1031:
antagonising other tribes. This culminated into the split of the party into the MNC-Lumumba/MNC-L under
Lumumba and the MNC-Kalonji/MNC-K under Kalonji and Iléo. The latter began advocating federalism. Adoula left the organisation. Alone to lead his own faction and facing competition from ABAKO, Lumumba became increasingly strident in his demands for independence. Following an October riot in Stanleyville he was arrested. Nevertheless, the influence of himself and the MNC-L continued to grow rapidly. The party advocated for a strong unitary state, nationalism, and the termination of Belgian rule and began forming alliances with regional groups, such as the Kivu-based Centre du Regroupement Africain (CEREA). Though the Belgians supported a unitary system over the federal models suggested by ABAKO and CONAKAT, they and more moderate Congolese were unnerved by Lumumba's increasingly extremist attitudes. With the implicit support of the colonial administration, the moderates formed the Parti National du ProgrÚs (PNP) under the leadership of
915:, and under his leadership it became increasingly hostile to the colonial authority and sought autonomy for the Kongo regions in the Lower Congo. In 1956 a group of Congolese intellectuals under the tutelage of several European academics issued a manifesto calling for a transition to independence over the course of 30 years. The ABAKO quickly responded with a demand for "immediate independence". The Belgian government was not prepared to grant the Congo independence and even when it started realising the necessity of a plan for decolonisation in 1957, it was assumed that such a process would be solidly controlled by Belgium. In December 1957 the colonial administration instituted reforms that permitted municipal elections and the formation of political parties. Some Belgian parties attempted to establish branches in the colony, but these were largely ignored by the population in favour of Congolese-initiated groups.
1082:
minister assured that the Congo would be granted independence but did not specify a date. Serious negotiations did not commence until the following day. Kasa-Vubu demanded that a
Congolese government be formed immediately, but his request was denied. Disagreements between him and the Belgians over the competence of the conference led to the former walking out during the negotiations. It was then suggested that the date of independence be discussed. Lumumba, meanwhile, was released from prison and flew to Brussels to participate in the conference. On 27 January he made his first appearance and voiced his support for independence. After some discussion the Common Front accepted the date of 30 June 1960 for sovereignty to be granted to the Congo. The decisions of the delegates were ratified in a series of resolutions on 19 February and the conference closed the following day.
1155:
of CEREA, the PSA, ABAKO, the MNC-L, and the MNC-K. This was due not only to such parties' own radical, differing beliefs but also to a general suspicion that the
Belgians would organise the contest to favor the moderates. With the notable exceptions of CONAKAT, the PNP, and the Parti de l'UnitĂ© Nationale (PUNA), most parties' rhetoric was anti-colonial in focus. Frequent attacks on the colonial administration by candidates led to confusion among segments of the electorate, which were given the impression that all forms of governmentâexcept welfare servicesâwere to be eliminated after independence. Openly socialist messages declined during the campaign, with the exception of Gizenga's speeches. Freedom of religion was also a major issue, especially in areas where
266:
1066:
121:
3203:
653:
771:
25:
107:
944:
853:). As early as the 1920s, the Congo possessed one of the densest colonial regimes in Africa. The administration was heavily involved in the life of the Congolese; Belgian functionaries (government civil servants) closely monitored and enforced agricultural production, provided medical services to many residents, and frequently toured even the most rural territories to oversee their subjects. There was also a high degree of
114:
1123:) would be composed of 14 members from each province, elected by the members of their respective provincial assemblies. Senators and deputies that assumed a ministerial post in the central government were allowed to retain their seats in Parliament. The provincial assemblies were unicameral and varied in size, depending on the population of the provinces they served.
1136:
1167:'s monopoly on the education system. The MNC-L and the PNP were the only parties to launch significant national campaigns. The parties in favor of a unitary system of government tended to place their best candidates in the central government races, while their federalist counterparts focused on provincial campaigns.
1010:
meeting" would be authorised. On the scheduled day of the rally the ABAKO leadership told the crowd that had gathered that the event was postponed and that they should disperse. The mass was infuriated and instead began hurling stones at the police and pillaging
European property, initiating three days of
1146:
Even though the date for independence had been established at the Round Table
Conference, there was still substantial uncertainty throughout the Congo as to which faction would come to dominate politics in the new government. This caused deep anxiety among most of the electorate. As the Congolese had
1009:
Fearing that they were being overshadowed by
Lumumba and the MNC, Kasa-Vubu and the ABAKO leadership announced that they would be hosting their own rally in the capital on 4 January 1959. The municipal government (under Belgian domination) was given short notice, and communicated that only a "private
910:
s were concerned only with social inequalities and their treatment by the
Belgians. Questions of self-government were not considered until 1954, when ABAKO requested that the administration consider a list of suggested candidates for a LĂ©opoldville municipal post. That year the association was taken
902:
of the Lower Congo. However, they were restricted in their actions by the administration. While white settlers were consulted in the appointment of certain officials, the
Congolese had no means of expressing their beliefs through the governing structures. Though native chiefs held legal authority in
893:
class institutionally manifested itself in elite clubs through which they could enjoy trivial privileges that made them feel distinct from the
Congolese "masses". Additional groups, such as labour unions, alumni associations, and ethnic syndicates, provided other Congolese the means of organisation.
