811:
880:
608:, and on 17 August, three policemen were injured by a stone-throwing mob of Nkomo supporters. By 14 August, both Sithole and Nkomo were calling for an end the violence in the African press, to little effect. Nkomo blamed the violence on ZANU supporters, arguing that his followers were using "self-defence against a group of power-hungry people who have failed to gain public support." Sithole likewise claimed that his supporters were not the instigators, stating that he had "a group of well-disciplined officials who can control the youngsters."
505:
834:, the MDC candidate, received the most votes, but did not gain an absolute majority; thus a runoff was necessary. Initial results led to MDC-T claiming the required majority. However, ballots were recounted at a National Command Centre over a period of over a month without the presence of independent observers. The election process that followed was marred by more violence against and intimidation of voters and party workers. Morgan Tsvangirai initially stated he intended to contest the
4442:
4478:
1073:
4514:
4454:
4466:
4428:
4362:
4502:
3885:
4490:
285:
938:
Grace Mugabe or
Emmerson Mnangagwa would succeed him as leader of the party. Following the 2017 Zimbabwe coup, ZANU–PF voted to depose Robert Mugabe as party leader and install the banished Emmerson Mnangagwa as leader instead. Before the Zimbabwean parliament could vote to impeach Mugabe, he resigned from the presidency on 21 November 2017. Mnangagwa was sworn in as the new President of the Republic of Zimbabwe on 24 November 2017.
1383:
1351:
1314:
1282:
1250:
1218:
1186:
2057:
2018:
1974:
1931:
1900:
1892:
1813:
1774:
1738:
1730:
1695:
1687:
1648:
1609:
1570:
1531:
1492:
1461:
1453:
2065:
2026:
1982:
1939:
1821:
1782:
1656:
1617:
1578:
1539:
1500:
4529:
635:. Compared to ZAPU, ZANU branded itself as taking a more confrontational approach to white-minority rule, while portraying Nkomo as weak, indecisive, and insufficiently revolutionary. ZANU messaging downplayed ethnicity as a factor in the divisions within the nationalist movement, instead highlighting strategic and ideological differences. By contrast, Nkomo pointed to
991:"government is committed to work on a compensation plan for former land owners." The compulsory acquisition of commercial farmland without compensation was discontinued in early 2018. In 2018, Mnangagwa stated that "all foreign investments will be safe in Zimbabwe" and called for "increased production and capacity and new investment in the country."
464:, which shared the same aims and tactics of its predecessor organisations. In September 1962, amid growing unrest in Southern Rhodesia's major towns, ZAPU was banned and many of its leaders detained. The colony's Unlawful Organisations Act was also amended in an attempt to prevent ZAPU from being reconstituted with a different name.
910:. An elective congress was scheduled for December 2014, in which ZANU–PF would elect members to fill vacancies in the central committee, politburo, and presidium, and most likely endorse the party's next candidate for president. This congress, which takes place every five years, is the most important elective organ for the party.
489:. According to Nkomo, he had received permission to form a government in exile, but by the time the rest of ZAPU's leadership arrived in Dar es Salaam, he had changed his mind and was opposed the idea. Other accounts describe a split between Nkomo, who preferred an externally-based movement, and others—including
999:
The ZANU–PF constitution establishes a hierarchical party structure consisting of: (1) the
National People's Congress, (2) the National People's Conference, (3) the Central Committee, (4) the National Consultative Assembly, (5) the National Assembly of the Women's League, (6) the National Assembly of
587:
Almost immediately following the split, violent clashes broke out between supporters of the rival parties in urban areas across the country. At one ZANU meeting in August 1963 in
Highfield, 200 supporters required the protection of Rhodesian police to hold their event, while a "milling pro-Nkomo mob
799:
were held on 31 March 2005. The party won 59.6% of the popular vote and 78 out of 120 elected seats. Later that year, 26 November, it won 43 of 50 elected senators. The parliamentary election was disputed as being unfair. The leader of the opposition MDC party said, "We are deeply disturbed by the
728:
of
December 1979, when the United Kingdom granted independence to Zimbabwe following a brief period of direct British control. During the 1980 general election campaign, the PF parties competed separately as ZANU–Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF) and Patriotic Front–ZAPU (PF–ZAPU). The election was won by
563:
outside
Salisbury, where he formed a new organisation, the People's Caretaker Council (PCP), to replace ZAPU, which was still banned. To preempt ZANU's growth, Nkomo took steps to solidify his hold on the masses, replacing ZAPU's existing centralised structure with a larger number of new, smaller
937:
was demoted from
Minister of Justice following a cabinet reshuffle, soon after he publicly claimed that he was poisoned, in early-October 2017. On 15 November 2017, a military coup in Zimbabwe resulted in President Robert Mugabe being placed under house arrest and led to speculation over whether
990:
policy on the issue of land redistribution in 2000s, encouraging seizure of commercial farms—usually owned by
Zimbabwe's white minority—"for the benefit of landless black majority". The inauguration speech of President Mnangagwa threw this program's support into question since he said that the
665:
from 21–23 May 1964. There, Ndabaningi
Sithole was elected as the party's first president, Leopold Takawira as vice-president, Robert Mugabe as secretary-general, Herbert Chitepo as national chairman, and Enos Nkala as treasurer. In his presidential address, Sithole told the congress that ZANU
583:
would be entrenched in the constitution guaranteeing the rights and freedom of every citizen." Sithole told the reporters that ZANU was "nonracial" and would accommodate "people who share a common destiny and democratic rule by the majority, regardless of race, colour, creed, or tribe." ZANU's
921:
was supported by a smaller group composed mainly of senior members of the security establishment, part of ZANU–PF's parliamentary caucus, younger party members, and a few influential parts of the
Zimbabwean business community. He had been with Mugabe since Zimbabwe gained independence and was
807:, the ZANU–PF lost its majority in parliament for the first time since independence, and held 94 seats out of the expanded 210 seats, with Sokwanele stating that this figure would have been lower had it not been for gerrymandering, electoral fraud, and widespread intimidation.
