453:
381:
513:
525:
489:
477:
465:
338:
350:
302:
537:
501:
417:
405:
393:
362:
561:
549:
326:
441:
429:
314:
162:
34:
582:
290:, and many spoke Polish and Russian. These were categorized as two groups. Statistical differences existed between Ruthenians and Ukrainians. Ruthenians nationwide were 96.5% Greek Catholic but only 3.2% Orthodox, compared to Ukrainians who were almost equally divided at 52.4% Greek Catholic and 46.6% Orthodox. Most Ruthenians lived in provinces where the majority of the Ukrainian population was Greek Catholic, too.
1261:
40:
755:
was quoted by communist sources to have admitted that the returned census forms had been interfered with by the executive. This it was claimed, affected particularly those forms from the south-eastern provinces. The extent of the tampering is not known. Another
English language account stated that he
743:
concluded that "in presenting the results, the
Central Statistical office emphasized the central role played by the Polish ethnic group by increasing the number of minority groups, and thus reducing the size of a given group, shown in the results. Ukrainian and Ruthenian were tabulated as separate
689:
countries the interpretation of the census was used for political purposes, to underline the officially-supported thesis that pre-war Poland incorporated areas where the non-Polish population made up the majority of inhabitants. For this purpose some authors combined all non-Polish speakers in
725:
Some authors contend that the change in questions asked by the census officials was due to the Polish government's wish to minimise the presence of minorities and represented an attempt to maximize the effects of a decade of educational policies stressing the Polish language.
672:
This situation created a difficulty in establishing the true number of ethnic non-Polish citizens of Poland. Some authors used the language criterion to attempt to establish the actual number of minorities, which was difficult considering that over 707,000 people in
744:
languages, although
Ukrainian was simply the newer name for Ruthenian, used by the more politically conscious and nationalistic elements. In the Province of Polesie, the census authorities returned most of the Belarusians there as speaking 'local languages'."
730:
called the 1931 census official but "unreliable" for determining ethnicity, saying that by using language as an indicator of ethnicity it had underestimated the number of ethnic non-Poles, and that in particular, ethnic Poles were not a majority in the
101:
The results of the census were being published in 39 volumes between 1936 and 1939 in a publishing series titled "Statistics of Poland". A list of all settlements in Poland was also prepared, but only a part related to
669:, according to the previous census of 1921. Thus the number of Jews by mother tongue increased as a percentage of the population in the 1931 survey, relative to the number of Jews as a nationality in the 1921 Census.
452:
380:
97:
and detailed information on types of farms, leaving only the question of the overall area of land owned by the citizen. The part related to education was expanded to include questions of ability to read and write.
512:
524:
488:
476:
464:
536:
500:
416:
404:
392:
560:
548:
337:
349:
301:
440:
428:
361:
325:
313:
657:. Moreover, many Jews by religion - almost 12% - considered Polish to be their mother tongue in 1931. However, a higher percent of Jews by religion - over 25% - considered themselves to be
653:
had included a nationality question which was replaced in the 1931 census by the "mother tongue" question; this change was protested by
Ukrainians and Jews among others, many of whom were
874:
875:"Główny Urząd Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, drugi powszechny spis ludności z dn. 9.XII 1931 r. - Mieszkania i gospodarstwa domowe ludność"
913:(Polish) Główny Urząd Statystyczny (corporate author) (1932) "Ludnosc, Ludnosc wedlug wyznania i plci oraz jezyka ojczystego" (table 10, pg. 15)
818:
791:
283:
The number of Polish native speakers relative to the total number of Roman
Catholics may be overestimated, and possibly closer 17-18 millions.
795:
732:
1271:
882:
1265:
722:"). In fact, the census had counted speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Ruthenian languages as separate categories
44:
1174:
1140:
1102:
1025:
877:[Central Statistical Office the Polish Republic, the second census dated 9.XII 1931 - Abodes and household populace]
848:
681:" rather than any other language. Other authors used approximation based on both language and declared religion. After
797:
Rozporządzenie Rady
Ministrów z dnia 2 września 1931 r. w sprawie przeprowadzenia drugiego powszechnego spisu ludności
1233:
1095:
Poland's
Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947
937:
624:
103:
773:
79:
1086:
727:
122:), Belarusian, Russian, Lithuanian, German, Yiddish, Hebrew, Local, Other, and Not Declared. The category "Local" (
756:
admitted "that officials had been directed to undercount minorities, especially those in the eastern provinces".
