Woolly mammoth - Knowledge

2957: 2460:. The bases of the huts were circular, and ranged from 8 to 24 m (86 to 258 sq ft). The arrangement of dwellings varied, and ranged from 1 to 20 m (3.3 to 65.6 ft) apart, depending on location. Large bones were used as foundations for the huts, tusks for the entrances, and the roofs were probably skins held in place by bones or tusks. Some huts had floors that extended 40 cm (16 in) below ground. Some of the bones used for materials may have come from mammoths killed by humans, but the state of the bones, and the fact that bones used to build a single dwelling varied by several thousands of years in age, suggests that they were collected remains of long-dead animals. Woolly mammoth bones were made into various tools, furniture, and musical instruments. Large bones, such as shoulder blades, were used to cover dead human bodies during burial. 1909:

that would be relevant to Arctic survival, including development of skin and hair, storage and metabolism of adipose tissue, and perceiving temperature. Genes related to both sensing temperature and transmitting that sensation to the brain were altered. One of the heat-sensing genes encodes a protein, TRPV3, found in skin, which affects hair growth. When inserted into human cells, the mammoth's version of the protein was found to be less sensitive to heat than the elephant's. This is consistent with a previous observation that mice lacking active TRPV3 are likely to spend more time in cooler cage locations than wild-type mice, and have wavier hair. Several alterations in circadian clock genes were found, perhaps needed to cope with the extreme polar variation in length of daylight. Similar mutations are known in other Arctic mammals, such as reindeer.

3178: 3022: 1816:(female-led) family groups. This is supported by fossil assemblages and cave paintings showing groups, implying that most of their other social behaviours were likely similar to those of modern elephants. How many mammoths lived at one location at a time is unknown, as fossil deposits are often accumulations of individuals that died over long periods of time. The numbers likely varied by season and lifecycle events. Modern elephants can form large herds, sometimes consisting of multiple family groups, and these herds can include thousands of animals migrating together. Mammoths may have formed large herds more often, since animals that live in open areas are more likely to do this than those in forested areas. Trackways made by a woolly mammoth herd 11,300–11,000 years ago have been found in the 1526:. The woolly mammoth exhibited size variation throughout its range, with individuals from Western Europe being considerably larger (with adult males estimated to be on average 2.99–3.31 m (9 ft 10 in – 10 ft 10 in) tall and 5.2–6.9 t (11,000–15,000 lb) in weight) than those found in Siberia (with adult males of this population being estimated on average 2.66–2.94 m (8 ft 9 in – 9 ft 8 in) tall and 3.9–5.2 t (8,600–11,500 lb) in weight). One of the largest recorded woolly mammoths is the Siegsdorf specimen from Germany, with an estimated shoulder height of 3.49 m (11.5 ft) and an estimated body mass of 8.2 t (18,000 lb). A newborn calf would have weighed about 90 kg (200 lb). 2159: 3378: 280: 3136: 3369: 2740: 2019: 3187: 2010:

sharp enamel ridges thereby cut across each other, grinding the food. The ridges were wear-resistant to enable the animal to chew large quantities of food, which often contained grit. Woolly mammoths may have used their tusks as shovels to clear snow from the ground and reach the vegetation buried below, and to break ice to drink. This is indicated on many preserved tusks by flat, polished sections up to 30 cm (12 in) long, as well as scratches, on the part of the surface that would have reached the ground (especially at their outer curvature). The tusks were used for obtaining food in other ways, such as digging up plants and stripping off bark.

1767: 3351:, creating a few specimens would not be ideal. The time and resources required would be enormous, and the scientific benefits would be unclear, suggesting these resources should instead be used to preserve extant elephant species which are endangered. The ethics of using elephants as surrogate mothers in hybridisation attempts has been questioned, as most embryos would not survive, and knowing the exact needs of a hybrid elephant–mammoth calf would be impossible. Another concern is the introduction of unknown pathogens if de-extinction efforts were to succeed. In 2021, an Austin-based company raised funds to reintroduce the species in the 2987:(after a dog had noticed its smell), and the Russian authorities financed its excavation. The entire expedition took 10 months, and the specimen had to be cut to pieces before it could be transported to St. Petersburg. Most of the skin on the head as well as the trunk had been scavenged by predators, and most of the internal organs had rotted away. It was identified as a 35- to 40-year-old male, which had died 35,000 years ago. The animal still had grass between its teeth and on the tongue, showing that it had died suddenly. One of its shoulder blades was broken, which may have happened when it fell into a crevasse. It may have died of 1758:. A mammoth had six sets of molars throughout a lifetime, which were replaced five times, though a few specimens with a seventh set are known. The latter condition could extend the lifespan of the individual, unless the tooth consisted of only a few plates. The first molars were about the size of those of a human, 1.3 cm (0.51 in), the third were 15 cm (5.9 in) long, and the sixth were about 30 cm (12 in) long and weighed 1.8 kg (4.0 lb). The molars grew larger and contained more ridges with each replacement. The woolly mammoth is considered to have had the most complex molars of any elephant. 2850: 1554: 1694: 3556: 1481: 3165:, where it had been buried for 41,800 years. By cutting a section through a molar and analysing its growth lines, they found that the animal had died at the age of one month. The mummified calf weighed 50 kg (110 lb), was 85 cm (33 in) high and 130 cm (51 in) in length. At the time of discovery, its eyes and trunk were intact and some fur remained on its body. Its organs and skin are very well preserved. "Lyuba" is believed to have been suffocated by mud in a river that its herd was crossing. After death, its body may have been colonised by bacteria that produce 1618: 2368: 2605: 1888:, for times when food availability was insufficient during winter, and their first three molars grew more quickly than in the calves of modern elephants. The expansion identified on the trunk of "Yuka" and other specimens was suggested to function as a "fur mitten"; the trunk tip was not covered in fur, but was used for foraging during winter, and could have been heated by curling it into the expansion. The expansion could be used to melt snow if a shortage of water to drink existed, as melting it directly inside the mouth could disturb the thermal balance of the animal. As in 1727: 3313: 1490: 2966: 3538: 3463: 3454: 3127: 643: 2736:

did not. The Wrangel Island mammoths were isolated for 5,000 years by rising post-ice-age sea level, and resultant inbreeding in their small population of about 300 to 1,000 individuals led to a 20% to 30% loss of heterozygosity and a 65% loss in mitochondrial DNA diversity. The population seems to have subsequently been stable, without suffering further significant loss of genetic diversity. Genetic evidence thus implies the extinction of this final population was sudden, rather than the culmination of a gradual decline.

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second set of molars would be in the process of erupting, and the first set would be worn out at 18 months of age. The third set of molars lasted for 10 years, and this process was repeated until the final, sixth set emerged when the animal was 30 years old. When the last set of molars was worn out, the animal would be unable to chew and feed, and it would die of starvation. A study of North American mammoths found that they often died during winter or spring, the hardest times for northern animals to survive.

2760:, however, this has been contested by later analysis of the genomes of some of the last mammoths on Wrangel Island, which suggests that highly deleterious mutations had been significantly purged to levels lower than that in mainland populations, though the level of moderately deleterious mutations was elevated. The sudden disappearance of an apparently stable population may be more consistent with a catastrophic event, possibly related to climate (such as icing of the snowpack) or a human hunting expedition. 3004: 1292: 3068: 2445: 151: 448:. Males reached shoulder heights between 2.67 and 3.49 m (8 ft 9 in and 11 ft 5 in) and weighed between 3.9 and 8.2 t (3.8 and 8.1 long tons; 4.3 and 9.0 short tons). Females reached 2.3–2.6 m (7 ft 7 in – 8 ft 6 in) in shoulder heights and weighed between 2.8–4 t (2.8–3.9 long tons; 3.1–4.4 short tons). A newborn calf weighed about 90 kg (200 lb). The woolly mammoth was well adapted to the cold environment during the 2644: 1569:, and the tail was short for the same reason, only 36 cm (14 in) long in the "Berezovka mammoth". The tail contained 21 vertebrae, whereas the tails of modern elephants contain 28–33. Their skin was no thicker than that of present-day elephants, between 1.25 and 2.5 cm (0.49 and 0.98 in). They had a layer of fat up to 10 cm (3.9 in) thick under the skin, which helped to keep them warm. Woolly mammoths had broad flaps of skin under their tails which covered the 2377: 2916: 3266: 2002: 1585:

mammoth", which was preserved with a complete trunk tip. Unlike the trunk lobes of modern elephants, the upper "finger" at the tip of the trunk had a long pointed lobe and was 10 cm (3.9 in) long, while the lower "thumb" was 5 cm (2.0 in) and was broader. The trunk of "Dima" was 76 cm (30 in) long, whereas the trunk of the adult "Liakhov mammoth" was 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long. The well-preserved trunk of a juvenile specimen nicknamed "

