559:
75:
108:
610:(KRF) militia, who were diverting the traffic at the front of the newly consecrated church where a family baptism was taking place. As the rowdy Palestinians refused to be diverted from their route, the nervous Phalangists tried to halt their progress by force and a scuffle quickly ensued, which resulted in the death of the PLO driver of the vehicle after being accidentally shot.
37:
773:
happened that day, with the
Phalangists describing it as an act of self-defense by insisting that the bus carried armed ALF guerrilla reinforcements firing weapons. The Phalangists anticipated such a reaction by guarding the church, and in the ensuing shoot-out they claimed to have killed 14 Palestinian
812:
or SSNP, a rival
Lebanese multi-confessional, pan-Syrian right-wing organization. The SSNP carried out the action in retaliation for the brutal clamp-down on their militants following their abortive coup attempt in the turn of 1961-62, orchestrated by the then Interior Minister Pierre Gemayel. As for
748:
to hand over to the authorities the
Phalangist KRF militiamen responsible for the death of the Palestinian driver. Gemayel publicly refused however, hinting that he and his Party would no longer abide by the authority of the government. He later sent a Phalangist delegation on a mission to secure the
799:
However, none of these versions was ever substantiated by plausible evidence, and many began to doubt that the
Palestinian PFLP was really responsible the earlier Church attack. Indeed, critics pointed to the all-too-obvious presence of civilian automobiles plastered with propaganda of that PLO
677:
Believing that the perpetrators were
Palestinian guerrillas who carried the attack in retaliation for the earlier driver incident, and outraged by the audacity of the attempt on the life of their historical leader, the Phalangists planned an immediate response. Shortly after mid-day, a PLO bus
772:
The chain of events that led to the Ain el-Rammaneh church shooting and the subsequent "Bus massacre" (or "Black Sunday") of April 1975 have been the subject of intense speculation and heated debate in
Lebanon since the end of the Civil War in 1990. There are two conflicting versions of what
694:. As the bus drove through the narrow street-alleys, it fell into an ambush outside the same Church perpetrated by a squad of Phalange KRF militiamen. The Phalangists promptly fired upon the vehicle, killing 27 and wounding 19 of its passagers, including the driver. According to sociologist
756:(LNM) militias entered the fray alongside the Palestinians. Numerous ceasefires and political talks held through international mediation proved fruitless. Sporadic violence escalated into a full-fledged civil war over the next two years, known as the
803:
Therefore the true identity of the moral authors behind it – and particularly that of their faction or Party – remained shrouded in mystery until the late 1990s. New evidence that then came to light seems to confirm that they were not
Palestinian
613:
At 10:30 a.m. when the congregation was concentrated outside the front door of the church upon the conclusion of the ceremony, a gang of unidentified gunmen approached in two civilian cars – rigged with posters and bumper stickers belonging to the
749:
release of the previously detained suspects held in custody by the
Lebanese authorities, stating that the individuals involved in the incident were just defending themselves and that no charges could be pressed against them.
813:
the SSNP gunmen involved in the April 1975 drive-by shooting, they were never apprehended and apparently disappeared without a trace. Some unconfirmed reports suggest that they were later killed in action.
674:
and other
Christian-populated eastern districts of the Lebanese Capital, stopping vehicles and checked identities, while in the mainly Muslim western sectors the Palestinian factions did likewise.
706:
The Church
Massacre that preceded the bloody incident known as the "Bus Massacre," incited long-standing sectarian hatred and mistrust. It sparked heavy fighting throughout the country between
687:
780:
Although most PLO accounts refute this version of the events by describing the bus passengers as civilian families' victims of an unprovoked attack and not fully armed guerrillas,
1574:
1616:
152:
800:
faction and the tactic employed (a drive-by shooting), which did not fit well into the methods commonly used by the Palestinian guerrilla movements at the time.