1154:
The official electoral campaign began on 11 May, marred by confusion and violence. Rival parties employed tactics that ranged from threats to sabotage of an opponent's headquarters to murder. Such intimidation was especially prevalent in areas that were under heavy influence from the militant sects
1022:
s. Popular opinion in
Belgium was one of extreme shock and surprise. An investigative commission found the riots to be the culmination of racial discrimination, overcrowding, unemployment, and wishes for more political self-determination. On 13 January the administration announced several reforms,
1073:
After the riots of 4 January 1959 Belgian leaders became increasingly fearful of a violent political conflict emerging in the Congo. The security situation in the country deteriorated over the course of the year, especially in the Lower Congo and in Kasai, where violent clashes between Baluba and
1150:
Electoral procedure was prescribed by the electoral law of 23 March 1960. Voting was compulsory for all "males of Congolese status". Yet in order to register, one had to be at least 21 years of age and had to have resided in their respective constituency for at least six months. In order to be a
1081:
On the eve of the conference the Congolese delegations banded into a "Common Front" and demanded that all decisions be made binding on the Belgian government and that the Congo be granted immediate independence. The conference formally opened on 20 January. In the first speech, the Belgian prime
1090:
It was decided at the Round Table Conference that the resolutions the participants adopted would serve as the basis for the Loi Fondamentale (Fundamental Law), a temporary draft constitution left for the Congo until a permanent one could be promulgated by a Congolese parliament. Summarising the
1111:
would be passed (either with a simple majority in both houses of a two-thirds majority in a single house) and it would be dismissed. By comparison, the head of state (a President) was irresponsible and only had the power to ratify treaties, promulgate laws, and nominate high ranking officials
1030:
Meanwhile, discontent surfaced among the MNC leadership, who were bothered by Lumumba's domination over the party's politics. Relations between Lumumba and Kalonji also grew tense, as the former was upset with how the latter was transforming the Kasai branch into an exclusively Luba group and
2034:
After the results were announced, Lumumba stated, "I am ready to co-operate with our opponents to form a national union government." Belgium was surprised by the MNC-L's electoral success. Belgians who had anticipated a PNP-led government were revolted at the prospect of Lumumba leading an
923:
s began interacting with others outside of their own locales and started discussing the future structures of a post-colonial Congolese state. Nevertheless, most political mobilisation occurred along tribal and regional divisions. In Katanga, various tribal groups came together to form the
797:
in 1885. By the turn of the century, however, the violence of Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and the ruthless system of economic extraction had led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country, which it did in 1908, creating the
1018:, the colonial army, was called into service and suppressed the revolt with considerable brutality. In wake of the riots Kasa-Vubu and his lieutenants were arrested. Unlike earlier expressions of discontent, the grievances were conveyed primarily by uneducated urban residents, not
1099:, Minister-in-charge of Economic Affairs for the Congo, observed, "We have presented the Congolese with a political system similar to ours....It features communes, provincial assemblies, a bicameral system, and a political system where the head of state is irresponsible."
1489:
1466:
974:(MNC). Diverse in membership, the party sought to peacefully achieve Congolese independence, promote the political education of the populace, and eliminate regionalism. The MNC drew most of its membership from the residents of the eastern city of
3361:
3349:
1330:
1126:
Articles 219 and 220 delineated the authority of the central and provincial governments. The division of authority, a compromise between the federalist and unitarianist politicians, was dubbed by Belgian lawyers as "quasi-federalism".
3169:
1151:
candidate for provincial or federal office, one had to be at least 25 years of age, been born to a Congolese mother, and had to have resided in the Congo for at least five years. For aspiring senators, the age requirement was 30.
1516:
936:. Hostile to immigrant peoples, it advocated provincial autonomy and close ties with Belgium. Most of its support was rooted in individual chiefs, businessmen, and European settlers of southern Katanga. It was opposed by
391:
1982:
1942:
1389:
3366:
3354:
3199:
1102:
The division of executive power between a presumably symbolic head of state and head of government was the most noticeable and potentially harmful feature borrowed from the Belgian constitution. As in a
1962:
1699:
690:
881:
s. Forming an African middle class in the colony, they held skilled positions (such as clerks and nurses) made available by the economic boom. While there were no universal criteria for determining
379:
1147:
little experience in democratic processes, few eligible voters in rural areas realised the meaning and importance of an election, and even fewer understood electoral mechanics and procedure.
