50:
718:
93:
130:
152:
748:
765:
in
January 1976 when a van full of essential items such as food and medical supplies was stopped from entering the camp. From the January 4 to January 14, Maronite guerrillas obstructed the Palestinian camps of Tel El Zaatar and Dubaya as part of this continued offensive. Obtaining water throughout the siege was difficult and doctors reported that obtaining water led to up to 30 injuries per day.
141:
780:
those inside the camp was met with ill fortune due to complications with the competing groups. This was particularly evident with an increase in factionalism within the
Palestinian groups in the camp. The raising of Palestinian and Lebanese flags in the area was a sign of provocation that led to an increased military assault in late July.
848:
Lebanon, at this time, was experiencing a period of “gender anxiety” characterized by a struggle among paternal privilege. The siege of Tel al-Zaatar was a key moment that had women participating in political activism. During the 1976 siege, women were heavily involved at all levels. This ranged from
783:
An agreement was reached between the groups by a representative of the Arab League on August 11, 1976, the day before the massacre. The combatants were assured that they would leave the camp, along with the civilians with assistance by the Red Cross. Up until this point, the
Lebanese forces prevented
764:
and
Palestinian groups came to light with regards to the beginning of the siege. Representatives of the NLP Tigers claimed that the Palestinians were threatening the peace while opposing Palestinian factions claimed that the Palestinians were peaceful and didn’t break the ceasefire. The siege began
691:
Starting on June 23, Maronite groups begin confronting the rival enclaves within
Christian dominated territories. This was in order to disrupt the land and sea supplies of these enemies and was part of the attack against the Tel-El Zaatar camp. There were 1,500 armed PLO fighters inside the camp at
831:
received strong criticism and pressure from across the Arab world for his involvement in the battle - this criticism, as well as the internal dissent it caused as an
Alawite ruler in a majority Sunni country, led to a cease-fire in his war on the Palestinian militia forces. The fall of camp led to
779:
The Al-Karamah
Hospital in the camp received the sick and wounded and was targeted because it was the most prominent building in the area. In July, Syria entered the siege with shelling from tanks and artillery shells fired into the camp. Repeated attempts by outside Palestinian factions to assist
660:
The
Christian forces were initially leery of escalating PLO involvement in the war, but Karantina was inhabited partly by Lebanese Muslims and was located along the main road they needed to resupply their positions in Beirut, so it was considered a legitimate target. However, the PLO joined Muslim
824:
to strengthen his position as the head of the
Unified Military Command of the Lebanese Front militias. The siege of Tel al-Zaatar also softened the LNM’s friction with the Lebanese led army and as a result, Syria broke off its offensive on the PLO and the LNM, and agreed to an Arab League summit
636:
On April 13, 1975, a group of
Phalangist militiamen led an ambush on a bus that was on its way to the Tel al-Zaatar camp, killing twenty-seven and injuring nineteen. More conflict ensued and following the killing of five Phalangists in the Christian controlled area of Fanar on December 6, 1975,
621:, the country was home to a disproportionately large Palestinian population, which was divided along political lines. Tel al-Zaatar was a refugee camp of about 3,000 structures, which housed 20,000 refugees in early 1976, and was populated primarily by supporters of the
787:
The siege of Tel al-Zaatar was the first occasion of a mass refugee killing in the Lebanese state. This furthered issues surrounding the vulnerability of the Palestinian people within Lebanon. 3,000 people are reported to have died, mostly after the camp had fallen.
799:
for the high death count. Arafat had encouraged those in Tel al-Zaatar to go on fighting despite the fact that they were hopelessly outnumbered and that a ceasefire was on the table, appealing to those in the camp to turn Tel al-Zaatar into "a
784:
the entry of the International Red Cross convoy to transport the wounded. With the end of the siege, 91 wounded were taken out of the camp. As people were leaving, militia groups were waiting which led to the killing of thousands.