1661:
1546:, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989). –
197:
655:, who managed nevertheless to escape unscathed. The attackers fled the scene under fire by the surviving bodyguards and KRF militiamen on duty at the time.
634:
781:
752:
As news of the murders spread, armed clashes between PLO guerrilla factions and other Christian militias erupted throughout the Lebanese Capital. Soon
626:
403:
622:
1872:
1892:
1862:
615:
221:
1887:
1817:
1609:
145:
630:
855:
809:
500:
788:, later suggested that the incident was not the responsibility of the Phalange, but rather a deliberate provocation engineered by the
1842:
1602:
138:
784:
of the ALF did confirm years later that some of them were off-duty members of that faction. Another high-ranking PLO official,
1882:
1547:
1397:
1342:
1310:
1877:
1459:
1416:
485:
342:
319:
1857:
1852:
1837:
1827:
1763:
1560:
1536:
1517:
1491:, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11-79, June 1979.
1444:
1327:
443:
744:, which detained a number of suspects. In addition, Prime-Minister Sulh tried to pressure Phalangist Party' President
1503:
1479:
1430:
1380:
1366:
1296:
583:
539:
433:
418:
364:
79:
698:
all 28 passengers were killed, although other sources stated that 22 PLO members were shot dead by the Phalangists.
1847:
1314:
860:
789:
664:
638:
1897:
1751:
1214:
728:, tried vainly to defuse the situation as quickly as possible by sending in the evening of the day following the
352:
450:
1822:
1781:
757:
570:
Early in the morning of April 13, 1975, outside the Church of Notre Dame de la Delivrance at the predominantly
347:
314:
369:
475:
262:
618:(PFLP), a PLO faction – and suddenly opened fire on the church and at VIPs present, killing four people.
594:) on a passing vehicle performing the customary wavering and firing their automatic rifles into the air (
495:
274:
1832:
1739:
845:
753:
715:
358:
1867:
562:
The Church of Notre Dame de la Delivrance, in front of which took place the assassination attempt on
1793:
1637:
870:
737:
707:
607:
535:
413:
379:
202:
185:
1787:
1757:
1697:
1775:
1733:
1649:
722:
455:
438:
374:
227:
1483:
1384:
1350:
1703:
1529:
Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon: A History of the Internationalization of Human Contact
1111:
Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon: A History of the Internationalization of Human Contact
679:
490:
637:, shot while attempting to return fire on the assailants – of the personal entourage of the
1667:
1643:
389:
269:
191:
796:. Other Palestinian leaders suspected instead that the provocateurs were the Phalangists.
625:, an off-duty Phalange militant and father of the baptised child, plus three bodyguards –
8:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1655:
1354:
384:
332:
840:
547:
470:
423:
208:
162:
28:
1685:
558:
16:
1975 armed clashes between Phalangist and Palestinian organizations in Beirut, Lebanon
1556:
1532:
1513:
1499:
1475:
1463:
1455:
1440:
1426:
1412:
1393:
1376:
1362:
1338:
1323:
1306:
1292:
279:
241:
36:
1691:
1673:
408:
337:
309:
299:
1161:
Personal interview with Rex Brynen in Amman, Jordan, December 28, 1986, quoted in
1679:
1594:
1588:
1578:
1575:
Chamussy (René) – Chronique d'une guerre: Le Liban 1975-1977 – éd. Desclée – 1978
1555:, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton 1997.
1521:
1401:
1346:
793:
741:
671:
641:
575:
571:
519:
428:
256:
234:
215:
1769:
1709:
850:
835:
830:
825:
745:
725:
682:(ALF) militants and Lebanese sympathizers (returning from a political rally at
667:
645:
563:
304:
294:
284:
123:
1811:
683:
534:, was the collective name given to a short series of armed clashes involving
792:(NLP), a predominantly Christian conservative Party led by former President
1626:
865:
695:
652:
603:
289:
180:
112:
1467:
733:
579:
1745:
691:
649:
480:
130:
1425:(World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.