1074:
Lulua were taking place. Fearing the degeneration of the unrest into a colonial war and facing intense pressure for reform, in late 1959 the Belgian government announced that it would host a
998:, Ghana, in December 1958 (Kasa-Vubu was informed that the documents necessary for his travel to the event were not in order and was not permitted to go). Lumumba was deeply impressed by the
3437:
3401:
3389:
3191:
1119:) would consist of 137 members directly "elected by universal suffrage according to the procedure fixed by the electoral law" with one deputy for every 100,000 people. The upper chamber (
444:
1006:
and returned to the Congo with a more radical party programme. He reported on his trip during a widely-attended rally in LĂ©opoldville and demanded the country's "genuine" independence.
614:
610:
3416:
3411:
3406:
789:
of Belgium, frustrated by Belgium's lack of international power and prestige, attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the largely unexplored
1852:
1312:
573:
885:, it was generally accepted that one would have "a good knowledge of French, adhere to Christianity, and have some form of post-primary education." Early on in their history, most
735:
432:
3447:
3442:
2035:
independent Congo. Many members of the various foreign missions in the Congo, however, believed that he was the only man capable of bringing order and stability to the country.
627:
330:
683:
596:
1932:
1680:
1493:
1276:
720:
562:
556:
551:
475:
470:
3281:
1617:
411:
3478:
3223:
3473:
1922:
1599:
1371:
308:
889:
s sought to use their unique status to earn special privileges in the Congo. Since opportunities for upward mobility through the colonial structure were limited, the
712:
676:
586:
3184:
1443:
1039:. It advocated centralisation, respect for traditional elements, and close ties with Belgium. In southern LĂ©opoldville Province, a socialist-federalist party, the
1621:
793:. The Belgian government's ambivalence about the idea led Leopold to eventually create a state on his own account, achieving international recognition for the
3421:
3373:
3344:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3276:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
538:
515:
510:
326:
229:
45:
532:
527:
416:
3263:
1952:
1912:
1639:
1512:
1425:
1116:
386:
286:
279:
3177:
1972:
1535:
632:
454:
1882:
1470:
1352:
367:
321:
3394:
845:
interests. The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that capital sometimes flowed back into the Congo and that individual regions became
3331:
3215:
3207:
754:
496:
440:
304:
480:
256:
1107:, such power was to be exercised by a prime minister and a cabinet responsible to Parliament. If the cabinet lost the confidence of Parliament, a
849:. The country was split into nesting, hierarchically organised administrative subdivisions, and run uniformly according to a set "native policy" (
1407:
343:
742:
459:
2805:
2132:
2072:
1348:
1676:
1576:
1120:
622:
374:
657:
708:
1060:
663:
3142:
3092:
3073:
3028:
1902:
1842:
1580:
1539:
730:, won the most seats and Lumumba was confirmed as prime minister by Parliament after forming a coalition that included the
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
59:
3483:
3233:
3228:
991:
3468:
3115:
3052:
2935:
2120:
715:
was elected by men over the age of 21. The seats were filled by district-based lists, although only two parties, the
265:
3202:
1065:
775:
120:
1170:
In the tumult of the last days of the Belgian domination, incidents caused returns to come late in some places.
600:
1078:
conference in Brussels in 1960 with the Congolese leadership to discuss the political future of the country.
870:
803:
1657:
1447:
1258:
1204:
971:
716:
239:
151:
990:. Belgian officials appreciated its moderate and anti-separatist stance and allowed Lumumba to attend the
2845:
815:
3134:
782:
2927:
The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis
3038:
1892:
1222:
1075:
1040:
731:
156:
2821:
2148:
2088:
903:
some jurisdictions, in practice they were used by the administration to further its own policies.
707:
on 22 May 1960, in order to create a government to rule the country following independence as the
1108:
1092:
875:
During the latter stages of World War II a new social stratum emerged in the Congo, known as the
857:
between the native and white populations, the latter of which grew considerably after the end of
846:
842:
786:
770:
1115:
A parliament was to be composed of a lower chamber and an upper chamber. The lower chamber (
1011:
1558:
1104:
895:
1048:
8:
3042:
2982:
2925:
1024:
2946:
314:
3127:
3001:
854:
807:
349:
3157:
3138:
3111:
3104:
3088:
3069:
3048:
3024:
3007:
2988:
2969:
2952:
2931:
2912:
2813:
2140:
2116:
2080:
929:
2841:
1096:
912:
819:
794:
746:
141:
933:
3063:
2930:. American Politics and Political Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2059:
1164:
1135:
1044:
959:
947:
727:
235:
136:
131:
1069:
Opening meeting of the Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference on 20 January 1960
1140:
1036:
1015:
999:
987:
963:
336:
106:
967:
3462:
2992:
2916:
2849:
2817:
2144:
2108:
2084:
1003:
811:
799:
704:
1160:
979:
937:
899:
858:
838:
3161:
3011:
2973:
2956:
1027:, declared that independence would be granted to the Congo in the future.
