolution 8948:1979 energy crisis 8539:The New York Times 8472:Iranian parliament 8461:Ayatollah Khomeini 8400:is handled by the 8291: 8210:General Zia-ul-Haq 7937:in Nicaragua, the 7920:1979 energy crisis 7837: 7788: 7715:Amir Abbas Hoveida 7700: 7657: 7428:Pasdaran-e Enqelab 7317:Primus inter pares 7133:Nepalese Civil War 7123:Iranian Revolution 7093:14 July Revolution 7048:Russian Revolution 7043:Chinese Revolution 6993:Republic of Venice 6842:Discourses on Livy 5837:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 5682:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 5667:Abu Hamza al-Masri 5485:Sub-Saharan Africa 5445:Muslim Brotherhood 5420:Iranian Revolution 5330:Islamic Golden Age 5183:Islamic governance 4969: 4794:Ayatollah Khomeini 4756:Martyrs Foundation 4729:in 1991 in Paris. 4710: 4654: 4603: 4584: 4568:Cartoon depicting 4530: 4506: 4490: 4399: 4229: 4216: 4197:Nematollah Nassiri 4193:Amir Abbas-Hoveyda 4150:Gholam-Reza Azhari 4049: 4024:to expel him from 3977: 3920:. A permit for an 3910: 3902: 3814:Jafar Sharif-Emami 3699:Nematollah Nassiri 3629: 3400: 3296:People's Mujahedin 3288:Fedaian guerrillas 3209:Islamic Government 3135: 3093:, or extension of 3084:anti-revolutionary 3065: 2953: 2889:Iran ever had was 2851:John Foster Dulles 2791:petroleum reserves 2787:Mohammad Mosaddegh 2781:From 1901 on, the 2773:Mohammad Mosaddegh 2757:Iranian Azerbaijan 2514:Islamic socialists 2446:of U.S. President 2301:in December 1979. 2169:Islamic Revolution 2142:Iranian Revolution 2012:Interim Government 2002:Iranian Revolution 1789:Muzaffarid dynasty 1493:864 – 14th century 1483:791 – 11th century 1409:Rashidun Caliphate 1231:Kingdom of Armenia 880:Prehistoric period 709:Gholam Ali Oveissi 639:Gholam Reza Azhari 628:Jafar Sharif-Emami 525:Leftist Opposition 173:(religious sector) 93:Iranian Revolution 68:Iranian revolution 29811:Ruhollah Khomeini 29728: 29727: 29674:Ruhollah Khomeini 29648:Mona Mahmudnizhad 29643:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh 29544:Hossein-Ali Bayat 29499:Manutchehr Salimi 29494:Manouchehr Azmoun 29469:Gholamreza Nikpey 29371: 29370: 29365: 29364: 29067:Mohammad Hosseini 28967:William J. Fallon 28890:Iran Action Group 28705:2024 Erbil attack 28511:Project Cassandra 28271:Operation Staunch 28158:Project Dark Gene 27998: 27997: 27791:Conspiracy theory 27678:Anglo-Persian War 27652:Tehran Conference 27637:D'Arcy Concession 27632:Reuter concession 27568: 27567: 27507: 27506: 26826: 26825: 26686:Iranian relations 26542:Yemeni revolution 26525:Houthi insurgency 26491:Saudi involvement 26335: 26334: 26190:Iranian relations 26046:Yemeni revolution 26029:Houthi insurgency 26002:Saudi involvement 25801: 25800: 25625:Tahrir al-Wasilah 25586:Islamic democracy 25395:Ruhollah Khomeini 25361: 25360: 25338: 25337: 25334: 25333: 25082: 25081: 25078: 25077: 25050:Islamic terrorism 25045:Islamic extremism 25024:Ayman al-Zawahiri 25019:Omar Abdel-Rahman 24825:Militant Islamism 24814: 24813: 24810: 24809: 24746:Rabee al-Madkhali 24707: 24706: 24598: 24597: 24565:Haji Shariatullah 24525:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 24505:Abul A'la Maududi 24500:Ruhollah Khomeini 24490:Alija Izetbegović 24475:Rached Ghannouchi 24465:Necmettin Erbakan 24422:Political leaders 24416: 24415: 24408:Islamic modernism 24337:National Congress 24269:Political parties 24182:Two-nation theory 24116:Islamic socialism 24106:Islamic democracy 23992: 23991: 23979:List of conflicts 23827:Rudolph Winnacker 23772:Giles Scott-Smith 23747:Ronald E. Powaski 23702:Melvyn P. Leffler 23632:John Lewis Gaddis 23607:Robert D. English 23572:Warren H. Carroll 23562:Michael Beschloss 23531:Nuclear arms race 23512: 23511: 23418:Neues Deutschland 23320: 23319: 23302:White nationalism 23272:Liberal democracy 23009:Ulbricht Doctrine 22999:Brezhnev Doctrine 22807:Velvet Revolution 22551:Soviet–Afghan War 22367:Angolan Civil War 22164:Goulash Communism 22021:ASEAN Declaration 21974:Mexican Dirty War 21872:Annexation of Goa 21823:1960 U-2 incident 21797:Sino-Soviet split 21775:Laotian Civil War 21615:Bricker Amendment 21595:Mau Mau rebellion 21539:Malayan Emergency 21527:Chinese Civil War 21487:Tito–Stalin split 21341:Division of Korea 21165: 21164: 21118:Mahshahr massacre 21012:2005 Ahvaz unrest 20892: 20891: 20765: 20764: 20733: 20732: 20729: 20728: 20699: 20698: 20606:Opium consumption 20439: 20438: 20275:Ethnic minorities 20249:Iranian languages 20174: 20173: 20170: 20169: 19787: 19786: 19783: 19782: 19666:Political parties 19604:Children's rights 19589:Foreign relations 19583:2009 presidential 19530: 19529: 19492:Iranian Kurdistan 19411: 19410: 19407: 19406: 19291: 19290: 19263:COVID-19 pandemic 19122:Revolution (1979) 19068: 19067: 18888:Empire (977–1186) 18845:dynasty (864–928) 18837:dynasty (821–873) 18829:dynasty (819–999) 18782: 18781: 18698:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 18293:BBC World Service 18030:978-1-4391-8903-0 17929:978-1-848-54066-8 17729:978-0-674-01843-3 17661:978-0-8018-5618-1 17596:978-3-95650-308-5 17573:. In F. Heinzer; 17549:978-0-226-07758-1 17451:978-0-7914-0731-8 17430:978-0-300-11254-2 17346:978-0-203-99351-4 17145:"Iran per capita" 16754:978-0-8156-2634-3 16367:978-0-85772-788-6 16342:978-1-83860-934-4 16225:on 5 October 2010 15977:Financial Tribune 15630:978-0-8108-7173-1 15550:978-0-415-90407-0 15460:978-1-4358-7499-2 15450:The Iran-Iraq War 15387:www.sanews.gov.za 15103:978-0-203-33523-9 14957:, pp. 89–90. 14673:978-0-19-046896-5 14660:Axworthy, Michael 14418:, pp. 74–82. 14394:, pp. 22–23. 14162:, pp. 24–32. 14137:, pp. 78–82. 14024:978-0-231-51607-5 13997:978-0-02-865603-8 13910:978-0-86232-022-5 13570:978-90-04-15295-3 13545:Abrahamian (2008) 13533:Mojahedin-e Khalq 13350:Abrahamian (1982) 13247:Abrahamian (2008) 13166:978-0-06-039053-2 13159:. Andre Deutsch. 13155:Mission to Tehran 13022:978-0-8078-7761-6 12866:978-0-393-08039-1 12822:978-1-136-81270-5 12772:978-0-7391-3340-8 12631:978-1-350-41609-3 12540:978-0-275-97187-8 12490:Abrahamian (1982) 12459:978-0-8047-9336-0 12434:978-0-553-05023-3 12375:978-0-307-45370-9 12234:Abrahamian (1982) 12175:Abrahamian (1982) 12142:978-0-8014-5761-6 12100:978-1-4039-7710-6 12056:978-0-19-932226-8 12041:Axworthy, Michael 11951:978-3-319-94406-7 11912:978-1-317-60582-9 11885:978-1-136-82089-2 11780:978-1-4381-0656-4 11749:978-967-5062-25-4 11578:Abrahamian (1982) 11491:Abrahamian (1982) 11424:Abrahamian (1982) 11412:Abrahamian (1993) 11383:978-0-299-18474-2 11352:Abrahamian (1982) 11273:Abrahamian (1982) 11074:Abrahamian (2008) 11062:Abrahamian (2008) 11036:978-0-7914-1665-5 11007:978-0-8133-7413-0 10956:, pp. 72–73. 10928:978-0-582-35685-6 10870:978-0-470-18549-0 10798:978-0-230-34038-1 10759:978-0-230-34038-1 10708:978-0-292-77436-0 10686:on 26 March 2009. 10646:, pp. 94–95. 10497:Abrahamian (1982) 10341:Abrahamian (1982) 10239:978-1-108-41833-1 10206:978-0-393-32968-1 10159:978-1-108-71391-7 10130:978-1-4522-6649-7 9944:on 16 March 2006. 9855:978-0-8156-0907-0 9701:978-0-520-94216-5 9641:Abrahamian (1982) 9612:978-0-415-70134-1 9567:978-0-230-34038-1 9444:on 6 August 2006. 9298:978-1-107-00750-5 9269:978-0-933273-89-4 9030:Related conflicts 8866:Iran and the West 8629:Mahmoud Taleghani 8625:Muhammad Beheshti 8621:Murtaza Mutahhari 8430:, the government 8322:economic equality 8310:political freedom 8238:Yaroslav Trofimov 8082:Foreign relations 7966:Mojahedin-e-Khalq 7947:Afghan Mujahideen 7903:Morteza Motahhari 7893:In May 1979, the 7888:Mohammad Beheshti 7849:(hypocrites) and 7817:In January 1980, 7813:Socialism in Iran 7721:The 1981 massacre 7561:In June 1979 the 7385: 7384: 7328:Republican empire 7301:List of republics 7150:National variants 7078:Spanish Civil War 7018:French Revolution 6998:Republic of Genoa 6882:The Spirit of Law 6815:Theoretical works 6159:Neo-republicanism 5993: 5992: 5847:Abdelwahab Meddeb 5782:Haji Shariatullah 5747:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 5732:Abul A'la Maududi 5722:Ruhollah Khomeini 5702:Rached Ghannouchi 5604:Ruhollah Khomeini 5511:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 5401:by country/region 5290:Two-nation theory 5242:Islamic terrorism 5203:Islamic socialism 5193:Islamic democracy 5169:Apostasy in Islam 5126:Deobandi jihadism 5121:Deobandi movement 4920:despotic monarchy 4854:Fida'iyan-i Khalq 4765:Ervand Abrahamian 4760:Spencer C. Tucker 4598: 4535:American General 4467:Shahpour Bakhtiar 4224: 4212:Mohammad Beheshti 4092:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh 4090:figures (such as 4055:, especially the 4036:, a village near 3927:Khomeini's return 3754:Shahpour Bakhtiar 3605:1906 Constitution 3582:state-owned banks 3482:Ruhollah Khomeini 3361:from the Islamic 3303:Mahmoud Taleghani 3258:constitutionalist 3234:Mohammad Mofatteh 3222:Mohammad Beheshti 3218:Morteza Motahhari 3173:Morteza Motahhari 3076:Ruhollah Khomeini 3045:Ruhollah Khomeini 3029:Ervand Abrahamian 2879:Chinese Civil War 2853:and his brother, 2824:Winston Churchill 2802:sought punishment 2761:Iranian Kurdistan 2554:Nasir al-Din Shah 2419:in 1977–1978; and 2306:peasant rebellion 2279:Khomeini returned 2138: 2137: 2030: 2029: 1983: 1982: 1946: 1945: 1887: 1886: 1829:Afrasiyab dynasty 1729:Khorshidi dynasty 1719:Pishkinid dynasty 1609:Ghaznavid dynasty 1429:Abbasid Caliphate 1419:Umayyad Caliphate 1385: 1384: 1381:550s–11th century 1277:Kingdom of Pontus 1221:Achaemenid Empire 1185:Anshanite Kingdom 1146: 1145: 1049:Oxus Civilization 957: 956: 842: 841: 800:Ruhollah Khomeini 756:Mohammad Beheshti 744:Morteza Motahhari 722:Ruhollah Khomeini 662:Nematollah Nasiri 617:Jamshid Amouzegar 585: 584: 281:Beginning of the 263:Ruhollah Khomeini 198:Overthrow of the 86: 85: 16:(Redirected from 29828: 29776:Protests in Iran 29766:1979 in politics 29719: 29718: 29679:Sadegh Khalkhali 29594:Nasser Moghaddam 29508:Soldiers of the 29484:Mahmoud Jafarian 29474:Farrokhroo Parsa 29398: 29391: 29384: 29375: 29374: 29357: 29356: 29312:Iranzamin School 29302:Damavand College 29275:Alavi Foundation 29270:650 Fifth Avenue 29220:Dual containment 29215:Death to America 29127:Masoud Soleimani 29047:Haleh Esfandiari 29012:Michael R. White 28765:Trump travel ban 28569:Operation Merlin 28308:Yemeni Civil War 28303:Syrian civil war 28153:Exercise Delawar 28121:Persian Corridor 28053:Diplomatic posts 28047: 28046: 28037: 28036: 28025: 28018: 28011: 28002: 28001: 27989: 27988: 27917:Bahrain province 27881:Ghoncheh Ghavami 27856:Anoosheh Ashoori 27683:Persian Campaign 27574:Diplomatic posts 27564: 27563: 27556: 27555: 27546: 27545: 27534: 27527: 27520: 27511: 27510: 27498: 27497: 27327:Fereydoon Abbasi 27128:Syrian civil war 27111:Israel–Hamas war 26988:2006 Lebanon War 26853: 26846: 26839: 26830: 26829: 26817: 26816: 26667:2019 Afif attack 26547:Yemeni civil war 26476:Syrian civil war 26362: 26355: 26348: 26339: 26338: 26326: 26325: 26171:2019 Afif attack 26051:Yemeni civil war 25987:Syrian civil war 25856:Diplomatic posts 25850: 25849: 25840: 25839: 25828: 25821: 25814: 25805: 25804: 25793: 25792: 25702:Hussein Khomeini 25678:Mostafa Khomeini 25561:Death to America 25531: 25419:1978 Qom protest 25388: 25381: 25374: 25365: 25364: 25249:Anti-imperialism 25144:(Khomeini, 1970) 25120:(Khomeini, 1940) 25099: 25098: 25088: 25087: 24837: 24836: 24820: 24819: 24624: 24623: 24617: 24616: 24604: 24603: 24570:Hassan Al-Turabi 24382:United Arab List 24200: 24199: 24131:Islamic republic 24126:Islamic monarchy 24111:Islamic feminism 24034: 24033: 24019: 24012: 24005: 23996: 23995: 23737:David S. Painter 23662:John Earl Haynes 23592:Nicholas J. Cull 23577:Adrian Cioroianu 23557:Thomas A. Bailey 23504:Voice of America 23395: 23394: 23307:White separatism 23287:Social democracy 23282:Guided democracy 23262:Authoritarianism 23212:Ultranationalism 23202:Anti-imperialism 23129:Marxism–Leninism 23042: 23041: 23029:Kinmen Agreement 22994:Johnson Doctrine 22979:Kennedy Doctrine 22895:Frozen conflicts 22878:1991 August Coup 22767:Afghan Civil War 22662:Reykjavík Summit 22657:Somali Rebellion 22597:Ugandan Bush War 22575:Gdańsk Agreement 22096:Protests of 1968 22076:War of Attrition 21785:Cuban Revolution 21721:We will bury you 21688:Cyprus Emergency 21668:Kashmir Princess 21658:Jebel Akhdar War 21507:Western betrayal 21192: 21185: 21178: 21169: 21168: 20964:1978 Qom protest 20925:Protests in Iran 20919: 20912: 20905: 20896: 20895: 20884:Politics of Iran 20792: 20785: 20778: 20769: 20768: 20755: 20745: 20744: 20596:National symbols 20450: 20449: 20265:Iranian citizens 20202: 20201: 20193: 20192: 20180: 20179: 20162:Research centers 19851:Economic history 19806: 19805: 19793: 19792: 19727:Guardian Council 19549: 19548: 19536: 19535: 19417: 19416: 19394:Electric history 19389:Military history 19303:Ancient Persians 19211: 19210:shootdown (1988) 19193: 19180: 19177:Iranian Embassy 19147: 19136: 19134:Islamic Republic 19123: 19115:1953 coup d'état 19090: 19077: 19076: 19035: 19032:Khanates of the 19027: 19019: 19011: 19003: 18995: 18987: 18979: 18960: 18952: 18944: 18936: 18929: 18921: 18913: 18905: 18897: 18889: 18870: 18862: 18854: 18846: 18838: 18830: 18822: 18814: 18806: 18793: 18792: 18774: 18755: 18747: 18739: 18731: 18723: 18715: 18707: 18699: 18691: 18672: 18664: 18656: 18648: 18640: 18632: 18624: 18616: 18608: 18600: 18592: 18584: 18571: 18570: 18555: 18554: 18542: 18541: 18526: 18519: 18512: 18503: 18502: 18490: 18489: 18174:Smith, Frank E. 18097:Nobari, Ali Reza 18058: 18034: 18000: 17977: 17956: 17944: 17933: 17911: 17902: 17874: 17855: 17842:Know Thine Enemy 17836: 17817: 17796: 17775: 17754: 17733: 17714: 17695: 17686: 17665: 17653: 17642: 17633: 17612: 17610: 17608: 17565: 17563: 17561: 17532: 17511: 17500:. Ithaca Press. 17490: 17478: 17467: 17465: 17463: 17434: 17412: 17403: 17394: 17363: 17362: 17360: 17358: 17330: 17324: 17323: 17321: 17319: 17313: 17307:. Archived from 17306: 17298: 17292: 17291: 17289: 17287: 17281: 17270: 17261: 17255: 17254: 17252: 17250: 17239:www.farsinet.com 17231: 17225: 17224: 17222: 17220: 17201: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17190: 17171: 17165: 17164: 17162: 17160: 17141: 17135: 17134: 17132: 17130: 17111: 17105: 17104: 17102: 17100: 17084: 17075: 17074: 17072: 17070: 17046: 17040: 17039: 17037: 17035: 17026:. 7 March 2015. 17016: 17007: 17006: 17004: 17002: 16986: 16980: 16979: 16977: 16975: 16960: 16954: 16953: 16951: 16949: 16943: 16932: 16923: 16917: 16916: 16914: 16912: 16895: 16889: 16888: 16886: 16884: 16864: 16858: 16857: 16837: 16831: 16828: 16822: 16821: 16813: 16804: 16797: 16791: 16785: 16779: 16773: 16767: 16766: 16740: 16711: 16710: 16686: 16680: 16679: 16668: 16662: 16645: 16639: 16633: 16627: 16626: 16624: 16622: 16606: 16600: 16599: 16593: 16585: 16583: 16581: 16565: 16559: 16558: 16552: 16544: 16533: 16527: 16526: 16515: 16509: 16508: 16503:. Archived from 16497: 16491: 16490: 16489:on 13 July 2007. 16485:. Archived from 16479: 16473: 16467: 16461: 16454: 16448: 16435: 16429: 16428: 16413: 16407: 16401: 16395: 16378: 16372: 16371: 16353: 16347: 16346: 16328: 16322: 16321: 16319: 16317: 16308:. MSN. Reuters. 16302: 16296: 16295: 16293: 16291: 16271: 16265: 16264: 16262: 16260: 16241: 16235: 16234: 16232: 16230: 16221:. Archived from 16211: 16205: 16204: 16202: 16200: 16181: 16175: 16169: 16163: 16160:The Soul of Iran 16152: 16146: 16140: 16134: 16120: 16114: 16108: 16102: 16096: 16090: 16087:The Shia Revival 16083: 16077: 16070: 16064: 16057: 16051: 16041: 16035: 16034:, Martin Kramer. 16029: 16023: 16022: 16020: 16018: 15999: 15993: 15992: 15990: 15988: 15979:. 22 June 2020. 