1584:
1259:
785:
729:
1510:
La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional
1489:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975-1978
1098:
La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional
761:
54:
1320:
Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East
1059:
Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East
1007:
Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East
718:(LNM) alliance, resulting in over 300 dead in just three days.
688:
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command
670:
militiamen took the streets, and began to set up roadblocks at
595:
587:
543:
50:
1498:, Men-at-Arms series 165, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985.
546:, which is commonly presented as the spark that set off the
764:
along factional and sectarian lines for another 15 years.
1289:
My Home, My Land: A Narrative of the Palestinian Struggle
663:
In the commotion that followed, armed Phalangist KRF and
1072:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
1046:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
968:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
929:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
916:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
890:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
690:(PFLP-GC) passed through Ain el-Rammaneh on its way to
602:) and a squad of uniformed militiamen belonging to the
1585:
Histoire militaire de l'armée libanaise de 1975 à 1990
1392:, Presses Universitaires de France – PUF, Paris 1993.
1437:
Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975–76 Civil War
1303:
The Politics of Frustration - The Failed Coup of 1961
1233:
The Politics of Frustration - The Failed Coup of 1961
1189:
Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975–76 Civil War
1085:
Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975–76 Civil War
582:, an altercation occurred between half a dozen armed
1553:
Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions
1137:
Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions
760:, in which 60,000 people lost their lives and split
721:
The recently appointed Lebanese prime-minister, the
621:
Among the dead caused by the drive-by shooting were
1474:, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001).
816:The bus was later found and exhibited in mid-2011.
1624:
1494:Samuel M. Katz, Lee E. Russel & Ron Volstad,
1487:Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price,
1809:
1335:Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943–1990
1207:
1020:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976
1373:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon 1967-1976
1610:
616:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
146:
1531:, Columbia University Press, New York 2002.
1287:Abu Iyad (Salah Khalaf, with Eric Rouleau),
1225:
1617:
1603:
1452:Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon
1163:Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon
856:Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon
524:مجزرة بوسطة عين الرمانة ,مجزرة عين الرمانة
153:
139:
122:Revenge for the Assassination Attempt on
1512:, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994.
1454:, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990.
1439:, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1986.
557:
1409:The War of Desperation: Lebanon 1982-85
1257:
1124:The War of Desperation: Lebanon 1982-85
758:1975–77 phase of the Lebanese Civil War
1810:
1411:, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985.
160:
1873:Anti-Palestinian sentiment in Lebanon
1598:
1258:Mayault, Isabelle (6 November 2011).
134:
1893:Terrorist incidents on buses in Asia
1863:Persecution of Muslims by Christians
486:Civil Administration of the Mountain
343:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
1888:Terrorist incidents in Asia in 1975
1818:Massacres of the Lebanese Civil War
1361:, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.
542:elements in the streets of central
523:
41:Image of the scene after the attack
13:
678:carrying unsuspecting Palestinian
14:
1909:
1568:
584:Palestine Liberation Organization
419:January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup
80:Palestine Liberation Organization
1843:Beirut in the Lebanese Civil War
1070:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
1044:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
966:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
927:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
914:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
888:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
714:and their leftist allies of the
106:
73:
35:
1472:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
1337:, Éditions Fayard, Paris 2005.
1280:
1251:
1238:
1194:
1181:
1168:
1155:
1142:
1129:
1116:
1103:
1090:
1077:
1064:
1051:
1038:
1025:
1012:
999:
710:militiamen and the Palestinian
701:
353:Assassination of Bachir Gemayel
1390:Histoire de la guerre du Liban
1291:, Times Books, New York 1981.
986:
973:
960:
947:
934:
921:
908:
895:
882:
767:
424:Assassination of Rashid Karami
348:Multinational Force in Lebanon
1:
1883:Terrorist incidents in Beirut
1359:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92
876:
736:detachment from the Lebanese
658:
648:, the powerful leader of the
553:
1375:, I.B. Tauris, London 2000.