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up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long and 0.05 mm (0.0020 in) in diameter. The hairs on the upper leg were up to 38 cm (15 in) long, and those of the feet were 15 cm (5.9 in) long, reaching the toes. The hairs on the head were relatively short, but longer on the underside and the sides of the trunk. The tail was extended by coarse hairs up to 60 cm (24 in) long, which were thicker than the guard hairs. The woolly mammoth likely

2488: 1850: 2684:, Alaska, well into the Holocene, with their extinction on the island being tightly constrained to around 5,600 years ago based on direct dating of bones and environmental proxies. This population is suggested to have gone extinct as a result of sea-level rise and increasing dryness of the island reducing freshwater availability, along with mammoth activity degrading the few freshwater sources on the island. The last population known from fossils remained on 2838:", as these sites were erroneously thought to be where old elephants went to die. Similar accumulations of woolly mammoth bones have been found; these are thought to be the result of individuals dying near or in the rivers over thousands of years, and their bones eventually being brought together by the streams. Some accumulations are thought to be the remains of herds that died together at the same time, perhaps due to flooding. Natural traps, such as 1870: 1841: 2150: 785: 2497: 10623: 1926: 130: 1861: 513: 2532:

unknown, since many other large herbivores were available. Many mammoth carcasses may have been scavenged by humans rather than hunted. Some cave paintings show woolly mammoths in structures interpreted as pitfall traps. Few specimens show direct, unambiguous evidence of having been hunted by humans. A Siberian specimen with a spearhead embedded in its shoulder blade shows that a spear had been thrown at it with great force.

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heaviest tusk is 121 kg (267 lb), suggested to have been 125–130 kg (276–287 lb) when complete; 2.4–2.7 m (7 ft 10 in – 8 ft 10 in) and 45 kg (99 lb) was a more typical size. Female tusks were smaller and thinner, 1.5–1.8 m (4 ft 11 in – 5 ft 11 in) and weighing 9 kg (20 lb). For comparison, the record for longest tusks of the

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correspond to summers, so determining the season in which a mammoth died is possible. The growth of the tusks slowed when foraging became harder, for example during winter, during disease, or when a male was banished from the herd (male elephants live with their herds until about the age of 10). Mammoth tusks dating to the harshest period of the last glaciation 25–20,000 years ago show slower growth rates.

2479:, are known. A 2019 study found that woolly mammoth ivory was the most suitable bony material for the production of big game projectile points during the Late Plesistocene. To be able to process the ivory, the large tusks had to be chopped, chiseled, and split into smaller, more manageable pieces. Some ivory artefacts show that tusks had been straightened, and how this was achieved is unknown. 2619:(130–116 kyr BP) suggest that woolly mammoths and associated steppe faunas were sensitive to contractions of steppe-tundra habitats since they were adapted to cold, dry, and open environments. Genetic results and climatic models both indicate that habitats suitable for the woolly mammoth in Eurasia contracted during the interglacial period, which would have caused population 3596:. Due to the large area of Siberia, the possibility that woolly mammoths survived into more recent times cannot be completely ruled out, but evidence indicates that they became extinct thousands of years ago. These natives had likely gained their knowledge of woolly mammoths from carcasses they encountered, which is likely the source of their legends of the animal. 1458:(1.1–1.65 million years old) belonged to new lineage. The study found that half of the ancestry of Columbian mammoths came from relatives of the Krestovka lineage (which probably represented the first mammoths that colonised the Americas) and the other half from the lineage of woolly mammoths, with the hybridisation happening more than 420,000 years ago, during the 1209:; primitive species had few ridges, and the number increased gradually as new species evolved to feed on more abrasive food items. The crowns of the teeth became deeper in height and the skulls became taller to accommodate this. At the same time, the skulls became shorter from front to back to minimise the weight of the head. The short and tall skulls of woolly and 2948:. This was one of the first attempts at reconstructing the skeleton of an extinct animal. Most of the reconstruction is correct, but Tilesius placed each tusk in the opposite socket, so that they curved outward instead of inward. The error was not corrected until 1899, and the correct placement of mammoth tusks was still a matter of debate into the 20th century. 1506:(9 ft 2 in – 10 ft 4 in) with a weight of 4.5–6 t (9,900–13,200 lb), with females being smaller like living elephants, with a shoulder height of 2.3–2.6 m (7 ft 7 in – 8 ft 6 in) and a weight of 2.8–4 t (6,200–8,800 lb). This size is comparable to the largest living elephant species, the 2627:

and other grasslands prevented them from spreading farther. Towards the end of the Last Glacial period, from around 15,000 years ago, the mammoth steppe that the woolly mammoth inhabited was gradually replaced across most of Siberia with wet tundra and boreal and temperate forest, which the woolly mammoth would have found to be unfavourable habitat.

2590:, which began 40,000 years ago and peaked between 14,000 and 11,500 years ago. Scientists are divided over whether hunting or climate change, which led to the shrinkage of its habitat, was the main factor that contributed to the extinction of the woolly mammoth, or whether it was due to a combination of the two. Evidence from tusk-derived 3547: 1589:" was described in 2015, and it was shown to possess a fleshy expansion a third above the tip. Rather than oval as the rest of the trunk, this part was ellipsoidal in cross section, and double the size in diameter. The feature was shown to be present in two other specimens, of different sexes and ages. 3308:

cells from a frozen woolly mammoth carcass. The resulting offspring would be an elephant–mammoth hybrid, and the process would have to be repeated so more hybrids could be used in breeding. After several generations of cross-breeding these hybrids, an almost pure woolly mammoth would be produced. The

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Between 1692 and 1806, a handful of reports of frozen mammoth remains with soft tissue were published reached Europe, though none were collected during that time. While frozen woolly mammoth carcasses had been excavated by Europeans as early as 1728, the first fully documented specimen was discovered

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DNA sequencing of remains of two mammoths, one from Siberia 44,800 years BP and one from Wrangel Island 4,300 years BP, indicates two major population crashes: one around 280,000 years ago, from which the population recovered, and a second about 12,000 years ago, near the ice age's end, from which it

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Different woolly mammoth populations did not die out simultaneously across their range, but gradually became extinct over time. The dynamics of different woolly mammoth populations varied as they experienced very different magnitudes of climatic and human impacts over time, suggesting that extinction

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The Last Glacial Period of the late Pleistocene is considered that of the maximum geographic distribution of the woolly mammoth, occupying most of Europe, northern Asia, and northern North America, although several barriers such as ice sheets, high mountain chains, deserts, year-round water surfaces,

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At a site in southern Poland that contains bones from over 100 mammoths, stone spear tips have been found embedded in bones, and many stone spear points in the site were damaged from impact against mammoth bones, indicating that mammoths were the major prey for people at the time. A specimen from the

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of its tusks when viewed in cross section, but this does not account for its early years, as these are represented by the tips of the tusks, which are usually worn away. In the remaining part of the tusk, each major line represents a year, and weekly and daily ones can be found in between. Dark bands

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alleles result in light hair. Mammoths born with at least one copy of the dominant allele would have had dark coats, while those with two copies of the recessive allele would have had light coats. A 2011 study showed that light individuals would have been rare. A 2014 study instead indicated that the

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and other mammoths have been proposed, but their validity is uncertain; depending on author, they are either considered primitive forms of an advanced species or advanced forms of a primitive species. Distinguishing and determining these intermediate forms has been called one of the most long-lasting

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Dehasque, Marianne; Morales, Hernán E.; Díez-del-Molino, David; Pečnerová, Patrícia; Chacón-Duque, J. Camilo; Kanellidou, Foteini; Muller, Héloïse; Plotnikov, Valerii; Protopopov, Albert; Tikhonov, Alexei; Nikolskiy, Pavel; Danilov, Gleb K.; Giannì, Maddalena; van der Sluis, Laura; Higham, Tom (June