835:
2112:
63% of Common Roll votes. In the 1980 elections, two rolls of voters existed: the Common Role, which contained nonwhites and formed the vast majority of voters, and the White Roll, which contained white voters and formed a small minority of
515:
Nkomo returned to
Salisbury on 2 July 1963, after which a majority of the party executive that had remained in Dar es Salaam voted to remove him as president of ZAPU. In response, Nkomo suspended the various "rebels", including Sithole and
472:
African nationalist politics in Rhodesia in the 1960s were characterised by internal rivalries and disputes over strategy. Divisions within ZAPU came to a head in April 1963 when Nkomo called a meeting of the party's executive in
627:, and in and around the capital, Salisbury. Though neither party's leaders belonged exclusively to one ethnic group, the division arguably had an ethnic component, with ZAPU finding disproportionate support among the
455:
as its president. The SRANC, which demanded African majority rule, gained substantial support across the country, but was banned by the Southern Rhodesian government in February 1959. In turn, on 1 January 1960, the
584:
platform was quickly taken up by the press, and stood in contrast to ZAPU, which had not made public a comprehensive platform. ZAPU responded by attacking ZANU leaders' character and ideological bona fides.
4401:
1000:
the Youth League, (7) the provincial coordinating committees, (8) the provincial executive councils, (9) the district committees, (10) the branch committees, and (11) the cell/village committees.
838:
but pulled out of the runoff saying a free and fair election was impossible in the current climate. The elections were held on 27 June with a single candidate, Robert Mugabe, who was re-elected.
917:
was seen by many as the most likely candidate. She had support from both the politburo and the population at large (demonstrated by the election of her loyalists to the youth league). Minister
800:
fraudulent activities we have unearthed", and various human rights groups reported that hundreds of thousands of "ghost voters" had appeared on the electoral roll of 5.8 million people.
501:
told the assembled ZAPU leaders that neither he nor other African heads of state supported the idea of a government in exile and that "victory" could only be achieved within Rhodesia.
3810:
3494:
556:
4565:
1100:(SI), having sent representatives with guest status to the SI congresses in 1980, 1992, and 1996, and was present at the Socialist International Africa Committee meeting in
1027:
780:
was the retired head of the armed forces, was elevated to the post of vice president of the party (the first woman to hold that office) at the expense of contender
4560:
925:
Mujuru lost the succession battle with Mnangagwa after being expelled from the party in 2015 a new power struggle began between Mnangagwa's faction (known as Team
3974:
3837:
4408:
3469:
481:(a position he later reversed), his extensive foreign travel in pursuit of international support for the movement, and his handling of the formation of a
4585:
533:
3352:
2523:
579:. It would also repeal the Land Husbandry Act and replace both by a new land redistribution law." In addition to land reform, Sithole pledged that "A
477:, where he had gone after ZAPU was banned in late 1962. The main criticisms of Nkomo were directed against his initial support of Southern Rhodesia's
478:
3161:
537:
460:(NDP) was formed. The NDP advocated a similarly militant platform, and was similarly banned in December 1961. In the same month, Nkomo formed the
3915:
1946:
1702:
1109:
864:
372:
4590:
4417:
4026:
3658:
2232:"Representation of Political Conflict in the Zimbabwean Press: The Case of The Herald, The Sunday Mail, Daily News and The Standard, 1999-2016"
1085:
868:
204:
520:, from the party. Unable to outmaneuver Nkomo within ZAPU, his opponents decided to create their own organisation. On 8 August 1963, Sithole,
4130:
3773:
860:
677:
The Patriotic Front (PF) was formed as a political and military alliance between ZAPU and ZANU during the war against white minority rule in
457:
572:—stayed with ZAPU, while many nationalist leaders who had come to prominence in 1960 or later—like Sithole and Mugabe—joined the new party.
3962:
3443:
3725:
4370:
4177:
2088:
444:
1112:, joined the SI in 2008. The Socialist International has condemned the actions of Zimbabwe's ZANU–PF-dominated government and military.
4038:
3830:
3260:
1108:, as recently as 1999. ZANU–PF has not attended any SI congresses or meetings since, and Zimbabwe's then-leading opposition party, the
371:, the ZANU–PF lost sole control of parliament for the first time in party history and brokered a difficult power-sharing deal with the
564:
branches. In the ZAPU–ZANU split, most of Nkomo's longtime allies who had been with him since the SRANC's formation in 1957—including
4335:
1077:
755:
706:
575:
On 22 August 1963, Sithole held ZANU's first press conference, telling reporters, "When the party came to power it would repeal the
4580:
4555:
4079:
1428:
611:
Despite facing initial backlash, ZANU did gain a following, and found particularly strong support in the eastern districts around
4341:
4049:
4032:
1030:. A third wing, the War Veterans' League, was established in 2022 and held its inaugural conference on 9 September of that year.
804:
702:
658:
368:
3683:
4595:
4575:
4125:
1628:
1589:
1550:
1472:
856:
827:
796:
941:
On 6 September 2019, Robert Mugabe died of cancer (according to Mnangagwa) at the age of 95. He was succeeded as President by
3945:
3927:
3846:
3823:
2881:
2849:
2789:
2737:
2688:
2661:
2629:
2337:
2083:
1228:
1196:
320:
3274:
4394:
4347:
2463:
3951:
3933:
3209:
4141:
3968:
3580:
2157:
461:
361:
1007:. The other three members of the party's presidium, appointed by Mnangagwa on 29 October 2022, are Second Secretaries
810:
439:. On 12 September 1957, the CYL merged with the long-established but largely dormant Southern Rhodesia chapter of the
4183:
4171:
4014:
3899:
3031:
2385:
2259:
376:
3139:
1003:
The current first secretary of ZANU–PF, reelected at the party's elective congress on 28 October 2022, is President
387:
4136:
3939:
3704:
3631:
2037:
1993:
1954:
1911:
1793:
1749:
1710:
1667:
1511:
1361:
1324:
1292:
1260:
1159:
957:
842:
819:
380:
751:, the opposition ZAPU, led by Nkomo, was absorbed through the Unity Accord with ZANU to form an official ZANU–PF.
