689:
phalangist group. The operation was successful from a military standpoint, but when
Gemayel's men entered the mansion, they unexpectedly recognised among the dead Tony Frangieh and several members of his family. The Marada members were killed while trying to defend the mansion. "Even the family dog did not escape the carnage of that day." Tony's father Suleiman Frangieh claimed that the Phalangist gunmen forced Tony and his young wife Vera to watch the shooting of their infant daughter Jihane, then made him watch the murder of his wife, before killing him. More than ten phalangist gunmen were also killed in the attack.
672:, by six armed men sent by Tony Frangieh on 7 June 1978. Bayeh had attempted to open an office in Zgharta before he was killed. Bashir Gemayel initially tried to settle the problem through negotiations via the Maronite Patriarch Antonios Khreich. But, these negotiations did not become productive. Gemayel then decided to retaliate with a reprisal raid deep into Frangieh's mansion in Ehden. The original plan was to arrest those who had murdered Al Bayeh. It was known that they had been hiding in Frangieh's summer residence in Ehden.
2480:
2171:
2646:
43:
747:
family and others, although the file was reopened in 2002. Thus, killers have not been officially identified. On the other hand, when the file was reopened in 2002, Suleiman
Frangieh Jr., son of Tony Frangieh, criticised the move, arguing that its aim was to show him manipulation of his slain family's blood for political ends. He further stated "the affair is a bygone for me, buried in the past."
746:
Hanna
Shallita was arrested during a 1994 government crackdown on Samir Geagea's Lebanese Forces, who was accused of staging the Ehden massacre. Shallita was set free after paying an LL5 million bail in August 2002. However, no official investigation was ever made to find out who killed the Frangieh
733:
The Marada
Movement, headed by Suleiman Frangieh Jr., accuses the Lebanese Forces of carrying out the Ehden massacre. Bashir Gemayel argued that the massacre was a "social revolt against feudalism." In addition, the Phalangist Party declared that its forces carried out the attack since the Marada
717:
On 14 June 1978, a funeral ceremony was organized for the victims in
Zagharta. Syrian troops stormed a village, Deir el Ahmar, nearly 15.5 miles southeast of Ehden to search for the perpetrators on the same day. Marada forces also carried out a series of revenge killings and kidnappings. In the
680:
On 13 June 1978 at 4am, hundreds of Bashir
Gemayel's Phalangist gunmen led attacked the mansion of Frangieh family in Ehden, and murdered Tony Frangieh, his wife Vera Frangieh (née el Kordahi), their three-year-old daughter Jihane, and thirty other Marada bodyguards and aides, who were at the
688:
was seriously injured and fell unconscious on the road leading to the compound. Therefore, he could not command the group, and his aide Edmon Ṣahyuni took over the command of the squad. The residents of Ehden attempted to assist the Marada forces, but they could not due to the attacks of the
665:. Furthermore, the Phalangists were claimed to have wanted the partition of Lebanon, while the Frangiehs to have wished to keep it whole. Therefore, it is argued that the Frangieh-Gemayel rivalry had initially been a purely political feud, and it was the only motive of the massacre.
656:
were unsuccessful. In May 1978, Suleiman
Frangieh began not attending the Lebanese Front meetings and instead, developed close relations with the Syrians. The Frangieh family had aligned with Syria through personal relationships between Suleiman Frangieh and the Syrian President
737:
Samir Geagea who allegedly headed the
Phalangist force responsible for the Ehden massacre admitted that he was among the "military squad" that was in charge of the Ehden "operation", but he denied taking part in the massacre, claiming that he was shot before the incident.
640:
On the other hand, again at the initial stage of the civil war, Frangieh had to call on the
Phalange for assistance in the north of Lebanon where before the war the Phalange had not had any power, especially in
704:
One of the
Phalange forces attacked the mansion was led by then 26-year-old Samir Geagea. Geagea's hometown was traditionally at odds with the Frangiehs. It was further claimed that the other squad was led by
1658:
795:
reaches the conclusion that the Ehden massacre was remarkable and revealed more clearly than anything the medieval feudal reality behind the civilized twentieth-century veneer of Lebanese politics.