15969: 15963: 15962: 15960: 15958: 15939: 15933: 15932: 15930: 15928: 15909: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15898: 15879: 15873: 15872: 15870: 15868: 15853: 15847: 15846: 15844: 15842: 15823: 15817: 15816: 15814: 15812: 15806: 15799: 15790: 15784: 15783: 15781: 15779: 15760: 15754: 15753: 15751: 15749: 15715: 15709: 15708: 15706: 15704: 15682: 15676: 15675: 15653: 15647: 15646: 15644: 15642: 15614: 15608: 15607: 15605: 15603: 15571:Cold War History 15561: 15555: 15554: 15538: 15528: 15522: 15516: 15510: 15504: 15498: 15483: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15472: 15444: 15438: 15437: 15405: 15399: 15398: 15396: 15394: 15379: 15373: 15370: 15364: 15363: 15331: 15322: 15321: 15319: 15317: 15302: 15296: 15295: 15271: 15260: 15259: 15235: 15229: 15228: 15226: 15224: 15204: 15198: 15197: 15195: 15193: 15178: 15172: 15166: 15160: 15159: 15144: 15138: 15135:The Shia Revival 15131: 15125: 15118: 15112: 15111: 15087: 15081: 15075: 15069: 15063: 15057: 15051: 15042: 15036: 15030: 15024: 15018: 15012: 15006: 15000: 14994: 14988: 14982: 14976: 14970: 14964: 14958: 14952: 14946: 14940: 14931: 14925: 14919: 14913: 14904: 14890: 14884: 14878: 14869: 14863: 14857: 14856: 14854: 14852: 14832: 14826: 14825: 14823: 14821: 14801: 14795: 14794: 14792: 14790: 14770: 14761: 14755: 14749: 14748: 14738: 14714: 14703: 14697: 14691: 14684: 14678: 14677: 14656: 14650: 14644: 14638: 14632: 14626: 14620: 14614: 14613: 14611: 14609: 14589: 14583: 14576: 14570: 14564: 14558: 14552: 14546: 14545: 14543: 14541: 14521: 14515: 14509: 14503: 14483: 14477: 14476: 14461: 14455: 14452: 14446: 14445: 14443: 14441: 14425: 14419: 14413: 14407: 14401: 14395: 14389: 14383: 14377: 14371: 14365: 14352: 14346: 14337: 14331: 14325: 14319: 14313: 14307: 14298: 14292: 14286: 14280: 14274: 14268: 14262: 14256: 14250: 14244: 14238: 14232: 14226: 14225: 14205: 14199: 14193: 14187: 14181: 14175: 14169: 14163: 14157: 14151: 14144: 14138: 14132: 14126: 14125: 14117: 14111: 14110:, p. 93–94. 14105: 14099: 14098: 14080: 14074: 14057: 14048: 14042: 14033: 14032: 14008: 14002: 14001: 13983: 13974: 13964: 13958: 13948: 13942: 13932: 13923: 13922: 13894: 13888: 13882: 13865: 13859: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13845: 13827: 13814: 13804: 13798: 13792: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13776: 13757: 13748: 13742: 13723: 13717: 13704: 13703: 13693: 13669: 13663: 13653: 13647: 13637: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13626: 13615:"Iran Iran song" 13611: 13605: 13604: 13602: 13600: 13585: 13579: 13578: 13554: 13548: 13542: 13536: 13530: 13524: 13523: 13512: 13501: 13500: 13485: 13479: 13466: 13460: 13453: 13447: 13434: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13423: 13404: 13398: 13397: 13392:. Archived from 13381: 13375: 13374: 13359: 13353: 13347: 13341: 13335: 13329: 13316: 13310: 13299: 13293: 13280: 13274: 13268: 13262: 13256: 13250: 13244: 13238: 13237: 13222: 13216: 13203: 13197: 13196: 13194: 13192: 13177: 13171: 13170: 13158: 13148: 13137: 13136: 13118: 13101: 13100: 13098: 13096: 13076: 13070: 13069: 13067: 13065: 13045: 13039: 13038: 13036: 13034: 13006: 12991: 12985: 12979: 12978: 12976: 12974: 12955: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12941: 12921: 12912: 12911: 12909: 12907: 12892: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12878: 12850: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12806: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12756: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12730: 12711: 12705: 12704: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12605: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12591: 12577: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12566: 12551: 12545: 12544: 12524: 12515: 12514: 12502: 12493: 12487: 12474: 12468: 12462: 12443: 12437: 12413: 12407: 12401: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12387: 12359: 12350: 12349: 12333: 12294: 12288: 12237: 12231: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12208: 12199: 12178: 12172: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12126: 12117: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12084: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12068: 12037: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11963: 11935: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11810: 11801: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11764: 11758: 11757: 11733: 11727: 11726: 11706: 11659: 11658: 11644: 11625: 11619: 11613: 11607: 11601: 11587: 11581: 11575: 11569: 11563: 11557: 11551: 11545: 11539: 11533: 11527: 11521: 11520: 11512: 11506: 11500: 11494: 11488: 11482: 11481: 11457: 11451: 11445: 11439: 11433: 11427: 11421: 11415: 11409: 11400: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11371: 11361: 11355: 11349: 11343: 11337: 11331: 11330: 11294: 11288: 11282: 11276: 11270: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11259: 11240: 11234: 11228: 11219: 11213: 11207: 11200: 11194: 11176: 11170: 11164: 11158: 11152: 11143: 11137: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11126: 11121:on 4 August 2014 11111: 11105: 11099: 11093: 11083: 11077: 11071: 11065: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11018: 11012: 11011: 10993: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10982: 10963: 10957: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10881: 10875: 10874: 10854: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10831:. 30 June 2010. 10821: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10782: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10743: 10737: 10736: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10679:. Archived from 10664: 10653: 10647: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10597: 10591: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10541: 10535: 10521: 10512: 10506: 10500: 10494: 10488: 10487: 10471: 10461: 10455: 10449: 10443: 10437: 10431: 10425: 10419: 10398: 10392: 10386: 10380: 10374: 10368: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10317: 10311: 10305: 10304: 10276: 10270: 10263: 10257: 10250: 10244: 10243: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10197:The Shia Revival 10192: 10186: 10185: 10170: 10164: 10163: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10116: 10110: 10109:19, 1987, p. 261 10102: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10069: 10063: 10057: 10051: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10008: 10002: 9993: 9972: 9966: 9945: 9928: 9922: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9898: 9887:BBC: On This Day 9878: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9845:Eminent Persians 9839: 9802: 9801: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9768: 9762: 9752: 9746: 9724: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9685: 9644: 9638: 9625: 9624: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9551: 9480: 9474: 9465: 9438:Jubilee Campaign 9343: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9312: 9306: 9305: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9256:Yarshater, Ehsan 9248:Yarshater, Ehsan 9244: 9223: 9220: 9214: 9211: 9205: 9194: 9188: 9185: 9179: 9176: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123:Nikkie R. Keddie 9112: 8968:Civil resistance 8963:White Revolution 8936: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8922: 8917: 8916: 8908: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8894: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8786: 8774: 8759: 8749:Mehrabad Airport 8744: 8729: 8717: 8705: 8686: 8674: 8662: 8650: 8500:(written c. 200 8494:Sextus Empiricus 8358:Politics of Iran 8326:self-sufficiency 8273:Politics of Iran 8212:, himself on an 8156:Syrian civil war 8019: 8007: 7705:Sadegh Khalkhali 7610:seized its staff 7567:Guardian Council 7563:Freedom Movement 7377: 7370: 7363: 7349: 7348: 7333:Republican Party 7311:Peasant republic 7271:Communitarianism 6988:Classical Athens 6983: 6957: 6947: 6937: 6927: 6917: 6907: 6897: 6887: 6877: 6867: 6857: 6847: 6837: 6827: 6061:Mixed government 5995: 5994: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5957: 5956: 5948:Islam portal 5946: 5945: 5944: 5830:in North America 5787:Hassan Al-Turabi 5737:Abul Hasan Nadwi 5320:Anti-imperialism 5218:Islamic republic 5213:Islamic monarchy 5198:Islamic feminism 5038: 5032: 5031: 5021: 5020: 4986:fifth columnists 4932:invasion of Iran 4872:Marzieh Hadidchi 4840:The presence of 4837: 4826: 4727:Islamic republic 4635:Freedom Movement 4599: 4570:Shapour Bakhtiar 4520:The Shah Is Gone 4326: 4315: 4225: 4127:American embassy 4028:. Khomeini left 4022:Iraqi government 3931:Islamic republic 3875:Islamic republic 3758:Dariush Forouhar 3703:Nasser Moghaddam 3621:Resurgence Party 3528:neo-colonialists 3512:1978 Qom protest 3494:Iraqi government 3478:Mostafa Khomeini 3467:Goethe Institute 3463:Saeed Soltanpour 3436:Goethe-Institute 3384:William Sullivan 3159:from oppressive 3143:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad 3080:White Revolution 2968:; sales of some 2943:White Revolution 2910:Fazlollah Zahedi 2751:, the communist 2666:Islamic clothing 2328:authoritarianism 2321: 2310:Iranian diaspora 2291:Islamic republic 2271:Shapour Bakhtiar 2236:White Revolution 2182: 2180:Enqelâb-e Eslâmī 2176: 2175: 2165:1979 Revolution, 2162: 2157: 2151: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2071:Military history 2061:Economic history 2039:Related articles 2022:Islamic Republic 1998: 1997: 1961: 1960: 1902: 1901: 1859:Kar-Kiya dynasty 1779:Chobanid dynasty 1769:Ilkhanate Empire 1549:Sallarid dynasty 1519:Saffarid dynasty 1405: 1404: 1250: 1247: 1215:–11th century AD 1214: 1211: 1175:Scythian Kingdom 1161: 1160: 1091: 1078: 1055: 1042: 1019: 1002: 972: 971: 952: 939: 926: 913: 900: 890: 889: 872: 862: 844: 843: 834: 831: 825: 822: 816: 809: 803: 796: 765: 764: 763: 754: 753: 752: 742: 741: 740: 731: 730: 729: 720: 719: 718: 707: 706: 698:Abbas Gharabaghi 696: 695: 687: 680:Nasser Moghaddam 678: 677: 670: 669: 660: 659: 650:Shapour Bakhtiar 648: 647: 637: 636: 626: 625: 615: 614: 604: 603: 536:Fadaiyan-e-Khalq 463:Fadaiyan-e-Islam 421: 415: 414: 413: 351: 350: 349: 340: 339: 315:Anti-Americanist 299:Iranian diaspora 265:becomes the new 222:Civil resistance 163:Discontent with 139: 137: 131: 129: 110: 90: 89: 74:under discussion 70: 58: 57: 50: 36:White Revolution 21: 29836: 29835: 29831: 29830: 29829: 29827: 29826: 29825: 29731: 29730: 29729: 29724: 29708: 29662: 29658:Sirous Rowshani 29638:Khosrow Qashqai 29626: 29603: 29589:Nader Jahanbani 29559:Saeed Mehdiyoun 29539:Hassan Pakravan 29534:Habib Elghanian 29503: 29489:Mansour Rouhani 29423: 29405: 29402: 29372: 29367: 29366: 29361: 29347: 29168: 29027:Saeid Aboutaleb 29007:Craig Wadsworth 28987:Stephen D. Mull 28977:Joseph Macmanus 28878: 28719: 28574:Charming Kitten 28536:RQ-170 incident 28504:Filipino Monkey 28450:Algiers Accords 28381: 28318:Abraham Accords 28229: 28223:U.S. withdrawal 28109: 28048: 28041: 28031: 28029: 27999: 27994: 27978: 27900: 27839: 27733:Tobacco Protest 27711: 27666: 27610: 27569: 27557: 27550: 27540: 27538: 27508: 27503: 27487: 27424:Abraham Accords 27380: 27322:Majid Shahriari 27293: 27215: 27122: 27087: 27078:Victoria Affair 27073:Karine A affair 27059: 26930: 26890: 26862: 26857: 26827: 26822: 26806: 26723: 26687: 26681: 26578: 26413: 26371: 26366: 26336: 26331: 26315: 26227: 26191: 26185: 26082: 25893: 25877: 25851: 25844: 25834: 25832: 25802: 25797: 25783: 25725: 25716:(granddaughter) 25708:Hassan Khomeini 25672:Khadijeh Saqafi 25658: 25605: 25576:Sex segregation 25532: 25523: 25510:Israeli support 25476:1979 Referendum 25456:Supreme Council 25397: 25392: 25362: 25357: 25330: 25326:Political Islam 25304: 25273: 25269:Islamic revival 25237: 25170: 25164: 25160:(Gaddafi, 1975) 25093: 25074: 25028: 24999:Osama bin Laden 24984:Anwar al-Awlaki 24967: 24961:in North Africa 24908:Lashkar-e-Taiba 24856: 24852:Salafi jihadism 24831: 24806: 24775: 24741:Safar al-Hawali 24703: 24653: 24611: 24609:Salafi movement 24594: 24470:Muammar Gaddafi 24455:Hassan al-Banna 24423: 24412: 24386: 24317:Jamiat-e Islami 24263: 24237:Jamaat-e-Islami 24225:in Central Asia 24203:Socio-political 24191: 24079: 24068:Salafi jihadism 24028: 24023: 23993: 23988: 23965: 23956:Second Cold War 23914: 23842: 23836: 23812:Odd Arne Westad 23802:Patrick Vaughan 23787:Athan Theoharis 23767:Ellen Schrecker 23752:Yakov M. Rabkin 23727:Timothy Naftali 23672:Tvrtko Jakovina 23657:Jussi Hanhimäki 23540: 23518: 23508: 23486:Paix et Liberté 23461: 23405:Active measures 23386: 23316: 23297:White supremacy 23257:Totalitarianism 23185: 23110: 23033: 23019:Reagan Doctrine 23014:Carter Doctrine 22954:Truman Doctrine 22942: 22889: 22821: 22716:Soviet reaction 22627:Ndogboyosoi War 22534: 22505:Saur Revolution 22332:1973 oil crisis 22297:Munich massacre 22205:Alcora Exercise 22200:Black September 22178: 21924:Sino-Indian War 21818:Simba rebellion 21801: 21645:Capture of the 21553: 21492:Berlin Blockade 21425:May 1947 crises 21415:Truman Doctrine 21380:Greek Civil War 21369:Blacklist Forty 21336:Gouzenko Affair 21323:Cursed soldiers 21275:Morgenthau Plan 21263: 21201: 21196: 21166: 21161: 20995: 20942: 20926: 20923: 20893: 20888: 20875: 20854: 20823: 20802: 20796: 20766: 20761: 20725: 20695: 20674:Rap and hip-hop 20645: 20626:Public holidays 20611:Persian gardens 20600:Imperial Anthem 20591:National Jewels 20546:Iranian studies 20435: 20369: 20321: 20253: 20214:Persian (Farsi) 20187: 20166: 20135: 20097: 20090: 20025:Pharmaceuticals 19970: 19961:Venture capital 19936:Rial (currency) 19921:Nuclear program 19800: 19779: 19746: 19705: 19656:Nuclear program 19621:Judicial system 19543: 19526: 19497:Iranian plateau 19424: 19403: 19287: 19209: 19191: 19178: 19146:History (1979–) 19145: 19137: 19132: 19127: 19121: 19088: 19064: 19033: 19025: 19017: 19009: 19001: 18993: 18985: 18977: 18964: 18958: 18950: 18942: 18934: 18927: 18919: 18911: 18903: 18895: 18887: 18874: 18868: 18860: 18852: 18844: 18836: 18828: 18820: 18812: 18804: 18788: 18778: 18772: 18759: 18753: 18745: 18737: 18729: 18721: 18713: 18705: 18697: 18689: 18676: 18670: 18669:Neo-Babylonian 18662: 18654: 18647:(860 BC–590 BC) 18646: 18638: 18630: 18622: 18615:(c.2300–675 BC) 18614: 18606: 18598: 18590: 18582: 18562: 18549: 18536: 18530: 18495: 18440:by Akbar Nazemi 18429:– slideshow by 18423: 18396:Wayback Machine 18362:Michel Foucault 18330: 18285: 18260:Wayback Machine 18228: 18223: 18202:Man of the Year 18184:Wayback Machine 18031: 17997: 17974: 17953: 17930: 17899: 17882: 17880:Further reading 17877: 17871: 17852: 17833: 17814: 17793: 17772: 17751: 17730: 17711: 17683: 17662: 17630: 17606: 17604: 17597: 17559: 17557: 17550: 17529: 17521:. Basic Books. 17508: 17487: 17461: 17459: 17452: 17431: 17391: 17372: 17367: 17366: 17356: 17354: 17347: 17331: 17327: 17317: 17315: 17311: 17304: 17300: 17299: 17295: 17285: 17283: 17279: 17268: 17262: 17258: 17248: 17246: 17233: 17232: 17228: 17218: 17216: 17203: 17202: 17198: 17188: 17186: 17173: 17172: 17168: 17158: 17156: 17143: 17142: 17138: 17128: 17126: 17113: 17112: 17108: 17098: 17096: 17085: 17078: 17068: 17066: 17047: 17043: 17033: 17031: 17018: 17017: 17010: 17000: 16998: 16987: 16983: 16973: 16971: 16962: 16961: 16957: 16947: 16945: 16941: 16930: 16924: 16920: 16910: 16908: 16897: 16896: 16892: 16882: 16880: 16865: 16861: 16838: 16834: 16829: 16825: 16814: 16807: 16798: 16794: 16786: 16782: 16774: 16770: 16755: 16741: 16714: 16707: 16687: 16683: 16670: 16669: 16665: 16656:Wayback Machine 16646: 16642: 16634: 16630: 16620: 16618: 16607: 16603: 16587: 16586: 16579: 16577: 16566: 16562: 16546: 16545: 16535: 16534: 16530: 16517: 16516: 16512: 16499: 16498: 16494: 16481: 16480: 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14565: 14561: 14553: 14549: 14539: 14537: 14522: 14518: 14510: 14506: 14484: 14480: 14469:iranchamber.com 14463: 14462: 14458: 14453: 14449: 14439: 14437: 14426: 14422: 14414: 14410: 14402: 14398: 14392:Schirazi (1997) 14390: 14386: 14378: 14374: 14366: 14355: 14349:Schirazi (1997) 14347: 14340: 14332: 14328: 14320: 14316: 14308: 14301: 14293: 14289: 14283:Schirazi (1997) 14281: 14277: 14269: 14265: 14257: 14253: 14245: 14241: 14235:Arjomand (1988) 14233: 14229: 14222: 14206: 14202: 14194: 14190: 14182: 14178: 14170: 14166: 14160:Schirazi (1997) 14158: 14154: 14146:Ansari, Hamid, 14145: 14141: 14133: 14129: 14118: 14114: 14108:Schirazi (1997) 14106: 14102: 14095: 14081: 14077: 14067:Wayback Machine 14058: 14051: 14043: 14036: 14025: 14009: 14005: 13998: 13984: 13977: 13965: 13961: 13949: 13945: 13933: 13926: 13911: 13895: 13891: 13883: 13868: 13860: 13853: 13843: 13841: 13828: 13817: 13805: 13801: 13793: 13784: 13774: 13772: 13759: 13758: 13751: 13743: 13726: 13718: 13707: 13670: 13666: 13654: 13650: 13638: 13634: 13624: 13622: 13613: 13612: 13608: 13598: 13596: 13587: 13586: 13582: 13571: 13555: 13551: 13543: 13539: 13531: 13527: 13513: 13504: 13493:iranchamber.com 13487: 13486: 13482: 13476:Wayback Machine 13467: 13463: 13459:, 30 July 2003. 