4189:
4067:
4061:
2929:
1867:
588:
of thousand threatening death to the 'sellouts'" waited outside and stoned the cars of ZANU leaders Sithole and
549:
390:, ZANU–PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader, who resigned two days later, and appointed former Vice President
357:
3477:
576:
4201:
3873:
3528:
2900:
1023:
953:
694:
250:
141:
3905:
949:
744:
government bombed party headquarters, nearly killing many senior ZANU–PF leaders, including Robert Mugabe.
163:
4055:
926:
2565:
701:. Both movements contributed to their respective military forces. ZAPU's military wing was known as the
4570:
4044:
3980:
710:
486:
3746:
2805:
709:. The objective of the PF was to overthrow the predominantly white minority government, headed by the
4458:
4446:
3326:
849:
725:
440:
3430:
3403:
879:
3921:
3554:
2584:
2274:
2216:
969:
3065:
922:
regarded by many as a successor who could maintain stability after Mugabe eventually left office.
4386:
4165:
4103:
4073:
2327:
1097:
981:
628:
600:. The day after the meeting, Sithole "acknowledged miscalculation of Nkomo's mass strength." In
221:
17:
2781:
The Urban Roots of Democracy and Political Violence in Zimbabwe: Harare and Highfield, 1940–1964
2175:
Cultures of Change in Contemporary Zimbabwe: Socio-Political Transition from Mugabe to Mnangagwa
4147:
3858:
2708:
900:
1088:, an association of six socialist political parties that were involved in the nationalist and
4207:
4159:
3992:
2249:
2134:
759:
325:
3117:
4550:
4375:
4195:
4098:
3986:
2093:
1008:
315:
117:
65:
3605:
2435:
729:
Mugabe and ZANU–PF, with Nkomo and his PF–ZAPU retaining a stronghold in the provinces of
8:
4470:
3910:
482:
408:
181:
497:—who favoured an internal struggle and pressured Nkomo to return to Rhodesia. President
4306:
4236:
2984:
2976:
2502:
2308:
1998:
1754:
1329:
1004:
987:
942:
934:
918:
896:
845:, which by the start of December 2008 had already killed between 500 and 3,000 people.
781:
648:
589:
508:
494:
391:
264:
189:
89:
55:
3086:
2524:"Rhodesia Enjoins Africans' Party; National Democratic Heads Arrested—Violence Flares"
4361:
4312:
4259:
4115:
4109:
3027:
2988:
2877:
2845:
2785:
2733:
2684:
2657:
2625:
2506:
2381:
2333:
2255:
2153:
831:
785:
541:
490:
448:
416:
412:
379:, gaining a two-thirds majority. The party narrowly held their super-majority in the
841:
Many blame ZANU–PF for neglecting to deal with Zimbabwe's problem with the mounting
4282:
3235:
2968:
2494:
2300:
1089:
1016:
654:
605:
525:
173:
79:
555:
In response to ZANU's formation, Nkomo called a mass meeting on 10 August 1963 at
364:(ZAPU) and retaining the name ZANU–PF, until 2017, when he was removed as leader.
4365:
4153:
3299:
3190:
3021:
2871:
2839:
2779:
2727:
2678:
2651:
2619:
2375:
2217:"ROBERT GABRIEL MUGABE | African Nationalist Leaders – Rhodesia to Zimbabwe"
1093:
1076:
Delegates from Zimbabwe and the ZANU–PF Youth League dance at the closing of the
569:
521:
432:
428:
424:
136:
3815:
3103:
2231:
754:
From 1999 to 2017, Mugabe faced a major political challenge from the opposition
4300:
4276:
4120:
3957:
3659:"Decoding China's Africa Strategy beyond 2021: A Discussion with Paul Nantulya"
3495:"Constitution of the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU PF)"
2498:
777:
667:
580:
504:
498:
177:
2957:"Violence Variously Remembered: The Killing of Pieter Oberholzer in July 1964"
2304:
4544:
4288:
4253:
4230:
4224:
3747:"Meeting of the Socialist International Africa Committee, Maputo, Mozambique"
2482:
1872:
1433:
1164:
930:
907:
815:
789:
671:
593:
517:
474:
436:
353:
592:
as they left. Nkomo's support was even stronger in the African townships of
4441:
4294:
2191:
1012:
914:
903:
892:
884:
773:
766:
737:
730:
686:
682:
632:
624:
529:
452:
345:
69:
3353:"Zimbabwe's president declared election winner, opposition rejects result"
3261:
Cde ED Mnangagwa Sworn in as the new President of the Republic of Zimbabwe
2653:
Race and Diplomacy in Zimbabwe: The Cold War and Decolonization, 1960–1984
697:-backed ZANU led by Robert Mugabe, which operated mainly from neighboring
666:"stands for democracy, socialism, nationalism, one man/one vote, freedom,
4020:
3047:
852:
748:
560:
2784:. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. pp. 134–137.
4477:
3774:"Zimbabwean socialist responds to 'palace coup' facing Mugabe's regime"
3207:
2980:
2312:
1105:
1072:
747:
In December 1987, after five years of the low-level civil war known as
698:
565:
545:
126:
3023:
The Struggle over State Power in Zimbabwe: Law and Politics since 1950
2288:
4318:
3327:"Zimbabwe: By-elections to provide 'hint of what is to come' in 2023"
2374:
Goldstone, Jack A.; Gurr, Ted Robert; Moshiri, Farrokh, eds. (1991).