943:
983:
916:
877:
790:
745:
was elected by Provincial Assembly members, and the two chambers elected
1032:
834:
975:
829:
Belgian rule in the Congo was based around the "colonial trinity" (
823:
3208:
Elections and referendums in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2403:
2401:
2399:
1862:
1294:
925:
643:
113:
978:, where Lumumba was well known, and from the population of the
2515:
2488:
2396:
1872:
1240:
1156:
1054:
995:
750:
161:
2740:
2738:
2725:
2723:
2698:
2696:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2652:
2650:
940:'s Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT).
802:. The colony was divided into six provinces: LĂ©opoldville,
2966:
The Congo Since Independence: January 1960 â December 1961
2854:
Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Zweiter Halbband
2551:
711:(Congo-LĂ©opoldville), scheduled for 30 June. The 137-seat
2786:
2735:
2720:
2693:
2662:
2647:
2425:
2871:
2611:
2575:
2563:
2505:
2503:
2454:
2452:
2413:
2372:
2336:
2324:
2230:
2228:
864:
3154:
Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence
2883:
2859:
2360:
2240:
3044:
The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History
3021:
Battleground Africa: Cold War in the Congo, 1960â1965
3006:. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
2762:
2708:
2635:
2623:
2599:
2587:
2539:
2527:
2500:
2476:
2464:
2449:
2437:
2300:
2276:
2264:
2203:
2201:
2186:
2174:
2162:
3047:(illustrated, reprint ed.). London: Zed Books.
2774:
2750:
2681:
2384:
2348:
2288:
2225:
1051:
was in charge of the LĂ©opoldville Province chapter.
3068:(illustrated ed.). New York: Nova Publishers.
2312:
2252:
2213:
2111:, Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999)
3126:
3103:
2198:
1091:similarities between the Loi Fondementale and the
926:Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga
3474:Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3023:. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
3479:1960 in the Republic of the Congo (LĂ©opoldville)
3460:
3129:Patrimonialism and Political Change in the Congo
3037:
2521:
2494:
2407:
1112:(including the Prime Minister and the cabinet).
257:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
221:
3106:American Foreign Policy in the Congo: 1960-1964
3185:
1390:Kwangolese Union for Independence and Liberty
723:, submitted lists in more than one district.
684:
2987:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
765:
3085:The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality
1163:were prominent. This led to attacks on the
658:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal
3192:
3178:
2980:
2792:
2744:
2729:
2702:
2675:
2656:
2431:
1055:The Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference
894:Among the most important of these was the
738:and other parties. Voter turnout was 82%.
691:
677:
3156:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1963:Democratic Rally of Lac, Kwango and Kwilu
1700:Democratic Rally of Lac, Kwango and Kwilu
3101:
2984:Political Awakening in the Belgian Congo
2944:
2889:
2865:
1134:
1064:
954:In October 1958 a group of LĂ©opoldville
942:
769:
3124:
3061:
3018:
2999:
2963:
2906:
2877:
2768:
2714:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2509:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2443:
2419:
2342:
2306:
2282:
2270:
2192:
1085:
950:, founding member and leader of the MNC
826:was designated as the capital in 1923.
3461:
3082:
2234:
2219:
2055:
2053:
2019:
1178:
1061:Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference
3173:
3151:
2923:
2780:
2756:
2687:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2330:
2318:
2294:
2258:
2246:
2207:
2180:
2168:
1803:
1790:
1777:
1764:
1187:
3110:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
2113:Elections in Africa: A data handbook
1903:Mouvement National Congolais-Kalonji
1843:Mouvement National Congolais-Lumumba
1259:Mouvement National Congolais-Kalonji
1205:Mouvement National Congolais-Lumumba
865:Rise in Congolese political activity
717:Mouvement National Congolais-Lumumba
3087:(2nd ed.). London: Zed Books.
2968:. London: Oxford University Press.
2060:DRC: 1960 National Assembly results
2050:
982:, where efforts were directed by a
741:Following the election, an 84-seat
703:General elections were held in the
615:in Democratic Republic of the Congo
17:1960 Belgian Congo general election
13:
2133:"BELGIAN CONGO: A Blight at Birth"
928:(CONAKAT) under the leadership of
14:
3495:
3201:
2948:The Martyrdom of Patrice Lumumba
861:due to immigration from Europe.
785:began in the late 19th century.