681:
mansion. Tony Frangieh was the eldest son of the former Lebanon President Sulaiman Frangieh and scion of one of the most powerful northern Maronite clans. He was at 36 age when killed.
645:, Frangieh's hometown. Beginning in 1978, the Phalange had become a major force in the region, picking up recruits and threatening Marada's protection rackets, especially around
1965:
1046:
652:
In Spring of 1978, the Frangieh family asked the Phalange to leave the region. In fact, the Phalange were losing power there. All attempts to reconcile the two groups at
1452:
2132:
2049:
215:
1717:
829:
1691:
1666:
260:
1936:
1244:
887:
1836:
466:
1749:
1806:
2608:
284:
2691:
208:
2706:
1775:
2160:
563:
2031:
1973:
1422:
621:, his spouse and his three-year-old daughter, Jihane. After the massacre, the power of the Frangiehs is reported to have declined.
1371:
633:, institutionalizing their cooperation. However, the relations among the members of the Lebanese Front damaged in May 1978 due to
201:
668:
In addition, another critical event or trigger for the massacre was the assassination of a local Phalange leader and commander,
629:
At the initial phase of the Lebanese civil war, more specifically in the summer of 1976, the major Maronite leaders formed the
1642:
1554:
1198:
1030:
993:
807:(2009). The book provides alleged details of how Samir Geagea, the chief of the Lebanese Forces party, was chosen in 1978 by
548:
405:
382:
34:
913:
Muhamad Mugraby (July 2008). "The syndrome of one-time exceptions and the drive to establish the proposed Hariri court".
506:
1727:
74:
2676:
496:
481:
427:
2138:
1511:
2701:
849:
755:
On 3 October 2008 reconciliation talks between LF and Marada started. After a decade on 14 November 2018 Patriarch
637:'s pro-Syrian position and his intention to leave the Front. Eventually Frangieh left the alliance later in 1978.
415:
513:
2153:
1225:
410:
377:
1215:
792:
432:
2681:
538:
325:
67:
2067:
558:
337:
1814:
1344:
2686:
2636:
421:
2085:
775:
made a documentary about the massacre in which Youssef Frangieh revealed that he was the one who shot
649:. Marada was the militia commanded by Suleiman Frengieh's son Tony and the local force of the region.
2696:
2146:
772:
718:
following period the Phalange members in the area were displaced and nearly 100 of them were killed.
696:, escaped the massacre. He was not with his family in Ehden, but with his grandfather at that time.
2671:
2666:
1575:
1113:
985:
476:
442:
265:
248:
756:
1076:
2590:
915:
693:
591:
518:
501:
437:
290:
1783:
1544:
1580:
1309:
Dan Naor (2016). "The Ehden massacre of 1978 in Lebanon: The creation of a resistance myth".
553:
1632:
1188:
1111:(September 2003). "The Ontology of "Political Violence: Action and Identity in Civil Wars".