741:
713:
636:
2972:
2841:
Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa: Myths of Decolonization
4513:
4465:
4453:
3884:
3850:
3239:
3090:
678:
620:
612:
601:
597:
349:
194:
169:
4416:
2956:
968:
Officially, ZANU–PF has a leftist ideology. The party maintains a
284:
4501:
4482:
360:(ZANU) and then as president from 1987 after the merger with the
352:
since independence in 1980. The party was led for many years by
4489:
1101:
770:
690:
639:
as the main cause of the ZAPU–ZANU split in his autobiography.
616:
420:
3444:"Mugabe's land reform costs Zimbabwe $ 17 billion: economists"
447:(SRANC). The new organisation adopted the CYL's principle of "
4506:
2873:
Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo of Zimbabwe: Politics, Power, and Memory
662:
3803:
2621:
From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Behind and Beyond Lancaster House
298:
4494:
3377:
3275:"Ex-Zimbabwe leader Robert Mugabe dies at 95 in Singapore"
2150:
The State and Agrarian Change in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas
3632:"President in SA for former liberation movements meeting"
3300:"Zimbabwe uproar as roads named after Emmerson Mnangagwa"
2656:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–28.
642:
3191:"Zimbabwe ruling party expels Mugabe rival Joyce Mujuru"
3208:
Jeffrey Muvundusi and Tendai Kamhungira (23 May 2017).
3020:
Karekwaivanane, George Hamandishe (30 November 2017).
2332:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 145.
724:
Their common goal was achieved in 1980, following the
3705:"XIX Congress of the Socialist International, Berlin"
3581:"Zimbabwe's President Appeals for Ruling Party Unity"
3000:
2998:
2930:"President Mnangangwa's early days, political career"
2806:"Political Violence Breaks Calm in Southern Rhodesia"
913:
Although President Mugabe had not named a successor,
814:
ZANU–PF party regalia bearing the image of President
4566:
Former member parties of the Socialist International
3470:"Politburo Meeting Held on the 10th of January 2018"
3004:
2373:
2152:. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 93–96.
3351:Chingono, Nyasha; Banya, Nelson (27 August 2023).
2995:
2729:Zimbabwe: Struggles Within the Struggle, 1957–1980
2713:African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who
2570:African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who
2468:African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who
2440:African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who
3868:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
3845:
952:, ZANU–PF had a poor performance compared to the
716:, through political pressure and military force.
344:) is a political organisation which has been the
338:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
37:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
4542:
3529:"President reappoints Cdes Chiwenga, Mohadi VPs"
933: or G40) which had become violent by 2017.
705:(ZIPRA) and ZANU's guerrillas were known as the
4561:African and Black nationalist parties in Africa
3975:Zimbabwe African People's Union – Federal Party
2869:
2837:
2289:"Nationalism and Labour in Salisbury 1953–1965"
4418:Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa
3426:
3424:
3019:
1394:
1086:Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa
1063:7th National People's Congress (December 2022)
1057:6th National People's Congress (December 2014)
1054:5th National People's Congress (December 2009)
1048:4th National People's Congress (December 2004)
1045:3rd National People's Congress (December 1999)
1042:2nd National People's Congress (December 1994)
1039:1st National People's Congress (December 1989)
205:Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa
4402:
3831:
3771:
3350:
3140:"We must all resign in December, says Mugabe"
1096:. ZANU–PF was previously affiliated with the
994:
619:. Meanwhile, ZAPU maintained an advantage in
3552:
2707:Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana, eds. (1977).
2706:
2617:
2564:Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana, eds. (1977).
2563:
2480:
2434:Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana, eds. (1977).
2433:
2247:
1060:Extraordinary Congress (12–17 December 2017)
4178:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress
3916:Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai
3431:President E.D Mnangagwa Inauguration Speech
3421:
3026:. Cambridge University Press. p. 192.
2777:
2680:In Pursuit of Freedom and Justice: A Memoir
2649:
2624:. London: Frank Cass & Co. p. 98.
2483:"Zimbabwe Nationalism in Southern Rhodesia"
2466:. In Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana (eds.).
2286:
2089:List of ruling political parties by country
1110:Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai
865:Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai
765:At the December 2004 five-year conference,
681:(now called Zimbabwe). The PF included the
631:and ZANU drawing its base largely from the
445:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress
402:
373:Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai
4586:Pan-Africanist political parties in Africa
4409:
4395:
3838:
3824:
3272:
3210:"Mugabe's Zanu PF brawls: Wheels come off"
2876:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 18.
2147:
2106:
1067:
869:Movement for Democratic Change – Mutambara
3772:Tengely-Evans, Tomáš (15 November 2017).
3553:Machivenyika, Farai (10 September 2022).
2732:. Harare: Rujeko Publishers. p. 17.
2487:A Current Bibliography on African Affairs
2461:
2377:Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century
2141:
1120:
906:, began over the succession to President
891:In 2014, a battle between Vice President
874:
707:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
3963:Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga
3684:"Socialist International Congress, 1980"
3555:"War vets give Zanu PF renewed strength"
3526:
3401:
2870:Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J., ed. (2017).
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2275:Breaking News -President Mugabe resigns!
2229:
2186:
2184:
1071:
878:
809:
503:
4033:Movement for Democratic Change Alliance
3656:
3118:"Zimbabwe cholera death toll nears 500"
2725:
2702:
2700:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2248:Chan, Stephen; Primorac, Ranka (2013).