591:
82:. It established that Poland's population amounted to almost 32 million people (over 6 million more than in the
998:
971:
1048:
161:
138:) was hotly debated after the fact, because a number of significant languages were not on the list, e.g.,
1297:
740:
1202:
were distributed as follows: Polesie, 654,000; Nowogrodek, 616,000; Wilno, 409,000; Bialystok,269,100
235:
Total: 31,915,779
1302:
752:
1307:
923:
595:
151:
71:
1197:
1166:
National
Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine
1130:
1090:
262:
Judaism: 3,113,933
93:
of
October 14, 1931. In contrast to the earlier census of 1921, the 1931 census did not count
1223:
1164:
1015:
988:
961:
927:
838:
650:
83:
901:
US Census Bureau, The
Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington-1954. pp.74-75
606:
8:
736:
268:
Non-believers: 6,058
94:
244:
Orthodox: 3,762,484
812:
155:
1229:
1170:
1136:
1098:
1021:
994:
967:
933:
844:
662:
147:
143:
881:(in Polish). Central Statistical office of the Polish Republic. 1938. Archived from
271:
Not Declared: 39,663
223:
Other: 11,119
778:
Drugi powszechny spis ludności z dnia 9 XII 1931r. Formularze i instrukcje spisowe
202:
Czech: 38,097
1282:
654:
139:
131:
123:
75:
63:
804:
458:
1931 Census of Poland, Nowogrodek Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.19
386:
1931 Census of Poland, Bialostock Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.23
119:
115:
790:
602:
518:
1931 Census of Poland, Stanislaw Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.22
1291:
666:
638:
530:
1931 Census of Poland, Tarnopol Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.26
494:
1931 Census of Poland, Pomorski Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.26
482:
1931 Census of Poland, Polesie Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.20
470:
1931 Census of Poland, Slaskie Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.20
748:
682:
658:
542:
1931 Census of Poland, Warsaw Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.30
506:
1931 Census of Poland, Poznań Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.32
422:
1931 Census of Poland, Lublin Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.26
410:
1931 Census of Poland, Kielce Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.28
398:
1931 Census of Poland, Kraków Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.26
33:
566:
1931 Census of Poland, Wolyn Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.22
554:
1931 Census of Poland, Wilno Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.10
89:
The census was organised following the rules established by an act of the
695:
686:
646:
446:
1931 Census of Poland, Lwow Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.32
434:
1931 Census of Poland, Łódź Voivodship, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.23
343:
1931 Census of Poland, Miasto Poznań , table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.11
259:
Other Christian: 145,418
220:: 707,088
1281:
Partial results can be found when searching for the following keyword:
1126:
1072:
719:
691:
355:
1931 Census of Poland, Miasto Warsaw, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.18
307:
1931 Census of Poland, Miasto Kraków, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.11
367:
1931 Census of Poland, Miasto Wilno, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.11
214:
Hebrew: 243,539
1132:
Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948
929:
On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland Between the Two World Wars
331:
1931 Census of Poland, Miasto Lwow, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.11
319:
1931 Census of Poland, Miasto Łódź, table 10 Ludnosc-Population-pg.14
715:
678:
642:
253:
Protestant Unite: 269,531
184:
Total: 31,915,779
897:
895:
703:
674:
287:
286:
The population was also categorized by religion. Most Jews spoke
199:
Russian: 138,713
208:
German: 740,992
118:
in the following categories: Polish, Ukrainian, Ruthenian (i.e.
1260:
1225:
Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939
707:
699:
39:
1278:
1272:
Original report from census. Document is in Polish and French.
892:
840:
Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939
751:
the pre-war chairman of the Polish census statistical office
711:
256:
Protestant (gen.): 108,216
780:(in Polish). Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. p. 128.
265:
Other non-Christian: 6,750
241:
Greco Catholic: 3,336,164
211:
Yiddish: 2,489,034
205:
Lithuanian: 83,116
187:
Polish: 21,993,444
165:
1931 Census of Poland Table 10 "Ludnosc- Population", pg.15
90:
1017:
Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Communist World
772:
114:
The population was categorized by mother tongue i.e. the
109:
1274:
Internet Archive (PDF file direct download, 88 pages).