1016:
979:
2527:
1081:
452:
332:
254:
2170:
779:. On 17 September 2008 Youssef Frangieh was killed in a conflict between LF and Marada in
8:
2577:
2572:
2549:
1012:
447:
395:
122:
1430:
1326:
1130:
1022:
932:
866:
602:
533:
486:
271:
225:
30:
2559:
2554:
2506:
2409:
2178:
2168:
1884:
1638:
1550:
1397:
1330:
1221:
1194:
1026:
989:
975:
936:
634:
342:
304:
186:
178:
2013:
1995:
1134:
2618:
2389:
2174:
1460:
1318:
1280:
1249:
1167:
1122:
924:
858:
471:
400:
372:
362:
1322:
2623:
2595:
2414:
2404:
2289:
2133:
Chamussy (René) – Chronique d'une guerre: Le Liban 1975-1977 – éd. Desclée – 1978
1911:
1858:
1584:
1516:
1485:
1151:
1108:
662:
610:
582:
491:
319:
297:
278:
133:
684:
Those in the mansion refused to surrender and a long gun battle ensued in which
2650:
2613:
2496:
2464:
2439:
2309:
2229:
1605:
630:
367:
357:
182:
2564:
1570:
1126:
928:
862:
2660:
2603:
2511:
2339:
2274:
2224:
2219:
1072:
669:
618:
174:
89:
76:
2479:
721:
On 28 June 1978, Marada allies responded with another massacre known as the
2585:
776:
722:
706:
685:
352:
243:
163:
1172:
1155:
1077:"The lord of no man's land: A guided tour through Lebanon's ceaseless war"
2384:
658:
42:
2394:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2314:
2264:
2259:
2209:
950:
870:
2103:
2399:
2379:
2374:
2254:
2249:
543:
193:
1996:"Lebanese Forces Headed Towards Reconciliation with Marada Movement"
2444:
2419:
2304:
1722:
606:
145:
2014:"Lebanese Forces Ready, Marada Needs More Time for Reconciliation"
2501:
2469:
2449:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2369:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2319:
2279:
2269:
2234:
2189:
642:
60:
1966:"Franjieh Berates Gen. Sayyed for Reopening Ehden Massacre File"
2459:
2454:
2284:
2244:
2239:
2204:
2104:"The Ehden Massacre: This is how the MOSSAD chose Samir Geagea"
2050:"Lebanese Forces and Marada reconcile after decades of dispute"
847:
N. Kliot (January 1987). "The Collapse of the Lebanese State".
808:
803:
French journalist, Richard Labeviere published a book entitled
780:
760:
734:
forces did not surrender the killers of the Phalangist leader.
653:
646:
2329:
2324:
2299:
2294:
2214:
1807:"Siniora and Abu Jamra cut deal to define deputy PM's powers"
1423:"Assassinations in Lebanon: A History (1970s to the Present)"
830:"The historiography and the memory of the Lebanese civil war"
614:
605:. It was an inter-Christian attack that occurred between the
56:
2032:"Lebanese Christian Civil War Foes Reconcile After 40 Years"
16:
Massacre occurred during the Lebanese Civil War in June 1978
1571:"Frangieh, Geagea turn page, 40 years after Ehden massacre"
1776:"Marada Movement marks 34th anniversary of Ehden massacre"
1837:"Franjieh-Geagea reconciliation bid a charade - analysts"
1634:
All Honourable Men: The Social Origins of War in Lebanon
661:, and between Tony Frangieh and Assad's younger brother
173:
Political rivalry, the murder of the Phalange leader,
2634:
1659:"Lebanon's ex-leader vows retribution for slain son"
1345:"La Bévière: Mossad Chose Geagea for Ehden Massacre"
1156:"Of Wars and Woes. A Chronicle of Lebanese Violence"
1011:
1007:
1005:
601:) took place on 13 June 1978, part of the 1975–1990
596:
1190:
Global Security Watch—Lebanon: A Reference Handbook
1859:"Addoum outraged as Phalange leader claims credit"
1718:"MP Keyrouz slams OTV's program on Ehden massacre"
1546:Middle East Perspectives: From Lebanon (1968-1988)
1542:
1372:"Suleiman Franjieh, Lebanese Ex-Chief, Dies at 82"
609:clans. A Phalangist squad attacked the mansion of
1278:
1186:
1002:
974:
2658:
1804:
888:"Six major leaders killed in Lebanon since 1943"
805:The Ehden Massacre. The Curse of Arab Christians
47:Poster showing the victims of the Ehden massacre
1630:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1150:
1107:
912:
1937:"Mass killings called part of Lebanon history"
827:
2154:
1885:"Hariri's Family Seeks Probe of Beirut Blast"
1071:
209:
1909:
1665:. Zagharta. AP. 15 June 1978. Archived from
1606:"When Mossad Chose Geagea to Kill Frangieh!"