637:
Maronite local militia captured hundreds of Muslims in East Beirut at random. This led to a reactivation of battlefronts between the rival factions and the Tel al-Zaatar camp became a target of both the Phalangists and the
652:
began attacking Palestinian refugee camps shortly after the war began due to the PLO's support for Muslim and leftist factions. On January 18, they forcibly took control of the Karantina district and carried out the
2157:
644:
By 1976, Tel al-Zaatar was the only Palestinian enclave left in the Christian-dominated area of East Beirut. It is one of the oldest and largest camps in the country. Christian militias such as the
697:
804:"; Arafat had reportedly hoped to maximize the number of "martyrs" and thereby "capture the attention of the world." When Arafat visited the survivors, who had been relocated to
625:
faction within the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Many of the original inhabitants left to fight with As-Sa'iqa between January and June 1976, and this led to the
1866:
Tel-el-Zaatar (the Hill of Thyme) was the largest and strongest Palestinian refugee camp established in 1948, Includes several pictures from The Battle of Tel al-Zaatar.
601:, that ended on August 12, 1976 with the massacre of 2,000 to 3,000 people. The siege began in January of 1976 with an attack by Christian Lebanese militias led by the
1901:
212:
1946:
700:. To complicate matters further, there were unaffiliated fighters present who fought under the PLO umbrella but did not support any one faction, mostly foreign
257:
609:(PLO) from northern Beirut. After five months, the siege turned into a full-scale military assault in June and ended with the massacre in August 1976.
463:
55:
704:. Factionalism within the camp contributed greatly to the success of the siege, as most of the As-Sa'iqa militants and As-Sa'iqa supporters left.
1778:
2152:
669:(NLP), a Christian faction affiliated with Lebanese Front, which led to the Christian militias declaring war on the PLO by the end of January.
2147:
693:
281:
2117:
2112:
1894:
205:
692:
the time. They were mostly affiliated with As-Sa'iqa and the Arab Liberation Front. There were also smaller groups of fighters from the
2107:
560:
2142:
864:
Cobban (p. 142) writes that 1,500 camp occupants were killed in one day and a total of 2,200 were killed throughout the events.
49:
633:
control of the camp. The PLO fortified Tel al-Zaatar and began using the camp to cache munitions and supplies for its armed wing.
1887:
1373:
1300:
1253:
1106:
1035:
198:
17:
2177:
1485:
672:
Tel al-Zaatar was immediately surrounded by 500 troops from the Kataeb Regulatory Forces, 500 from the NLP's armed wing (the
2172:
1859:
545:
402:
379:
2207:
2187:
2182:
2137:
2048:
1576:
909:
503:
2202:
2197:
1843:
1676:
1622:
1445:
1328:
1193:
1158:
999:
606:
493:
478:
424:
92:
2192:
2132:
666:
861:
Harris (1996: 165) states that “perhaps 3,000 Palestinians, mostly civilians, died in the siege and its aftermath”
768:
From June 22 onward, the Tigers militia led by Danny Chamoun, and many Christian residents of Ras el-Dekweneh and
2167:
2122:
2036:
412:
510:
2127:
2066:
1874:
1825:
972:
951:
930:
407:
374:
773:
429:
2162:
535:
322:
1269:
680:. The militias were joined by about 300 members of the Lebanese security forces. They were equipped with
555:
334:
2102:
2024:
418:
1782:
881:
1646:
Bradley, Douglas (1982). "Was Truth the First Casualty? American Media and the Fall of Tal Zaatar".
1217:
Bradley, Douglas (1982). "Was Truth the First Casualty? American Media and the Fall of Tal Zaatar".
2078:
1922:
717:
645:
473:
439:
262:
245:
144:
2072:
2042:
1982:
677:
649:
605:
as part of a wider campaign to expel Palestinians, especially those affiliated with the opposing
166:
161:
2060:
1934:
515:
498:
434:
287:
1988:
769:
626:
550:
1952:
1928:
1123:
801:
594:
449:
329:
251:
97:
8:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1940:
444:
392:
183:
1870:
812:
there, he was reportedly shouted down as a "traitor" and pelted with rotten vegetables.