776:Democratic Republic of the Congo
651:
264:
119:
112:
105:
23:
2835:
2798:
1853:Centre de Regroupement Africain
1313:Centre de Regroupement Africain
992:All-African Peoples' Conference
2909:Revolt in the Congo, 1960â1964
2125:
2102:
2065:
736:Centre de Regroupment Africain
503:Recent and upcoming elections
63:69 seats needed for a majority
1:
3125:Willame, Jean-Claude (1972).
3102:Weissman, Stephen R. (1974).
3003:Congo: Background of Conflict
2899:
2852:& Klaus Landfried (1978)
2806:"BELGIAN CONGO: Late Returns"
1047:served as its president, and
1012:violent and destructive riots
1002:ideals of Ghanaian president
871:Belgian Congo in World War II
760:
593:Ministry for Foreign Affairs
2043:
2029:
972:Mouvement National Congolais
757:after some days of turmoil.
7:
2964:Hoskyns, Catherine (1965).
2911:. New York: Facts on File.
2907:Epstein, Howard M. (1965).
1130:
10:
3500:
2073:"BELGIAN CONGO: Nightmare"
2007:
1999:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1173:
1139:MNC-K campaign poster for
1058:
919:fermented in 1958 as more
898:(ABAKO), representing the
868:
783:Colonial rule in the Congo
3484:1960 in the Belgian Congo
3430:
3382:
3330:
3262:
3214:
3135:Stanford University Press
3062:Packham, Eric S. (1996).
3039:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges
3000:Merriam, Alan P. (1961).
2981:Lemarchand, René (1964).
2945:Govender, Robert (1971).
1933:Parti National du ProgrĂšs
1826:
1816:
1804:Registered voters/turnout
1760:
1746:
1277:Parti National du ProgrĂšs
1196:
1193:
1190:
766:Belgian rule of the Congo
721:Parti National du ProgrĂšs
601:ThérÚse Kayikwamba Wagner
219:
83:
75:
67:
56:
33:
21:
3469:1960 elections in Africa
3152:Young, Crawford (1965).
2924:Gibbs, David N. (1991).
2038:
1923:Congolese National Union
1893:Parti Solidaire Africain
1372:Congolese National Union
1223:Parti Solidaire Africain
1041:Parti Solidaire Africain
732:Parti Solidaire Africain
433:Administrative divisions
3264:Parliamentary elections
3083:Turner, Thomas (2007).
1331:Party of National Unity
1159:or separatist forms of
1093:Constitution of Belgium
906:Up into the 1950s most
774:Map of Africa with the
3216:Presidential elections
3019:Namikas, Lise (2013).
1444:Basonge Unity Movement
1143:
1070:
1023:and the Belgian King,
951:
779:
644:United Nations Mission
611:Diplomatic missions of
2522:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002
2495:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002
2408:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002
1138:
1068:
946:
773:
709:Republic of the Congo
58:All 137 seats in the
3332:Provincial elections
2020:Source: Sternberger
1600:Common FrontâDelvaux
1559:Alliance des Bayanzi
1105:parliamentary system
1086:The Loi Fondamentale
896:Alliance des Bakongo
412:Constitutional Court
3065:Freedom and Anarchy
2951:. London: Neillgo.
2560:, pp. 131â132.
2381:, pp. 296â297.
2333:, pp. 274â275.
1778:Invalid/blank votes
1184:
1179:Chamber of Deputies
1117:Chamber of Deputies
1043:(PSA) was founded.
713:Chamber of Deputies
18:
2151:on October 8, 2010
2091:on October 8, 2010
1953:Congolese Grouping
1913:Union of the Mongo
1640:Union of the Mongo
1513:Ngwaka Association
1426:Congolese Grouping
1183:
1144:
1071:
952:
855:racial segregation
851:politique indigĂšne
780:
726:The MNC-L, led by
417:Court of Cassation
184:Popular vote
16:
3456:
3455:
3144:978-0-8047-0793-0
3094:978-1-84277-688-9
3075:978-1-56072-232-8
3030:978-0-8047-8486-3
2880:, pp. 73â74.
2620:, pp. 38â39.
2584:, pp. 37â38.
2572:, pp. 36â37.
2422:, pp. 25â27.
2369:, pp. 36â37.
2345:, pp. 22â23.
2249:, pp. 10â13.
2183:, pp. 46â49.
2171:, pp. 39â42.