1531:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
741:
1960:
1958:
1549:. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse. p. 390.
1509:
882:
880:
728:
725:which resulted in the death of 26 Kataebi.
2161:
2147:
1193:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 7.
1103:
1101:
1099:
216:
202:
41:
1839:. World Security Network. 23 October 2008
1750:"Lebanese Christians Are Slain by Gunmen"
1369:
1311:The Journal of the Middle East and Africa
1265:
1171:
1146:
1144:
2086:"Why Youssef Frangieh Was Assassinated!"
1955:
1686:
1684:
1395:
1308:
1220:. Cornell University Press. p. 98.
877:
846:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1096:
798:
2659:
1480:
1478:
1213:
1141:
223:
2142:
1912:"Pakradouni defends probe into Ehden"
1681:
1239:
1237:
766:
617:, killing nearly 40 people including
197:
1805:Hussein Abdallah (25 October 2008).
1398:"Lebanon's search for 'irrelevance'"
1295:
549:Civil Administration of the Mountain
406:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
177:, and suspicion of collaboration by
35:Inter-Christian conflicts in Lebanon
2692:Massacres of the Lebanese Civil War
1475:
586:
13:
2707:Massacres of Christians in Lebanon
2478:
1234:
828:Sune Haugbolle (25 October 2011).
786:
14:
2718:
2126:
1637:. London: I.B.Tauris. p. 9.
1285:Middle East Intelligence Bulletin
1279:Ziad K. Abdelnour (31 May 2004).
1047:"New Beirut chief has fiery past"
750:
482:January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup
2644:
2169:
1486:"Lebanese Civil War 1977 - 1981"
791:The travel writer and historian
2096:
2078:
2060:
2042:
2024:
2006:
1988:
1929:
1903:
1877:
1851:
1829:
1798:
1768:
1742:
1710:
1651:
1624:
1598:
1563:
1503:
1445:
1415:
1389:
1363:
1337:
1207:
1180:
811:to execute the Ehden massacre.
699:
416:Assassination of Bachir Gemayel
1782:. 13 June 2012. Archived from
1726:. 16 June 2008. Archived from
1217:The War for Lebanon, 1970-1983
1065:
1039:
981:The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985
968:
943:
906:
840:
821:
487:Assassination of Rashid Karami
411:Multinational Force in Lebanon
1:
1972:. 17 May 2002. Archived from
1692:"Syrian storm town in search"
1512:"Obituary: Suleiman Frangieh"
1429:. 24 May 2009. Archived from
1323:10.1080/21520844.2016.1228041
1018:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92
814:
624:
2038:. Reuters. 14 November 2018.
1943:. Beirut. AP. 4 October 1982
1910:Alia Ibrahim (18 May 2002).
1510:Robert Fisk (24 July 1002).
759:reconciled LF and Marada in
712:
514:Assassination of René Moawad
7:
1543:Bassil A. Mardelli (2012).
1214:Itamar, Rabinovich (1984).
597:
559:South Lebanon security belt
338:1978 South Lebanon conflict
10:
2723:
1698:. Beirut. AP. 14 June 1978
1453:"Feuds rampant in Lebanon"
1370:Eric Pace (24 July 1992).
1187:David S. Sorenson (2009).
467:U.S. embassy annex bombing
422:Sabra and Shatila massacre
2541:
2520:
2489:
2476:
2197:
2185:
1396:Jim Muir (22 June 2005).
1127:10.1017/S1537592703000355
929:10.1080/13629390802127513
863:10.1080/00263208708700688
742:Investigation and arrests
675:
613:in an attempt to capture
539:People's Republic of Tyre
527:Cantons and puppet states
326:St George's Church attack
235:
169:
159:
151:
139:
129:
105:
66:
52:
40:
28:
23:
2677:June 1978 events in Asia
1631:Michael Johnson (2002).