1031:Katz, Russel & Volstad,
992:Katz, Russel & Volstad,
953:Katz, Russel & Volstad,
810:Syrian Social National Party
808:but actually members of the
451:Assassination of René Moawad
7:
1878:1975 mass shootings in Asia
1235:(2013), pp. 1; 3; 153; 160.
819:
496:South Lebanon security belt
275:1978 South Lebanon conflict
10:
1914:
1165:(1990), pp. 65-66, note 1.
846:Lebanese National Movement
754:Lebanese National Movement
716:Lebanese National Movement
404:U.S. embassy annex bombing
359:Sabra and Shatila massacre
1858:Massacres of Palestinians
1853:Road incidents in Lebanon
1838:April 1975 events in Asia
1828:Mass shootings in Lebanon
1764:Shadia Abu Ghazala School
1633:
1496:Armies in Lebanon 1982–84
476:People's Republic of Tyre
464:Cantons and puppet states
263:St George's Church attack
172:
118:
101:
93:
85:
68:
60:
46:
34:
26:
21:
1544:Lebanon: a country study
1246:Lebanon: a country study
1202:Lebanon: a country study
1074:(1979), Appendix B, B-2.
1048:(1979), Appendix B, B-2.
970:(1979), Appendix B, B-2.
931:(1979), Appendix B, B-2.
918:(1979), Appendix B, B-2.
892:(1979), Appendix B, B-2.
871:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
738:Internal Security Forces
708:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
608:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
528:Ain el-Rammaneh incident
516:1975 Beirut bus massacre
414:1985 Beirut car bombings
222:1976 Syrian intervention
1848:1975 murders in Lebanon
397:Fourth phase: 1984–1990
249:Second phase: 1977–1982
1898:1970s crimes in Beirut
1752:Cave of the Patriarchs
1542:Thomas Collelo (ed.),
1435:Naomi Joy Weinberger,
1322:, Nation Books, 2011.
1260:"Le bus et son double"
861:National Liberal Party
790:National Liberal Party
574:inhabited district of
567:
439:Dahr al-Wahsh massacre
326:Third phase: 1982–1984
228:Siege of Tel al-Zaatar
175:First phase: 1975–1977
1823:Mass murder in Beirut
1782:Nuseirat refugee camp
680:Arab Liberation Front
561:
526:), also known as the
491:State of Free Lebanon
320:Iraqi Embassy bombing
1150:Civil War in Lebanon
903:Civil War in Lebanon
390:1984 Sohmor massacre
365:U.S. embassy bombing
315:1981 Israeli bombing
192:Battle of the Hotels
1551:William W. Harris,
1421:Matthew S. Gordon,
1215:"Behind the Terror"
635:Selman Ibrahim Abou
385:February 6 Intifada
333:1982 Beirut bombing
203:Black Saturday
186:Black Thursday
22:Beirut bus massacre
1625:Massacres against
1305:, Routledge 2013.
841:Lebanese Civil War
782:Abd al-Rahim Ahmad
692:Sabra refugee camp
586:(PLO) guerrillas (
568:
550:in the mid-1970s.
548:Lebanese Civil War
471:East Beirut canton
444:War of Elimination
209:Karantina massacre
164:Lebanese Civil War
29:Lebanese Civil War
1833:Massacres in 1975
1803:
1802:
1794:Al-Tabaeen School
1740:Sabra and Shatila
1398:978-2-13-045801-2
1343:978-2-213-61521-9
1311:978-1-136-00614-2
1033:Armies in Lebanon
994:Armies in Lebanon
955:Armies in Lebanon
644:(political boss)
511:
510:
434:War of Liberation
380:Battle of Tripoli
375:Mountain War
370:Barracks bombings
280:Battle of Kaukaba
270:Hundred Days' War
242:Aishiyeh massacre
129:
128:
1905:
1868:Ambushes in Asia
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1371:Farid El-Kazen,
1355:Edgar O'Ballance
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1176:My Home, My Land
1172:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1146:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1113:(2002), p. 228f.