13454: 13450: 13444:Wayback Machine 13435: 13431: 13421: 13419: 13406: 13405: 13401: 13382: 13378: 13361: 13360: 13356: 13348: 13344: 13336: 13332: 13326:Wayback Machine 13317: 13313: 13300: 13296: 13290:Wayback Machine 13281: 13277: 13269: 13265: 13257: 13253: 13245: 13241: 13236:on 4 June 2011. 13224: 13223: 13219: 13213:Wayback Machine 13204: 13200: 13190: 13188: 13179: 13178: 13174: 13167: 13149: 13140: 13119: 13104: 13094: 13092: 13077: 13073: 13063: 13061: 13046: 13042: 13032: 13030: 13023: 13007: 12994: 12986: 12982: 12972: 12970: 12957: 12956: 12949: 12939: 12937: 12922: 12915: 12905: 12903: 12894: 12893: 12886: 12876: 12874: 12867: 12851: 12842: 12832: 12830: 12823: 12807: 12792: 12782: 12780: 12773: 12757: 12738: 12728: 12726: 12719:Telegraph Blogs 12713: 12712: 12708: 12685:10.2307/3011472 12669: 12665: 12655: 12653: 12643: 12639: 12632: 12606: 12599: 12589: 12587: 12579: 12578: 12574: 12564: 12562: 12553: 12552: 12548: 12541: 12525: 12518: 12503: 12496: 12488: 12477: 12469: 12465: 12444: 12440: 12414: 12410: 12402: 12395: 12385: 12383: 12376: 12360: 12353: 12334: 12297: 12289: 12240: 12232: 12221: 12213: 12206: 12200: 12181: 12173: 12162: 12152: 12150: 12143: 12127: 12120: 12110: 12108: 12101: 12085: 12076: 12066: 12064: 12057: 12038: 11971: 11961: 11959: 11952: 11936: 11932: 11922: 11920: 11913: 11897: 11893: 11886: 11870: 11866: 11856: 11854: 11811: 11804: 11794:Brumberg (2001) 11792: 11788: 11781: 11765: 11761: 11750: 11734: 11730: 11723: 11707: 11662: 11645: 11628: 11620: 11616: 11608: 11604: 11598:Wayback Machine 11588: 11584: 11576: 11572: 11564: 11560: 11552: 11548: 11540: 11536: 11528: 11524: 11513: 11509: 11501: 11497: 11489: 11485: 11478: 11458: 11454: 11446: 11442: 11434: 11430: 11422: 11418: 11410: 11403: 11395: 11391: 11384: 11362: 11358: 11350: 11346: 11338: 11334: 11295: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11271: 11267: 11257: 11255: 11242: 11241: 11237: 11229: 11222: 11214: 11210: 11201: 11197: 11187:Wayback Machine 11177: 11173: 11165: 11161: 11153: 11146: 11138: 11134: 11124: 11122: 11113: 11112: 11108: 11100: 11096: 11084: 11080: 11072: 11068: 11060: 11056: 11046: 11044: 11037: 11019: 11015: 11008: 10994: 10990: 10980: 10978: 10965: 10964: 10960: 10954:Arjomand (1988) 10952: 10948: 10938: 10936: 10929: 10913: 10909: 10899: 10897: 10882: 10878: 10871: 10855: 10848: 10838: 10836: 10829:www.cbsnews.com 10823: 10822: 10818: 10808: 10806: 10799: 10783: 10779: 10769: 10767: 10760: 10744: 10740: 10721: 10720: 10716: 10709: 10695: 10691: 10683: 10677: 10662: 10654: 10650: 10642: 10638: 10630: 10626: 10618: 10614: 10600:Mottahedeh, Roy 10598: 10594: 10585: 10581: 10542: 10538: 10522: 10515: 10509:Schirazi (1997) 10507: 10503: 10495: 10491: 10484: 10462: 10458: 10450: 10446: 10438: 10434: 10426: 10422: 10399: 10395: 10387: 10383: 10377:Brumberg (2001) 10375: 10371: 10363: 10359: 10351: 10347: 10339: 10335: 10327: 10320: 10312: 10308: 10293:10.2307/1864588 10277: 10273: 10264: 10260: 10251: 10247: 10240: 10218: 10214: 10207: 10193: 10189: 10172: 10171: 10167: 10160: 10146: 10142: 10131: 10117: 10113: 10103: 10099: 10091: 10087: 10079: 10072: 10066:Amuzegar (1991) 10064: 10060: 10054:Arjomand (1988) 10052: 10048: 10042:Amuzegar (1991) 10040: 10036: 10026: 10024: 10009: 10005: 9996:Amuzegar (1991) 9994: 9975: 9967: 9948: 9929: 9925: 9917: 9913: 9905: 9901: 9896:Wayback Machine 9879: 9875: 9865: 9863: 9856: 9840: 9805: 9791: 9787: 9770: 9769: 9765: 9755:Mottahedeh, Roy 9753: 9749: 9725: 9721: 9711: 9709: 9702: 9686: 9647: 9639: 9628: 9613: 9591: 9587: 9577: 9575: 9568: 9552: 9483: 9475: 9468: 9421:Wayback Machine 9406:Wayback Machine 9386:Wayback Machine 9356:Wayback Machine 9344: 9340: 9330: 9328: 9313: 9309: 9299: 9285: 9281: 9270: 9245: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9217: 9212: 9208: 9195: 9191: 9186: 9182: 9177: 9173: 9165: 9161: 9148: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9100: 9061: 9027: 8983:History of Iran 8932: 8927: 8925: 8920:Politics portal 8918: 8911: 8904: 8899: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8827:Marjane Satrapi 8797: 8790: 8787: 8778: 8775: 8766: 8760: 8751: 8745: 8736: 8730: 8721: 8718: 8709: 8706: 8697: 8687: 8678: 8675: 8666: 8663: 8654: 8651: 8642: 8613: 8560: 8558:Economy of Iran 8554: 8552:Economic impact 8506:Parthian Empire 8496:asserts in his 8490: 8480: 8465:Pahlavi dynasty 8424: 8410: 8360: 8354: 8312:, governmental 8275: 8265: 8263:Domestic impact 8178: 8168: 8112: 8106: 8086:Main articles: 8084: 8068:invaded by Iraq 8032: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8012: 8011: 8008: 7997: 7991: 7975:Provisional IRA 7922: 7916: 7911: 7855:(unbelievers). 7815: 7809: 7777: 7752: 7723: 7649: 7647:Nojeh coup plot 7643: 7631:Algiers Accords 7601: 7595: 7559: 7547:Main articles: 7545: 7525: 7519: 7514: 7494: 7484: 7442:velayat-e faqih 7381: 7343: 7338: 7337: 7256: 7248: 7247: 7151: 7143: 7142: 7028:Trienio Liberal 6969: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6945: 6935: 6925: 6915: 6905: 6895: 6885: 6875: 6865: 6855: 6845: 6835: 6825: 6816: 6808: 6807: 6543:Flynn (Stephen) 6428: 6420: 6419: 6260: 6252: 6251: 6177: 6169: 6168: 6124: 6116: 6115: 6111:Social equality 6106:Social contract 6096:Self-governance 6051:Democratization 6026:Anti-corruption 6021:Anti-monarchism 6016: 6000:Politics series 5989: 5951: 5942: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5907: 5897: 5896: 5892:Magnus Ranstorp 5810: 5802: 5801: 5697:Hassan al-Banna 5657:Osama bin Laden 5652: 5644: 5643: 5594:Muammar Gaddafi 5579: 5571: 5570: 5557: 5500: 5492: 5491: 5425:Jamaat-e-Islami 5348: 5340: 5339: 5335:Islamic revival 5310: 5302: 5301: 5259:Political Islam 5164: 5156: 5155: 5149: 5104:Salafi jihadism 5099:Salafi movement 5089: 5081: 5080: 5046: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5013: 4997:velayat-e faqih 4953: 4948: 4912: 4906: 4884: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4816: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4752:Emadeddin Baghi 4748: 4742: 4723:Pahlavi dynasty 4698:Immortal Guards 4687:Regency Council 4682: 4590: 4562: 4556: 4512:Front cover of 4475: 4429: 4423: 4391: 4378: 4336:As the days of 4334: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4305: 4218: 4205: 4143: 4108: 4018: 3993: 3966: 3890: 3884: 3863:burned to death 3843: 3841:Cinema Rex fire 3837: 3821:Rastakhiz Party 3803:Western culture 3775: 3770: 3715: 3613: 3599:opened fire on 3554: 3548: 3514: 3508: 3503: 3455: 3412:Rastakhiz Party 3380:Alfred Atherton 3369:Cyrus the Great 3340: 3254: 3248: 3242:) inside Iran. 3187:velayat-e faqih 3165:neo-colonialism 3123: 3117: 3111: 3099:sent into exile 3057: 3047: 3041: 3016:social tensions 3001:Pahlavi dynasty 2978:nationalization 2945: 2939: 2933:secret police. 2905: 2899: 2836:British embassy 2828:Harry S. Truman 2779: 2771:Main articles: 2769: 2723: 2715:Main articles: 2713: 2654:Pahlavi dynasty 2626: 2620: 2594: 2588: 2550:Tobacco protest 2546:Iranian society 2536: 2534:Tobacco Protest 2530: 2483:Islamic revival 2481:version of the 2370: 2364: 2332:totalitarianism 2319:Velâyat-e Faqih 2267:Regency Council 2256:Cinema Rex fire 2185:Pahlavi dynasty 2134: 2104:Iran portal 2098: 2096: 2095: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2076:Women's history 2040: 2032: 2031: 1995: 1985: 1984: 1958: 1948: 1947: 1899: 1889: 1888: 1739:Qutlugh-Khanids 1689:Atabegs of Yazd 1589:Rawadid dynasty 1559:Ziyarid dynasty 1499:Tahirid dynasty 1397: 1395:Medieval period 1387: 1386: 1371:6th century–785 1357:Sasanian Empire 1327:Kings of Persis 1297:Parthian Empire 1267:Seleucid Empire 1248: 1212: 1158: 1156:Imperial period 1148: 1147: 1062:Akkadian Empire 1009:Lullubi Kingdom 969: 959: 958: 907:Zarzian culture 882: 860: 853: 838: 837: 832: 828: 823: 819: 810: 806: 797: 793: 771: 770: 761: 759: 758: 750: 748: 746: 738: 736: 735: 727: 725: 724: 716: 714: 711: 701: 700: 690: 689: 688: 672: 671: 654: 653: 652: 642: 641: 631: 630: 620: 619: 609: 608: 598: 581: 580: 527: 526: 521: 520: 479: 478: 473: 472: 429: 428: 423: 422: 411: 409: 408: 403: 402: 373:Rastakhiz Party 368:Regency Council 364: 363: 362:Pro-Shah Groups 358: 357: 347: 345: 326:Nojeh coup plot 304:Islamic revival 293:1979 oil crisis 200:Pahlavi dynasty 153: 140: 135: 133: 127: 125: 116: 82: 66: 59: 55: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 29834: 29824: 29823: 29818: 29813: 29808: 29803: 29798: 29793: 29788: 29783: 29778: 29773: 29768: 29763: 29758: 29753: 29748: 29743: 29726: 29725: 29713: 29710: 29709: 29707: 29706: 29701: 29696: 29691: 29686: 29681: 29676: 29670: 29668: 29664: 29663: 29661: 29660: 29655: 29650: 29645: 29640: 29634: 29632: 29628: 29627: 29625: 29624: 29622:Hassan Azarfar 29619: 29613: 29611: 29605: 29604: 29602: 29601: 29596: 29591: 29586: 29581: 29576: 29571: 29566: 29561: 29556: 29551: 29546: 29541: 29536: 29531: 29526: 29521: 29515: 29513: 29505: 29504: 29502: 29501: 29496: 29491: 29486: 29481: 29476: 29471: 29466: 29461: 29459:Abdollah Riazi 29456: 29451: 29446: 29444:Parviz Nikkhah 29441: 29435: 29433: 29425: 29424: 29422: 29421: 29416: 29410: 29407: 29406: 29401: 29400: 29393: 29386: 29378: 29369: 29368: 29363: 29362: 29352: 29349: 29348: 29346: 29345: 29338: 29331: 29324: 29319: 29314: 29309: 29304: 29299: 29294: 29289: 29284: 29279: 29278: 29277: 29267: 29262: 29257: 29252: 29247: 29242: 29237: 29232: 29227: 29222: 29217: 29212: 29207: 29202: 29197: 29192: 29190:American Islam 29187: 29182: 29176: 29174: 29170: 29169: 29167: 29166: 29165: 29164: 29154: 29149: 29144: 29142:Karan Vafadari 29139: 29137:Kian Tajbakhsh 29134: 29129: 29124: 29119: 29114: 29109: 29104: 29099: 29094: 29089: 29084: 29079: 29074: 29069: 29064: 29059: 29054: 29049: 29044: 29039: 29034: 29029: 29024: 29019: 29014: 29009: 29004: 28999: 28994: 28989: 28984: 28979: 28974: 28969: 28964: 28959: 28957:Elliott Abrams 28954: 28953: 28952: 28942: 28937: 28932: 28927: 28922: 28917: 28912: 28907: 28902: 28897: 28892: 28886: 28884: 28880: 28879: 28877: 28876: 28871: 28864: 28859: 28854: 28849: 28844: 28839: 28834: 28829: 28824: 28819: 28814: 28809: 28804: 28799: 28794: 28789: 28784: 28779: 28774: 28769: 28768: 28767: 28762: 28752: 28747: 28742: 28741: 28740: 28729: 28727: 28721: 28720: 28718: 28717: 28712: 28707: 28702: 28697: 28685: 28680: 28675: 28670: 28665: 28660: 28655: 28650: 28649: 28648: 28638: 28633: 28628: 28623: 28618: 28613: 28608: 28603: 28598: 28593: 28588: 28583: 28582: 28581: 28576: 28571: 28566: 28561: 28551: 28546: 28538: 28533: 28528: 28523: 28518: 28513: 28508: 28507: 28506: 28496: 28491: 28486: 28481: 28476: 28471: 28466: 28461: 28460: 28459: 28452: 28447: 28442: 28437: 28432: 28430:Canadian Caper 28427: 28422: 28417: 28412: 28402: 28397: 28391: 28389: 28383: 28382: 28380: 28379: 28378: 28377: 28372: 28367: 28362: 28357: 28347: 28342: 28337: 28332: 28327: 28326: 28325: 28320: 28310: 28305: 28300: 28299: 28298: 28293: 28288: 28283: 28278: 28273: 28268: 28263: 28258: 28253: 28248: 28237: 28235: 28231: 28230: 28228: 28227: 28226: 28225: 28220: 28215: 28210: 28205: 28200: 28195: 28185: 28180: 28175: 28170: 28165: 28160: 28155: 28150: 28145: 28144: 28143: 28133: 28128: 28123: 28117: 28115: 28111: 28110: 28108: 28107: 28102: 28097: 28092: 28087: 28082: 28077: 28072: 28067: 28062: 28056: 28054: 28050: 28049: 28028: 28027: 28020: 28013: 28005: 27996: 27995: 27983: 27980: 27979: 27977: 27976: 27971: 27966: 27961: 27956: 27955: 27954: 27947:Gholhak Garden 27944: 27939: 27934: 27929: 27924: 27919: 27914: 27908: 27906: 27902: 27901: 27899: 27898: 27893: 27888: 27883: 27878: 27876:Kamal Foroughi 27873: 27871:Arthur Edwards 27868: 27863: 27858: 27853: 27847: 27845: 27841: 27840: 27838: 27837: 27832: 27827: 27822: 27817: 27812: 27811: 27810: 27803:Salman Rushdie 27800: 27795: 27794: 27793: 27788: 27778: 27777: 27776: 27766: 27765: 27764: 27754: 27747: 27742: 27741: 27740: 27730: 27725: 27719: 27717: 27713: 27712: 27710: 27709: 27708: 27707: 27697: 27696: 27695: 27685: 27680: 27674: 27672: 27668: 27667: 27665: 27664: 27659: 27654: 27649: 27644: 27639: 27634: 27629: 27624: 27618: 27616: 27612: 27611: 27609: 27608: 27603: 27598: 27593: 27588: 27583: 27577: 27575: 27571: 27570: 27566: 27562: 27559: 27558: 27537: 27536: 27529: 27522: 27514: 27505: 27504: 27492: 27489: 27488: 27486: 27485: 27478: 27473: 27468: 27463: 27462: 27461: 27451: 27446: 27441: 27436: 27431: 27426: 27421: 27416: 27411: 27406: 27401: 27400: 27399: 27388: 27386: 27382: 27381: 27379: 27378: 27373: 27368: 27363: 27358: 27353: 27352: 27351: 27341: 27340: 27339: 27334: 27329: 27324: 27319: 27314: 27303: 27301: 27295: 27294: 27292: 27291: 27286: 27281: 27276: 27271: 27266: 27261: 27256: 27251: 27250: 27249: 27239: 27234: 27229: 27223: 27221: 27217: 27216: 27214: 27213: 27208: 27203: 27198: 27193: 27188: 27183: 27178: 27173: 27168: 27163: 27158: 27153: 27148: 27143: 27138: 27132: 27130: 27124: 27123: 27121: 27120: 27119: 27118: 27108: 27103: 27097: 27095: 27089: 27088: 27086: 27085: 27080: 27075: 27069: 27067: 27061: 27060: 27058: 27057: 27052: 27051: 27050: 27045: 27040: 27030: 27025: 27020: 27015: 27010: 27008:Francop Affair 27005: 27000: 26995: 26990: 26985: 26984: 26983: 26978: 26968: 26967: 26966: 26961: 26956: 26951: 26940: 26938: 26932: 26931: 26929: 26928: 26923: 26918: 26913: 26912: 26911: 26900: 26898: 26892: 26891: 26889: 26888: 26883: 26878: 26872: 26870: 26864: 26863: 26856: 26855: 26848: 26841: 26833: 26824: 26823: 26811: 26808: 26807: 26805: 26804: 26799: 26794: 26789: 26784: 26779: 26774: 26769: 26764: 26759: 26758: 26757: 26747: 26742: 26737: 26731: 26729: 26728:Related topics 26725: 26724: 26722: 26721: 26716: 26711: 26706: 26701: 26695: 26693: 26683: 26682: 26680: 26679: 26674: 26669: 26664: 26659: 26654: 26649: 26644: 26639: 26634: 26629: 26624: 26623: 26622: 26617: 26612: 26607: 26597: 26592: 26586: 26584: 26580: 26579: 26577: 26576: 26571: 26566: 26565: 26564: 26559: 26554: 26549: 26544: 26539: 26538: 26537: 26532: 26517: 26516: 26515: 26505: 26504: 26503: 26498: 26493: 26488: 26483: 26473: 26468: 26467: 26466: 26461: 26451: 26446: 26445: 26444: 26434: 26433: 26432: 26421: 26419: 26415: 26414: 26412: 26411: 26410: 26409: 26408: 26407: 26400:Qatif conflict 26397: 26392: 26381: 26379: 26373: 26372: 26365: 26364: 26357: 26350: 26342: 26333: 26332: 26320: 26317: 26316: 26314: 26313: 26308: 26303: 26298: 26293: 26288: 26283: 26278: 26273: 26268: 26267: 26266: 26256: 26251: 26246: 26241: 26235: 26233: 26229: 26228: 26226: 26225: 26220: 26215: 26210: 26205: 26199: 26197: 26187: 26186: 26184: 26183: 26178: 26173: 26168: 26163: 26158: 26153: 26148: 26143: 26138: 26133: 26128: 26127: 26126: 26121: 26116: 26111: 26101: 26096: 26090: 26088: 26084: 26083: 26081: 26080: 26075: 26070: 26069: 26068: 26063: 26058: 26053: 26048: 26043: 26042: 26041: 26036: 26021: 26016: 26015: 26014: 26009: 26004: 25999: 25994: 25984: 25979: 25978: 25977: 25972: 25962: 25957: 25956: 25955: 25945: 25944: 25943: 25933: 25932: 25931: 25930: 25929: 25922:Qatif conflict 25919: 25914: 25903: 25901: 25895: 25894: 25892: 25891: 25885: 25883: 25879: 25878: 25876: 25875: 25870: 25865: 25859: 25857: 25853: 25852: 25831: 25830: 25823: 25816: 25808: 25799: 25798: 25788: 25785: 25784: 25782: 25781: 25776: 25771: 25764: 25759: 25754: 25749: 25744: 25739: 25733: 25731: 25727: 25726: 25724: 25723: 25717: 25714:Zahra Eshraghi 25711: 25705: 25699: 25696:Ahmad Khomeini 25693: 25687: 25681: 25675: 25668: 25666: 25660: 25659: 25657: 25656: 25649: 25642: 25635: 25632:Kashf al-Asrar 25628: 25621: 25613: 25611: 25607: 25606: 25604: 25603: 25598: 25593: 25588: 25583: 25578: 25573: 25568: 25563: 25558: 25553: 25548: 25546:American Islam 25542: 25540: 25534: 25533: 25526: 25524: 25522: 25521: 25520: 25519: 25514: 25513: 25512: 25497: 25496: 25495: 25488: 25483: 25478: 25473: 25468: 25463: 25458: 25453: 25448: 25438: 25436:Return to Iran 25433: 25432: 25431: 25426: 25421: 25411: 25405: 25403: 25399: 25398: 25391: 25390: 25383: 25376: 25368: 25359: 25358: 25356: 25355: 25350: 25343: 25340: 25339: 25336: 25335: 25332: 25331: 25329: 25328: 25323: 25318: 25312: 25310: 25309:Related topics 