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Campbell, K. L.; Roberts, J. E. E.; Watson, L. N.; Stetefeld, J. R.; Sloan, A. M.; Signore, A. V.; Howatt, J. W.; Tame, J. R. H.; Rohland, N.; Shen, T. J.; Austin, J. J.; Hofreiter, M.; Ho, C.; Weber, R. E.; Cooper, A. (2010). "Substitutions in woolly mammoth hemoglobin confer biochemical properties

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were also reluctant to report mammoth finds to the authorities due to bad treatment of them in the past. In more recent years, scientific expeditions have been devoted to finding carcasses instead of relying solely on chance encounters. The most famous frozen specimen from Alaska is a calf nicknamed

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The molars were adapted to their diet of coarse tundra grasses, with more enamel plates and a higher crown than their earlier, southern relatives. The woolly mammoth chewed its food by using its powerful jaw muscles to move the mandible forwards and close the mouth, then backwards while opening; the

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sequences from three Asian elephants and two woolly mammoths were compared. About 1.4 million DNA nucleotide differences were found between mammoths and elephants, which affect the sequence of more than 1,600 proteins. Differences were noted in genes for a number of aspects of physiology and biology

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a few centimetres long at six months old, which were replaced by permanent tusks a year later. Tusk growth continued throughout life, but became slower as the animal reached adulthood. The tusks grew by 2.5–15 cm (0.98–5.91 in) each year. Some cave paintings show woolly mammoths with small

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consisted of an outer layer of long, coarse "guard hair", which was 30 cm (12 in) on the upper part of the body, up to 90 cm (35 in) in length on the flanks and underside, and 0.5 mm (0.020 in) in diameter, and a denser inner layer of shorter, slightly curly under-wool,

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Díez-del-Molino, David; Dehasque, Marianne; Chacón-Duque, J. Camilo; Pečnerová, Patrícia; Tikhonov, Alexei; Protopopov, Albert; Plotnikov, Valeri; Kanellidou, Foteini; Nikolskiy, Pavel; Mortensen, Peter; Danilov, Gleb K.; Vartanyan, Sergey; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Lister, Adrian M.; Heintzman, Peter

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van der Valk, T.; Pečnerová, P.; Díez-del-Molino, D.; Bergström, A.; Oppenheimer, J.; Hartmann, S.; Xenikoudakis, G.; Thomas, J. A.; Dehasque, M.; Sağlıcan, E.; Fidan, F. Rabia; Barnes, I.; Liu, S.; Somel, M.; Heintzman, P. D.; Nikolskiy, P.; Shapiro, B.; Skoglund, P.; Hofreiter, M.; Lister, A. M.;

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The presence of undigested food in the stomach and seed pods still in the mouth of many of the specimens suggests neither starvation nor exposure is likely. The maturity of this ingested vegetation places the time of death in autumn rather than in spring, when flowers would be expected. The animals

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The woolly mammoth is the third-most depicted animal in ice age art, after horses and bison, and these images were produced between 35,000 and 11,500 years ago. Today, more than 500 depictions of woolly mammoths are known, in media ranging from cave paintings and engravings on the walls of 46 caves

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A 2008 genetic study showed that some of the woolly mammoths that entered North America through the Bering land bridge from Asia migrated back about 300,000 years ago and had replaced the previous Asian population by about 40,000 years ago, not long before the entire species became extinct. Fossils

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Yamagata, K.; Nagai, K.; Miyamoto, H.; Anzai, M.; Kato, H.; Miyamoto, K.; Kurosaka, S.; Azuma, R.; Kolodeznikov, I. I.; Protopopov, A. V.; Plotnikov, V. V.; Kobayashi, H.; Kawahara-Miki, R.; Kono, T.; Uchida, M.; Shibata, Y.; Handa, T.; Kimura, H.; Hosoi, Y.; Mitani, T.; Matsumoto, K.; Iritani, A.

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Gilbert, M. T. P.; Drautz, D. I.; Lesk, A. M.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Qi, J.; Ratan, A.; Hsu, C. -H.; Sher, A.; Dalen, L.; Gotherstrom, A.; Tomsho, L. P.; Rendulic, S.; Packard, M.; Campos, P. F.; Kuznetsova, T. V.; Shidlovskiy, F.; Tikhonov, A.; Willerslev, E.; Iacumin, P.; Buigues, B.; Ericson, P. G. P.;

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Willerslev, E.; Davison, J.; Moora, M.; Zobel, M.; Coissac, E.; Edwards, M. E.; Lorenzen, E. D.; Vestergård, M.; Gussarova, G.; Haile, J.; Craine, J.; Gielly, L.; Boessenkool, S.; Epp, L. S.; Pearman, P. B.; Cheddadi, R.; Murray, D.; Bråthen, K. A.; Yoccoz, N.; Binney, H.; Cruaud, C.; Wincker, P.;

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Local dealers estimate that 10 million mammoths are still frozen in Siberia, and conservationists have suggested that this could help save the living species of elephants from extinction. Elephants are hunted by poachers for their ivory, but if this could instead be supplied by the already extinct

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The disappearance is relatively close in time with the first evidence of humans on the island, though other authors have suggested that woolly mammoths were almost certainly extinct for several centuries prior to the presence of humans on Wrangel Island (which dates to around 3,600 years ago). The

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age of Italy shows evidence of spear hunting by Neanderthals. The juvenile specimen nicknamed "Yuka" is the first frozen mammoth with evidence of human interaction. It shows evidence of having been killed by a large predator, and of having been scavenged by humans shortly after. Some of its bones

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suggest that these had metabolic adaptations related to extreme environments. A genetic study from 2023 found that the woolly mammoth had already acquired a broad range of genes associated with the development of skin and hair, fat storage, metabolism, and the immune system by the time the species

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In 2002, a well-preserved carcass was discovered near the Maxunuokha River in northern Yakutia, which was recovered during three excavations. This adult male specimen was called the "Yukagir mammoth" and is estimated to have lived around 18,560 years ago, been 2.829 m (9 ft 3.4 in)

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is 3.4 m (11 ft). The sheaths of the tusks were parallel and spaced closely. About a quarter of the length was inside the sockets. The tusks grew spirally in opposite directions from the base and continued in a curve until the tips pointed towards each other, sometimes crossing. In this

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Siberian mammoth ivory is reported to have been exported to Russia and Europe in the 10th century. The first Siberian ivory to reach western Europe was brought to London in 1611. When Russia occupied Siberia, the ivory trade grew and it became a widely exported commodity, with huge amounts being

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archipelago, a female between 50 and 60 years old at the time of death. The carcass contained well-preserved muscular tissue. When it was extracted from the ice, liquid blood spilled from the abdominal cavity. The finders interpreted this as indicating woolly mammoth blood possessed antifreezing

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By 1929, the remains of 34 mammoths with frozen soft tissues (skin, flesh, or organs) had been documented. Only four of them were relatively complete. Since then, about that many more have been found. In most cases, the flesh showed signs of decay before its freezing and later desiccation. Since

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The woolly mammoth coexisted with early humans, who used its bones and tusks for making art, tools, and dwellings, and hunted the species for food. The population of woolly mammoths declined at the end of the Late Pleistocene, with the last populations on mainland Siberia persisting until around

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Van Geel, B.; Fisher, D. C.; Rountrey, A. N.; Van Arkel, J.; Duivenvoorden, J. F.; Nieman, A. M.; Van Reenen, G. B. A.; Tikhonov, A. N.; Buigues, B.; Gravendeel, B. (2011). "Palaeo-environmental and dietary analysis of intestinal contents of a mammoth calf (Yamal Peninsula, northwest Siberia)".