1107:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1003:
997:
990:
984:
977:
971:
964:
958:
951:
945:
938:
932:
925:
919:
912:
906:
899:
893:
886:
653:Phalangist Party
627:Antoine Husseini
604:Phalangist Party
525:
409:War of the Camps
361:
338:1982 Lebanon War
310:Battle of Zahleh
300:At Tiri incident
259:
244:
237:
230:
218:
211:
198:ASALA insurgency
194:
167:
165:
155:
148:
141:
132:
131:
111:
110:
109:
78:
77:
76:
39:
19:
18:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1640: (1947–48)
1638:Balad al-Shaykh
1629:
1623:
1571:
1566:
1563:, 1-55876-115-2
1333:Denise Ammoun,
1283:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1252:
1248:(1989), p. 241.
1243:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1204:(1989), p. 241.
1199:
1195:
1191:(1986), p. 148.
1186:
1182:
1178:(1981), p. 164.
1173:
1169:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1139:(1997), p. 161.
1134:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1104:
1100:(1994), p. 103.
1095:
1091:
1087:(1986), p. 147.
1082:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1022:(2000), p. 287.
1017:
1013:
1004:
1000:
991:
987:
978:
974:
965:
961:
952:
948:
939:
935:
926:
922:
913:
909:
900:
896:
887:
883:
879:
822:
794:Camille Chamoun
770:
742:Ain el-Rammaneh
704:
672:Ain el-Rammaneh
661:
623:Joseph Abu Assi
576:Ain el-Rammaneh
556:
512:
507:
466:
461:
458:
456:Battle of Sidon
429:War of Brothers
399:
392:
357:
328:
257:Chouf massacres
255:
251:
240:
235:Chekka massacre
233:
226:
216:Damour massacre
214:
207:
190:
177:
168:
163:
161:
159:
107:
105:
74:
72:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1911:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1788:Al-Awda School
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1698:Arab al-Mawasi
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1570:
1569:External links
1567:
1565:
1564:
1561:978-1558761155
1549:
1540:
1537:978-0231124768
1527:Samir Khalaf,
1525:
1518:978-2865374991
1508:Samir Kassir,
1506:
1492:
1485:
1465:
1448:
1445:978-0195040104
1433:
1419:
1405:
1386:
1369:
1352:
1331:
1328:978-1568586571
1316:
1301:Adel Beshara,
1299:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1264:Mashallah News
1250:
1237:
1224:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1141:
1128:
1126:(1985), p. 10.
1115:
1102:
1089:
1076:
1063:
1061:(2011), p. 99.
1050:
1037:
1024:
1011:
1009:(2011), p. 99.
998:
985:
983:(1988), p. 48.
972:
959:
946:
944:(1988), p. 48.
933:
920:
907:
894:
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
851:Tigers Militia
848:
843:
838:
836:Lebanese Front
833:
831:Pierre Gemayel
828:
826:Bashir Gemayel
821:
818:
769:
766:
746:Pierre Gemayel
726:Rashid al-Sulh
703:
700:
660:
657:
646:Pierre Gemayel
564:Pierre Gemayel
555:
552:
509:
508:
506:
505:
504:
503:
501:Administration
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
460:
459:
453:
448:
447:
446:
441:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
394:
393:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
305:Safra massacre
302:
297:
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1504:0-85045-602-9
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1480:0-19-280130-9
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1460:0 86187 123 5
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1431:1-55546-834-9
1428:
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1417:0 85045 603 7
1414:
1410:
1407:John Laffin,
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:Jean Sarkis,
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:0-674-08105-6
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1374:
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1367:0-333-72975-7
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1297:0-8129-0936-4
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1152:(1998), p. 2.
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1035:(1985), p. 5.