25306: 25305: 25303: 25302: 25300:United Kingdom 25297: 25292: 25287: 25281: 25279: 25275: 25274: 25272: 25271: 25266: 25261: 25256: 25251: 25245: 25243: 25239: 25238: 25236: 25235: 25230: 25225: 25220: 25215: 25213:Faith campaign 25210: 25205: 25200: 25195: 25190: 25185: 25180: 25174: 25172: 25166: 25165: 25163: 25162: 25158:The Green Book 25154: 25146: 25138: 25130: 25122: 25114: 25112:(Iqbal, 1930s) 25110:Reconstruction 25105: 25103: 25095: 25094: 25084: 25083: 25080: 25079: 25076: 25075: 25073: 25072: 25070:Talibanization 25067: 25062: 25057: 25052: 25047: 25042: 25036: 25034: 25030: 25029: 25027: 25026: 25021: 25016: 25011: 25006: 25004:Akhtar Mansour 25001: 24996: 24991: 24986: 24981: 24975: 24973: 24969: 24968: 24966: 24965: 24964: 24963: 24958: 24953: 24943: 24942: 24941: 24940: 24939: 24934: 24924: 24923: 24922: 24915:Southeast Asia 24912: 24911: 24910: 24905: 24895: 24894: 24893: 24888: 24883: 24881:Fatah al-Islam 24878: 24864: 24862: 24858: 24857: 24855: 24854: 24849: 24843: 24841: 24833: 24832: 24816: 24815: 24812: 24811: 24808: 24807: 24805: 24804: 24799: 24794: 24789: 24783: 24781: 24777: 24776: 24774: 24773: 24768: 24763: 24761:Salman al-Ouda 24758: 24753: 24748: 24743: 24738: 24733: 24728: 24723: 24717: 24715: 24709: 24708: 24705: 24704: 24702: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24690: 24689: 24679: 24674: 24669: 24663: 24661: 24655: 24654: 24652: 24651: 24646: 24644:Sahwa movement 24641: 24636: 24630: 24628: 24621: 24613: 24612: 24600: 24599: 24596: 24595: 24593: 24592: 24587: 24582: 24577: 24572: 24567: 24562: 24557: 24552: 24547: 24542: 24540:Ata Abu Rashta 24537: 24532: 24527: 24522: 24517: 24512: 24507: 24502: 24497: 24492: 24487: 24485:Muhammad Iqbal 24482: 24477: 24472: 24467: 24462: 24457: 24452: 24447: 24442: 24437: 24432: 24430:Muhammad Abduh 24426: 24424: 24421: 24418: 24417: 24414: 24413: 24411: 24410: 24405: 24400: 24394: 24392: 24388: 24387: 24385: 24384: 24379: 24374: 24369: 24367:Fatah Alliance 24364: 24359: 24354: 24349: 24344: 24339: 24334: 24329: 24324: 24319: 24314: 24309: 24304: 24299: 24294: 24289: 24284: 24279: 24273: 24271: 24265: 24264: 24262: 24261: 24260: 24259: 24254: 24244: 24239: 24234: 24229: 24228: 24227: 24222: 24215:Hizb ut-Tahrir 24212: 24206: 24204: 24197: 24193: 24192: 24190: 24189: 24184: 24179: 24174: 24167: 24162: 24157: 24152: 24151: 24150: 24140: 24135: 24134: 24133: 24128: 24118: 24113: 24108: 24103: 24098: 24093: 24087: 24085: 24081: 24080: 24078: 24077: 24072: 24071: 24070: 24060: 24059: 24058: 24048: 24042: 24040: 24030: 24029: 24022: 24021: 24014: 24007: 23999: 23990: 23989: 23987: 23986: 23981: 23976: 23970: 23967: 23966: 23964: 23963: 23958: 23953: 23948: 23943: 23938: 23933: 23928: 23922: 23920: 23916: 23915: 23913: 23912: 23907: 23902: 23897: 23892: 23887: 23882: 23877: 23872: 23867: 23862: 23857: 23852: 23846: 23844: 23838: 23837: 23835: 23834: 23829: 23824: 23819: 23814: 23809: 23804: 23799: 23794: 23789: 23784: 23782:Timothy Snyder 23779: 23774: 23769: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23739: 23734: 23729: 23724: 23719: 23714: 23712:Vojtech Mastny 23709: 23707:Geir Lundestad 23704: 23699: 23697:Walter Laqueur 23694: 23692:Walter LaFeber 23689: 23684: 23679: 23674: 23669: 23664: 23659: 23654: 23649: 23644: 23639: 23634: 23629: 23624: 23622:André Fontaine 23619: 23614: 23609: 23604: 23599: 23594: 23589: 23584: 23579: 23574: 23569: 23564: 23559: 23554: 23552:Gar Alperovitz 23548: 23546: 23542: 23541: 23539: 23538: 23533: 23528: 23522: 23520: 23514: 23513: 23510: 23509: 23507: 23506: 23501: 23495: 23494: 23489: 23482: 23477: 23469: 23467: 23463: 23462: 23460: 23459: 23452: 23447: 23440: 23433: 23428: 23421: 23414: 23407: 23401: 23399: 23392: 23388: 23387: 23385: 23384: 23379: 23374: 23369: 23364: 23359: 23354: 23349: 23344: 23339: 23334: 23328: 23326: 23322: 23321: 23318: 23317: 23315: 23314: 23309: 23304: 23299: 23294: 23292:Third-Worldism 23289: 23284: 23279: 23274: 23269: 23264: 23259: 23254: 23249: 23244: 23239: 23234: 23229: 23224: 23219: 23214: 23209: 23204: 23199: 23193: 23191: 23187: 23186: 23184: 23183: 23178: 23173: 23168: 23163: 23158: 23151: 23146: 23141: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23120: 23118: 23112: 23111: 23109: 23108: 23103: 23098: 23093: 23088: 23083: 23081:Libertarianism 23078: 23073: 23072: 23071: 23061: 23059:Chicago school 23056: 23050: 23048: 23039: 23035: 23034: 23032: 23031: 23026: 23021: 23016: 23011: 23006: 23004:Nixon Doctrine 23001: 22996: 22991: 22986: 22981: 22976: 22971: 22966: 22961: 22956: 22950: 22948: 22947:Foreign policy 22944: 22943: 22941: 22940: 22935: 22930: 22925: 22920: 22915: 22910: 22905: 22899: 22897: 22891: 22890: 22888: 22887: 22882: 22881: 22880: 22870: 22865: 22860: 22855: 22850: 22845: 22840: 22835: 22829: 22827: 22823: 22822: 22820: 22819: 22814: 22809: 22804: 22799: 22794: 22789: 22784: 22779: 22774: 22769: 22764: 22759: 22754: 22749: 22744: 22739: 22734: 22732:Operation RYAN 22729: 22724: 22719: 22709: 22704: 22699: 22694: 22689: 22684: 22679: 22674: 22669: 22664: 22659: 22654: 22649: 22644: 22639: 22637:Able Archer 83 22634: 22629: 22624: 22619: 22614: 22609: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22583: 22582: 22572: 22567: 22562: 22553: 22548: 22542: 22540: 22536: 22535: 22533: 22532: 22527: 22522: 22517: 22512: 22507: 22502: 22497: 22492: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22434: 22429: 22424: 22419: 22414: 22409: 22404: 22399: 22394: 22389: 22387:Oromo conflict 22384: 22379: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22354: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22329: 22327:Yom Kippur War 22324: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22304: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22244: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22217: 22212: 22207: 22202: 22197: 22192: 22186: 22184: 22180: 22179: 22177: 22176: 22171: 22166: 22161: 22156: 22151: 22150: 22149: 22139: 22134: 22129: 22124: 22119: 22110: 22105: 22104: 22103: 22093: 22088: 22083: 22078: 22073: 22068: 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22043: 22038: 22033: 22028: 22023: 22018: 22013: 22008: 22003: 21998: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21982: 21981: 21971: 21966: 21961: 21959:Aden Emergency 21956: 21951: 21946: 21941: 21936: 21931: 21926: 21921: 21916: 21911: 21910: 21909: 21904: 21899: 21889: 21884: 21879: 21877:Papua conflict 21874: 21869: 21864: 21859: 21858: 21857: 21847: 21846: 21845: 21835: 21830: 21825: 21820: 21815: 21809: 21807: 21803: 21802: 21800: 21799: 21794: 21793: 21792: 21782: 21780:Kitchen Debate 21777: 21772: 21767: 21762: 21757: 21752: 21747: 21742: 21740:Sputnik crisis 21737: 21732: 21724: 21717: 21712: 21710:Polish October 21707: 21702: 21697: 21690: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21655: 21650: 21642: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21622: 21617: 21612: 21610:Pact of Madrid 21607: 21602: 21597: 21592: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21565:Bamboo Curtain 21561: 21559: 21555: 21554: 21552: 21551: 21546: 21541: 21536: 21535: 21534: 21524: 21519: 21514: 21509: 21504: 21499: 21494: 21489: 21484: 21479: 21474: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21458: 21457: 21452: 21447: 21437: 21432: 21427: 21422: 21417: 21412: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21364: 21356: 21348: 21343: 21338: 21333: 21325: 21320: 21319: 21318: 21313: 21305: 21292: 21287: 21282: 21277: 21271: 21269: 21265: 21264: 21262: 21261: 21256: 21251: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21214: 21206: 21203: 21202: 21195: 21194: 21187: 21180: 21172: 21163: 21162: 21160: 21159: 21154: 21153: 21152: 21147: 21137: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21121: 21120: 21110: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21060: 21055: 21050: 21045: 21044: 21043: 21033: 21032: 21031: 21030: 21029: 21017:Green Movement 21014: 21009: 21003: 21001: 20997: 20996: 20994: 20993: 20988: 20983: 20978: 20977: 20976: 20971: 20966: 20956: 20950: 20948: 20944: 20943: 20941: 20940: 20934: 20932: 20928: 20927: 20922: 20921: 20914: 20907: 20899: 20890: 20889: 20887: 20886: 20880: 20877: 20876: 20874: 20873: 20868: 20862: 20860: 20856: 20855: 20853: 20852: 20847: 20842: 20837: 20831: 20829: 20825: 20824: 20822: 20821: 20816: 20810: 20808: 20804: 20803: 20795: 20794: 20787: 20780: 20772: 20763: 20762: 20760: 20759: 20749: 20738: 20735: 20734: 20731: 20730: 20727: 20726: 20724: 20723: 20718: 20713: 20707: 20705: 20701: 20700: 20697: 20696: 20694: 20693: 20686: 20681: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20655: 20653: 20647: 20646: 20644: 20643: 20633: 20628: 20623: 20618: 20613: 20608: 20603: 20593: 20588: 20583: 20577: 20563: 20558: 20548: 20543: 20538: 20533: 20528: 20518: 20513: 20508: 20503: 20489: 20484: 20479: 20469: 20463: 20453: 20447: 20441: 20440: 20437: 20436: 20434: 20433: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20407: 20402: 20397: 20388: 20383: 20377: 20375: 20371: 20370: 20368: 20367: 20362: 20352: 20347: 20337: 20331: 20329: 20323: 20322: 20320: 20319: 20318: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20302: 20297: 20292: 20287: 20282: 20272: 20261: 20259: 20255: 20254: 20252: 20251: 20246: 20241: 20236: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20210: 20208: 20199: 20189: 20188: 20176: 20175: 20172: 20171: 20168: 20167: 20165: 20164: 20159: 20154: 20149: 20143: 20141: 20137: 20136: 20134: 20133: 20128: 20123: 20118: 20113: 20108: 20102: 20100: 20092: 20091: 20089: 20088: 20083: 20077: 20072: 20067: 20058: 20048: 20038: 20033: 20028: 20018: 20013: 20008: 20007: 20006: 20001: 19991: 19980: 19978: 19972: 19971: 19969: 19968: 19958: 19953: 19948: 19943: 19938: 19933: 19928: 19918: 19913: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19873: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19833: 19823: 19818: 19812: 19810: 19802: 19801: 19789: 19788: 19785: 19784: 19781: 19780: 19778: 19777: 19775:Supreme Leader 19772: 19767: 19762: 19756: 19754: 19748: 19747: 19745: 19744: 19739: 19737:Local councils 19734: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19713: 19711: 19707: 19706: 19704: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19653: 19648: 19643: 19637: 19632: 19623: 19618: 19617: 19616: 19614:Women's rights 19611: 19606: 19596: 19591: 19586: 19576: 19571: 19561: 19555: 19553: 19545: 19544: 19532: 19531: 19528: 19527: 19525: 19524: 19519: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19468: 19467: 19465:Climate change 19457: 19452: 19451: 19450: 19445: 19435: 19429: 19426: 19425: 19413: 19412: 19409: 19408: 19405: 19404: 19402: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19376: 19371: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19351: 19349:Jiroft culture 19346: 19345: 19344: 19337:Iranic peoples 19334: 19333: 19332: 19331: 19330: 19325: 19313:Persianization 19310: 19305: 19299: 19297: 19293: 19292: 19289: 19288: 19286: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19255: 19250: 19249: 19248: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19187: 19182: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19159: 19154: 19149: 19141: 19139: 19129: 19128: 19126: 19125: 19117: 19112: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19083: 19081: 19074: 19070: 19069: 19066: 19065: 19063: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19047: 19042: 19037: 19029: 19021: 19013: 19005: 18997: 18989: 18981: 18972: 18970: 18966: 18965: 18963: 18962: 18954: 18946: 18938: 18931: 18923: 18920:(1135/36-1225) 18915: 18907: 18899: 18891: 18882: 18880: 18876: 18875: 18873: 18872: 18864: 18856: 18848: 18840: 18832: 18824: 18816: 18808: 18799: 18797: 18790: 18784: 18783: 18780: 18779: 18777: 18776: 18767: 18765: 18761: 18760: 18758: 18757: 18749: 18741: 18733: 18730:(c.295–220 BC) 18725: 18717: 18709: 18701: 18693: 18684: 18682: 18678: 18677: 18675: 18674: 18666: 18658: 18650: 18642: 18634: 18626: 18618: 18610: 18602: 18594: 18589:Proto-Elamite 18586: 18577: 18575: 18568: 18564: 18563: 18551: 18550: 18538: 18537: 18529: 18528: 18521: 18514: 18506: 18500: 18497: 18496: 18487: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18448:Kaveh Golestan 18441: 18435: 18422: 18419: 18418: 18417: 18411: 18405: 18399: 18386: 18380: 18376:Moojan Momen, 18374: 18364: 18355: 18345: 18329: 18326: 18325: 18324: 18318: 18312: 18306: 18296: 18295:Persian Branch 18284: 18281: 18280: 18279: 18268: 18263: 18249: 18240: 18227: 18226:External links 18224: 18222: 18221: 18212: 18205: 18195: 18188: 18172: 18154: 18147: 18136: 18118: 18104: 18094: 18091: 18084: 18066: 18059: 18051:The New Yorker 18042: 18035: 18029: 18014: 18001: 17995: 17978: 17972: 17957: 17951: 17934: 17928: 17912: 17903: 17897: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17875: 17869: 17856: 17850: 17837: 17831: 17818: 17812: 17797: 17791: 17776: 17770: 17755: 17749: 17734: 17728: 17715: 17709: 17696: 17687: 17681: 17666: 17660: 17643: 17641:. I.B. Tauris. 17634: 17628: 17613: 17595: 17566: 17548: 17533: 17527: 17512: 17506: 17491: 17485: 17468: 17450: 17444:. SUNY Press. 17435: 17429: 17413: 17404: 17395: 17389: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17365: 17364: 17345: 17325: 17314:on 18 May 2015 17293: 17256: 17226: 17196: 17166: 17136: 17106: 17076: 17041: 17008: 16981: 16955: 16918: 16890: 16859: 16832: 16823: 16805: 16792: 16790:, p. 286. 16780: 16778:, p. 227. 16768: 16753: 16712: 16705: 16681: 16663: 16640: 16636:Shirley (1997) 16628: 16601: 16560: 16528: 16510: 16492: 16474: 16462: 16456:Howard, Jane. 16449: 16430: 16408: 16396: 16373: 16366: 16348: 16341: 16323: 16297: 16266: 16236: 16206: 16176: 16174:, p. 199. 16164: 16147: 16143:Shirley (1997) 16135: 16115: 16103: 16101:, p. 193. 16091: 16078: 16065: 16052: 16036: 16024: 15994: 15964: 15934: 15904: 15874: 15848: 15818: 15785: 15755: 15732:(3): 153–174. 15710: 15677: 15666:(2): 309–326. 15648: 15629: 15609: 15578:(3): 371–393. 15556: 15549: 15523: 15519:Bakhash (1984) 15511: 15499: 15478: 15459: 15439: 15420:(2): 252–267. 15400: 15374: 15365: 15346:(4): 687–709. 15323: 15312:. 4 April 2024 15297: 15286:(3): 293–331. 15280:Social History 15261: 15250:(3): 293–331. 15244:Social History 15230: 15199: 15173: 15171:, p. 175. 15161: 15139: 15126: 15113: 15102: 15082: 15070: 15066:Bakhash (1984) 15058: 15056:, p. 127. 15043: 15041:, p. 238. 15031: 15029:, p. 153. 15027:Bakhash (1984) 15019: 15017:, p. 144. 15007: 15005:, p. 123. 15003:Bakhash (1984) 14995: 14983: 14971: 14969:, p. 156. 14959: 14955:Bakhash (1984) 14947: 14945:, p. 232. 14932: 14928:Bakhash (1984) 14920: 14918:, p. 219. 14905: 14885: 14870: 14858: 14827: 14796: 14762: 14758:Bakhash (1984) 14750: 14729:(2): 164–187. 14704: 14702:, p. 111. 14700:Bakhash (1984) 14692: 14688:Bakhash (1984) 14679: 14672: 14651: 14649:, p. 291. 14639: 14635:Bakhash (1984) 14627: 14625:, p. 208. 14615: 14584: 14578:Bowden, Mark, 14571: 14569:, p. 249. 14559: 14547: 14516: 14514:, p. 228. 14504: 14478: 14456: 14447: 14420: 14416:Bakhash (1984) 14408: 14406:, p. 218. 14396: 14384: 14382:, p. 217. 14372: 14368:Bakhash (1984) 14353: 14351:, p. 153. 14338: 14336:, p. 211. 14326: 14322:Bakhash (1984) 14314: 14299: 14297:, p. 275. 14287: 14285:, p. 151. 14275: 14273:, p. 371. 14263: 14261:, p. 222. 14251: 14249:, p. 245. 14239: 14237:, p. 135. 14227: 14220: 14200: 14188: 14186:, p. 203. 14176: 14174:, p. 224. 14164: 14152: 14139: 14135:Bakhash (1984) 14127: 14112: 14100: 14093: 14075: 14049: 14047:, p. 241. 14034: 14023: 14003: 13996: 13975: 13959: 13943: 13924: 13909: 13889: 13866: 13864:, p. 152. 13862:Kurzman (2005) 13851: 13815: 13799: 13797:, p. 151. 13795:Kurzman (2005) 13782: 13749: 13724: 13705: 13684:(2): 283–298. 13664: 13648: 13632: 13606: 13580: 13569: 13549: 13547:, p. 181. 13537: 13525: 13502: 13480: 13461: 13448: 13429: 13399: 13376: 13354: 13352:, p. 529. 13342: 13340:, p. 206. 13330: 13311: 13303:Sahifeh-ye Nur 13294: 13275: 13273:, p. 200. 13263: 13261:, p. 146. 13251: 13249:, p. 161. 13239: 13217: 13198: 13172: 13165: 13138: 13102: 13071: 13040: 13021: 12992: 12990:, p. 122. 12988:Kurzman (2004) 12980: 12947: 12913: 12884: 12865: 12840: 12821: 12790: 12771: 12736: 12706: 12663: 12637: 12630: 12597: 12572: 12546: 12539: 12516: 12494: 12492:, p. 515. 