2027:
2026:
1973:Kasaian Coalition
1824:
1823:
1536:Kasaian Coalition
1109:motion of censure
1049:Cléophas Kamitatu
930:Godefroid Munongo
831:trinité coloniale
778:'s modern borders
701:
700:
628:Visa requirements
587:Foreign relations
574:Political parties
387:National Assembly
250:
249:
246:
245:
215:
214:
60:National Assembly
52:
51:
3491:
3398:
3370:
3358:
3206:
3205:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3148:
3133:. Stanford, CA:
3132:
3121:
3109:
3098:
3079:
3058:
3034:
3015:
2996:
2977:
2960:
2941:
2920:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2842:Dolf Sternberger
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:on July 13, 2007
2820:. Archived from
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2733:
2727:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2660:
2654:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2147:. Archived from
2129:
2123:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2087:. Archived from
2069:
2063:
2057:
1883:Cartel Katangais
1831:
1830:
1717:Regional parties
1185:
1182:
1097:Raymond Scheyven
970:established the
913:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
795:Congo Free State
747:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
719:(MNC-L) and the
693:
686:
679:
656:
655:
654:
448:
421:Council of State
315:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
268:
252:
251:
222:
142:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
123:
116:
109:
85:
84:
35:
34:
28:
27:
26:
19:
15:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3426:
3392:
3383:Local elections
3378:
3364:
3352:
3326:
3258:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3168:
3145:
3118:
3095:
3076:
3055:
3031:
2938:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2793:Lemarchand 1964
2791:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2745:Lemarchand 1964
2743:
2736:
2730:Lemarchand 1964
2728:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2703:Lemarchand 1964
2701:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2676:Lemarchand 1964
2674:
2663:
2657:Lemarchand 1964
2655:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2432:Lemarchand 1964
2430:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2032:
1829:
1181:
1176:
1165:Catholic Church
1133:
1088:
1063:
1057:
1045:Antoine Gizenga
960:Patrice Lumumba
948:Patrice Lumumba
873:
867:
843:private company
787:King Leopold II
768:
763:
728:Patrice Lumumba
697:
668:
664:Other countries
652:
650:
638:
637:
619:
607:
589:
579:
578:
568:
550:Gubernatorial:
544:
520:
499:
489:
488:
485:
464:
439:
435:
425:
424:
407:
399:
398:
370:
360:
359:
350:current cabinet
300:
292:
291:
282:
259:
238:
236:Patrice Lumumba
233:
220:
168:Seats won
137:Antoine Gizenga
132:Patrice Lumumba
62:
57:
29:
24:
22:
12:
11:
5:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3167:
3166:
3149:
3143:
3122:
3116:
3099:
3093:
3080:
3074:
3059:
3053:
3035:
3029:
3016:
2997:
2978:
2961:
2942:
2936:
2921:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2846:Bernhard Vogel
2834:
2812:. 1960-06-06.
2797:
2795:, p. 244.
2785:
2783:, p. 300.
2773:
2761:
2759:, p. 299.
2749:
2747:, p. 218.
2734:
2732:, p. 217.
2719:
2707:
2705:, p. 216.
2692:
2690:, p. 369.
2680:
2678:, p. 215.
2661:
2659:, p. 214.
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2448:
2436:
2434:, p. 241.
2424:
2412:
2395:
2393:, p. 277.
2383:
2371:
2359:
2357:, p. 276.
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2297:, p. 291.
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2224:
2212:
2197:
2195:, p. 175.
2185:
2173:
2161:
2139:. 1960-06-27.
2124:
2101:
2079:. 1960-06-13.
2064:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:People's Party
1979:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:Source: Nohlen
1814:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1141:Albert Kalonji
1132:
1129:
1087:
1084:
1059:Main article:
1056:
1053:
1037:Albert Delvaux
1016:Force Publique
1000:Pan-Africanist
988:Albert Kalonji
980:Kasai Province
964:Cyrille Adoula
866:
863:
822:. The city of
767:
764:
762:
759:
699:
698:
696:
695:
688:
681:
673:
670:
669:
667:
666:
660:
647:
646:
640:
639:
636:
635:
630:
625:
618:
617:
606:
605:
604:
603:
590:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
571:
570:
569:
567:
566:
559:
554:
547:
545:
543:
542:
535:
530:
523:
521:
519:
518:
513:
506:
500:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
484:
483:
478:
473:
467:
465:
463:
462:
457:
451:
449:
436:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
419:
414:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:
384:
383:
382:
371:
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
356:
355:
354:
353:
341:
340:
339:
337:Judith Suminwa
327:Prime Minister
319:
318:
317:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
283:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
261:
260:
255:
248:
247:
244:
243:
230:Prime Minister
225:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
201:
197:
196:
193:
190:
185:
181:
180:
177:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
134:
129:
125:
124:
117:
110:
103:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
54:
53:
50:
49:
43:
38:
31:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3496:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3119:
3117:9780801408120
3113:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3054:9781842770535
3050:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2937:9780226290713
2933:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2892:, p. 54.
2891:
2890:Weissman 1974
2886:
2879:
2874:
2868:, p. 56.