1114:Perspectives on Politics
986:Cornell University Press
729:Responses to allegations
477:1985 Beirut car bombings
285:1976 Syrian intervention
164:Lebanese Phalanges Party
2702:1978 murders in Lebanon
2582:Rvd. Seemaan El Douaihy
1281:"Dossier: Samir Geagea"
757:Bechara Boutros al-Rahi
460:Fourth phase: 1984–1990
312:Second phase: 1977–1982
155:Approximately 40 people
2591:Suleiman Frangieh, Jr.
2483:
1891:. AP. 17 February 2005
1245:"Lebanon's Christians"
984:. Ithaca, NY; London:
916:Mediterranean Politics
850:Middle Eastern Studies
694:Suleiman Frangieh, Jr.
502:Dahr al-Wahsh massacre
389:Third phase: 1982–1984
291:Siege of Tel al-Zaatar
238:First phase: 1975–1977
111:; 46 years ago
2482:
1173:10.6017/lev.v1i1.2150
1051:The Milwaukee Journal
692:Tony Frangieh's son,
554:State of Free Lebanon
383:Iraqi Embassy bombing
90:34.30833°N 35.96667°E
2528:History of Kfarsghab
2502:Monastery of Qozhaya
1579:. 15 November 2018.
1457:The Spokesman Review
1433:on 28 September 2015
1160:The Levantine Review
951:"Suleiman Franjiyah"
799:Related publications
453:1984 Sohmor massacre
428:U.S. embassy bombing
378:1981 Israeli bombing
255:Battle of the Hotels
2682:Mass murder in 1978
2600:Estephan El Douaihy
2578:Youssef Salim Karam
2550:Estephan El Douaihy
1663:The Palm Beach Post
1463:. 16 September 1982
1253:. 22 September 1982
448:February 6 Intifada
396:1982 Beirut bombing
266:Black Saturday
249:Black Thursday
86: /
2484:
2198:Towns and villages
2068:"المجزرة والمغفرة"
2020:. 31 October 2008.
1754:The New York Times
1376:The New York Times
1023:Palgrave Macmillan
767:In popular culture
603:Lebanese Civil War
534:East Beirut canton
507:War of Elimination
272:Karantina massacre
227:Lebanese Civil War
95:34.30833; 35.96667
31:Lebanese Civil War
2687:Massacres in 1978
2632:
2631:
2560:Suleiman Frangieh
2555:Youssef Bey Karam
2507:Mar Sarkis, Ehden
2490:Notable landmarks
2410:Mazraat Al Toufah
2179:North Governorate
2002:. 3 October 2008.
1644:978-1-86064-715-4
1556:978-1-4759-0672-1
1200:978-0-313-36579-9
1082:Harper's Magazine
1032:978-0-312-21593-4
995:978-0-8014-9313-3
976:Itamar Rabinovich
793:William Dalrymple
635:Suleiman Frangieh
595:
574:
573:
497:War of Liberation
443:Battle of Tripoli
438:Mountain War
433:Barracks bombings
343:Battle of Kaukaba
333:Hundred Days' War
305:Aishiyeh massacre
192:
191:
187:Syrian government
179:Suleiman Franjieh
109:13 June 1978
2714:
2697:Zgharta District
2649:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2619:Youakim Moubarac
2175:Zgharta District
2173:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2036:Voice of America
2028:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1813:. Archived from
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1669:on 28 March 2020
1655:
1649:
1648:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1461:Associated Press
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1351:. 5 January 2009
1341:
1335:
1334:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1276:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1250:Montreal Gazette
1241:
1232:
1231:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1075:(1 March 2007).