1124:
990:
The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars
963:
The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars
922:
190:
Ukrainian: 3,221,975
869:
867:
1085:
1047:
909:
907:
864:
16:Poland's second census during the interwar period
1289:
1066:
250:Protestant Reformed: 33,295
247:Protestant Lutheran: 424,216
226:Not Declared: 39,163
193:Ruthenian: 1,219,647
739:. A 1954 study of the Polish population by the
238:Roman Catholic: 20,670,051
196:Belarusian: 989,852
1221:
904:
792:Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland
836:
784:
27:Mother tongue in Poland, based on 1931 census
1228:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 95.
993:. Indiana University Press. pp. 29–30.
966:. Indiana University Press. pp. 30–31.
932:. Wayne State University Press. p. 68.
571:
1190:
1162:
1057:, as cited in Piotrowski, op.cit., page 294
1055:(in Polish). Warsaw: Czytelnik. p. 35.
1041:
1279:Podlaska Digital Library: document search.
1169:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
1079:
1013:
986:
959:
817:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
605:. Please do not remove this message until
1135:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 136.
1060:
645:to classify the respondents, rather than
625:Learn how and when to remove this message
916:
832:
830:
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601:Relevant discussion may be found on the
160:
78:, performed on December 9, 1931 by the
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1215:
1156:
1007:
886:(PDF, direct download, table: page 30)
825:
110:Population by mother tongue and faith
1118:
575:
13:
1020:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 73.
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14:
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843:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 17.
372:
70:) was the second census taken in
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637:The census used the concept of
146:, and/or what might constitute
60:Second General Census in Poland
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68:Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludności
1:
759:
690:South-Eastern Poland (namely
1212:Joseph Marcus (1983), p. 17;
1053:Rzeczpospolita wielu narodów
293:
172:Population by first language
7:
1091:"Belorussian collaboration"
741:United States Census Bureau
607:conditions to do so are met
10:
1324:
1097:. McFarland. p. 294.
677:declared that they spoke "
232:
1069:Historia Polski 1914-1939
1067:Henryk Zieliński (1983).
987:Mendelsohn, Ezra (1987).
960:Mendelsohn, Ezra (1987).
774:Główny Urząd Statystyczny
572:Mother tongue controversy
230:
80:Main Bureau of Statistics
31:
26:
21:
718:) into one category of "
1222:Richard Blanke (1993).
753:Edward Szturm de Sztrem
655:bilingual or trilingual
84:previous census of 1921
1283:Spis powszechny 1931 r
1071:(in Polish). Wrocław:
924:Celia Stopnicka Heller
837:Joseph Marcus (1983).
733:Nowogródek Voivodeship
166:
135:
127:
67:
1266:Polish census of 1931
1196:Piotrowski, op.cit.,
803:(in Polish). Warsaw.
164:
148:transitional language
56:Polish census of 1931
45:Polish census of 1931
22:Polish census of 1931
1268:at Wikimedia Commons
1163:Ilya Prizel (1998).
807:1931 nr 80 poz. 629.
177:Population by faith
47:at Wikimedia Commons
1014:Ben Fowkes (2002).
737:Polesie Voivodeship
594:of this section is
95:national minorities
1298:Censuses in Poland
1087:Tadeusz Piotrowski
728:Tadeusz Piotrowski
167:
130:) versus "Other" (
1264:Media related to
1176:978-0-521-57697-0
1142:978-0-7425-1094-4
1104:978-0-7864-0371-4
1049:Jerzy Tomaszewski
1027:978-0-333-79256-8
850:978-90-279-3239-6
663:national identity
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104:Wilno Voivodeship
91:Polish Parliament
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43:Media related to
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651:The 1921 census
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696:Belarusians
687:Soviet bloc
647:nationality
74:during the
1292:Categories
1241:17 October
1182:17 October
1148:17 October
1127:Ana Siljak
1110:17 October
1073:Ossolineum
1033:17 October
1000:0253204186
973:0253204186
945:17 October
856:17 October
760:References
720:Ruthenians
692:Ukrainians
659:ethnically
592:neutrality
813:cite book
716:Poleszuks
603:talk page
294:By cities
156:Kashubian
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801:(PDF)
679:local
667:Poles
218:Local
150:e.g.
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