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684:Tel el-Zaatar
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64:13 April 1975
63:
59:
56:
52:
49:
45:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1805:
1796: (2024)
1790: (2024)
1784: (2024)
1778: (2024)
1772: (2024)
1766: (2023)
1760: (2021)
1758:Wehda Street
1754: (1994)
1748: (1990)
1742: (1982)
1736: (1976)
1730: (1956)
1724: (1956)
1718: (1956)
1712: (1953)
1706: (1948)
1700: (1948)
1694: (1948)
1688: (1948)
1682: (1948)
1676: (1948)
1670: (1948)
1664: (1948)
1658: (1948)
1652: (1948)
1646: (1948)
1627:Palestinians
1552:
1543:
1539:, 0231124767
1528:
1509:
1495:
1488:
1471:
1451:
1450:Rex Brynen,
1447:, 0195040104
1436:
1423:The Gemayels
1422:
1408:
1389:
1372:
1358:
1334:
1330:, 1568586574
1319:
1302:
1288:
1281:Bibliography
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1221:. June 1987.
1219:The Atlantic
1218:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1187:Weinberger,
1183:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1148:O'Ballance,
1144:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1083:Weinberger,
1079:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1001:
993:
988:
981:The Gemayels
980:
975:
967:
962:
954:
949:
942:The Gemayels
941:
936:
928:
923:
915:
910:
902:
901:O'Ballance,
897:
889:
884:
866:Kataeb Party
815:
805:
802:
798:
779:
774:
771:
751:
723:Sunni Muslim
720:
711:
705:
702:Consequences
696:Samir Khalaf
686:held by the
676:
662:
620:
612:
599:
591:
569:
532:Black Sunday
531:
527:
515:
513:
463:
462:
396:
395:
325:
324:
290:Qaa massacre
248:
247:
181:Bus massacre
174:
113:Kataeb Party
27:Part of the
1668:Al-Dawayima
1644:Deir Yassin
1468:Robert Fisk
1018:El-Khazen,
768:Controversy
734:Gendarmerie
580:East Beirut
540:Palestinian
102:Perpetrator
1812:Categories
1746:Oyoun Qara
1722:Khan Yunis
1716:Kafr Qasim
1656:Abu Shusha
1269:16 January
1174:Abu Iyad,
877:References
659:Bus attack
650:right-wing
554:Background
536:Phalangist
1244:Collelo,
1231:Beshara,
1200:Collelo,
775:Fedaiyyin
740:(ISF) to
712:Fedaiyyin
631:Dib Assaf
592:Fedaiyyin
481:Fatahland
1135:Harris,
1122:Laffin,
1109:Khalaf,
1096:Kassir,
979:Gordon,
940:Gordon,
820:See also
786:Abu Iyad
730:massacre
639:Maronite
572:Maronite
530:and the
47:Location
1692:Eilabun
1674:Tantura
1057:Hirst,
1005:Hirst,
762:Lebanon
94:Injured
55:Lebanon
1704:Sa'sa'
1686:Saliha
1680:Safsaf
1589:French
1579:French
1559:
1535:
1522:French
1516:
1502:
1478:
1458:
1443:
1429:
1415:
1402:French
1396:
1379:
1365:
1347:French
1341:
1326:
1309:
1295:
806:feday’
668:Tigers
600:Baroud
596:Arabic
588:Arabic
544:Beirut
520:Arabic
119:Motive
86:Deaths
69:Target
51:Beirut
1770:Flour
1728:Rafah
1710:Qibya
1662:Lydda
642:za'im
1587:(in
1577:(in
1557:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1520:(in
1514:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1400:(in
1394:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1349:) –
1345:(in
1339:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1271:2013
633:and
538:and
514:The
61:Date
665:NLP
606:'s
578:in
1814::
1482:–
1470:,
1462:–
1383:–
1357:,
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1262:.
1217:.
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732:a
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522::
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89:27
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1618:e
1611:t
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1591:)
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518:(
154:e
147:t
140:v
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