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Cappellini, E.; Jensen, L. J.; Szklarczyk, D.; Ginolhac, A. L.; Da Fonseca, R. A. R.; Stafford, T. W.; Holen, S. R.; Collins, M. J.; Orlando, L.; Willerslev, E.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Olsen, J. V. (2012). "Proteomic analysis of a Pleistocene mammoth femur reveals more than one hundred ancient bone

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of a female elephant and replacement with a nucleus from woolly mammoth tissue. The cell would then be stimulated into dividing and inserted back into a female elephant. The resulting calf would have the genes of the woolly mammoth, although its fetal environment would be different. Most intact

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Woolly mammoths continued growing past adulthood, like other elephants. Unfused limb bones show that males grew until they reached the age of 40, and females grew until they were 25. The frozen calf "Dima" was 90 cm (35 in) tall when it died at the age of 6–12 months. At this age, the

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teeth), which were more curved than those of modern elephants. The longest known male tusk is 4.05 m (13.3 ft) long (measured along the outside curve) and weighs 115.5 kg (255 lb), with a historical report of a 4.30 m (14.1 ft) long tusk found in Siberia, while the

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Cherney, Michael D.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Auchus, Richard J.; Rountrey, Adam N.; Selcer, Perrin; Shirley, Ethan A.; Beld, Scott G.; Buigues, Bernard; Mol, Dick; Boeskorov, Gennady G.; Vartanyan, Sergey L.; Tikhonov, Alexei N. (2023). "Testosterone histories from tusks reveal woolly mammoth musth

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Stories abound about frozen woolly mammoth meat that was consumed once defrosted, especially that of the "Berezovka mammoth", but most of these are considered dubious. The carcasses were in most cases decayed, and the stench so unbearable that only wild scavengers and the dogs accompanying the

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heard about the frozen mammoth. Adams recovered the entire skeleton, apart from the tusks, which Shumachov had already sold, and one foreleg, most of the skin, and nearly 18 kg (40 lb) of hair. During his return voyage, he purchased a pair of tusks that he believed were the ones that

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while eating meat from a Siberian mammoth leg (thoroughly cooked and flavoured with salt) and told his audience it tasted bad and like soil. This triggered controversy and gained mixed reactions, but Xing stated he did it to promote science. In 2023, An Australian cultured meat start-up, Vow,

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Woolly mammoths were an important food source for both modern humans and Neanderthals. Several woolly mammoth specimens show evidence of being butchered by humans, which is indicated by breaks, cut marks, and associated stone tools. How much prehistoric humans relied on woolly mammoth meat is

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has also been identified in woolly mammoth remains. An extra number of cervical vertebrae has been found in 33% of specimens from the North Sea region, probably due to a drop in numbers and subsequent inbreeding. Vertebral lesions in woolly mammoths have been speculated to have resulted from

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of the back vertebrae decreasing in length from front to rear. These features were not present in juveniles, which had convex backs like Asian elephants. Another feature shown in cave paintings was confirmed by the discovery of a frozen specimen in 1924, an adult nicknamed the "Middle Kolyma

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The appearance of the woolly mammoth is probably the best known of any prehistoric animal due to the many frozen specimens with preserved soft tissue and depictions by contemporary humans in their art. The average shoulder height for males of the species has been estimated at 2.8–3.15 m

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was in decline while coexisting with humans, since far fewer tracks of juveniles were identified than would be expected in a normal herd. It has been suggested that human hunting exerted significant pressure on woolly mammoth populations for thousands of years across their range, making the

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Before their extinction, the Wrangel Island mammoths had accumulated numerous genetic defects due to their small population; in particular, a number of genes for olfactory receptors and urinary proteins became nonfunctional, possibly because they had lost their selective value on the island

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Distortion in the molars is the most common health problem found in woolly mammoth fossils. Sometimes, the replacement was disrupted, and the molars were pushed into abnormal positions, but some animals are known to have survived this. Teeth from Britain showed that 2% of specimens had

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Woolly mammoths had several adaptations to the cold, most noticeably the layer of fur covering all parts of their bodies. Other adaptations to cold weather include ears that are far smaller than those of modern elephants; they were about 38 cm (15 in) long and 18–28 cm

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Changes in climate shrank suitable mammoth habitat from 7,700,000 km (3,000,000 sq mi) 42,000 years ago to 800,000 km (310,000 sq mi), a roughly 90% decrease, by 6,000 years ago. Woolly mammoths survived an even greater loss of habitat at the end of the

2427:"Portable art" can be more accurately dated than cave art since it is found in the same deposits as tools and other ice age artefacts. The largest collection of portable mammoth art, consisting of 62 depictions on 47 plaques, was found in the 1960s at an excavated open-air camp near 2201:

was more diverse, abundant, and grew faster. Grasses, sedges, shrubs, and herbaceous plants were present, and scattered trees were mainly found in southern regions. This habitat was not dominated by ice and snow, as is popularly believed, since these regions are thought to have been

6901:

Debruyne, R.; Chu, G.; King, C. E.; Bos, K.; Kuch, M.; Schwarz, C.; Szpak, P.; Gröcke, D. R.; Matheus, P.; Zazula, G.; Guthrie, D.; Froese, D.; Buigues, B.; De Marliave, C.; Flemming, C.; Poinar, D.; Fisher, D.; Southon, J.; Tikhonov, A. N.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Poinar, H. N. (2008).

3045:

1860, Russian authorities have offered rewards of up to 1000 ₽ for finds of frozen woolly mammoth carcasses. Often, such finds were kept secret due to superstition. Several carcasses have been lost because they were not reported, and one was fed to dogs. Despite the rewards, native

3485:

excavated. From the 19th century and onwards, woolly mammoth ivory became a highly prized commodity, used as raw material for many products. Today, it is still in great demand as a replacement for the now-banned export of elephant ivory, and has been referred to as "white gold".

705:, was partially responsible for transforming the word "mammoth" from a noun describing the prehistoric elephant to an adjective describing anything of surprisingly large size. The first recorded use of the word as an adjective was in a description of a wheel of cheese (the " 6819:

Szpak, P.; Gröcke, D. R.; Debruyne, R.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Guthrie, R. D.; Froese, D.; Zazula, G. D.; Patterson, W. P.; Poinar, H. N. (2010). "Regional differences in bone collagen δ13C and δ15N of Pleistocene mammoths: Implications for paleoecology of the mammoth steppe".

3524:

revealed a lab-grown "mammoth meatball" produced using a DNA sequence from the woolly mammoth. The meatball sparked conversations about the potential of cultured meat as a sustainable food source, highlighting its environmental benefits compared to traditional agriculture.

1797:

or mates. Display of the large tusks of males could have been used to attract females and to intimidate rivals. Because of their curvature, the tusks were unsuitable for stabbing, but may have been used for hitting, as indicated by injuries to some fossil shoulder blades.

2877:, in permafrost. Soft tissue apparently was less likely to be preserved between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago, perhaps because the climate was milder during that period. Most specimens have partially degraded before discovery, due to exposure or to being scavenged. This " 9775: 3090:

determined that "Dima" died about 40,000 years ago. Its internal organs are similar to those of modern elephants, but its ears are only one-tenth the size of those of an African elephant of similar age. A less complete juvenile, nicknamed "Mascha", was found on the

2318:

and already used mammoth bones for tool-making and building materials. Woolly mammoths were very important to ice age humans, and human survival may have depended on the mammoth in some areas. Evidence for such coexistence was not recognised until the 19th century.

1185:

was mapped. The analysis showed that the woolly mammoth and the African elephant are 98.55% to 99.40% identical. The team mapped the woolly mammoth's nuclear genome sequence by extracting DNA from the hair follicles of both a 20,000-year-old mammoth retrieved from

3505:

finders showed any interest in the flesh. Such meat apparently was once recommended against illness in China, and Siberian natives have occasionally cooked the meat of frozen carcasses they discovered. According to one of the more famous stories, members of the

3411:. Native Siberians believed woolly mammoth remains to be those of giant mole-like animals that lived underground and died when burrowing to the surface. Woolly mammoth tusks had been articles of trade in Asia long before Europeans became acquainted with them. 2784:. In contrast, the St. Paul Island mammoth population apparently died out before human arrival because of habitat shrinkage resulting from the post-ice age sea-level rise, perhaps in large measure as a result of a consequent reduction in the freshwater supply. 1950:, and tree matter. The composition and exact varieties differed from location to location. Woolly mammoths needed a varied diet to support their growth, like modern elephants. An adult of 6 tonnes would need to eat 180 kg (400 lb) daily, and may have 1645:

Since mammoth carcasses were more likely to be preserved, possibly only the winter coat has been preserved in frozen specimens. Modern elephants have much less hair, though juveniles have a more extensive covering of hair than adults. This is thought to be for

1414:

A 2011 genetic study showed that two examined specimens of the Columbian mammoth were grouped within a subclade of woolly mammoths. This suggests that the two populations interbred and produced fertile offspring. A North American type formerly referred to as

3415:, the 13th-century Khan of the Mongols, is reputed to have sat on a throne made from mammoth ivory. Inspired by the Siberian natives' concept of the mammoth as an underground creature, it was recorded in the 16th-century Chinese pharmaceutical encyclopedia, 2261:

of the woolly mammoth. A 2008 DNA study showed two distinct groups of woolly mammoths: one that became extinct 45,000 years ago and another one that became extinct 12,000 years ago. The two groups are speculated to be divergent enough to be characterised as

1805:, similar to the tail on modern elephants. As in modern elephants, the sensitive and muscular trunk worked as a limb-like organ with many functions. It was used for manipulating objects, and in social interactions. The well-preserved foot of the adult male " 1997:

and gradually changed to a diet of plants when they were 2–3 years old. This is later than in modern elephants and may be due to a higher risk of predator attack or difficulty in obtaining food during the long periods of winter darkness at high latitudes.