12475: 12471:Kurzman (2004) 12463: 12438: 12408: 12406:, p. 117. 12404:Kurzman (2004) 12393: 12374: 12351: 12342:The New Yorker 12295: 12238: 12219: 12179: 12160: 12141: 12118: 12099: 12074: 12055: 11969: 11950: 11930: 11911: 11891: 11884: 11864: 11825:(3): 287–325. 11802: 11786: 11779: 11759: 11748: 11728: 11721: 11660: 11653:(PhD thesis). 11626: 11614: 11602: 11582: 11570: 11558: 11556:, p. 174. 11546: 11544:, p. 226. 11534: 11532:, p. 163. 11522: 11507: 11495: 11493:, p. 444. 11483: 11476: 11452: 11450:, p. 240. 11440: 11428: 11416: 11401: 11399:, p. 276. 11389: 11382: 11356: 11354:, p. 495. 11344: 11340:Kurzman (2004) 11332: 11305:(3): 349–388. 11289: 11285:Kurzman (2004) 11277: 11265: 11235: 11233:, p. 196. 11220: 11208: 11195: 11171: 11159: 11144: 11132: 11106: 11094: 11078: 11076:, p. 140. 11066: 11064:, p. 143. 11054: 11035: 11013: 11006: 10988: 10958: 10946: 10927: 10907: 10876: 10869: 10846: 10816: 10797: 10777: 10758: 10738: 10714: 10707: 10689: 10675: 10648: 10636: 10632:Bakhash (1984) 10624: 10622:, p. 184. 10612: 10592: 10579: 10536: 10513: 10501: 10489: 10482: 10456: 10454:, p. 178. 10444: 10442:, p. 238. 10432: 10430:, p. 214. 10420: 10393: 10391:, p. 207. 10389:Shirley (1997) 10381: 10369: 10357: 10345: 10343:, p. 437. 10333: 10318: 10314:Bakhash (1984) 10306: 10271: 10258: 10245: 10238: 10212: 10205: 10187: 10165: 10158: 10140: 10129: 10111: 10097: 10095:, p. 897. 10085: 10083:, p. 121. 10081:Kurzman (2004) 10070: 10058: 10056:, p. 191. 10046: 10034: 10003: 9973: 9969:Kurzman (2004) 9946: 9923: 9921:, p. 111. 9919:Kurzman (2004) 9911: 9909:, p. 228. 9899: 9873: 9854: 9803: 9785: 9763: 9747: 9719: 9700: 9645: 9643:, p. 479. 9626: 9611: 9585: 9566: 9481: 9479:, p. 229. 9466: 9464: 9463: 9445: 9430: 9409: 9372: 9359: 9338: 9307: 9297: 9279: 9268: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9215: 9206: 9202:National Front 9189: 9180: 9171: 9159: 9142: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9124: 9121: 9118: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8923: 8909: 8906:History portal 8895: 8879: 8876: 8875: 8874: 8862: 8854: 8836: 8818: 8811:Canadian Caper 8796: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8769: 8767: 8761: 8754: 8752: 8746: 8739: 8737: 8731: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8700: 8698: 8688: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8645: 8641: 8638: 8612: 8609: 8553: 8550: 8479: 8476: 8453:Mahnaz Afkhami 8409: 8406: 8356:Main article: 8353: 8350: 8264: 8261: 8195:Lebanon (1983) 8167: 8164: 8083: 8080: 8044:Saddam Hussein 8027: 8026: 8021: 8014: 8013: 8009: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7993:Main article: 7990: 7987: 7982:third worldist 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7899:Guruh-i Furqan 7873:National Front 7811:Main article: 7808: 7805: 7776: 7773: 7751: 7748: 7740:ifsad-fi-alarz 7732:ifsad-fi-alarz 7722: 7719: 7680:in June 1981. 7642: 7639: 7597:Main article: 7594: 7593:Hostage crisis 7591: 7544: 7541: 7521:Main article: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7506:Gonbad-e Qabus 7483: 7480: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7340: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7281:Egalitarianism 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7255:Related topics 7254: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7226:United Kingdom 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7008:Dutch Republic 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6976: 6974:Roman Republic 6970: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6948: 6938: 6928: 6918: 6908: 6898: 6888: 6878: 6868: 6858: 6848: 6838: 6828: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415:Wollstonecraft 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5908: 5905:Related topics 5903: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5852:Maryam Namazie 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5762:Ata Abu Rashta 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5712:Muhammad Iqbal 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5672:Muhammad Abduh 5669: 5664: 5662:Mohammed Yusuf 5659: 5653: 5651:Key ideologues 5650: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5629:House of Thani 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5589:Omar al-Bashir 5586: 5580: 5578:Heads of state 5577: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5551: 5544:("Milestones") 5538: 5526: 5514: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5480:Southeast Asia 5477: 5472: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5435:Salafist Front 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5415:Hizb ut-Tahrir 5406: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5388: 5386:Sahwa movement 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5361:Dawat-e-Islami 5358: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5315:Anti-communism 5311: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5292: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5232: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5015:Main article: 5012: 5009: 5001:Supreme Leader 4965:Oriana Fallaci 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4936:Saddam Hussein 4908:Main article: 4905: 4902: 4883: 4880: 4839: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4741: 4738: 4734:Decade of Fajr 4681: 4678: 4646:Mehdi Bazargan 4631:Mehdi Bazargan 4558:Main article: 4555: 4552: 4474: 4471: 4425:Main article: 4422: 4419: 4390: 4387: 4377: 4374: 4372:percent mark. 4328: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4268:Shahyad Square 4204: 4201: 4178:strikebreakers 4142: 4139: 4107: 4104: 4079:National Front 4017: 4014: 4005:general strike 3992: 3989: 3965: 3962: 3886:Main article: 3883: 3880: 3839:Main article: 3836: 3833: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3746:National Front 3714: 3711: 3680:rubber bullets 3650:courts-martial 3637:liberalization 3612: 3609: 3547: 3544: 3510:Main article: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3459:liberalization 3454: 3451: 3339: 3336: 3321:socio-economic 3270:National Front 3266:Mehdi Bazargan 3250:Main article: 3247: 3244: 3139:Westernization 3113:Main article: 3110: 3107: 3043:Main article: 3040: 3037: 3033:Red Revolution 3023:and the urban 3021:intelligentsia 2993:westernization 2986:profit-sharing 2941:Main article: 2938: 2935: 2901:Main article: 2898: 2895: 2883:Operation Ajax 2768: 2765: 2712: 2709: 2622:Main article: 2619: 2616: 2590:Main article: 2587: 2584: 2532:Main article: 2529: 2526: 2498:Husayn ibn Ali 2487:westernization 2485:. It resisted 2444:administration 2424: 2423: 2420: 2413: 2410: 2403: 2393: 2366:Main article: 2363: 2360: 2275:prime minister 2216:1953 Iran coup 2155:Enqelâb-e Irân 2136: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2118: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2056:Heads of state 2053: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2004: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1849:Timurid Empire 1845: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1639:Nasrid dynasty 1635: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1533:pre-879 – 1215 1531: 1529:Ghurid dynasty 1525: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1509:Samanid Empire 1505: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1489:Alid dynasties 1485: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1087: 1085:Avestan period 1081: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1015: 1005: 1004: 998: 996:Jiroft culture 992: 991: 988: 982: 981: 978: 970: 967:Ancient period 965: 964: 961: 960: 955: 954: 953:5th millennium 948: 942: 941: 940:6th millennium 935: 929: 928: 922: 916: 915: 909: 903: 902: 896: 883: 878: 877: 874: 873: 865: 864: 855: 854: 847: 840: 839: 836: 835: 826: 817: 804: 790: 789: 786: 785: 778: 777: 773: 772: 733:Mehdi Bazargan 713: 712: 597: 596: 595: 592: 591: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 524: 523: 522: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 476: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 426: 425: 424: 407: 406: 404: 401: 400: 395: 390: 385: 383:Imperial Guard 380: 375: 370: 361: 360: 359: 344: 343: 336: 335: 331: 330: 329: 328: 323: 318: 312: 307: 301: 295: 290: 285: 279: 274: 269: 260: 247: 237: 233: 232: 231: 230: 227: 224: 219: 214: 212:Demonstrations 207: 203: 202: 196: 192: 191: 190: 189: 182: 174: 168: 159: 155: 154: 149: 147: 143: 142: 122: 118: 117: 111: 103: 102: 95: 94: 84: 83: 80: 62: 60: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 29833: 29822: 29819: 29817: 29814: 29812: 29809: 29807: 29804: 29802: 29799: 29797: 29794: 29792: 29789: 29787: 29784: 29782: 29779: 29777: 29774: 29772: 29771:1979 in Islam 29769: 29767: 29764: 29762: 29759: 29757: 29756:1979 protests 29754: 29752: 29749: 29747: 29746:1978 protests 29744: 29742: 29739: 29738: 29736: 29723: 29722: 29711: 29705: 29702: 29700: 29697: 29695: 29692: 29690: 29687: 29685: 29682: 29680: 29677: 29675: 29672: 29671: 29669: 29665: 29659: 29656: 29654: 29653:Kamran Samimi 29651: 29649: 29646: 29644: 29641: 29639: 29636: 29635: 29633: 29629: 29623: 29620: 29618: 29617:Bahram Afzali 29615: 29614: 29612: 29610: 29606: 29600: 29597: 29595: 29592: 29590: 29587: 29585: 29582: 29580: 29577: 29575: 29572: 29570: 29567: 29565: 29562: 29560: 29557: 29555: 29552: 29550: 29547: 29545: 29542: 29540: 29537: 29535: 29532: 29530: 29527: 29525: 29524:Ayat Mohaqeqi 29522: 29520: 29517: 29516: 29514: 29511: 29506: 29500: 29497: 29495: 29492: 29490: 29487: 29485: 29482: 29480: 29477: 29475: 29472: 29470: 29467: 29465: 29462: 29460: 29457: 29455: 29452: 29450: 29447: 29445: 29442: 29440: 29437: 29436: 29434: 29431: 29426: 29420: 29417: 29415: 29412: 29411: 29408: 29399: 29394: 29392: 29387: 29385: 29380: 29379: 29376: 29360: 29350: 29344: 29343: 29339: 29337: 29336: 29332: 29329: 29325: 29323: 29320: 29318: 29315: 29313: 29310: 29308: 29305: 29303: 29300: 29298: 29295: 29293: 29290: 29288: 29285: 29283: 29280: 29276: 29273: 29272: 29271: 29268: 29266: 29263: 29261: 29258: 29256: 29253: 29251: 29248: 29246: 29243: 29241: 29238: 29236: 29233: 29231: 29228: 29226: 29223: 29221: 29218: 29216: 29213: 29211: 29208: 29206: 29203: 29201: 29198: 29196: 29193: 29191: 29188: 29186: 29183: 29181: 29178: 29177: 29175: 29171: 29163: 29160: 29159: 29158: 29155: 29153: 29150: 29148: 29145: 29143: 29140: 29138: 29135: 29133: 29130: 29128: 29125: 29123: 29120: 29118: 29115: 29113: 29112:Maryam Rajavi 29110: 29108: 29105: 29103: 29100: 29098: 29095: 29093: 29090: 29088: 29087:Siamak Namazi 29085: 29083: 29082:Baquer Namazi 29080: 29078: 29075: 29073: 29070: 29068: 29065: 29063: 29060: 29058: 29055: 29053: 29050: 29048: 29045: 29043: 29040: 29038: 29037:Sirous Asgari 29035: 29033: 29032:Shahram Amiri 29030: 29028: 29025: 29023: 29022:Saeed Abedini 29020: 29018: 29017:Roxana Saberi 29015: 29013: 29010: 29008: 29005: 29003: 29000: 28998: 28997:Jason Rezaian 28995: 28993: 28990: 28988: 28985: 28983: 28982:Robert Malley 28980: 28978: 28975: 28973: 28970: 28968: 28965: 28963: 28960: 28958: 28955: 28951: 28948: 28947: 28946: 28943: 28941: 28938: 28936: 28933: 28931: 28928: 28926: 28923: 28921: 28918: 28916: 28913: 28911: 28908: 28906: 28903: 28901: 28898: 28896: 28893: 28891: 28888: 28887: 28885: 28881: 28875: 28872: 28870: 28869: 28865: 28863: 28860: 28858: 28855: 28853: 28850: 28848: 28845: 28843: 28840: 28838: 28835: 28833: 28830: 28828: 28825: 28823: 28820: 28818: 28815: 28813: 28810: 28808: 28805: 28803: 28800: 28798: 28795: 28793: 28790: 28788: 28785: 28783: 28780: 28778: 28775: 28773: 28770: 28766: 28763: 28761: 28758: 28757: 28756: 28753: 28751: 28748: 28746: 28743: 28739: 28736: 28735: 28734: 28731: 28730: 28728: 28726: 28722: 28716: 28713: 28711: 28708: 28706: 28703: 28701: 28698: 28696: 28695: 28691: 28686: 28684: 28681: 28679: 28676: 28674: 28671: 28669: 28666: 28664: 28661: 28659: 28656: 28654: 28651: 28647: 28644: 28643: 28642: 28639: 28637: 28634: 28632: 28629: 28627: 28624: 28622: 28619: 28617: 28614: 28612: 28609: 28607: 28604: 28602: 28599: 28597: 28594: 28592: 28589: 28587: 28584: 28580: 28577: 28575: 28572: 28570: 28567: 28565: 28562: 28560: 28557: 28556: 28555: 28552: 28550: 28547: 28545: 28544: 28543:Maersk Tigris 28539: 28537: 28534: 28532: 28529: 28527: 28524: 28522: 28519: 28517: 28514: 28512: 28509: 28505: 28502: 28501: 28500: 28497: 28495: 28492: 28490: 28487: 28485: 28482: 28480: 28477: 28475: 28472: 28470: 28467: 28465: 28462: 28458: 28457: 28453: 28451: 28448: 28446: 28443: 28441: 28438: 28436: 28433: 28431: 28428: 28426: 28423: 28421: 28418: 28416: 28413: 28411: 28408: 28407: 28406: 28403: 28401: 28398: 28396: 28393: 28392: 28390: 28388: 28384: 28376: 28373: 28371: 28368: 28366: 28363: 28361: 28358: 28356: 28353: 28352: 28351: 28348: 28346: 28343: 28341: 28338: 28336: 28333: 28331: 28328: 28324: 28321: 28319: 28316: 28315: 28314: 28311: 28309: 28306: 28304: 28301: 28297: 28294: 28292: 28289: 28287: 28284: 28282: 28279: 28277: 28274: 28272: 28269: 28267: 28264: 28262: 28259: 28257: 28254: 28252: 28249: 28247: 28244: 28243: 28242: 28241:Iran–Iraq War 28239: 28238: 28236: 28232: 28224: 28221: 28219: 28216: 28214: 28211: 28209: 28206: 28204: 28201: 28199: 28196: 28194: 28191: 28190: 28189: 28186: 28184: 28181: 28179: 28176: 28174: 28171: 28169: 28166: 28164: 28161: 28159: 28156: 28154: 28151: 28149: 28146: 28142: 28139: 28138: 28137: 28134: 28132: 28129: 28127: 28124: 28122: 28119: 28118: 28116: 28112: 28106: 28103: 28101: 28098: 28096: 28093: 28091: 28088: 28086: 28083: 28081: 28078: 28076: 28073: 28071: 28068: 28066: 28063: 28061: 28058: 28057: 28055: 28051: 28045: 28040: 28035: 28026: 28021: 28019: 28014: 28012: 28007: 28006: 28003: 27993: 27992: 27981: 27975: 27972: 27970: 27967: 27965: 27962: 27960: 27957: 27953: 27950: 27949: 27948: 27945: 27943: 27942:Rhum gasfield 27940: 27938: 27935: 27933: 27930: 27928: 27925: 27923: 27920: 27918: 27915: 27913: 27910: 27909: 27907: 27903: 27897: 27894: 27892: 27889: 27887: 27884: 27882: 27879: 27877: 27874: 27872: 27869: 27867: 27864: 27862: 27859: 27857: 27854: 27852: 27851:Kameel Ahmady 27849: 27848: 27846: 27842: 27836: 27833: 27831: 27828: 27826: 27823: 27821: 27818: 27816: 27813: 27809: 27806: 27805: 27804: 27801: 27799: 27796: 27792: 27789: 27787: 27784: 27783: 27782: 27779: 27775: 27772: 27771: 27770: 27769:Abadan Crisis 27767: 27763: 27760: 27759: 27758: 27755: 27753: 27752: 27748: 27746: 27743: 27739: 27736: 27735: 27734: 27731: 27729: 27726: 27724: 27721: 27720: 27718: 27714: 27706: 27703: 27702: 27701: 27700:Iran–Iraq War 27698: 27694: 27691: 27690: 27689: 27686: 27684: 27681: 27679: 27676: 27675: 27673: 27669: 27663: 27660: 27658: 27655: 27653: 27650: 27648: 27645: 27643: 27640: 27638: 27635: 27633: 27630: 27628: 27625: 27623: 27620: 27619: 27617: 27613: 27607: 27604: 27602: 27599: 27597: 27594: 27592: 27589: 27587: 27584: 27582: 27579: 27578: 27576: 27572: 27565: 27560: 27554: 27549: 27544: 27535: 27530: 27528: 27523: 27521: 27516: 27515: 27512: 27502: 27501: 27490: 27484: 27483: 27479: 27477: 27474: 27472: 27469: 27467: 27464: 27460: 27457: 27456: 27455: 27452: 27450: 27447: 27445: 27442: 27440: 27437: 27435: 27432: 27430: 27427: 27425: 27422: 27420: 27417: 27415: 27412: 27410: 27407: 27405: 27402: 27398: 27395: 27394: 27393: 27390: 27389: 27387: 27383: 27377: 27374: 27372: 27369: 27367: 27364: 27362: 27359: 27357: 27354: 27350: 27347: 27346: 27345: 27342: 27338: 27335: 27333: 27330: 27328: 27325: 27323: 27320: 27318: 27315: 27313: 27310: 27309: 27308: 27305: 27304: 27302: 27300: 27296: 27290: 27287: 27285: 27282: 27280: 27277: 27275: 27272: 27270: 27267: 27265: 27262: 27260: 27257: 27255: 27252: 27248: 27245: 27244: 27243: 27240: 27238: 27235: 27233: 27230: 27228: 27225: 27224: 27222: 27218: 27212: 27209: 27207: 27204: 27202: 27199: 27197: 27194: 27192: 27189: 27187: 27184: 27182: 27179: 27177: 27174: 27172: 27169: 27167: 27164: 27162: 27159: 27157: 27154: 27152: 27149: 27147: 27144: 27142: 27139: 27137: 27134: 27133: 27131: 27129: 27125: 27117: 27114: 27113: 27112: 27109: 27107: 27106:2014 Gaza War 27104: 27102: 27099: 27098: 27096: 27094: 27090: 27084: 27081: 27079: 27076: 