2867:
2866:Govender 1971
2862:
2855:
2851:
2850:Dieter Nohlen
2847:
2843:
2838:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2771:, p. 57.
2770:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2717:, p. 45.
2716:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2644:, p. 46.
2643:
2638:
2632:, p. 40.
2631:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2608:, p. 21.
2607:
2602:
2596:, p. 38.
2595:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2548:, p. 31.
2547:
2542:
2536:, p. 30.
2535:
2530:
2524:, p. 86.
2523:
2518:
2512:, p. 10.
2511:
2506:
2504:
2497:, p. 85.
2496:
2491:
2485:, p. 28.
2484:
2479:
2473:, p. 23.
2472:
2467:
2461:, p. 29.
2460:
2455:
2453:
2446:, p. 27.
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2410:, p. 84.
2409:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2321:, p. 29.
2320:
2315:
2309:, p. 22.
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2285:, p. 25.
2284:
2279:
2273:, p. 24.
2272:
2267:
2261:, p. 70.
2260:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2237:, p. 29.
2236:
2231:
2229:
2222:, p. 28.
2221:
2216:
2210:, p. 51.
2209:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2121:0-19-829645-2
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:Dieter Nohlen
2105:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2036:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:Other parties
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
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1406:
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1004:Kwame Nkrumah
1001:
997:
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989:
986:businessman,
985:
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977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
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949:
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934:MoĂŻse Tshombe
931:
927:
922:
918:
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883:évolué status
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800:Belgian Congo
796:
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748:
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705:Belgian Congo
694:
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94:Second party
93:
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87:
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78:
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66:
61:
55:
48: →
47:
44:
42:
39:
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36:
32:
20:
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3271:
3153:
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3105:
3084:
3064:
3043:
3020:
3002:
2983:
2965:
2947:
2926:
2908:
2885:
2878:Hoskyns 1965
2873:
2861:
2853:
2837:
2826:. Retrieved
2822:the original
2809:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2769:Namikas 2013
2764:
2752:
2715:Hoskyns 1965
2710:
2683:
2642:Hoskyns 1965
2637:
2630:Hoskyns 1965
2625:
2618:Hoskyns 1965
2613:
2606:Packham 1996
2601:
2594:Hoskyns 1965
2589:
2582:Hoskyns 1965
2577:
2570:Hoskyns 1965
2565:
2558:Merriam 1961
2553:
2546:Hoskyns 1965
2541:
2534:Hoskyns 1965
2529:
2517:
2510:Hoskyns 1965
2490:
2483:Hoskyns 1965
2478:
2471:Hoskyns 1965
2466:
2459:Hoskyns 1965
2444:Hoskyns 1965
2439:
2427:
2420:Hoskyns 1965
2415:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2343:Hoskyns 1965
2338:
2326:
2314:
2307:Hoskyns 1965
2302:
2290:
2283:Willame 1972
2278:
2271:Willame 1972
2266:
2254:
2242:
2215:
2193:Epstein 1965
2188:
2176:
2164:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:the original
2136:
2127:
2112:
2104:
2093:. Retrieved
2089:the original
2076:
2067:
2033:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2000:Independents
1818:
1733:Independents
1660:Independents
1169:
1161:Christianity
1153:
1149:
1145:
1125:
1114:
1101:
1089:
1080:
1072:
1029:
1019:
1008:
976:Stanleyville
958:s including
955:
953:
938:Jason Sendwe
920:
907:
905:
900:Kongo people
890:
886:
882:
876:
874:
859:World War II
850:
830:
828:
824:LĂ©opoldville
781:
740:
725:
702:
561:
537:
287:Human rights
280:Constitution
234:
227:
203:
187:
171:
97:Third party
91:First party
40:
3431:Referendums
3393: [
3365: [
3353: [
2235:Turner 2007
2220:Turner 2007
1791:Total votes
1765:Valid votes
1658:MNC-Kalonji
1076:round table
968:Joseph Iléo
917:Nationalism
847:specialised
791:Congo Basin
633:Visa policy
455:Territories
240:MNC-Lumumba
200:Percentage
152:MNC-Lumumba
41:22 May 1960
3463:Categories
2900:References
2828:2017-10-28
2781:Young 1965
2757:Young 1965
2688:Young 1965
2391:Young 1965
2379:Young 1965
2367:Young 1965
2355:Young 1965
2331:Young 1965
2319:Young 1965
2295:Young 1965
2259:Gibbs 1991
2247:Young 1965
2208:Gibbs 1991
2181:Gibbs 1991
2169:Gibbs 1991
2155:2017-10-28
2095:2017-10-28
1033:Paul Bolya
869:See also:
839:missionary
761:Background
368:Parliament
322:Government
299:Government
68:Registered
2993:905074256
2917:875482690
2818:0040-781X
2145:0040-781X
2085:0040-781X
2044:Citations
2030:Reactions
1807:3,390,940
1794:2,773,595
1768:2,223,894
1750:2,223,894
1677:Coutumier
1349:BALUBAKAT
808:Orientale
755:president
509:General:
497:Elections
476:Chiefdoms
445:governors
441:Provinces
406:Judiciary
392:President
380:President
305:President
71:3,390,940
3041:(2002).