929:) and Grace Mugabe's faction (known as
419:(CYL), formed in the colony's capital,
14:
4543:
4039:Movement for Democratic Change – Ncube
3522:
3520:
3518:
2954:
2924:
2922:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2369:
2325:
2172:
1051:Extraordinary Congress (December 2007)
975:
857:Southern African Development Community
643:Bush War/Second Chimurenga (1964–1980)
4591:Political parties established in 1987
4390:
4080:Zimbabwe United People's Organisation
3946:United Movement for Democratic Change
3928:National Alliance for Good Governance
3819:
3579:Mhofu, Sebastian (15 December 2017).
3578:
3527:Ruzvidzo, Wallace (30 October 2022).
3489:
3487:
3236:"Ruling party sacks Mugabe as leader"
3068:. The Standard (Zimbabwe). 5 May 2013
2895:
2893:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2676:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2518:
2516:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2380:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2181:
2084:List of political parties in Zimbabwe
797:2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections
784:and his supporters; Justice Minister
511:, ZANU's founding president, in 1955.
3436:
3005:Martin, D & Johnson, P. (1981).
2697:
2683:. Harare: Weaver Press. p. 34.
2394:
1115:
1078:World Festival of Youth and Students
776:like Mugabe, and whose late-husband
719:
703:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
3650:
3624:
3515:
3324:
2919:
2838:Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2013).
2650:Scarnecchia, Timothy Lewis (2021).
2582:
2542:
2293:Journal of Southern African Studies
2251:Zimbabwe since the Unity Government
1833:
855:facilitated, under the auspices of
467:
356:, first as prime minister with the
24:
4527:
4426:
4142:Responsible Government Association
3484:
3048:"Zimbabwe - political party flags"
2890:
2858:
2824:
2746:
2638:
2602:
2513:
2446:
2346:
218:
151:
27:Ruling political party of Zimbabwe
25:
4607:
4184:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party
4015:Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe
3795:
3657:Matanda, Dennis (19 March 2021).
3476:. 10 January 2018. Archived from
3162:"Zimbabwe waiting for the future"
3142:. NewsdzeZimbabwe. 18 August 2014
3104:"Mugabe's Zanu-PF loses majority"
3009:. Faber & Faber. p. 400.
2618:Morris-Jones, W. H., ed. (1980).
2583:Uys, Stanley (14 December 2000).
2481:Kornegay Jr., Francis A. (1969).
2464:"African Nationalism in Rhodesia"
2287:Raftopoulos, Brian (March 1995).
2230:Mungwari, Teddy (November 2017).
4512:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4452:
4440:
4360:
3998:Zimbabwe Youth in Alliance (ZYA)
3940:Patriotic Union of Mandebeleland
3883:
3087:Mugabe's party sweeps to victory
2844:. Dakar: CODESRIA. p. 207.
2063:
2056:
2055:
2024:
2017:
2016:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1819:
1812:
1811:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1728:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1685:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1537:
1530:
1529:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1381:
1349:
1312:
1280:
1248:
1216:
1184:
958:2023 Zimbabwean general election
843:2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak
283:
4581:Nationalist parties in Zimbabwe
4556:1987 establishments in Zimbabwe
4190:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party
4068:Zimbabwe African National Union
4062:United African National Council
3969:Zimbabwe African People's Union
3765:
3739:
3718:
3697:
3676:
3606:"Zanu PF Congress starts today"
3598:
3572:
3546:
3462:
3395:
3370:
3344:
3318:
3292:
3273:hermesauto (6 September 2019).
3266:
3254:
3228:
3201:
3183:
3154:
3132:
3110:
3096:
3080:
3058:
3040:
3013:
2948:
2798:
2719:
2670:
2576:
2474:
2319:
685:-backed ZAPU, which was led by
550:Zimbabwe African National Union
462:Zimbabwe African People's Union
386:On 19 November 2017, following
362:Zimbabwe African People's Union
358:Zimbabwe African National Union
4172:Rhodesian White People's Party
4027:Movement for Democratic Change
3402:Robinson, Simon (1 May 2000).
2715:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
2572:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
2470:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
2442:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia.
2280:
2268:
2241:
2223:
2209:
2166:
2127:
2064:
2025:
1981:
1938:
1820:
1781:
1655:
1616:
1577:
1538:
1499:
762:elections of 9–11 March 2002.
756:Movement for Democratic Change
604:, two houses were bombed with
13:
1:
4596:Political parties in Zimbabwe
4576:Nationalist parties in Africa
4202:United National Federal Party
3874:Citizens Coalition for Change
2778:Scarnecchia, Timothy (2008).
2566:"The Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole"
2530:. 10 December 1961. p. 2
2237:. University of South Africa.
2120:
1033:
954:Citizens Coalition for Change
2585:"The Rev Ndabaningi Sithole"
2148:Drinkwater, Michael (1991).
2135:"The Herald - Breaking news"
2099:
861:Government of National Unity
736:In December 1981, agents of
375:(MDC). ZANU-PF then won the
7:
2812:. 19 August 1963. p. 2
2077:
1395:National Assembly elections
1084:ZANU–PF is a member of the
1015:, and National Chairperson
963:
887:at a ZANU–PF rally in 2013.
805:2008 parliamentary election
369:2008 parliamentary election
10:
4612:
3981:Zimbabwe Development Party
2726:Sithole, Masipula (1999).
2499:10.1177/001132556900200202
995:Organisation and structure
979:
828:2008 presidential election
646:
397:
4525:
4435:
4424:
4356:
4328:
4269:
4246:
4217:
4131:National Democratic Party
4089:
4050:People's Democratic Party
4005:
3892:
3881:
3857:
3106:. BBC News. 3 April 2008.
3066:"Mutasa blasts Mnangagwa"
3007:The Struggle for Zimbabwe
2677:Msipa, Cephas G. (2015).
2462:Musarurwa, W. D. (1977).