1362:
1289:
1242:
1095:
1069:
1024:
654:
618:
530:
483:
268:
222:
41:
1970:
1839:
1821:
1719:
1682:
1672:
1628:
1618:
1572:
1491:
1481:
1451:
1441:
1334:
1324:
1199:
1189:
1164:
1154:
1073:
1005:
995:
968:
947:
926:
905:
339:
301:
965:
Liberation and Democratization: The South African and Palestinian National Movements
1976:
1958:
1731:
1061:
468:
397:
369:
359:
1735:
1720:"Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement. Julie M. Peteet"
1569:
Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers, and American Bunglers
1964:
1879:
1863:
837:
809:
776:, intensified the blockade to a full-scale military assault that lasted 35 days.
662:
488:
316:
294:
275:
1856:
2054:
1994:
1831:
1360:
1287:
1240:
1093:
1022:
828:
821:
761:
732:
673:
638:
602:
364:
354:
344:
134:
1593:
1495:
1416:
1394:
871:
stated that 2,000 people died during the entire siege, and 4,000 were wounded.
2096:
1813:
1686:
1632:
1455:
1338:
1203:
1168:
1009:
868:
849:
arranging relief events to a substantial number of women fighting alongside.
796:
728:
681:
579:
1477:
A diary of a doctor in Tal Al-Zaatar, a Palestinian refugee camp, in Lebanon
1911:
1475:
902:
Islamic Political Culture, Democracy, and Human Rights: A Comparative Study
736:
724:
622:
349:
240:
156:
1668:
Lebanon : fire and embers : a history of the Lebanese civil war
1614:
Lebanon : fire and embers : a history of the Lebanese civil war
1437:
Lebanon : fire and embers : a history of the Lebanese civil war
1320:
Lebanon : fire and embers : a history of the Lebanese civil war
1185:
Lebanon : fire and embers : a history of the Lebanese civil war
1150:
Lebanon : fire and embers : a history of the Lebanese civil war
991:
Lebanon : fire and embers : a history of the Lebanese civil war
792:
685:
852:
Most of the people who survived the siege and its aftermath were women.
832:
commando migration to the south, particularly to the central enclave of
2030:
833:
1666:
1612:
1435:
1318:
1183:
1148:
989:
540:
190:
171:
1857:
Information and Pictures from the Lebanese Civil War 'liberty05.com'
665:
the Christian population of Damour. Damour was a stronghold for the
1065:
701:
109:
68:
27:
1976 Christian militia attack on Palestinian refugee camp in Beirut
1363:
Military Operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975–1978
1290:
Military Operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975–1978
1243:
Military Operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975–1978
1096:
Military Operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975–1978
1025:
Military Operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975–1978
2158:
Violations of medical neutrality during the Arab–Israeli conflict
1705:
Pretty Liar: Television, Language, And Gender In Wartime Lebanon
805:
747:
698:
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command
598:
72:
1361:
United States Army Human Engineering Laboratory (June 1979).
1288:
United States Army Human Engineering Laboratory (June 1979).
1241:
United States Army Human Engineering Laboratory (June 1979).
1094:
United States Army Human Engineering Laboratory (June 1979).
1023:
United States Army Human Engineering Laboratory (June 1979).
590:
585:
140:
1838:(Foundation for Middle East Peace, Washington, D.C., 1984,
1534:
War and Memory: The Role of Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon
944:
Recovering Beirut: Urban Design and Post-war Reconstruction
921:
Lisa Suhair Majaj, Paula W. Sunderman, and Therese Saliba
676:), and 400 others from various other militias, namely the
1536:. Macalester College. History Department. pp. 1–168.
1810:(Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, New Jersey, 1996)
855:
753:
Hawi (center) with some of his fighter during the siege
1556:. New York: Thunder's Mouth/Nation Books. p. 107.