1131:Campaign
1025:Baudouin
911:over by
804:Ăquateur
623:Passport
597:Minister
526:Senate:
481:Communes
228:Elected
195:210,542
192:278,971
2856:, p2428
2115:, p291
1863:CONAKAT
1781:549,701
1577:UNEBAFI
1490:MEDERCO
1469: (
1351: (
1299:104,821
1295:CONAKAT
1281:137,195
1263:147,578
1245:210,542
1227:278,971
1209:521,187
1174:Results
820:Katanga
471:Sectors
344:Cabinet
208:12.54%
188:521,187
128:Leader
102:
88:
76:Turnout
3162:307971
3160:
3141:
3114:
3091:
3072:
3051:
3027:
3012:424186
3010:
2991:
2974:414961
2972:
2957:973704
2955:
2934:
2915:
2816:
2143:
2119:
2083:
2022:et al.
1837:Seats
1834:Party
1827:Senate
1819:et al.
1797:100.00
1753:100.00
1736:63,333
1720:19,422
1704:12,761
1686:13,408
1663:14,364
1644:16,739
1626:16,892
1604:17,716
1586:19,324
1563:21,024
1545:21,465
1522:26,114
1499:27,634
1476:29,657
1453:30,280
1430:41,202
1412:47,526
1394:52,612
1376:63,425
1358:80,434
1335:92,547
1317:95,721
1121:Senate
1020:évolué
1014:. The
984:Muluba
956:évolué
921:évolué
908:évolué
891:évolué
887:évolué
878:évolué
818:, and
743:Senate
460:Cities
375:Senate
211:9.47%
204:23.44%
148:Party
79:81.79%
3397:]
3369:]
3357:]
2039:Notes
2009:Total
1873:ABAKO
1810:81.79
1784:19.82
1771:80.18
1747:Total
1581:MNC-L
1540:MNC-L
1467:ATCAR
1448:MNC-L
1241:ABAKO
1230:12.54
1212:23.44
1197:Seats
1191:Votes
1188:Party
1157:Islam
996:Accra
835:state
833:) of
816:KasaĂŻ
751:ABAKO
162:ABAKO
3448:2005
3443:1967
3438:1964
3422:2023
3417:1989
3412:1987
3407:1982
3402:1959
3390:1957
3374:2023
3362:2018
3350:2006
3345:1965
3340:1960
3322:2023
3317:2018
3312:2011
3307:2006
3302:1987
3297:1982
3292:1977
3287:1975
3282:1970
3277:1965
3272:1960
3254:2023
3249:2018
3244:2011
3239:2006
3234:1984
3229:1977
3224:1970
3158:OCLC
3139:ISBN
3112:ISBN
3089:ISBN
3070:ISBN
3049:ISBN
3025:ISBN
3008:OCLC
2989:OCLC
2970:OCLC
2953:OCLC
2932:ISBN
2913:OCLC
2814:ISSN
2810:Time
2141:ISSN
2137:Time
2117:ISBN
2081:ISSN
2077:Time
2062:EISA
1943:LUKA
1739:2.85
1723:0.87
1707:0.57
1689:0.60
1666:0.65
1647:0.75
1629:0.76
1607:0.80
1589:0.87
1566:0.95
1548:0.97
1525:1.17
1517:PUNA
1502:1.24
1479:1.33
1456:1.36
1433:1.85
1415:2.14
1397:2.37
1379:2.85
1361:3.62
1338:4.16
1320:4.30
1302:4.71
1284:6.17
1266:6.64
1248:9.47
1035:and
966:and
932:and
841:and
812:Kivu
563:2024
557:2017
552:2016
539:2024
533:2019
528:2007
516:2023
511:2018
331:list
309:list
46:1965
1847:21
1756:137
1681:PNP
1622:PRC
1618:ARP
1494:PNP
994:in
753:as
749:of
179:12
176:13
157:PSA
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3395:fr
3367:fr
3355:fr
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2844:,
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2649:^
2502:^
2451:^
2398:^
2227:^
2200:^
2135:.
2075:.
2052:^
2014:84
2003:5
1995:1
1987:1
1977:1
1967:1
1957:1
1947:2
1937:3
1927:3
1917:4
1907:4
1897:5
1887:5
1877:5
1867:7
1857:7
1471:CK
1353:CK
1323:10
1251:12
1233:13
1215:33
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