5457: 2062:

The best-preserved head of a frozen adult specimen, that of a male nicknamed the "Yukagir mammoth", shows that woolly mammoths had temporal glands between the ear and the eye. This feature indicates that, like bull elephants, male woolly mammoths entered

8749:

Graham, R. W.; Belmecheri, S.; Choy, K.; Culleton, B. J.; Davies, L. J.; Froese, D.; Heintzman, P. D.; Hritz, C.; Kapp, J. D.; Newsom, L. A.; Rawcliffe, R.; Saulnier-Talbot, É.; Shapiro, B.; Wang, Y.; Williams, J. W.; Wooller, M. J. (1 August 2016).

8025:

2030:

The lifespan of mammals is related to their size. Since modern elephants can reach the age of 60 years, the same is thought to be true for woolly mammoths, which were of a similar size. The age of a mammoth can be roughly determined by counting the

1541:

girdle, since the opening that functions as the birth canal is always wider in females than in males. Though the mammoths on Wrangel Island were smaller than those of the mainland, their size varied, and they were not small enough to be considered

1741:

teeth at a time—two in the upper jaw and two in the lower. About 23 cm (9.1 in) of the crown was within the jaw, and 2.5 cm (0.98 in) was above. The crown was continually pushed forwards and up as it wore down, comparable to a

587:. Sloane's paper was based on travellers' descriptions and a few scattered bones collected in Siberia and Britain. He discussed the question of whether or not the remains were from elephants, but drew no conclusions. In 1738, the German zoologist 1498:

Size of a large woolly mammoth (in red) compared to a human and other mammoths (left) and a skeletal diagram of a 3.5 m (11 ft) tall large European bull and a smaller 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) Siberian bull compared to a human

2631:

causes would have varied by population. Most populations disappeared between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago. In Britain, woolly mammoths were still present between 14,500 and 14,000 BP. The youngest fossils of the mainland population are from the

3158:

tall at the shoulder, and weighed between 4 and 5 tonnes. It is one of the best-preserved mammoths ever found due to the almost complete head, covered in skin, but without the trunk. Some postcranial remains were found, some with soft tissue.

1933:

Food at various stages of digestion has been found in the intestines of several woolly mammoths, giving a good picture of their diet. Woolly mammoths sustained themselves on plant food, mainly grasses and sedges, which were supplemented with

4373:

Krause, J.; Dear, P. H.; Pollack, J. L.; Slatkin, M.; Spriggs, H.; Barnes, I.; Lister, A. M.; Ebersberger, I.; Pääbo, S.; Hofreiter, M. (2005). "Multiplex amplification of the mammoth mitochondrial genome and the evolution of Elephantidae".

9927: 1962:, 2.58 million years ago to present) by wrapping around them, whereas modern elephants curl their trunks around the longer grass of their tropical environments. The trunk could be used for pulling off large grass tufts, delicately picking 1174:

and humans. A 2010 study confirmed these relationships and suggested the mammoth and Asian elephant lineages diverged 5.8–7.8 million years ago, while African elephants diverged from an earlier common ancestor 6.6–8.8 million years ago.

759:

further proposed the former should be considered the lectotype with the latter as paralectotype. Both molars were thought lost by the 1980s, and the more complete "Taimyr mammoth" found in Siberia in 1948 was therefore proposed as the

591:

argued that mammoth fossils represented some kind of elephant. He could not explain why a tropical animal would be found in such a cold area as Siberia, and suggested that they might have been transported there by the Great Flood.

9445: 6257:

Mol, D.; Shoshani, J.; Tikhonov, A.; van Geel, B.; Sano, S.; Lasarev, P.; Agenbroad, L. (2006). "The Yukagir mammoth: brief history, 14c dates, individual age, gender, size, physical and environmental conditions and storage".

2545:

in Siberia has revealed several specimens with evidence of human hunting, but the finds were interpreted to show that the animals were not hunted intensively, but perhaps mainly when ivory was needed. Two woolly mammoths from

1809:" shows that the soles of the feet contained many cracks that would have helped in gripping surfaces during locomotion. Like modern elephants, woolly mammoths walked on their toes and had large, fleshy pads behind the toes. 7636:

Dehasque, Marianne; Pečnerová, Patrícia; Muller, Héloïse; Tikhonov, Alexei; Nikolskiy, Pavel; Tsigankova, Valeriya I.; Danilov, Gleb K.; Díez-del-Molino, David; Vartanyan, Sergey; Dalén, Love; Lister, Adrian M. (May 2021).

3346:

Some researchers question the ethics of such recreation attempts. In addition to the technical problems, not much habitat is left that would be suitable for elephant-mammoth hybrids. Because the species was social and

2801:

population abundance of woolly mammoths considerably lower than it would have been otherwise even prior to their range decline, and likely hastened the range collapse of woolly mammoths in response to climate change.

2431:

in Germany. A correlation between the number of mammoths depicted and the species that were most often hunted does not seem to exist, since reindeer bones are the most frequently found animal remains at the site. Two

7676:

Murchie, Tyler J.; Monteath, Alistair J.; Mahony, Matthew E.; Long, George S.; Cocker, Scott; Sadoway, Tara; Karpinski, Emil; Zazula, Grant; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Froese, Duane; Poinar, Hendrik N. (8 December 2021).

7548:

Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Dalén, Love; Lister, Adrian M.; Vartanyan, Sergey; Sablin, Mikhail; Sher, Andrei; Edmark, Veronica Nyström; Brandström, Mikael D.; Germonpré, Mietje; Barnes, Ian; Thomas, Jessica A. (2013).

1466:

from ancient DNA. The study also found that genetic adaptations to cold environments, such as hair growth and fat deposits, were already present in the steppe mammoth lineage and were not unique to woolly mammoths.

3440:

believed the bones came from burrowing creatures, while other peoples associated them with primordial giants or "great beasts". Observers have interpreted legends from several Native American peoples as containing

1650:, helping them lose heat in their hot environments. Comparison between the over-hairs of woolly mammoths and extant elephants show that they did not differ much in overall morphology. Woolly mammoths had numerous 2941: 3797:"A Letter from John Phil. Breyne, M. D. F. R. S. To Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Pres. R. S. With Observations, and a Description of Some Mammoth's Bones Dug up in Siberia, Proving Them to Have Belonged to Elephants" 2772:) had similarly died out about 13,300 years ago, soon (roughly 1.000 years) after the first appearance of humans in the area, which parallels the fate of all the other late Pleistocene proboscideans (mammoths, 2339:, France. The engraving was the first widely accepted evidence for the coexistence of humans with prehistoric extinct animals and is the first contemporary depiction of such a creature known to modern science. 7745:

Fordham, Damien A.; Brown, Stuart C.; Akçakaya, H. Reşit; Brook, Barry W.; Haythorne, Sean; Manica, Andrea; Shoemaker, Kevin T.; Austin, Jeremy J.; Blonder, Benjamin; Pilowsky, Julia; Rahbek, Carsten (2022).

1250:; it spread across Europe and China. Only its molars are known, which show that it had 8–10 enamel ridges. A population evolved 12–14 ridges, splitting off from and replacing the earlier type, becoming the 3283:

The existence of preserved soft tissue remains and DNA of woolly mammoths has led to the idea that the species could be resurrected by scientific means. Several methods have been proposed to achieve this.