661:
militias in retaliating for the Karantina Massacre by
1749:اللبدي, د. عبد العزيز (2016). "حكايتي مع تل الزعتر".
1514:اللبدي, د. عبد العزيز (2016). "حكايتي مع تل الزعتر".
1808:
Faces of Lebanon. Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions
1765:
Faces of Lebanon: sects, wars, and global extensions
825:
which temporarily suspended hostilities in Lebanon.
1779:"111101 - Facts - Chronology - Lebanese war - 1976"
1707:. New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 215.
1909:
1571:. Just World Books; Reprint edition. p. 171.
2094:
1869:Arafat's Massacre of Damour - Canada Free Press
795:, many of the survivors of the massacre blamed
1052:Khoury, Elias (2012). "Rethinking The Nakba".
1895:
694:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
206:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1236:
1234:
1232:
843:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1902:
1888:
942:Samir Khalaf, Philip Shukry Khoury (1993)
629:, another PLO faction, gradually assuming
213:
199:
48:
1554:Pity the Nation: The Abduction of Lebanon
1345:
1274:
1229:
1392:
1080:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1671:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 48.
1645:
1617:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 42.
1531:
1527:
1525:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1440:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 34.
1410:
1408:
1388:
1386:
1323:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 41.
1216:
1188:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 42.
1153:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 48.
1016:
994:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 48.
14:
2095:
1748:
1664:
1610:
1566:
1513:
1433:
1379:from the original on February 1, 2014.
1316:
1306:from the original on February 1, 2014.
1259:from the original on February 1, 2014.
1181:
1146:
1112:from the original on February 1, 2014.
1051:
1041:from the original on February 1, 2014.
987:
220:
2153:Anti-Palestinian sentiment in Lebanon
1883:
1717:
1591:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1473:
1414:
983:
981:
856:Estimations of the numbers of victims
194:
2148:Persecution of Muslims by Christians
1693:
1551:
1522:
1502:
1462:
1405:
1383:
1310:
1270:Karantina massacre#cite note-H1500-6
894:
546:Civil Administration of the Mountain
403:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
2118:History of the Palestinian refugees
2113:Massacres of the Lebanese Civil War
1742:
1658:
1639:
1604:
1427:
1263:
1210:
1175:
1140:
593:-administered refugee camp housing
24:
1875:Google Earth view of Tel al Zaatar
1598:The Myth of Palestinian Centrality
1540:
1116:
978:
25:
2219:
2108:Battles of the Lebanese Civil War
1850:
957:
936:
915:
810:massacred the civilian population
607:Palestine Liberation Organization
479:January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup
2143:Beirut in the Lebanese Civil War
904:. Greenwood Publishing Company,
746:
716:
150:
139:
128:
91:
1800:
1771:
1757:
1711:
1585:
1560:
967:University of Minnesota Press,
808:after Palestinian militias had
413:Assassination of Bachir Gemayel
1045:
484:Assassination of Rashid Karami
408:Multinational Force in Lebanon
13:
1:
1836:Error and betrayal in Lebanon
1736:10.1525/ae.1993.20.3.02a00250
887:
727:(wearing a white shirt) with
612:
54:The destroyed camp (from the
2178:February 1976 events in Asia
1818:The Making of Modern Lebanon
1718:Nader, Laura (August 1993).
815:
707:
511:Assassination of René Moawad
7:
2173:January 1976 events in Asia
1820:(Hutchinson, London, 1985,
1417:"تل الزعتر - خفايا المعركة"
1395:"تل الزعتر - خفايا المعركة"
875:
836:and the eastern enclave of
760:Competing reports from the
556:South Lebanon security belt
335:1978 South Lebanon conflict
10:
2224:
2208:August 1976 events in Asia
1370:Technical Memorandum 11–79
1297:Technical Memorandum 11–79
1250:Technical Memorandum 11–79
1103:Technical Memorandum 11–79
1032:Technical Memorandum 11–79
925:Syracuse University Press
464:U.S. embassy annex bombing
419:Sabra and Shatila massacre
184:Anti-Palestinian sentiment
82:4 January – 12 August 1976
2188:April 1976 events in Asia
2183:March 1976 events in Asia
2138:Massacres of Palestinians
2049:Shadia Abu Ghazala School
1918:
1703:Khazaal, Natalie (2018).