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1053:. 24 August 1982
1043:
1037:
1036:
1013:Edgar O'Ballance
1009:
1000:
999:
972:
966:
965:
963:
961:
947:
941:
940:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
884:
875:
874:
844:
838:
837:
825:
771:On 13 June 2008
600:
590:
588:
472:War of the Camps
424:
401:1982 Lebanon War
373:Battle of Zahleh
363:At Tiri incident
322:
307:
300:
293:
281:
274:
261:ASALA insurgency
257:
230:
228:
218:
211:
204:
195:
194:
119:
117:
112:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
91:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
45:
21:
20:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2672:Frangieh family
2667:1978 in Lebanon
2657:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2624:Marie al-Khazen
2596:Salim Bey Karam
2569:Anis Bey Moawad
2537:
2516:
2485:
2474:
2415:Mazraat Hraikis
2405:Mazraat Al Nahr
2193:
2181:
2167:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2018:Lebanese Forces
2012:
2011:
2007:
2000:Lebanese Forces
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1976:on 31 July 2013
1964:
1963:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1817:on 29 July 2017
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1786:on 14 June 2012
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1730:on 24 June 2018
1716:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1541:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1517:The Independent
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1307:
1296:
1277:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1185:
1181:
1154:(Spring 2011).
1152:Mordechai Nisan
1149:
1142:
1109:Stathis Kalyvas
1106:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1010:
1003:
996:
973:
969:
959:
957:
955:Wars of Lebanon
949:
948:
944:
911:
907:
897:
895:
886:
885:
878:
845:
841:
826:
822:
817:
801:
789:
787:Scholarly views
769:
753:
744:
731:
715:
702:
678:
627:
611:Frangieh family
575:
570:
529:
524:
521:
519:Battle of Sidon
492:War of Brothers
462:
455:
420:
391:
320:Chouf massacres
318:
314:
303:
298:Chekka massacre
296:
289:
279:Damour massacre
277:
270:
253:
240:
231:
226:
224:
222:
142:
134:Frangieh family
120:
115:
113:
110:
94:
92:
88:
85:
80:
77:
75:
73:
72:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2654:
2653:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Samir Frangieh
2611:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2573:Hamid Frangieh
2570:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2545:
2543:
2542:Notable people
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2533:Ehden massacre
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Kadisha Valley
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2440:Morh Kfarsghab
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Haret Al Fawar
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2127:External links
2125:
2122:
2121:
2095:
2077:
2059:
2041:
2023:
2005:
1987:
1954:
1928:
1902:
1876:
1850:
1828:
1811:The Daily Star
1797:
1767:
1756:. 29 June 1978
1741:
1709:
1680:
1650:
1643:
1623:
1612:. 16 June 2012
1597:
1576:The Daily Star
1562:
1555:
1530:
1502:
1474:
1444:
1414:
1388:
1362:
1336:
1294:
1264:
1233:
1226:
1206:
1199:
1179:
1140:
1121:(3): 475–494.
1095:
1064:
1038:
1031:
1001:
994:
988:. p. 60.
967:
942:
923:(2): 171–194.
905:
876:
839:
819:
818:
816:
813:
800:
797:
788:
785:
768:
765:
752:
751:Reconciliation
749:
743:
740:
730:
727:
714:
711:
701:
698:
677:
674:
631:Lebanese Front
626:
623:
598:Majzarat Ehden
579:Ehden massacre
572:
571:
569:
568:
567:
566:
564:Administration
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
523:
522:
516:
511:
510:
509:
504:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
457:
456:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
368:Safra massacre
365:
360:
358:Battle of Qnat
355:
350:
348:Ehden massacre
345:
340:
335:
330:
329:
328:
309:
308:
301:
294:
287:
282:
275:
268:
263:
258:
251:
246:
236:
233:
232:
221:
220:
213:
206:
198:
190:
189:
183:Marada Brigade
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
143:
140:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
107:
103:
102:
70:
64:
63:
54:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
26:
25:
24:Ehden Massacre
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2719:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Tony Frangieh
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2512:Iaal Fortress
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Bhairet Toula
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Arbet Kozhaya
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2110:. 14 May 2009
2109:
2105:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1942:
1941:The Telegraph
1938:
1932:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1865:. 14 May 2002
1864:
1860:
1854:
1838:
1832:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1073:Charles Glass
1068:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1028:
1025:. p. 7.