2712:

supports the existence of small mainland populations that died out at around the same time as their island counterparts; two studies in 2021 found that based on environmental DNA, mammoths survived in the

7362:

1685:

colouration of an individual varied from nonpigmented on the overhairs, bicoloured, nonpigmented and mixed red-brown guard hairs, and nonpigmented underhairs, which would give a light overall appearance.

1462:. Later woolly and Columbian mammoths also interbred occasionally, and mammoth species may have hybridised routinely when brought together by glacial expansion. These findings were the first evidence of 9772: 2731:

sp.). However, ancient environmental DNA in cold environments can be reworked from older sediments into younger sediments that clearly post-date extinction, raising doubt about validity of these dates.

1900:

of the woolly mammoth was adapted to the cold, with three mutations to improve oxygen delivery around the body and prevent freezing. This feature may have helped the mammoths to live at high latitudes.

1827:

and Sr/Sr found in layers of the enamel correspond to seasonal variations and indicate that Polish woolly mammoths inhabited southern Poland during winter but grazed the Polish midlands during summer.

433:. Mammoth remains had long been known in Asia before they became known to Europeans in the 17th century. The origin of these remains was long a matter of debate and often explained as being remains of 3436:

used woolly mammoth ivory and bone for tools and art. As in Siberia, North American natives had "myths of observation" explaining the remains of woolly mammoths and other elephants; the Bering Strait

1723:

or no tusks, but whether this reflected reality or was artistic license is unknown. Female Asian elephants have no tusks, but no fossil evidence indicates that any adult woolly mammoths lacked them.

9919: 4112:

Palkopoulou, Eleftheria; Lipson, Mark; Mallick, Swapan; Nielsen, Svend; Rohland, Nadin; Baleka, Sina; Karpinski, Emil; Ivancevic, Atma M.; To, Thu-Hien; Kortschak, R. Daniel; Raison, Joy M. (2018).

2885:

may have fallen through ice into small ponds or potholes, entombing them. Many are certainly known to have been killed in rivers, perhaps through being swept away by floods. In one location, by the

776:

were also proposed. The paralectotype molar (specimen GZG.V.010.018) has since been located in the Göttingen University collection, identified by comparing it with Osborn's illustration of a cast.

3599:

In the late 19th century, rumours existed about surviving mammoths in Alaska. In 1899, Henry Tukeman detailed his killing of a mammoth in Alaska and his subsequent donation of the specimen to the

8086: 5630:

Kowalik, Nina; Anczkiewicz, Robert; Müller, Wolfgang; Spötl, Christoph; Bondioli, Luca; Nava, Alessia; Wojtal, Piotr; Wilczyński, Jarosław; Koziarska, Marta; Matyszczak, Milena (15 April 2023).

5474:

Boeskorov, G.; Tikhonov, A.; Shchelchkova, M.; Ballard, J. P.; Mol, D. (2020). "Big tuskers: Maximum sizes of tusks in woolly mammoths - Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach) - from East Siberia".

6062:

Metcalfe, J. Z.; Longstaffe, F. J.; Zazula, G. D. (2010). "Nursing, weaning, and tooth development in woolly mammoths from Old Crow, Yukon, Canada: Implications for Pleistocene extinctions".

2570:(including the Columbian mammoth) as well as the extinctions or extirpations of steppe-associated fauna of Eurasia that coexisted with the mammoth species (such as the woolly rhinoceros, the 1820:

in Canada, showing that in this case almost equal numbers of adults, subadults, and juveniles were found. The adults had a stride of 2 m (6.6 ft), and the juveniles ran to keep up.

6219:

Rountrey, A. N.; Fisher, D. C.; Tikhonov, A. N.; Kosintsev, P. A.; Lazarev, P. A.; Boeskorov, G.; Buigues, B. (2012). "Early tooth development, gestation, and season of birth in mammoths".

5387:

Workman, C.; Dalen, L.; Vartanyan, S.; Shapiro, B.; Kosintsev, P.; Sher, A.; Gotherstrom, A.; Barnes, I. (2011). "Population-level genotyping of coat colour polymorphism in woolly mammoth (

2436:

shaped as woolly mammoths have been found in France. Some portable mammoth depictions may not have been produced where they were discovered, but could have moved around by ancient trading.

4922:"Reconstructing the life appearance of a Pleistocene giant: size, shape, sexual dimorphism and ontogeny of Palaeoloxodon antiquus (Proboscidea: Elephantidae) from Neumark-Nord 1 (Germany)" 7281:

Overstreet, D. F.; Kolb, M. F. (2003). "Geoarchaeological contexts for Late Pleistocene archaeological sites with human-modified woolly mammoth remains in southeastern Wisconsin, U.S.A".

2956: 2193:" or "tundra steppe". This environment stretched across northern Asia, many parts of Europe, and the northern part of North America during the last ice age. It was similar to the grassy 10516: 2456:

Woolly mammoth bones were used as construction material for dwellings by both Neanderthals and modern humans during the ice age. More than 70 such dwellings are known, mainly from the

1993:

necessary for digestion of vegetation, as is the case in modern elephants. An isotope analysis of woolly mammoths from Yukon showed that the young nursed for at least 3 years and were

9437: 1718:

The tusks were usually asymmetrical and showed considerable variation, with some tusks curving down instead of outwards and some being shorter due to breakage. Calves developed small

3335:, had some woolly mammoth genes edited into the genome of an Asian elephant; focusing on cold-resistance initially, the target genes are for the external ear size, subcutaneous fat, 1781:

Adult woolly mammoths could effectively defend themselves from predators with their tusks, trunks and size, but juveniles and weakened adults were vulnerable to pack hunters such as

5782: 2873:, Poland. Frozen remains of woolly mammoths have been found in the northern parts of Siberia and Alaska, with far fewer finds in the latter. Such remains are mostly found above the 9277:

Debruyne, R. G.; Barriel, V. R.; Tassy, P. (2003). "Mitochondrial cytochrome b of the Lyakhov mammoth (Proboscidea, Mammalia): New data and phylogenetic analyses of Elephantidae".

728:, as he believed the former name to be invalidly published. Mammoth taxonomy was simplified by various researchers from the 1970s onwards, all species were retained in the genus 3876: 3582:. In the 19th century, several reports of "large shaggy beasts" were passed on to the Russian authorities by Siberian tribesmen, but no scientific proof ever surfaced. A French 3493:

Conference, but dealers have been known to label it as mammoth ivory to get it through customs. Mammoth ivory looks similar to elephant ivory, but the former is browner and the

2615:

Whatever the cause, large mammals are generally more vulnerable than smaller ones due to their smaller population size and low reproduction rates. Climatic patterns during the

9694: 8236:

Nyström, V.; Humphrey, J.; Skoglund, P.; McKeown, N. J.; Vartanyan, S.; Shaw, P. W.; Lidén, K.; Jakobsson, M.; Barnes, I. A. N.; Angerbjörn, A.; Lister, A.; Dalén, L. (2012).

4672:(Proboscidea, Elephantidae) from the late Middle Pleistocene of the southern Western and Central Siberia, Russia: the problem of intermediate elements in the mammoth lineage" 4081:

Shoshani, J.; Ferretti, M. P.; Lister, A. M.; Agenbroad, L. D.; Saegusa, H.; Mol, D.; Takahashi, K. (2007). "Relationships within the Elephantinae using hyoid characters".

2623:

that restricted its range to a few northern areas. As the climate favoured colder environments, however, woolly mammoth populations rebounded during later glacial periods.

4179:

Baleka, Sina; Varela, Luciano; Tambusso, P. Sebastián; Paijmans, Johanna L.A.; Mothé, Dimila; Stafford, Thomas W.; Fariña, Richard A.; Hofreiter, Michael (January 2022).

4921: 2834:, which was dry at times during the ice age. Such fossils are usually fragmentary and contain no soft tissue. Accumulations of modern elephant remains have been termed " 603:

was the first to identify the woolly mammoth remains not as modern elephants transported to the Arctic, but as an entirely new species. He argued this species had gone

9205:

Farrand, W. R. (1961). "Frozen Mammoths and Modern Geology: The death of the giants can be explained as a hazard of tundra life, without evoking catastrophic events".

8368:

Palkopoulou, E.; Mallick, S.; Skoglund, P.; Enk, J.; Rohland, N.; Li, H.; Omrak, A.; Vartanyan, S.; Poinar, H.; Götherström, A.; Reich, D.; Dalén, L. (23 April 2015).