1567:Randal, Jonathon (2012).
900:Price, Daniel E. (1999).
882:Black September in Jordan
844:Female political activism
840:where tension escalated.
536:People's Republic of Tyre
524:Cantons and puppet states
323:St George's Church attack
232:
179:
123:
119:3,000 Palestinians killed
115:
103:
86:
78:
63:
47:
39:
34:
2203:July 1976 events in Asia
2198:June 1976 events in Asia
1532:Khawaja, Bassam (2011).
684:tanks and a squadron of
646:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
474:1985 Beirut car bombings
282:1976 Syrian intervention
2193:May 1976 events in Asia
2133:1976 murders in Lebanon
1474:Iraki, Youssif (2016).
1393:أبو عبود, إيلي (2018).
678:Guardians of the Cedars
650:Guardians of the Cedars
617:At the outbreak of the
457:Fourth phase: 1984–1990
309:Second phase: 1977–1982
167:Guardians of the Cedars
162:Lebanese Youth Movement
2168:Sieges involving Syria
2123:1970s crimes in Beirut
2037:Cave of the Patriarchs
1648:Arab Studies Quarterly
1592:Karsh, Efraim (2014).
1421:Al Jazeera Documentary
1415:Iraqi, Yousuf (2018).
1399:Al Jazeera Documentary
1219:Arab Studies Quarterly
667:National Liberal Party
576:Tel al-Zaatar massacre
499:Dahr al-Wahsh massacre
386:Third phase: 1982–1984
288:Siege of Tel al-Zaatar
235:First phase: 1975–1977
35:Tel al-Zaatar massacre
18:Siege of Tel al-Zaatar
2128:Mass murder in Beirut
2067:Nuseirat refugee camp
1665:Dilip., Hiro (1993).
1611:Dilip., Hiro (1993).
1552:Fisk, Robert (2002).
1434:Dilip., Hiro (1993).
1317:Dilip., Hiro (1993).
1182:Dilip., Hiro (1993).
1147:Dilip., Hiro (1993).
988:Dilip., Hiro (1993).
627:Arab Liberation Front
551:State of Free Lebanon
380:Iraqi Embassy bombing
1724:American Ethnologist
963:Younis, Mona (2000)
595:Palestinian refugees
450:1984 Sohmor massacre
425:U.S. embassy bombing
375:1981 Israeli bombing
252:Battle of the Hotels
98:Palestinian refugees
67:Tel al-Zaatar camp,
2163:20th-century sieges
834:Bint-Jubail-Aytarun
723:Phalange-commander
445:February 6 Intifada
393:1982 Beirut bombing
263:Black Saturday
246:Black Thursday
1910:Massacres against
1862:2017-07-09 at the
820:The siege enabled
739:, at Tel al-Zaatar
735:of the right-wing
655:Karantina Massacre
619:Lebanese Civil War
531:East Beirut canton
504:War of Elimination
269:Karantina massacre
224:Lebanese Civil War
42:Lebanese Civil War
2103:Massacres in 1976
2088:
2087:
2079:Al-Tabaeen School
2025:Sabra and Shatila
1487:978-0-9958059-0-3
578:was an attack on
571:
570:
494:War of Liberation
440:Battle of Tripoli
435:Mountain War
430:Barracks bombings
340:Battle of Kaukaba
330:Hundred Days' War
302:Aishiyeh massacre
189:
188:
16:(Redirected from
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1904:
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1806:William Harris,
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469:War of the Camps
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398:1982 Lebanon War
370:Battle of Zahleh
360:At Tiri incident
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489:War of Brothers
459:
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2075: (2024)
2069: (2024)
2063: (2024)
2057: (2024)
2051: (2023)
2045: (2021)
2043:Wehda Street
2039: (1994)
2033: (1990)
2027: (1982)
2021: (1976)