27074: 27071: 27070: 27068: 27066: 27062: 27056: 27053: 27049: 27046: 27044: 27041: 27039: 27036: 27035: 27034: 27031: 27029: 27026: 27024: 27021: 27019: 27016: 27014: 27011: 27009: 27006: 27004: 27001: 26999: 26996: 26994: 26991: 26989: 26986: 26982: 26979: 26977: 26974: 26973: 26972: 26969: 26965: 26962: 26960: 26957: 26955: 26952: 26950: 26947: 26946: 26945: 26942: 26941: 26939: 26937: 26933: 26927: 26924: 26922: 26919: 26917: 26914: 26910: 26907: 26906: 26905: 26902: 26901: 26899: 26897: 26893: 26887: 26884: 26882: 26881:Iran–Iraq war 26879: 26877: 26874: 26873: 26871: 26869: 26865: 26861: 26854: 26849: 26847: 26842: 26840: 26835: 26834: 26831: 26821: 26820: 26809: 26803: 26800: 26798: 26795: 26793: 26790: 26788: 26785: 26783: 26780: 26778: 26775: 26773: 26770: 26768: 26765: 26763: 26760: 26756: 26753: 26752: 26751: 26748: 26746: 26743: 26741: 26738: 26736: 26733: 26732: 26730: 26726: 26720: 26717: 26715: 26712: 26710: 26707: 26705: 26702: 26700: 26697: 26696: 26694: 26692:member states 26691: 26684: 26678: 26675: 26673: 26670: 26668: 26665: 26663: 26660: 26658: 26655: 26653: 26650: 26648: 26645: 26643: 26640: 26638: 26635: 26633: 26630: 26628: 26625: 26621: 26618: 26616: 26613: 26611: 26608: 26606: 26603: 26602: 26601: 26598: 26596: 26593: 26591: 26588: 26587: 26585: 26581: 26575: 26572: 26570: 26567: 26563: 26560: 26558: 26555: 26553: 26550: 26548: 26545: 26543: 26540: 26536: 26533: 26531: 26528: 26527: 26526: 26523: 26522: 26521: 26520:Yemeni crisis 26518: 26514: 26511: 26510: 26509: 26506: 26502: 26499: 26497: 26494: 26492: 26489: 26487: 26484: 26482: 26479: 26478: 26477: 26474: 26472: 26469: 26465: 26462: 26460: 26457: 26456: 26455: 26452: 26450: 26447: 26443: 26440: 26439: 26438: 26435: 26431: 26428: 26427: 26426: 26425:Iran–Iraq War 26423: 26422: 26420: 26416: 26406: 26403: 26402: 26401: 26398: 26396: 26393: 26391: 26388: 26387: 26386: 26383: 26382: 26380: 26378: 26374: 26370: 26363: 26358: 26356: 26351: 26349: 26344: 26343: 26340: 26330: 26329: 26318: 26312: 26309: 26307: 26304: 26302: 26299: 26297: 26294: 26292: 26289: 26287: 26284: 26282: 26279: 26277: 26274: 26272: 26269: 26265: 26262: 26261: 26260: 26257: 26255: 26252: 26250: 26247: 26245: 26242: 26240: 26237: 26236: 26234: 26230: 26224: 26221: 26219: 26216: 26214: 26211: 26209: 26206: 26204: 26201: 26200: 26198: 26196:member states 26195: 26188: 26182: 26179: 26177: 26174: 26172: 26169: 26167: 26164: 26162: 26159: 26157: 26154: 26152: 26149: 26147: 26144: 26142: 26139: 26137: 26134: 26132: 26129: 26125: 26122: 26120: 26117: 26115: 26112: 26110: 26107: 26106: 26105: 26102: 26100: 26097: 26095: 26092: 26091: 26089: 26085: 26079: 26076: 26074: 26071: 26067: 26064: 26062: 26059: 26057: 26054: 26052: 26049: 26047: 26044: 26040: 26037: 26035: 26032: 26031: 26030: 26027: 26026: 26025: 26024:Yemeni crisis 26022: 26020: 26017: 26013: 26010: 26008: 26005: 26003: 26000: 25998: 25995: 25993: 25990: 25989: 25988: 25985: 25983: 25980: 25976: 25973: 25971: 25968: 25967: 25966: 25963: 25961: 25958: 25954: 25951: 25950: 25949: 25946: 25942: 25939: 25938: 25937: 25936:Iran–Iraq War 25934: 25928: 25925: 25924: 25923: 25920: 25918: 25915: 25913: 25910: 25909: 25908: 25905: 25904: 25902: 25900: 25896: 25890: 25887: 25886: 25884: 25880: 25874: 25871: 25869: 25866: 25864: 25861: 25860: 25858: 25854: 25848: 25843: 25838: 25829: 25824: 25822: 25817: 25815: 25810: 25809: 25806: 25796: 25786: 25780: 25777: 25775: 25772: 25770: 25769: 25765: 25763: 25760: 25758: 25755: 25753: 25750: 25748: 25745: 25743: 25740: 25738: 25735: 25734: 25732: 25728: 25722:(grandfather) 25721: 25718: 25715: 25712: 25709: 25706: 25703: 25700: 25697: 25694: 25691: 25688: 25685: 25682: 25679: 25676: 25673: 25670: 25669: 25667: 25665: 25661: 25655: 25654: 25650: 25648: 25647: 25643: 25641: 25640: 25636: 25634: 25633: 25629: 25627: 25626: 25622: 25620: 25619: 25615: 25614: 25612: 25608: 25602: 25599: 25597: 25594: 25592: 25589: 25587: 25584: 25582: 25579: 25577: 25574: 25572: 25569: 25567: 25564: 25562: 25559: 25557: 25554: 25552: 25549: 25547: 25544: 25543: 25541: 25539: 25535: 25530: 25518: 25515: 25511: 25508: 25507: 25506: 25505:Iran–Iraq War 25503: 25502: 25501: 25498: 25494: 25493: 25489: 25487: 25484: 25482: 25479: 25477: 25474: 25472: 25469: 25467: 25464: 25462: 25459: 25457: 25454: 25452: 25449: 25447: 25444: 25443: 25442: 25439: 25437: 25434: 25430: 25427: 25425: 25422: 25420: 25417: 25416: 25415: 25414:Life in exile 25412: 25410: 25407: 25406: 25404: 25400: 25396: 25389: 25384: 25382: 25377: 25375: 25370: 25369: 25366: 25354: 25351: 25349: 25345: 25344: 25341: 25327: 25324: 25322: 25319: 25317: 25314: 25313: 25311: 25307: 25301: 25298: 25296: 25293: 25291: 25288: 25286: 25283: 25282: 25280: 25276: 25270: 25267: 25265: 25262: 25260: 25257: 25255: 25252: 25250: 25247: 25246: 25244: 25240: 25234: 25231: 25229: 25226: 25224: 25223:War on terror 25221: 25219: 25216: 25214: 25211: 25209: 25206: 25204: 25201: 25199: 25196: 25194: 25191: 25189: 25186: 25184: 25181: 25179: 25176: 25175: 25173: 25167: 25161: 25159: 25155: 25153: 25151: 25147: 25145: 25143: 25139: 25137: 25135: 25131: 25129: 25127: 25123: 25121: 25119: 25115: 25113: 25111: 25107: 25106: 25104: 25100: 25096: 25089: 25085: 25071: 25068: 25066: 25063: 25061: 25058: 25056: 25053: 25051: 25048: 25046: 25043: 25041: 25038: 25037: 25035: 25031: 25025: 25022: 25020: 25017: 25015: 25012: 25010: 25007: 25005: 25002: 25000: 24997: 24995: 24992: 24990: 24987: 24985: 24982: 24980: 24977: 24976: 24974: 24972:Major figures 24970: 24962: 24959: 24957: 24954: 24952: 24949: 24948: 24947: 24944: 24938: 24935: 24933: 24930: 24929: 24928: 24925: 24921: 24918: 24917: 24916: 24913: 24909: 24906: 24904: 24901: 24900: 24899: 24896: 24892: 24889: 24887: 24884: 24882: 24879: 24877: 24874: 24873: 24872: 24869: 24868: 24866: 24865: 24863: 24859: 24853: 24850: 24848: 24845: 24844: 24842: 24838: 24834: 24830: 24826: 24821: 24817: 24803: 24800: 24798: 24795: 24793: 24790: 24788: 24785: 24784: 24782: 24778: 24772: 24769: 24767: 24766:Ali al-Tamimi 24764: 24762: 24759: 24757: 24754: 24752: 24749: 24747: 24744: 24742: 24739: 24737: 24734: 24732: 24729: 24727: 24724: 24722: 24719: 24718: 24716: 24714: 24713:Major figures 24710: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24688: 24687:Islamist Bloc 24685: 24684: 24683: 24682:Al-Nour Party 24680: 24678: 24675: 24673: 24670: 24668: 24665: 24664: 24662: 24660: 24656: 24650: 24647: 24645: 24642: 24640: 24637: 24635: 24632: 24631: 24629: 24625: 24622: 24618: 24614: 24610: 24605: 24601: 24591: 24588: 24586: 24583: 24581: 24578: 24576: 24573: 24571: 24568: 24566: 24563: 24561: 24558: 24556: 24553: 24551: 24550:Navvab Safavi 24548: 24546: 24543: 24541: 24538: 24536: 24535:Tariq Ramadan 24533: 24531: 24528: 24526: 24523: 24521: 24518: 24516: 24513: 24511: 24508: 24506: 24503: 24501: 24498: 24496: 24493: 24491: 24488: 24486: 24483: 24481: 24480:Safwat Hegazi 24478: 24476: 24473: 24471: 24468: 24466: 24463: 24461: 24458: 24456: 24453: 24451: 24450:Muhammad Asad 24448: 24446: 24443: 24441: 24438: 24436: 24433: 24431: 24428: 24427: 24425: 24419: 24409: 24406: 24404: 24401: 24399: 24396: 24395: 24393: 24389: 24383: 24380: 24378: 24375: 24373: 24370: 24368: 24365: 24363: 24362:Welfare Party 24360: 24358: 24355: 24353: 24350: 24348: 24345: 24343: 24340: 24338: 24335: 24333: 24330: 24328: 24325: 24323: 24320: 24318: 24315: 24313: 24310: 24308: 24305: 24303: 24300: 24298: 24295: 24293: 24290: 24288: 24285: 24283: 24280: 24278: 24275: 24274: 24272: 24270: 24266: 24258: 24255: 24253: 24250: 24249: 24248: 24245: 24243: 24240: 24238: 24235: 24233: 24230: 24226: 24223: 24221: 24218: 24217: 24216: 24213: 24211: 24208: 24207: 24205: 24201: 24198: 24194: 24188: 24185: 24183: 24180: 24178: 24177:Turkish model 24175: 24173: 24172: 24168: 24166: 24163: 24161: 24160:Post-Islamism 24158: 24156: 24153: 24149: 24146: 24145: 24144: 24141: 24139: 24136: 24132: 24129: 24127: 24124: 24123: 24122: 24121:Islamic state 24119: 24117: 24114: 24112: 24109: 24107: 24104: 24102: 24099: 24097: 24094: 24092: 24089: 24088: 24086: 24082: 24076: 24075:Shia Islamism 24073: 24069: 24066: 24065: 24064: 24061: 24057: 24054: 24053: 24052: 24049: 24047: 24044: 24043: 24041: 24039: 24035: 24031: 24027: 24020: 24015: 24013: 24008: 24006: 24001: 24000: 23997: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23971: 23968: 23962: 23959: 23957: 23954: 23952: 23949: 23947: 23946:War on terror 23944: 23942: 23939: 23937: 23934: 23932: 23929: 23927: 23924: 23923: 23921: 23917: 23911: 23908: 23906: 23903: 23901: 23898: 23896: 23893: 23891: 23888: 23886: 23883: 23881: 23878: 23876: 23873: 23871: 23868: 23866: 23863: 23861: 23858: 23856: 23853: 23851: 23848: 23847: 23845: 23841:Espionage and 23839: 23833: 23830: 23828: 23825: 23823: 23820: 23818: 23815: 23813: 23810: 23808: 23805: 23803: 23800: 23798: 23795: 23793: 23792:Andrew Thorpe 23790: 23788: 23785: 23783: 23780: 23778: 23775: 23773: 23770: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23750: 23748: 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23730: 23728: 23725: 23723: 23720: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23703: 23700: 23698: 23695: 23693: 23690: 23688: 23687:Gabriel Kolko 23685: 23683: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23673: 23670: 23668: 23665: 23663: 23660: 23658: 23655: 23653: 23652:Fred Halliday 23650: 23648: 23645: 23643: 23640: 23638: 23637:Lloyd Gardner 23635: 23633: 23630: 23628: 23625: 23623: 23620: 23618: 23615: 23613: 23610: 23608: 23605: 23603: 23600: 23598: 23597:Norman Davies 23595: 23593: 23590: 23588: 23585: 23583: 23582:John Costello 23580: 23578: 23575: 23573: 23570: 23568: 23565: 23563: 23560: 23558: 23555: 23553: 23550: 23549: 23547: 23543: 23537: 23534: 23532: 23529: 23527: 23524: 23523: 23521: 23517:Technological 23515: 23505: 23502: 23500: 23497: 23496: 23493: 23490: 23488: 23487: 23483: 23481: 23478: 23476: 23475: 23471: 23470: 23468: 23464: 23458: 23457: 23453: 23451: 23448: 23446: 23445: 23441: 23439: 23438: 23434: 23432: 23429: 23427: 23426: 23422: 23420: 23419: 23415: 23413: 23412: 23408: 23406: 23403: 23402: 23400: 23398:Pro-communist 23396: 23393: 23389: 23383: 23380: 23378: 23375: 23373: 23370: 23368: 23365: 23363: 23360: 23358: 23355: 23353: 23350: 23348: 23345: 23343: 23340: 23338: 23335: 23333: 23330: 23329: 23327: 23325:Organizations 23323: 23313: 23310: 23308: 23305: 23303: 23300: 23298: 23295: 23293: 23290: 23288: 23285: 23283: 23280: 23278: 23275: 23273: 23270: 23268: 23265: 23263: 23260: 23258: 23255: 23253: 23250: 23248: 23245: 23243: 23240: 23238: 23235: 23233: 23230: 23228: 23225: 23223: 23220: 23218: 23215: 23213: 23210: 23208: 23205: 23203: 23200: 23198: 23195: 23194: 23192: 23188: 23182: 23179: 23177: 23174: 23172: 23169: 23167: 23164: 23162: 23159: 23157: 23156: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23140: 23139:Eurocommunism 23137: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23121: 23119: 23117: 23113: 23107: 23104: 23102: 23099: 23097: 23094: 23092: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23077: 23074: 23070: 23067: 23066: 23065: 23062: 23060: 23057: 23055: 23052: 23051: 23049: 23047: 23043: 23040: 23036: 23030: 23027: 23025: 23022: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23002: 23000: 22997: 22995: 22992: 22990: 22987: 22985: 22982: 22980: 22977: 22975: 22972: 22970: 22969:Domino theory 22967: 22965: 22962: 22960: 22957: 22955: 22952: 22951: 22949: 22945: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22923:South Ossetia 22921: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22901: 22900: 22898: 22896: 22892: 22886: 22883: 22879: 22876: 22875: 22874: 22871: 22869: 22866: 22864: 22861: 22859: 22856: 22854: 22851: 22849: 22846: 22844: 22841: 22839: 22836: 22834: 22831: 22830: 22828: 22824: 22818: 22815: 22813: 22810: 22808: 22805: 22803: 22800: 22798: 22795: 22793: 22790: 22788: 22785: 22783: 22780: 22778: 22775: 22773: 22770: 22768: 22765: 22763: 22760: 22758: 22755: 22753: 22750: 22748: 22745: 22743: 22740: 22738: 22735: 22733: 22730: 22728: 22725: 22723: 22720: 22717: 22713: 22710: 22708: 22707:8888 Uprising 22705: 22703: 22700: 22698: 22695: 22693: 22690: 22688: 22685: 22683: 22680: 22678: 22675: 22673: 22670: 22668: 22665: 22663: 22660: 22658: 22655: 22653: 22652:Iran–Iraq War 22650: 22648: 22645: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22633: 22630: 22628: 22625: 22623: 22620: 22618: 22617:Falklands War 22615: 22613: 22610: 22608: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22581: 22578: 22577: 22576: 22573: 22571: 22568: 22566: 22563: 22561: 22557: 22554: 22552: 22549: 22547: 22544: 22543: 22541: 22537: 22531: 22528: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22501: 22498: 22496: 22493: 22491: 22488: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22480:NDF Rebellion 22478: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22460:German Autumn 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22440: 22435: 22433: 22430: 22428: 22425: 22423: 22420: 22418: 22415: 22413: 22410: 22408: 22405: 22403: 22400: 22398: 22395: 22393: 22390: 22388: 22385: 22383: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22358: 22355: 22353: 22350: 22348: 22347:Metapolitefsi 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22298: 22295: 22293: 22290: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22242: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22221: 22218: 22216: 22213: 22211: 22208: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22196: 22193: 22191: 22188: 22187: 22185: 22181: 22175: 22172: 22170: 22167: 22165: 22162: 22160: 22157: 22155: 22152: 22148: 22145: 22144: 22143: 22140: 22138: 22135: 22133: 22130: 22128: 22125: 22123: 22120: 22118: 22116: 22111: 22109: 22108:Prague Spring 22106: 22102: 22099: 22098: 22097: 22094: 22092: 22089: 22087: 22086:Al-Wadiah War 22084: 22082: 22079: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22069: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22051:12-3 incident 22049: 22047: 22044: 22042: 22039: 22037: 22034: 22032: 22029: 22027: 22024: 22022: 22019: 22017: 22014: 22012: 22009: 22007: 22004: 22002: 21999: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21980: 21977: 21976: 21975: 21972: 21970: 21967: 21965: 21962: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21952: 21950: 21947: 21945: 21942: 21940: 21937: 21935: 21932: 21930: 21927: 21925: 21922: 21920: 21917: 21915: 21912: 21908: 21905: 21903: 21900: 21898: 21895: 21894: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21863: 21860: 21856: 21853: 21852: 21851: 21848: 21844: 21841: 21840: 21839: 21836: 21834: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21811: 21810: 21808: 21804: 21798: 21795: 21791: 21788: 21787: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21751: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21741: 21738: 21736: 21733: 21731: 21730: 21725: 21722: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21711: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21695: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21648: 21643: 21641: 21638: 21636: 21633: 21631: 21630:Domino theory 21628: 21626: 21625:Petrov Affair 21623: 21621: 21618: 21616: 21613: 21611: 21608: 21606: 21603: 21601: 21598: 21596: 21593: 21591: 21588: 21586: 21583: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21562: 21560: 21556: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21542: 21540: 21537: 21533: 21530: 21529: 21528: 21525: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21510: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21502:Madiun Affair 21500: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21462:Marshall Plan 21460: 21456: 21453: 21451: 21448: 21446: 21443: 21442: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21431: 21428: 21426: 21423: 21421: 21418: 21416: 21413: 21411: 21408: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21370: 21365: 21363: 21362: 21357: 21355: 21354: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21339: 21337: 21334: 21332: 21331: 21326: 21324: 21321: 21317: 21314: 21312: 21311: 21306: 21304: 21303: 21298: 21297: 21296: 21293: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21272: 21270: 