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1006:
997:
991:
987:
983:
982:
977:
971:
956:
952:
946:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:
909:
894:. 2 June 1987
893:
892:The Telegraph
889:
883:
881:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:
843:
835:
834:Mass Violence
831:
824:
820:
812:
810:
806:
796:
794:
784:
782:
778:
774:
764:
762:
758:
748:
739:
735:
726:
724:
719:
710:
708:
697:
695:
690:
687:
682:
673:
671:
670:Joud Al Bayeh
666:
664:
660:
655:
650:
648:
644:
638:
636:
632:
622:
620:
619:Tony Frangieh
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
593:
584:
580:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
528:
520:
517:
515:
512:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
461:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
423:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
390:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
327:
324:
323:
321:
317:
316:
315:
313:
306:
302:
299:
295:
292:
288:
286:
283:
280:
276:
273:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
256:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
239:
234:
229:
219:
214:
212:
207:
205:
200:
199:
196:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:Joud Al Bayeh
172:
168:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
144:
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
108:
104:
99:
71:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2609:Jawad Boulos
2586:Nayla Moawad
2532:
2320:Harf Miziara
2188:
2112:. Retrieved
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2074:(in Arabic).
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:the original
1969:
1945:. Retrieved
1940:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1862:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:the original
1810:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:the original
1779:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:the original
1721:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:the original
1662:
1653:
1633:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1609:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1574:
1565:
1545:
1521:. Retrieved
1515:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:
1465:. Retrieved
1456:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:the original
1426:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1375:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1348:
1339:
1314:
1310:
1288:
1284:
1255:. Retrieved
1248:
1216:
1209:
1189:
1182:
1163:
1159:
1118:
1112:
1086:. Retrieved
1080:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1017:
980:
970:
958:. Retrieved
954:
945:
920:
914:
908:
896:. Retrieved
891:
857:(1): 54–74.
854:
848:
842:
833:
823:
804:
802:
790:
777:Samir Geagea
770:
754:
745:
736:
732:
723:Qaa massacre
720:
716:
707:Elie Hobeika
703:
700:Perpetrators
691:
686:Samir Geagea
683:
679:
667:
663:Rifaat Assad
651:
639:
628:
578:
576:
526:
525:
459:
458:
388:
387:
353:Qaa massacre
347:
311:
310:
244:Bus massacre
237:
160:Perpetrators
29:Part of the
18:
2565:René Moawad
2385:Kfarshakhna
2135:(in French)
1916:LebanonWire
1895:17 December
1869:23 February
1863:Lebanonwire
1780:Now Lebanon
1723:Now Lebanon
1349:Al Manar TV
659:Hafez Assad
141:Attack type
93: /
68:Coordinates
2661:Categories
2548:Patriarch
2395:Kfaryachit
2365:Kfardlakos
2360:Karmsaddeh
2355:Karahbache
2315:Harf Ardeh
2265:Beit Obeid
2260:Beit Awkar
2210:Aintourine
1947:6 November
1702:6 November
1696:Daily News
1673:6 November
1585:2132858629
1490:Liberty 05
1459:. Beirut.
1317:(3): 327.
1257:6 November
1227:1501742957
1021:. London:
898:6 November
815:References
625:Background
587:مجزرة إهدن
116:1978-06-13
78:34°18′30″N
2400:Kfarzeina
2380:Kfarsghab
2375:Kfarhawra
2255:Bchennine
2250:Basloukit
2187:Capital:
1427:About.com
1331:151703051
1166:(1): 32.
937:153915546
713:Aftermath
592:romanized
544:Fatahland
185:with the
81:35°58′0″E
2445:Rachiine
2420:Mejdlaya
2390:Kfarhata
2335:Houmeiss
2305:Fraydiss
2054:SBS News
1970:Naharnet
1921:10 March
1889:Fox News
1760:29 March
1581:ProQuest
1467:23 March
1135:15205813
1057:23 March
1015:(1998).