5916:

Bocherens, H.; Fizet, M.; Mariotti, A.; Gangloff, R. A.; Burns, J. A. (1994). "Contribution of isotopic biogeochemistry (13C,15N,18O) to the paleoecology of mammoths (

3082:

In 1977, the well-preserved carcass of a seven- to eight-month-old woolly mammoth calf named "Dima" was discovered. This carcass was recovered near a tributary of the

2756:

environment. It is not clear whether these genetic changes contributed to their extinction. It has been proposed that these changes are consistent with the concept of

2230:(a group of herbaceous plants) were more important in the steppe-tundra than previously acknowledged, and that it was a primary food source for the ice-age megafauna. 1884:

The woolly mammoth was probably the most specialised member of the family Elephantidae. In addition to their fur, they had lipopexia (fat storage) in their neck and

10009: 8950: 5133:

Plotnikov, V. V.; Maschenko, E. N.; Pavlov, I. S.; Protopopov, A. V.; Boeskorov, G. G.; Petrova, E. A. (2015). "New data on trunk morphology in the woolly mammoth,

4338:

Roca, Alfred L.; Ishida, Yasuko; Brandt, Adam L.; Benjamin, Neal R.; Zhao, Kai; Georgiadis, Nicholas J. (2015). "Elephant Natural History: A Genomic Perspective".

2404:

has the most depictions, 159, and some of the drawings are more than 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length. Other notable caves with mammoth depictions are the

2290:

and lived there simultaneously, or if the woolly mammoths may have entered these southern areas during times when Columbian mammoth populations were absent there.

10036:

Our lost explorers : the narrative of the Jeannette Arctic Expedition as related by the survivors, and in the records and last journals of Lieutenant De Long

3509:

dined on the meat of a frozen mammoth from Alaska in 1951. In 2016, a group of researchers genetically examined a sample of the meal, and found it to belong to a

1565:(7.1–11.0 in) across, and the ear of the 6- to 12-month-old frozen calf "Dima" was under 13 cm (5.1 in) long. The small ears reduced heat loss and 1537:

Few frozen specimens have preserved genitals, so the sex is usually determined through examination of the skeleton. The best indication of sex is the size of the

9136:

Tilesio, W. G. (1815). "De skeleto mammonteo Sibirico ad maris glacialis littora anno 1807 effosso, cui praemissae Elephantini generis specierum distinctiones".

3086:

in northeastern Siberia. This specimen weighed about 100 kg (220 lb) at death and was 104 cm (41 in) high and 115 cm (45 in) long.

1917:

appeared, and that these continued to evolve within the last 700,000 years, including a gene that resulted in mammoths of the Late Quaternary having small ears.

3854:

Reich, M.; Gehler, A.; Mohl, D.; van der Plicht, H.; Lister, A. M. (2007). "The rediscovery of type material of Mammuthus primigenius (Mammalia: Proboscidea)".

6185: 1966:

and flowers, and tearing off leaves and branches where trees and shrubs were present. The "Yukagir mammoth" had ingested plant matter that contained spores of

2721:

of Siberia until 3,900 to 4,100 years ago, roughly concurrent with the Wrangel population. The Taymyr Peninsula, with its drier habitat, may have served as a

7598:

Kahlke, Ralk-Dietrich (2015). "The maximum geographic extension of Late Pleistocene Mammuthus primigenius (Proboscidea, Mammalia) and its limiting factors".

5073:

Den Ouden, N.; Reumer, J. W. F.; Van Den Hoek Ostende, L. W. (2012). "Did mammoth end up a lilliput? Temporal body size trends in Late Pleistocene Mammoths,

8213: 6636:

Takahashi, K.; Wei, G.; Uno, H.; Yoneda, M.; Jin, C.; Sun, C.; Zhang, S.; Zhong, B. (2007). "AMS 14C chronology of the world's southernmost woolly mammoth (

4649: 1244:. The former is thought to be the ancestor of later forms. Mammoths entered Europe around 3 million years ago. The earliest European mammoth has been named 5593:

McNeil, P.; Hills, L.; Kooyman, B.; Tolman, S. (2005). "Mammoth tracks indicate a declining Late Pleistocene population in southwestern Alberta, Canada".

3574:

There have been occasional claims that the woolly mammoth is not extinct and that small, isolated herds might survive in the vast and sparsely inhabited

3339:, and hair attributes. If any method is ever successful, a suggestion has been made to introduce the hybrids to a wildlife reserve in Siberia called the 3205:". Its skull and pelvis had been removed prior to discovery, but were found nearby. After being discovered, the skin of "Yuka" was prepared to produce a 10057: 3836:

Cuvier, G. (1796). "Mémoire sur les épèces d'elephans tant vivantes que fossils, lu à la séance publique de l'Institut National le 15 germinal, an IV".

10959: 8094: 7870:"Late-glacial mammoth skeletons ( Mammuthus primigenius ) from Condover (Shropshire, UK): anatomy, pathology, taphonomy and chronological significance" 468:, which were replaced six times during the lifetime of an individual. Its behaviour was similar to that of modern elephants, and it used its tusks and 1654:

in their skin, which secreted oils into their hair; this would have improved the wool's insulation, repelled water, and given the fur a glossy sheen.

1270:

evolved molars with 26 ridges 400,000 years ago in Siberia and became the woolly mammoth. The earliest identified forms of woolly mammoth date to the

4696: 2751:: red is increasing suitability, green is decreasing suitability. Black points are records of mammoths, black lines are the northern limit of humans 6760:

Germonpre, M.; Kosintsev, P.; Nikolaev, V.; Nowak-Kemp, M.; Knight, J. R.; Irzyk, G. P.; Perbost, C. S.; Fredrikson, K. M.; Harkins, T. T. (2008).

9828: 3947: 2893:

in Siberia, more than 8,000 bones from at least 140 mammoths have been found in a single spot, apparently having been swept there by the current.

10750: 10317: 3201:

In 2012, a juvenile was found in Siberia, which had man-made cut marks. Scientists estimated its age at death to be 2.5 years, and nicknamed it "

3095:

in 1988. It was 3–4 months old, and a laceration on its right foot may have been the cause of death. It is the westernmost frozen mammoth found.

1750:, which were themselves covered in "prisms" that were directed towards the chewing surface. These were quite wear-resistant and kept together by 5337:

Rompler, H.; Rohland, N.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Willerslev, E.; Kuznetsova, T.; Rabeder, G.; Bertranpetit, J.; Schöneberg, T.; Hofreiter, M. (2006).

3592:, M. Gallon, said in 1946 that in 1920, he had met a Russian fur-trapper who claimed to have seen living giant, furry "elephants" deep into the 1657:

Preserved woolly mammoth fur is orange-brown, but this is believed to be an artefact from the bleaching of pigment during burial. The amount of

831:, which diverged 25 million years before the mammoths evolved. The Asian elephant is the closest extant relative of the mammoths. The following 7991: 7502:"Paleoclimatic implications of oxygen isotopic variation in late Pleistocene and Holocene tusks of Mammuthus primigenius from northern Eurasia" 4039: 1197:

Since many remains of each species of mammoth are known from several localities, reconstructing the evolutionary history of the genus through

10434: 9883:

Rohwer, Y.; Marris, E. (2018). "An analysis of potential ethical justifications for mammoth de-extinction and a call for empirical research".

9414: 7246:

Nikolskiy, P.; Pitulko, V. (2013). "Evidence from the Yana Palaeolithic site, Arctic Siberia, yields clues to the riddle of mammoth hunting".

2327:

skeleton in 1823, which was found in a cave alongside woolly mammoth bones, but he mistakenly denied that these were contemporaries. In 1864,

1310: 10929: 10909: 10763: 9982: 3765: 6440:"A preliminary review of bone and teeth abnormalities seen in recent Loxodonta and extinct Mammuthus and Mammut, and suggested implications" 4503: 3916: 572:. Sloane turned to another biblical explanation for the presence of elephants in the Arctic, asserting that they had been buried during the 8436: 3297:

mammoths have had little usable DNA because of their conditions of preservation. There is not enough to guide the production of an embryo.

6987:

in the cave and portable art: An overview with a short account on the elephant fossil record in Southern Europe during the last glacial".