21266: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21247: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21230: 21227: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21219: 21215: 21213: 21212: 21211:United States 21208: 21207: 21204: 21200: 21193: 21188: 21186: 21181: 21179: 21174: 21173: 21170: 21158: 21155: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21142: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21119: 21116: 21115: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21108:2019 protests 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21078:2018 protests 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21061: 21059: 21056: 21054: 21051: 21049: 21046: 21042: 21039: 21038: 21037: 21034: 21028: 21025: 21024: 21023: 21020: 21019: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21005: 21004: 21002: 20998: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20986:1981 protests 20984: 20982: 20979: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20965: 20962: 20961: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20952: 20951: 20949: 20945: 20939: 20936: 20935: 20933: 20929: 20920: 20915: 20913: 20908: 20906: 20901: 20900: 20897: 20885: 20882: 20881: 20878: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20863: 20861: 20857: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20832: 20830: 20826: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20811: 20809: 20805: 20801: 20793: 20788: 20786: 20781: 20779: 20774: 20773: 20770: 20758: 20754: 20750: 20748: 20740: 20739: 20736: 20722: 20719: 20717: 20714: 20712: 20709: 20708: 20706: 20702: 20692: 20691: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20656: 20654: 20652: 20648: 20641: 20637: 20634: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20624: 20622: 20619: 20617: 20614: 20612: 20609: 20607: 20604: 20601: 20597: 20594: 20592: 20589: 20587: 20584: 20581: 20578: 20575: 20571: 20570:news agencies 20567: 20564: 20562: 20559: 20556: 20552: 20549: 20547: 20544: 20542: 20539: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20526: 20522: 20519: 20517: 20514: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20493: 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19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19661: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19615: 19612: 19610: 19607: 19605: 19602: 19601: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19587: 19584: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19569: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19556: 19554: 19550: 19546: 19542: 19537: 19533: 19523: 19520: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19466: 19463: 19462: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19453: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19440: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19430: 19427: 19423: 19418: 19414: 19400: 19399:Years in Iran 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19347: 19343: 19340: 19339: 19338: 19335: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19323:Turco-Persian 19321: 19320: 19319: 19316: 19315: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19300: 19298: 19294: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19247: 19244: 19243: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19192:War (1980–88) 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19143: 19142: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19124: 19118: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19085: 19084: 19082: 19078: 19075: 19071: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19030: 19028: 19022: 19020: 19014: 19012: 19006: 19004: 18998: 18996: 18990: 18988: 18984:Qara Qoyunlu 18982: 18980: 18974: 18973: 18971: 18967: 18961: 18955: 18953: 18947: 18945: 18939: 18937: 18932: 18930: 18924: 18922: 18916: 18914: 18908: 18906: 18900: 18898: 18892: 18890: 18884: 18883: 18881: 18877: 18871: 18865: 18863: 18857: 18855: 18849: 18847: 18841: 18839: 18833: 18831: 18825: 18823: 18817: 18815: 18809: 18807: 18801: 18800: 18798: 18794: 18791: 18785: 18775: 18769: 18768: 18766: 18762: 18756: 18750: 18748: 18742: 18740: 18734: 18732: 18726: 18724: 18718: 18716: 18710: 18708: 18702: 18700: 18694: 18692: 18686: 18685: 18683: 18681:550 BC–AD 224 18679: 18673: 18667: 18665: 18659: 18657: 18651: 18649: 18643: 18641: 18637:Neo-Assyrian 18635: 18633: 18627: 18625: 18619: 18617: 18611: 18609: 18603: 18601: 18595: 18593: 18587: 18585: 18579: 18578: 18576: 18572: 18569: 18565: 18561: 18556: 18552: 18548: 18543: 18539: 18534: 18527: 18522: 18520: 18515: 18513: 18508: 18507: 18504: 18498: 18491: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18445: 18442: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18433: 18432:Life magazine 18428: 18425: 18424: 18415: 18412: 18409: 18406: 18403: 18400: 18397: 18393: 18390: 18387: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18375: 18372: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18359: 18356: 18353: 18349: 18346: 18343: 18339: 18335: 18334:Bernard Lewis 18332: 18331: 18322: 18319: 18316: 18313: 18310: 18307: 18304: 18300: 18297: 18294: 18290: 18287: 18286: 18278: 18277: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18261: 18257: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18238: 18233: 18230: 18229: 18219: 18216: 18213: 18210: 18206: 18203: 18199: 18198:Time magazine 18196: 18193: 18189: 18186: 18185: 18181: 18178: 18173: 18170: 18169:0-671-68745-X 18166: 18162: 18158: 18155: 18152: 18148: 18145: 18141: 18137: 18134: 18133:0-8128-2755-4 18130: 18126: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18116:0-8156-3094-8 18113: 18109: 18105: 18102: 18098: 18095: 18092: 18089: 18085: 18082: 18081:0-934211-61-2 18078: 18074: 18070: 18069:Milani, Abbas 18067: 18064: 18060: 18056: 18052: 18048: 18043: 18040: 18036: 18032: 18026: 18022: 18021: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18009:Shah of Shahs 18005: 18002: 17998: 17996:0-415-90208-8 17992: 17988: 17984: 17979: 17975: 17973:0-8130-0998-7 17969: 17965: 17964: 17958: 17954: 17952:0-313-30731-8 17948: 17943: 17942: 17935: 17931: 17925: 17921: 17917: 17916:Buchan, James 17913: 17909: 17904: 17900: 17898:0-333-36947-5 17894: 17890: 17885: 17884: 17872: 17870:0-09-160320-X 17866: 17862: 17857: 17853: 17851:0-8133-3588-4 17847: 17843: 17838: 17834: 17832:1-86064-253-5 17828: 17824: 17819: 17815: 17813:0-674-29140-9 17809: 17805: 17804: 17798: 17794: 17792:0-86531-931-6 17788: 17784: 17783: 17777: 17773: 17771:0-312-26490-9 17767: 17763: 17762: 17756: 17752: 17750:0-452-27563-6 17746: 17742: 17741: 17735: 17731: 17725: 17721: 17716: 17712: 17710:0-674-01328-X 17706: 17702: 17697: 17693: 17688: 17684: 17682:0-300-09856-1 17678: 17674: 17673: 17667: 17663: 17657: 17652: 17651: 17644: 17640: 17635: 17631: 17629:0-312-43588-6 17625: 17621: 17620: 17614: 17602: 17598: 17592: 17588: 17584: 17580: 17576: 17572: 17567: 17555: 17551: 17545: 17541: 17540: 17534: 17530: 17528:0-465-06888-X 17524: 17520: 17519: 17513: 17509: 17507:0-903729-95-4 17503: 17499: 17498: 17492: 17488: 17486:0-19-504257-3 17482: 17477: 17476: 17469: 17457: 17453: 17447: 17443: 17442: 17436: 17432: 17426: 17422: 17418: 17417:Amanat, Abbas 17414: 17410: 17405: 17401: 17396: 17392: 17390:0-691-00790-X 17386: 17382: 17381: 17375: 17374: 17352: 17348: 17342: 17338: 17337: 17329: 17310: 17303: 17297: 17278: 17274: 17267: 17260: 17244: 17240: 17236: 17230: 17214: 17210: 17206: 17200: 17184: 17180: 17176: 17170: 17154: 17150: 17146: 17140: 17124: 17120: 17116: 17110: 17094: 17090: 17083: 17081: 17064: 17060: 17056: 17052: 17045: 17029: 17025: 17024:The Economist 17021: 17020:"Fading hope" 17015: 17013: 16996: 16992: 16985: 16969: 16965: 16959: 16940: 16936: 16929: 16922: 16906: 16902: 16901: 16894: 16878: 16874: 16870: 16863: 16855: 16851: 16847: 16843: 16836: 16827: 16819: 16812: 16810: 16802: 16796: 16789: 16788:Keddie (2003) 16784: 16777: 16776:Graham (1980) 16772: 16764: 16760: 16756: 16750: 16746: 16739: 16737: 16735: 16733: 16731: 16729: 16727: 16725: 16723: 16721: 16719: 16717: 16708: 16706:0-8070-0463-4 16702: 16698: 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15803: 15796: 15789: 15773: 15769: 15765: 15759: 15743: 15739: 15735: 15731: 15727: 15726: 15721: 15714: 15698: 15694: 15693: 15688: 15681: 15673: 15669: 15665: 15661: 15660: 15652: 15636: 15632: 15626: 15622: 15621: 15613: 15597: 15593: 15589: 15585: 15581: 15577: 15573: 15572: 15567: 15560: 15552: 15546: 15542: 15537: 15536: 15527: 15520: 15515: 15508: 15507:Keddie (2003) 15503: 15496: 15495:0-671-67235-5 15492: 15488: 15482: 15466: 15462: 15456: 15452: 15451: 15443: 15435: 15431: 15427: 15423: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15404: 15389:. 12 May 2015 15388: 15384: 15378: 15369: 15361: 15357: 15353: 15349: 15345: 15341: 15337: 15330: 15328: 15311: 15307: 15301: 15293: 15289: 15285: 15281: 15277: 15270: 15268: 15266: 15257: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15241: 15234: 15218: 15214: 15213:History Guild 15210: 15203: 15187: 15183: 15177: 15170: 15165: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15143: 15136: 15130: 15123: 15117: 15109: 15105: 15099: 15095: 15094: 15086: 15079: 15074: 15067: 15062: 15055: 15050: 15048: 15040: 15035: 15028: 15023: 15016: 15011: 15004: 14999: 14992: 14987: 14980: 14975: 14968: 14963: 14956: 14951: 14944: 14939: 14937: 14930:, p. 89. 14929: 14924: 14917: 14912: 14910: 14903:8 August 1979 14902: 14898: 14894: 14889: 14882: 14877: 14875: 14868:, p. 51. 14867: 14862: 14846: 14842: 14838: 14831: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14800: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14769: 14767: 14759: 14754: 14746: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14728: 14724: 14720: 14713: 14711: 14709: 14701: 14696: 14690:, p. 111 14689: 14683: 14675: 14669: 14665: 14661: 14655: 14648: 14647:Mackey (1996) 14643: 14637:, p. 61. 14636: 14631: 14624: 14619: 14603: 14599: 14595: 14588: 14581: 14575: 14568: 14567:Keddie (2003) 14563: 14556: 14551: 14535: 14531: 14527: 14520: 14513: 14508: 14502: 14501:0-87113-925-1 14498: 14494: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14474: 14470: 14466: 14460: 14451: 14435: 14431: 14424: 14417: 14412: 14405: 14400: 14393: 14388: 14381: 14376: 14370:, p. 73. 14369: 14364: 14362: 14360: 14358: 14350: 14345: 14343: 14335: 14330: 14324:, p. 56. 14323: 14318: 14311: 14306: 14304: 14296: 14295:Keddie (2003) 14291: 14284: 14279: 14272: 14271:Mackey (1996) 14267: 14260: 14255: 14248: 14247:Keddie (2003) 14243: 14236: 14231: 14223: 14221:0-674-00877-4 14217: 14213: 14212: 14204: 14197: 14196:Keddie (2003) 14192: 14185: 14180: 14173: 14168: 14161: 14156: 14149: 14143: 14136: 14131: 14123: 14116: 14109: 14104: 14096: 14094:0-8018-2888-0 14090: 14086: 14079: 14072: 14068: 14064: 14061: 14056: 14054: 14046: 14045:Keddie (2003) 14041: 14039: 14030: 14026: 14020: 14016: 14015: 14007: 13999: 13993: 13989: 13982: 13980: 13972: 13968: 13967:Nashat (1983) 13963: 13956: 13952: 13951:Nashat (1983) 13947: 13940: 13936: 13935:Nashat (1983) 13931: 13929: 13920: 13916: 13912: 13906: 13902: 13901: 13893: 13886: 13881: 13879: 13877: 13875: 13873: 13871: 13863: 13858: 13856: 13839: 13835: 13834: 13826: 13824: 13822: 13820: 13812: 13808: 13807:Nashat (1983) 13803: 13796: 13791: 13789: 13787: 13770: 13766: 13762: 13756: 13754: 13746: 13745:Nashat (1983) 13741: 13739: 13737: 13735: 13733: 13731: 13729: 13721: 13716: 13714: 13712: 13710: 13701: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13683: 13679: 13675: 13668: 13661: 13657: 13652: 13645: 13641: 13636: 13620: 13616: 13610: 13594: 13590: 13584: 13576: 13572: 13566: 13562: 13561: 13553: 13546: 13541: 13534: 13529: 13521: 13517: 13511: 13509: 13507: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13477: 13473: 13470: 13465: 13458: 13452: 13445: 13441: 13438: 13433: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13403: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13380: 13372: 13368: 13364: 13358: 13351: 13346: 13339: 13334: 13327: 13323: 13320: 13315: 13309:, p. 204 13308: 13304: 13298: 13291: 13287: 13284: 13279: 13272: 13267: 13260: 13259:Taheri (1985) 13255: 13248: 13243: 13235: 13231: 13227: 13221: 13214: 13210: 13207: 13202: 13186: 13182: 13176: 13168: 13162: 13157: 13156: 13147: 13145: 13143: 13134: 13130: 13129: 13124: 13117: 13115: 13113: 13111: 13109: 13107: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13075: 13059: 13055: 13051: 13044: 13028: 13024: 13018: 13014: 13013: 13005: 13003: 13001: 12999: 12997: 12989: 12984: 12968: 12964: 12963:Biography.com 12960: 12954: 12952: 12935: 12931: 12927: 12920: 12918: 12901: 12897: 12891: 12889: 12872: 12868: 12862: 12858: 12857: 12849: 12847: 12845: 12828: 12824: 12818: 12814: 12813: 12805: 12803: 12801: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12778: 12774: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12755: 12753: 12751: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12743: 12741: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12710: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12679:(34): 17–22. 12678: 12677:MERIP Reports 12674: 12667: 12652: 12648: 12641: 12633: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12604: 12602: 12586: 12582: 12576: 12560: 12556: 12550: 12542: 12536: 12532: 12531: 12523: 12521: 12512: 12508: 12501: 12499: 12491: 12486: 12484: 12482: 12480: 12473:, p. 61. 12472: 12467: 12461:. pp. 80–101. 12460: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12442: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12422: 12417: 12416:Carter, Jimmy 12412: 12405: 12400: 12398: 12381: 12377: 12371: 12367: 12366: 12358: 12356: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12326: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12306: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12292: 12291:Harney (1998) 12287: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12279: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12235: 12230: 12228: 12226: 12224: 12212: 12205: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12176: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12165: 12148: 12144: 12138: 12134: 12133: 12125: 12123: 12106: 12102: 12096: 12092: 12091: 12083: 12081: 12079: 12062: 12058: 12052: 12048: 12047: 12042: 12036: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12026: 12024: 12022: 12020: 12018: 12016: 12014: 12012: 12010: 12008: 12006: 12004: 12002: 12000: 11998: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11986: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11957: 11953: 11947: 11943: 11942: 11934: 11918: 11914: 11908: 11905:. Routledge. 11904: 11903: 11895: 11887: 11881: 11877: 11876: 11868: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11809: 11807: 11799: 11795: 11790: 11782: 11776: 11772: 11771: 11763: 11755: 11751: 11745: 11741: 11740: 11732: 11724: 11722:1-4013-5209-X 11718: 11714: 11713: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11689: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11677: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11656: 11652: 11651: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11631: 11623: 11622:Taheri (1985) 11618: 11611: 11606: 11599: 11595: 11592: 11586: 11579: 11574: 11568:, p. 96. 11567: 11566:Graham (1980) 11562: 11555: 11550: 11543: 11542:Graham (1980) 11538: 11531: 11526: 11518: 11511: 11505:, p. 94. 11504: 11503:Graham (1980) 11499: 11492: 11487: 11479: 11477:0-375-40639-5 11473: 11469: 11465: 11464: 11456: 11449: 11448:Keddie (2003) 11444: 11438:, p. 34. 11437: 11432: 11425: 11420: 11414:, p. 30. 11413: 11408: 11406: 11398: 11397:Mackey (1996) 11393: 11385: 11379: 11375: 11370: 11369: 11360: 11353: 11348: 11341: 11336: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11281: 11274: 11269: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11239: 11232: 11231:Taheri (1985) 11227: 11225: 11217: 11212: 11205: 11199: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11175: 11168: 11167:Keddie (2003) 11163: 11156: 11155:Mackey (1996) 11151: 11149: 11142:, p. 69. 11141: 11140:Graham (1980) 11136: 11120: 11116: 11110: 11104:, p. 17. 