2326:Mlambo, Alois S. (2014).
2305:10.1080/03057079508708434
2254:. Routledge. p. 17.
1997:
1871:
1753:
1744:Supermajority government
1584:Supermajority government
1545:Supermajority government
1432:
1328:
1163:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1130:
1127:
972:and a Central Committee.
850:President of South Africa
788:and Information Minister
726:Lancaster House Agreement
689:and operated mainly from
458:National Democratic Party
441:African National Congress
311:
296:
291:
282:
277:
263:
249:
245:Green, yellow, red, black
228:
211:International affiliation
210:
200:
188:
162:
147:
135:
125:
113:
95:
85:
75:
61:
51:
43:
34:
3934:National Patriotic Front
3922:Mthwakazi Republic Party
3450:. Cape Town. 12 May 2018
3433:, Accessed Jan 14, 2018.
3263:, accessed Jan 14, 2018.
2955:Ranger, Terence (1997).
2901:"Rhodesia ZANU Congress"
2277:, accessed Jan 14, 2018.
758:. Mugabe won 56% at the
653:ZANU held its inaugural
403:Predecessors (1955–1963)
4166:Rhodesia National Party
4074:Zimbabwe Unity Movement
4021:Forum Party of Zimbabwe
3751:Socialist International
3378:"Zanu-PF official site"
2173:Nyambi, Oliver (2021).
1098:Socialist International
1068:International relations
982:Land reform in Zimbabwe
950:March 2022 by-elections
222:Socialist International
190:Political position
4532:
4431:
4148:Rhodesian Action Party
3900:Coalition of Democrats
3120:. CNN. 2 December 2008
1121:Presidential elections
1081:
1080:in Johannesburg, 2010.
1022:The party maintains a
986:Mugabe pursued a more
888:
875:Post-Mugabe transition
823:
577:Land Apportionment Act
512:
142:ZANU–PF Women's League
101:; 61 years ago
4531:
4430:
4208:United Rhodesia Party
4160:Rhodesia Labour Party
3993:Zimbabwe Labour Party
3952:United People's Party
2329:A History of Zimbabwe
1705:coalition government
1075:
895:and Justice Minister
882:
863:between ZANU–PF, the
859:(SADC), a Zimbabwean
820:2008 general election
813:
507:
4376:Politics of Zimbabwe
4196:United Federal Party
4099:Central Africa Party
3987:Zimbabwe First Party
3811:ZANU–PF constitution
2094:Politics of Zimbabwe
1949:governing coalition
1827:Majority government
1788:Majority government
1662:Majority government
1623:Majority government
1506:Majority government
1467:Majority government
1009:Constantino Chiwenga
423:, in August 1955 by
316:Politics of Zimbabwe
201:Regional affiliation
131:ZANU–PF Youth League
76:National Chairperson
66:Constantino Chiwenga
4309:(ZANU, ZANU–Ndonga)
3911:Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn
3171:. 29 September 2014
3169:www.crisisgroup.org
2709:"Enos Mzombi Nkala"
2071:Governing minority
2032:Governing minority
1988:Governing minority
1906:Governing majority
976:Land redistribution
483:government in exile
409:African nationalist
407:The first militant
182:African nationalism
4533:
4432:
4371:Parties by country
4307:Ndabaningi Sithole
4237:Emmerson Mnangagwa
4006:Defunct Zimbabwean
3663:The Habari Network
3404:"Power to the Mob"
3306:. 22 November 2019
3242:. 19 November 2017
3214:Zimbabwe Situation
2991:– via JSTOR.
2936:. 26 November 2017
2810:The New York Times
2528:The New York Times
2315:– via JSTOR.
1999:Emmerson Mnangagwa
1755:Emmerson Mnangagwa
1330:Emmerson Mnangagwa
1082:
1005:Emmerson Mnangagwa
988:left-wing populist
956:. ZANU–PF won the
943:Emmerson Mnangagwa
935:Emmerson Mnangagwa
919:Emmerson Mnangagwa
897:Emmerson Mnangagwa
889:
824:
782:Emmerson Mnangagwa
670:, non-racism, and
649:Rhodesian Bush War
590:Nathan Shamuyarira
513:
509:Ndabaningi Sithole
495:Ndabaningi Sithole
392:Emmerson Mnangagwa
99:8 August 1963
90:Ndabaningi Sithole
62:Second Secretaries
56:Emmerson Mnangagwa
4571:Left-wing parties
4538:
4537:
4384:
4383:
4313:Morgan Tsvangirai
4260:Morgan Tsvangirai
4116:Confederate Party
4110:City Youth League
4090:Defunct Rhodesian
3906:Liberal Democrats
3847:Political parties
3733:Socialist Affairs
3726:"The XX Congress"
3712:Socialist Affairs
3691:Socialist Affairs
3612:. 26 October 2022
3331:www.aljazeera.com
3279:The Straits Times
2961:History in Africa
2883:978-3-319-60555-5
2851:978-2-86978-578-6
2791:978-1-58046-281-5
2739:978-0-7974-1935-3
2690:978-1-77922-381-4
2663:978-1-316-51179-4
2631:978-1-317-76100-6
2509:– via SAGE.
2339:978-1-107-02170-9
2192:"What is ZANU-PF"
2075:
2074:
1831:
1830:
1392:
1391:
1116:Electoral history
832:Morgan Tsvangirai
786:Patrick Chinamasa
720:Post-independence
606:Molotov cocktails
557:Cold Comfort Farm
534:Henry Hamadziripi
491:Enoch Dumbutshena
479:1961 constitution
449:one man, one vote
417:City Youth League
413:Southern Rhodesia
334:
333:
321:Political parties
251:National Assembly
16:(Redirected from
4603:
4530:
4517:
4516:
4505:
4504:
4493:
4492:
4481:
4480:
4469:
4468:
4457:
4456:
4445:
4444:
4429:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4388:
4387:
4364:
4283:Arthur Mutambara
4056:Republican Front
3887:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3804:Official website
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3778:Socialist Worker
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3753:. September 1999
3743:
3737:
3736:
3730:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3709:
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3695:
3694:
3688:
3680:
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3565:
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3499:
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3392:
3390:
3388:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3325:Muronzi, Chris.