978:(1985).
607:Maronite
146:Massacre
53:Location
2651:Lebanon
2521:History
2470:Zgharta
2450:Raskifa
2430:Miziara
2425:Miriata
2370:Kfarfou
2350:Kadrieh
2345:Jdaydeh
2280:Bnachii
2270:Besbeel
2235:Ashashe
2190:Zgharta
2114:15 June
2090:YouTube
2072:YouTube
1980:9 April
1843:9 April
1821:12 June
1790:15 June
1734:9 April
1616:30 June
1523:21 July
1495:15 June
1437:15 June
1407:15 June
1355:12 June
1088:9 April
871:4283154
643:Zgharta
594::
114: (
61:Lebanon
2637:Portal
2460:Sereel
2455:Sebhel
2435:Sakhra
2290:Daraya
2285:Bousit
2245:Asnoun
2240:Aslout
2205:Aarjes
2108:MARADA
1641:
1590:9 July
1583:
1553:
1381:4 July
1329:
1224:
1197:
1133:
1029:
992:
960:5 July
935:
869:
809:Mossad
781:Bsarma
761:Bkirki
676:Events
654:Bkerke
647:Chekka
583:Arabic
170:Motive
152:Deaths
130:Target
121:4 am (
2465:Toula
2330:Hilan
2325:Hawqa
2300:Ejbeh
2295:Ehden
2230:Ardeh
2215:Aitou
1327:S2CID
1131:S2CID
933:S2CID
867:JSTOR
615:Ehden
57:Ehden
2340:Iaal
2220:Alma
2116:2012
1982:2013
1949:2012
1923:2013
1897:2012
1871:2013
1845:2013
1823:2012
1792:2012
1762:2023
1736:2013
1704:2012
1675:2012
1639:ISBN
1618:2012
1610:ABNA
1592:2023
1551:ISBN
1525:2012
1497:2012
1469:2013
1439:2012
1409:2012
1383:2012
1357:2012
1291:(5).
1259:2012
1222:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1090:2013
1059:2013
1027:ISBN
990:ISBN
962:2012
900:2012
577:The
106:Date
33:and
1402:BBC
1319:doi
1168:doi
1123:doi
925:doi
859:doi
773:OTV
181:'s
125:+2)
123:GMT
2663::
2177:,
2106:.
2088:.
2070:.
2052:.
2034:.
2016:.
1998:.
1968:.
1957:^
1939:.
1914:.
1887:.
1861:.
1809:.
1778:.
1752:.
1720:.
1694:.
1683:^
1661:.
1608:.
1573:.
1533:^
1514:.
1488:.
1477:^
1455:.
1425:.
1400:.
1374:.
1347:.
1325:.
1313:.
1297:^
1287:.
1283:.
1267:^
1247:.
1236:^
1162:.
1158:.
1143:^
1129:.
1117:.
1098:^
1079:.
1049:.
1004:^
953:.
931:.
921:13
919:.
890:.
879:^
865:.
855:23
853:.
832:.
783:.
763:.
709:.
589:,
585::
59:,
2639::
2162:e
2155:t
2148:v
2118:.
2092:.
2056:.
1984:.
1951:.
1925:.
1899:.
1873:.
1847:.
1825:.
1794:.
1764:.
1738:.
1706:.
1677:.
1647:.
1620:.
1594:.
1559:.
1527:.
1499:.
1471:.
1441:.
1411:.
1385:.
1359:.
1333:.
1321::
1315:7
1289:6
1261:.
1230:.
1203:.
1176:.
1170::
1164:1
1137:.
1125::
1119:1
1092:.
1061:.
1035:.
998:.
964:.
939:.
927::
902:.
873:.
861::
836:.
581:(
217:e
210:t
203:v
118:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