2018:
2015: (1956)
2009: (1956)
2003: (1956)
1997: (1953)
1991: (1948)
1985: (1948)
1979: (1948)
1973: (1948)
1967: (1948)
1961: (1948)
1955: (1948)
1949: (1948)
1943: (1948)
1937: (1948)
1931: (1948)
1912:Palestinians
1835:
1817:
1807:
1801:Bibliography
1787:. Retrieved
1783:the original
1773:
1764:
1759:
1751:منشورات ضفاف
1750:
1744:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1704:
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1516:منشورات ضفاف
1515:
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1312:
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1265:
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1130:, 2021-03-09
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737:Kataeb Party
725:William Hawi
690:
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583:
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523:
522:
456:
455:
385:
384:
350:Qaa massacre
308:
307:
241:Bus massacre
234:
157:Kataeb Party
124:Perpetrators
40:Part of the
29:
1953:Al-Dawayima
1929:Deir Yassin
793:Robert Fisk
105:Attack type
2097:Categories
2031:Oyoun Qara
2007:Khan Yunis
2001:Kafr Qasim
1941:Abu Shusha
1826:0091607914
1789:2008-03-27
1654:: 200–210.
1496:1032943743
1372:(Report).
1299:(Report).
1252:(Report).
1225:: 200–210.
1134:2021-03-11
1105:(Report).
1034:(Report).
973:0816633002
952:9004099115
931:0815629516
888:References
802:Stalingrad
770:Mansouriye
762:NLP Tigers
663:massacring
639:NLP Tigers
613:Background
1687:925077506
1633:925077506
1456:925077506
1339:925077506
1204:925077506
1169:925077506
1128:Knowledge
1074:162316338
1010:925077506
946:, Brill,
816:Aftermath
708:The siege
623:As-Sa'iqa
582:(meaning
541:Fatahland
172:Al-Tanzim
1860:Archived
1600:: 27–29.
1374:Archived
1301:Archived
1254:Archived
1107:Archived
1036:Archived
912:, p. 68.
876:See also
702:fedayeen
696:and the
648:and the
631:de facto
584:Hill of
110:Massacre
69:Dekwaneh
64:Location
1977:Eilabun
1959:Tantura
733:founder
1989:Sa'sa'
1971:Saliha
1965:Safsaf
1842:
1824:
1685:
1675:
1631:
1621:
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1494:
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1480:. : .
1454:
1444:
1337:
1327:
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1167:
1157:
1072:
1008:
998:
975:p. 221
971:
954:p. 253
950:
933:p. 156
929:
908:
806:Damour
599:Beirut
180:Motive
116:Deaths
87:Target
73:Beirut
2055:Flour
2013:Rafah
1995:Qibya
1947:Lydda
1377:(PDF)
1366:(PDF)
1304:(PDF)
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1257:(PDF)
1246:(PDF)
1110:(PDF)
1099:(PDF)
1070:S2CID
1039:(PDF)
1028:(PDF)
591:UNRWA
586:Thyme
1840:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1683:OCLC
1673:ISBN
1629:OCLC
1619:ISBN
1573:ISBN
1492:OCLC
1482:ISBN
1452:OCLC
1442:ISBN
1335:OCLC
1325:ISBN
1200:OCLC
1190:ISBN
1165:OCLC
1155:ISBN
1006:OCLC
996:ISBN
969:ISBN
948:ISBN
927:ISBN
906:ISBN
574:The
79:Date
1732:doi
1062:doi
2099::
1834:,
1816:,
1728:20
1726:.
1722:.
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1341:.
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1076:.
1064::
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214:e
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58:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