11103: 11098: 11091: 11087: 11082: 11075: 11070: 11063: 11058: 11042: 11038: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11017: 11009: 11003: 10999: 10992: 10976: 10972: 10971:Time Magazine 10968: 10962: 10955: 10950: 10934: 10930: 10924: 10920: 10919: 10911: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10880: 10872: 10866: 10862: 10861: 10853: 10851: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10820: 10804: 10800: 10794: 10790: 10789: 10781: 10765: 10761: 10755: 10751: 10750: 10742: 10734: 10730: 10729: 10724: 10718: 10710: 10704: 10700: 10693: 10682: 10678: 10676:0-8191-3578-X 10672: 10668: 10661: 10660: 10652: 10645: 10644:Taheri (1985) 10640: 10634:, p. 22. 10633: 10628: 10621: 10620:Mackey (1996) 10616: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10596: 10589: 10583: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10540: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10524:Keddie, Nikki 10520: 10518: 10510: 10505: 10498: 10493: 10485: 10483:0-275-97858-3 10479: 10475: 10470: 10469: 10460: 10453: 10448: 10441: 10440:Taheri (1985) 10436: 10429: 10428:Keddie (2003) 10424: 10417: 10416:1-4391-5517-8 10413: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10397: 10390: 10385: 10378: 10373: 10366: 10365:Graham (1980) 10361: 10354: 10353:Mackey (1996) 10349: 10342: 10337: 10330: 10329:Harney (1998) 10325: 10323: 10316:, p. 13. 10315: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10275: 10268: 10262: 10255: 10254:All Fall Down 10249: 10241: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10216: 10208: 10202: 10198: 10191: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10169: 10161: 10155: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10132: 10126: 10122: 10115: 10108: 10107: 10101: 10094: 10089: 10082: 10077: 10075: 10068:, p. 10. 10067: 10062: 10055: 10050: 10043: 10038: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10007: 10001: 9997: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9970: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9943: 9939: 9938: 9933: 9927: 9920: 9915: 9908: 9907:Graham (1980) 9903: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9877: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9847: 9846: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9800: 9796: 9789: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9767: 9760: 9756: 9751: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9723: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9642: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9589: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9560:. Macmillan. 9559: 9558: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9478: 9473: 9471: 9461: 9460:0-275-97858-3 9457: 9453: 9449: 9446: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9360: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9342: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9311: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9271: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9239: 9219: 9210: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9184: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9126:Shaul Bakhash 9125: 9122: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9042:Iran–Iraq War 9040: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8939: 8935: 8924: 8921: 8915: 8910: 8907: 8896: 8893: 8882: 8872: 8868: 8867: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8824: 8823: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8803: 8799: 8798: 8785: 8780: 8773: 8768: 8765: 8764:Behesht Zahra 8758: 8753: 8750: 8743: 8738: 8735: 8728: 8723: 8716: 8711: 8704: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8685: 8680: 8673: 8668: 8661: 8656: 8649: 8644: 8643: 8637: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8596: 8593: 8589: 8587: 8583: 8578: 8577:foundations. 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8549: 8547: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8527: 8525: 8520: 8516: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8485: 8478:Homosexuality 8475: 8473: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8359: 8349: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8288: 8283: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8257:Iran–Iraq War 8252: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8177: 8173: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8079: 8076: 8071: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8055: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8018: 8006: 7996: 7995:Iran–Iraq War 7986: 7983: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7926: 7921: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7889: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7869: 7865: 7863: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7807:Islamist left 7804: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7772: 7770: 7764: 7760: 7758: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7685: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7653: 7648: 7638: 7636: 7635:Ronald Reagan 7632: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7618: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7489: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7464: 7462: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7448:Thousands of 7446: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7437: 7431: 7429: 7424: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7366: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7341: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7244: 7243:United States 7241: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7118:Metapolitefsi 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6954: 6953: 6952:On Revolution 6949: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6924: 6923: 6922:Rights of Man 6919: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6863: 6859: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6833: 6832:De re publica 6829: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6638:Jones (Lynne) 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433:Adams (Gerry) 6431: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232:Revolutionary 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6222:Parliamentary 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6031:Civil society 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6007:Republicanism 6005: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5938: 5937: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5901: 5900: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5857:Maajid Nawaaz 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5772:Navvab Safavi 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5757:Tariq Ramadan 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707:Safwat Hegazi 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5692:Muhammad Asad 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5624:House of Saud 5622: 5620: 5619:Mohammed Omar 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5609:Mohamed Morsi 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5566: 5565:Khomeini 1970 5562: 5561: 5559: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5430:Salafist Call 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5343: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5272: 5271:Post-Islamism 5269: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5208:Islamic state 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5147:Shia Islamism 5145: 5144: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4890: 4879: 4875: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4843: 4836: 4825: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4588: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4537:Robert Huyser 4533: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4470: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4395: 4386: 4383: 4373: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4350:Karim Sanjabi 4347: 4343: 4339: 4325: 4314: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4182:Karim Sanjabi 4179: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4096:Ebrahim Yazdi 4093: 4089: 4084: 4083:Karim Sanjabi 4080: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053:Western media 4045: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3984: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3954: 3953:warning shots 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3879: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3825:Karim Sanjabi 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750:Karim Sanjabi 3747: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3707:Shariatmadari 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3601:Shariatmadari 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 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Tauris. 17743:. Dutton. 17249:28 January 17115:"Iran GDP" 16621:4 December 16541:atimes.com 16421:accu.or.jp 16316:8 February 16290:8 February 16259:7 February 16219:Qantara.de 16172:Roy (1994) 16099:Roy (1994) 15947:Iran Press 15641:2 February 15223:9 November 15192:14 January 15169:Roy (1994) 14440:18 October 13969:, p. 13953:, p. 13937:, p. 13809:, p. 13658:, p. 13642:, p. 13625:26 January 13599:26 January 13422:26 January 13301:Khomeini, 13191:18 October 12906:18 October 12729:18 October 12565:18 October 11796:, p. 11125:18 October 10939:22 October 10900:18 October 10552:(3): 459. 10532:Frank Cass 10287:(3): 589. 9998:, p. 9741:. Oxford: 9735:A. 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Farra. 17149:worldbank 17119:worldbank 17001:5 January 16974:5 January 16911:5 January 16883:5 January 16848:(2): 53. 16763:925271105 16660:Arab News 16199:3 October 15768:France 24 15592:154102471 15434:1466-2043 15360:0305-7070 14851:25 August 14820:25 August 14789:25 August 14745:251185903 14608:27 August 13919:251722861 12693:0047-7265 12616:: 17–56. 12585:Brookings 12436:. p. 438. 11962:9 January 11923:8 January 11857:8 January 11847:144804416 11839:1527-8034 11327:144151974 11202:Dabashi, 10610:. p. 218. 10574:145696393 10265:Fischer, 9761:. p. 375. 9739:T. G. Ash 9621:259970287 9394:Internews 9331:23 August 9234:Citations 8440:Reza Shah 8428:Reza Shah 8306:influence 8245:Hezbollah 8227:Islamabad 8132:apartheid 8048:Khuzestan 7943:apartheid 7846:monafeqin 7744:moharebeh 7736:Moharebeh 7689:Reza Naji 7678:impeached 7502:Kurdistan 7498:Khuzistan 7161:Australia 6793:Venizelos 6783:Spadolini 6773:Slaughter 6718:McDonnell 6683:Mackenzie 6628:Jefferson 6583:Griffiths 6563:de Gaulle 6558:Garibaldi 6518:Drakeford 6410:Warburton 6330:Jefferson 6325:Honderich 6305:Condorcet 6192:Christian 6154:Nasserism 6129:Classical 6046:Democracy 5917:Modernism 5825:in Europe 5548:Qutb 1965 5535:Asad 1961 5499:Key texts 5409:Political 5391:Wahhabism 5347:Movements 5188:Caliphate 5066:Economics 4904:Aftermath 4858:Mujahedin 4579:Ettela'at 4574:Mosaddegh 4515:Ettela'at 4358:Taleghani 4245:martyrdom 4174:Khuzestan 4100:theocracy 3682:to Iran. 3597:commandos 3523:Ettela'at 3431:Red Cross 3345:The 1971 3338:1970–1977 3314:atheistic 3280:Communist 3180:martyrdom 3073:Ayatollah 3005:peasantry 2871:communism 2857:Director 2804:from the 2630:Reza Khan 2624:Rezā Shāh 2608:autocracy 2491:Ayatollah 2460:petitions 2436:shortages 2248:socialism 2244:communism 1979:1925–1979 1969:1789–1925 1942:1751–1794 1932:1736–1796 1922:1722–1729 1910:1501–1736 1883:1468–1508 1873:1406–1468 1853:1370–1507 1843:1359–1596 1839:Mar'ashis 1833:1349–1504 1823:1335–1357 1813:1337–1376 1809:Sarbadars 1803:1337–1376 1793:1335–1393 1783:1335–1357 1773:1256–1335 1763:1244–1396 1753:1236–1537 1743:1223-1306 1733:1184-1597 1723:1155–1231 1713:1155–1424 1703:1148–1282 1693:1141–1319 1683:1135–1225 1673:1077–1231 1663:1037–1194 1653:1030–1355 1643:1029–1236 1633:1008–1141 1479:Justanids 1449:Bavandids 1317:Characene 1079:1500–1155 1066:2400–2150 1056:2400–1700 1043:2550-2020 1003:3100–2200 990:3200–2700 980:3400–2000 927:6000–5000 468:Mojahedin 393:Shahrbani 306:worldwide 252:replaced 180:injustice 158:Caused by 77:. Please 29414:Timeline 29359:Category 28559:Timeline 28541:MV 28410:Timeline 28261:Iran Ajr 27774:Timeline 27471:Quds Day 25795:Category 25402:Politics 24946:al-Qaeda 24840:Ideology 24829:Jihadism 24677:Al-Islah 24357:Al Wefaq 24257:in Syria 24252:in Egypt 24210:Deobandi 24084:Concepts 24063:Salafism 24046:Islamism 24026:Islamism 23984:Timeline 23974:Category 23919:See also 23411:Izvestia 23252:Islamism 23149:Hoxhaism 23024:Rollback 22903:Abkhazia 22843:Gulf War 22747:Glasnost 22117:incident 21887:Sand War 21745:Ifni War 21254:Rio Pact 21199:Cold War 20747:Category 20640:football 20631:Scouting 20541:Iranians 20531:Folklore 20327:Religion 20239:Georgian 20219:Armenian 20080:shipping 20075:railways 20065:airlines 20031:Industry 19896:Taxation 19710:Councils 19626:Military 19541:Politics 19522:Wildlife 19487:Caucasus 19369:Persians 19296:See also 19120:Iranian 19087:Pahlavi 19000:Safavid 18976:Timurid 18879:977–1432 18859:Ziyarid 18835:Tahirid 18827:Samanid 18819:Abbasid 18811:Umayyad 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10733:Archived 10608:Oneworld 10602:. 2000. 10534:. p. 38. 10526:. 1966. 10256:, p. 187 10027:20 March 10021:Archived 10017:TIME.com 9942:original 9892:Archived 9890:. 2007. 9860:Archived 9780:Archived 9757:. 2004. 9706:Archived 9572:Archived 9557:The Shah 9442:original 9417:Archived 9402:Archived 9398:Original 9382:Archived 9377:. 1998." 9352:Archived 9325:Archived 9250:(2004). 8878:See also 8334:clemency 8303:American 8206:Islamist 8202:Pakistan 7877:apostasy 7833:Banisadr 7617:Banisadr 7409:komitehs 7231:Scotland 7171:Barbados 6822:Republic 6738:Prescott 6708:Naysmith 6698:McKechin 6658:La Malfa 6653:Khomeini 6613:Iorwerth 6578:Griffith 6553:Gambetta 6548:Galloway 6533:Ferguson 6513:Davidson 6508:Cromwell 6503:Connolly 6483:Campbell 6400:Sunstein 6385:Rousseau 6380:Polybius 6315:Franklin 6295:Chappell 6290:Cattaneo 6227:People's 6212:Imperial 6144:Kemalism 6081:Republic 6015:Concepts 5461:Militant 5371:Deobandi 5247:Jihadism 5163:Concepts 5094:Islamism 5071:Politics 5036:Islamism 5028:a series 5026:Part of 4961:Khomeini 4866:events. 4498:Khomeini 4483:Shahbanu 4411:mutinies 4382:euphoria 4366:bazaaris 4233:Muharram 4158:Padeshah 3981:Zionists 3922:open-air 3779:Amuzegar 3730:mourning 3676:tear gas 3643:for the 3562:chehelom 3492:and the 3453:Outbreak 3317:Marxists 3286:and the 2926:Islamist 2877:won the 2865:, and a 2847:Cold War 2742:Red Army 2705:Khomeini 2563:bazaaris 2510:Marxists 2506:Islamist 2489:and saw 2475:Khomeini 2374:populist 2252:Islamism 2224:Cold War 2093:Timeline 2051:Monarchs 1629:Kakuyids 1619:Annazids 1613:977–1186 1603:959–1095 1593:955–1070 1583:934–1062 1569:Ilyasids 1563:930–1090 1553:919–1062 1523:861–1003 1473:665–1598 1453:651–1349 1439:Dabuyids 1433:750–1258 1092:1500–500 1072:Kassites 1030:2700–539 1020:3100-675 886:BCE / BC 850:a series 848:Part of 146:Location 100:Cold War 29510:Pahlavi 29430:Pahlavi 29173:Related 28579:Stuxnet 27964:Old fox 27905:Related 27385:Related 27361:Stuxnet 26699:Bahrain 26232:Related 26203:Bahrain 25730:Related 25285:Balkans 25065:Slavery 25033:Related 24956:in Iraq 24903:Taliban 24847:Qutbism 24780:Related 24731:Ibn Baz 24403:Taliban 24391:Related 24287:Ennahda 24091:Emirate 24051:Qutbism 24038:Outline 23474:Amerika 23357:Comecon 23242:Fascism 23232:Zionism 23181:Titoism 22722:Contras 22190:Détente 21467:Comecon 20814:1905–06 20690:Ey Iran 20638: ( 20598: ( 20574:student 20572: ( 20568: ( 20553: ( 20521:Cuisine 20506:Fashion 20494: ( 20474: ( 20459: ( 20445:Culture 20393: ( 20357: ( 20342: ( 20315:Turkmen 20267: ( 20258:Peoples 20229:Kurdish 20185:Society 20086:Tourism 20063: ( 20053: ( 20043: ( 20023: ( 20016:Defense 19986: ( 19976:Sectors 19963: ( 19923: ( 19828: ( 19809:General 19798:Economy 19688: ( 19658: ( 19628: ( 19581: ( 19566: ( 19552:General 19507:Islands 19443:largest 19433:Borders 18902:Seljuk 18894:Ghurid 18843:Alavid 18653:Median 18645:Urartu 18567:Ancient 18547:History 18234:Portal 18146:, 1995. 17370:Sources 16948:5 April 16017:29 June 15987:29 June 15957:29 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