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3216:. DailyNews Live
3205:
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2164:
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2145:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2114:
2110:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2012:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1838:
1837:
1834:Senate elections
1823:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1740:
1739:
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1384:
1356:
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1319:
1316:
1315:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1131:Party candidate
1125:
1124:
1090:anti-colonialist
1017:Oppah Muchinguri
559:, a multiracial
540:gathered at the
526:Leopold Takawira
468:Formation (1963)
411:organisation in
307:
304:
302:
300:
287:
272:
258:
243:
240:
237:
234:
220:
184:
174:Anti-imperialism
155:
153:
121:Harare, Zimbabwe
118:ZANU–PF Building
109:
107:
102:
80:Oppah Muchinguri
32:
31:
21:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4541:
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4487:
4475:
4463:
4451:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4385:
4380:
4352:
4338:(ZANU, ZANU–PF)
4324:
4297:(ZAPU, ZANU–PF)
4265:
4247:Prime Ministers
4242:
4213:
4154:Rhodesian Front
4091:
4085:
4045:Patriotic Front
4007:
4001:
3888:
3879:
3853:
3844:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3770:
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3756:
3754:
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3744:
3740:
3728:
3724:
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3719:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3533:The Sunday Mail
3525:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3480:on 30 May 2018.
3468:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3400:
3396:
3386:
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3333:
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3297:
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3267:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3206:
3202:
3197:. 3 April 2015.
3189:
3188:
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3138:
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3059:
3046:
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3034:
3018:
3014:
3003:
2996:
2973:10.2307/3172030
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2934:The Sunday News
2928:
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2920:
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2080:
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2013:
2010:
1969:
1966:
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1070:
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978:
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899:, and possibly
877:
722:
651:
645:
570:George Nyandoro
522:Herbert Chitepo
470:
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429:Dunduzu Chisiza
425:James Chikerema
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3796:External links
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3638:. 7 March 2013
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980:Main article:
977:
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778:Solomon Mujuru
721:
718:
711:Prime Minister
668:pan-Africanism
655:party congress
647:Main article:
644:
641:
629:Ndebele people
581:bill of rights
538:Mukudzei Midzi
499:Julius Nyerere
469:
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451:" and elected
404:
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4287:
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4254:Robert Mugabe
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4231:Robert Mugabe
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1154:Second Round
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381:2018 election
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377:2013 election
374:
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365:
363:
359:
355:
354:Robert Mugabe
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4518:
4315:(MDC, MDC–T)
4295:Joshua Nkomo
4279:(MDC–T, CCC)
4137:Reform Party
4104:Centre Party
3867:
3781:. Retrieved
3777:
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3750:
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3501:
3478:the original
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2589:The Guardian
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2299:(1): 79–93.
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1181:
1151:First Round
1083:
1028:Youth League
1021:
1013:Kembo Mohadi
1002:
998:
985:
967:
947:
940:
924:
915:Joice Mujuru
912:
904:Grace Mugabe
893:Joice Mujuru
890:
885:Grace Mugabe
847:
840:
836:second round
825:
802:
794:
767:Joice Mujuru
764:
760:presidential
753:
746:
738:South Africa
735:
731:Matabeleland
723:
687:Joshua Nkomo
683:Soviet Union
676:
652:
633:Shona people
625:Matabeleland
610:
586:
574:
554:
548:to form the
530:Edgar Tekere
514:
471:
453:Joshua Nkomo
443:to form the
406:
385:
366:
346:ruling party
341:
337:
335:
214:
137:Women's wing
114:Headquarters
70:Kembo Mohadi
44:Abbreviation
29:
3735:: 64. 1996.
3714:: 49. 1992.
3693:: 27. 1981.
3387:27 November
3362:3 September
3310:3 September
3246:19 November
2967:: 273–286.
2493:(2): 5–11.
883:Robert and
853:Thabo Mbeki
749:Gukurahundi
561:cooperative
148:Membership
4545:Categories
4270:Key people
4218:Presidents
3989:(ZimFirst)
3783:14 October
3757:14 October
3636:The Herald
3610:The Herald
3559:The Herald
3538:15 January
3284:8 November
3124:2 December
2121:References
1959:2,120,634
1916:1,101,931
1798:2,515,607
1759:2,477,708
1715:2,116,116
1672:1,110,649
1633:1,569,867
1594:1,211,284
1555:1,143,349
1516:1,690,071
1477:2,233,320
1438:1,668,992
1366:2,350,711
1334:2,460,463
1297:2,110,434
1271:2,150,269
1265:1,079,730
1233:1,685,212
1201:1,404,501
1169:2,026,976
1106:Mozambique
1034:Congresses
901:First Lady
699:Mozambique
693:, and the
661:suburb of
566:Jason Moyo
546:Enos Nkala
487:Tanganyika
278:Party flag
127:Youth wing
106:1963-08-08
4319:Ian Smith
4256:(ZANU–PF)
4239:(ZANU–PF)
4233:(ZANU–PF)
3977:(ZAPU–FP)
3870:(ZANU–PF)
3668:7 January
3642:7 January
3616:9 January
3590:9 January
3564:9 January
3507:9 January
3336:31 August
3175:9 October
3146:9 October
2989:159673826
2911:8 January
2816:8 January
2594:8 January
2534:7 January
2507:155605343
2100:Footnotes
1859:Position
1841:Election
1806:177 / 280
1767:179 / 270
1723:196 / 270
1563:118 / 120
1524:117 / 120
1420:Position
1402:Election
1128:Election
970:Politburo
742:apartheid
714:Ian Smith
637:tribalism
552:(ZANU).
542:Highfield
421:Salisbury
326:Elections
257:190 / 280
158:3,900,000
4366:Politics
3851:Zimbabwe
3304:BBC News
3240:BBC News
3091:BBC News
2078:See also
1945:ZANU PF–
1877:449,860
1701:ZANU PF–
1680:99 / 210
1641:78 / 120
1602:62 / 120
1485:64 / 100
1446:57 / 100
964:Ideology
867:and the
679:Rhodesia
621:Bulawayo
602:Bulawayo
598:Mufakose
544:home of
415:was the
350:Zimbabwe
195:Big tent
170:Populism
164:Ideology
4551:ZANU–PF
4519:ZANU–PF
4483:FRELIMO
4348:FROLIZI
4303:(MDC–N)
4285:(MDC–M)
4262:(MDC–T)
4180:(SRANC)
4092:parties
4041:(MDC–N)
4008:parties
3918:(MDC–T)
3861:parties
3502:Veritas
3474:ZANU–PF
3454:14 June
3448:News 24
3413:2 March
3357:Reuters
3195:Bbc.com
2981:3172030
2313:2637332
2196:ZANU-PF
2113:voters.
2050:33 / 80
2011:34 / 80
1967:37 / 80
1962:64.27%
1924:57 / 93
1919:45.79%
1885:43 / 66
1880:73.71%
1862:Result
1801:56.18%
1762:52.35%
1718:63.16%
1675:45.84%
1636:59.59%
1597:48.47%
1558:81.38%
1519:80.55%
1480:77.19%
1441:62.99%
1423:Result
1379:Elected
1369:52.60%
1347:Elected
1337:51.44%
1310:Elected
1300:61.88%
1278:Elected
1274:90.22%
1268:43.24%
1246:Elected
1236:56.20%
1214:Elected
1204:92.76%
1182:Elected
1172:83.05%
1146:Result
948:In the
927:Lacoste
848:Former
826:At the
818:in the
803:At the
695:Chinese
657:in the
398:History
367:At the
342:ZANU–PF
301:.zanupf
292:Website
271:33 / 80
229:Colours
104: (
96:Founded
86:Founder
47:ZANU–PF
18:ZANU-PF
4344:(ZAPU)
4291:(UANC)
4227:(ZANU)
4204:(UNFP)
4192:(SRLP)
4186:(SRCP)
4174:(RWPP)
4082:(ZUPO)
4070:(ZANU)
4064:(UANC)
3971:(ZAPU)
3948:(UMDC)
3942:(PUMA)
3930:(NAGG)
3902:(CODE)
3220:24 May
3072:23 May
3030:
2987:
2979:
2940:9 July
2880:
2848:
2788:
2736:
2687:
2660:
2628:
2505:
2384:
2336:
2311:
2258:
2201:9 June
2156:
1853:Seats
1847:Votes
1414:Seats
1408:Votes
1140:Votes
1134:Votes
1102:Maputo
771:Zezuru
691:Zambia
617:Umtali
594:Harare
536:, and
435:, and
265:Senate
242:
239:
236:
233:
150:(2022
4507:SWAPO
4342:ZIPRA
4336:ZANLA
4210:(URP)
4198:(UFP)
4168:(RNP)
4162:(RLP)
4150:(RAP)
4144:(RGA)
4133:(NDP)
4112:(CYL)
4076:(ZUM)
4052:(PDP)
4029:(MDC)
4023:(FPZ)
4017:(CAZ)
3995:(ZLP)
3983:(ZDP)
3954:(UPP)
3936:(NPF)
3924:(MRP)
3876:(CCC)
3729:(PDF)
3708:(PDF)
3687:(PDF)
3498:(PDF)
3165:(PDF)
2985:S2CID
2977:JSTOR
2503:S2CID
2309:JSTOR
2235:(PDF)
774:Shona
663:Gwelo
659:Mkoba
219:prev.
4495:MPLA
4321:(RF)
4156:(RF)
4106:(CP)
4058:(RF)
3785:2018
3759:2018
3670:2023
3644:2021
3618:2023
3592:2023
3566:2023
3540:2023
3509:2023
3456:2018
3415:2023
3408:Time
3389:2017
3364:2023
3338:2023
3312:2023
3286:2019
3248:2017
3222:2017
3177:2014
3148:2014
3126:2008
3074:2013
3028:ISBN
2942:2018
2913:2023
2878:ISBN
2846:ISBN
2818:2023
2786:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2658:ISBN
2626:ISBN
2596:2023
2536:2023
2382:ISBN
2334:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2203:2018
2154:ISBN
2068:1st
2038:2023
2029:1st
1994:2018
1985:1st
1955:2013
1942:1st
1912:2008
1903:1st
1868:2005
1856:+/–
1824:1st
1794:2023
1785:1st
1750:2018
1741:1st
1711:2013
1698:2nd
1668:2008
1659:1st
1629:2005
1620:1st
1590:2000
1581:1st
1551:1995
1542:1st
1512:1990
1503:1st
1473:1985
1464:1st
1429:1980
1417:+/–
1362:2023
1325:2018
1293:2013
1261:2008
1229:2002
1197:1996
1160:1990
1026:and
1011:and
795:The
769:, a
623:and
615:and
596:and
568:and
493:and
336:The
303:.org
215:None
152:est.
4471:CCM
4459:BDP
4447:ANC
3849:in
3585:VOA
2969:doi
2495:doi
2301:doi
1977:20
1947:MDC
1895:43
1777:17
1733:97
1703:MDC
1690:19
1651:16
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1456:57
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