5774: 4713:

Enk, J.; Devault, A.; Debruyne, R.; King, C. E.; Treangen, T.; O'Rourke, D.; Salzberg, S. L.; Fisher, D.; MacPhee, R.; Poinar, H. (2011).

2067:", a period of heightened aggressiveness. The glands are used especially by males to produce an oily substance with a strong smell called 7975:

Yesner, D. R.; Veltre, D. W.; Crossen, K. J.; Graham, R. W. "5,700-year-old Mammoth Remains from Qagnax Cave, Pribilof Islands, Alaska".

3233:, Canada. The specimen is estimated to have died 30,000 years ago and was nicknamed "Nun cho ga", meaning "big baby animal" in the local 4425:

Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L.; Hofreiter, M. (2010). Penny, David (ed.).

10954: 7639:"Combining Bayesian age models and genetics to investigate population dynamics and extinction of the last mammoths in northern Siberia" 4181:"Revisiting proboscidean phylogeny and evolution through total evidence and palaeogenetic analyses including Notiomastodon ancient DNA" 3031: 3870: 10944: 3275: 3209:

mount. In 2019, a group of researchers managed to obtain signs of biological activity after transferring nuclei of "Yuka" into mouse

9691: 9665: 5290:

Repin, V. E.; Taranov, O. S.; Ryabchikova, E. I.; Tikhonov, A. N.; Pugachev, V. G. (2004). "Sebaceous Glands of the Woolly Mammoth,

10840: 10724: 10489: 9265: 8340:

Seeber, Pa; Batke, L; Dvornikov, Y; Schmidt, A; Wang, Y; Stoof-Leichsenring, Kr; Moon, Kl; Shapiro, B; Epp, Ls (1 September 2023).

1954:

as long as 20 hours every day. The two-fingered tip of the trunk was probably adapted for picking up the short grasses of the last

9730: 3607:. The museum denied the story. The Swedish writer Bengt Sjögren suggested in 1962 that the myth began when the American biologist 3177: 5430:"Megafaunal split ends: microscopical characterisation of hair structure and function in extinct woolly mammoth and woolly rhino" 4478: 3489:

mammoths, the demand could instead be met by these. Trade in elephant ivory has been forbidden in most places following the 1989

10038: 7481:

Stuart, Anthony J.; Lister, Adrian M. (2007). "Patterns of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in Europe and northern Asia".

7020:"Mammoths used as food and building resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological study applied to layer 4, Molodova I (Ukraine)" 607:

and no longer existed, a concept that was not widely accepted at the time. Following Cuvier's identification, German naturalist

10974: 10949: 10904: 1346:

Individuals and populations showing transitional morphologies between each of the mammoth species are known, and primitive and

5632:"Revealing seasonal woolly mammoth migration with spatially-resolved trace element, Sr and O isotopic records of molar enamel" 4948: 3327:

Several projects are working on gradually replacing the genes in elephant cells with mammoth genes. By 2015 and using the new

2881:" required the animal to have been buried rapidly in liquid or semisolids such as silt, mud, and icy water, which then froze. 1823:

Woolly mammoth dental enamel from Poland has demonstrated that woolly mammoths were seasonally migratory. Recurring shifts in

720:

was published, wherein he used various taxon names that had previously been proposed for mammoth species, including replacing

10581: 10550: 10250: 10141: 9958: 9383: 9170: 8933: 8733: 5722:

Lynch, V.; Bedoya-Reina, O. C.; Ratan, A.; Sulak, M.; Drautz-Moses, D. I.; Perry, G. H.; Miller, W.; Schuster, S. C. (2015).

5547: 3663: 3501:

has made access to Siberian tusks easier, since the permafrost thaws more quickly, exposing the mammoths embedded within it.

2945: 2158: 819:

existed 6 million years ago in Africa and includes the modern elephants and the mammoths. Among many now-extinct clades, the

6111:"Mammoth ivory was the most suitable osseous raw material for the production of Late Pleistocene big game projectile points" 5798:"Signals of positive selection in mitochondrial protein-coding genes of woolly mammoth: Adaptation to extreme environments?" 2983:

The 1901 excavation of the "Berezovka mammoth" is the best documented of the early finds. It was discovered at the Siberian

2601:

O did not significantly vary in areas where woolly mammoths died out and where they persisted for longer into the Holocene.

2400:") made from ivory, antler, stone and bone. Cave paintings of woolly mammoths exist in several styles and sizes. The French 528:

Remains of various extinct elephants were known by Europeans for centuries but were generally interpreted as the remains of

8712:

Fiedel, Stuart (2009). "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction". In Haynes, G. (ed.).

3943:

Proboscidea: A monograph of the discovery, evolution, migration and extinction of the mastodonts and elephants of the world

8981: 7019: 6578:

Goslar, T.; Alsos, I. G.; Bellemain, E.; Brysting, A. K.; Elven, R.; Sønstebø, J. R. H.; Murton, J.; et al. (2014).

3433: 3377: 3309:

fact that sperm cells of modern mammals are viable for 15 years at most after deepfreezing makes this method unfeasible.

3195:

The frozen calf "Yuka" (left), and its skull and jaw which may have been extracted from the carcass by prehistoric humans

2975: 9502:

Mashchenko, E. N.; Protopopov, A. V.; Plotnikov, V. V.; Pavlov, I. S. (2013). "Specific characters of the mammoth calf (

6520:"Ecological Structure of Recent and Last Glacial Mammalian Faunas in Northern Eurasia: The Case of Altai-Sayan Refugium" 3519:). The researchers concluded that the dinner had been a publicity stunt. In 2011, the Chinese palaeontologist Lida Xing 3021: 2043:

Examination of preserved calves shows that they were all born during spring and summer, and since modern elephants have

1166:). A 2015 DNA review confirmed Asian elephants as the closest living relative of the woolly mammoth. African elephants ( 10939: 10934: 10899: 3615:

trading mammoth tusks, asked if mammoths were still living in Alaska, and provided them with a drawing of the animal.

3035: 2924:

The "Adams mammoth" as illustrated in the 1800s (left) and on exhibit in Vienna; skin can be seen on its head and feet.

2826:

Woolly mammoth fossils have been found in many different types of deposits, including former rivers and lakes, and in "

2278:

of woolly mammoths and Columbian mammoths have been found together in a few localities of North America, including the

1337: 560:, or animals that had wandered north. The first woolly mammoth remains studied by European scientists were examined by 9941:

Loi, Pasqualino; Saragusty, Joseph; Ptak, Grazyna (2014). "Cloning the Mammoth: A Complicated Task or Just a Dream?".

279: 9670: 4764:

Lister, A. M.; Sher, A. V. (13 November 2015). "Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere".

3102:

in Siberia, Russia. In 1999, this 20,380-year-old carcass and 25 tons of surrounding sediment were transported by an

1350:

species coexisted until the former disappeared. The different species and their intermediate forms have been termed "

6173: 1580:

include a large, high, single-domed head and a sloping back with a high shoulder hump; this shape resulted from the

1454:(1–1.3 million years old) belonged to a lineage that was ancestral to later woolly mammoths, whereas the other from 10924: 10268: 10202: 9552:"Signs of biological activities of 28,000-year-old mammoth nuclei in mouse oocytes visualized by live-cell imaging" 9117:

Adams, M. (1808). "Some Account of a Journey to the Frozen-Sea, and of the Discovery of the Remains of a Mammoth".

8717: 7924:

Dale Guthrie, R. (2004). "Radiocarbon evidence of mid-Holocene mammoths stranded on an Alaskan Bering Sea island".

7500:

Fox, David L.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Vartanyan, Sergey; Tikhonov, Alexei N.; Mol, Dick; Buigues, Bernard (July 2007).

3135: 3050:"Effie", which was found in 1948. It consists of the head, the trunk, and a foreleg and is about 25,000 years old. 1609: 10768: 7224: 3368: 2274:

age, woolly mammoths briefly expanded into north-east Europe, whereafter the mainland populations became extinct.

835:

shows the placement of the woolly mammoth among Late Pleistocene and modern proboscideans, based on genetic data:

10689: 10627: 8175: 4640: 2071:. Their fur may have helped in spreading the scent further. This was confirmed by a 2023 study that compared the 5338: 3076:"Dima", a frozen calf, during excavation (left), and as exhibited in the Museum of Zoology; note fur on the legs 9320:

Kosintsev, P. A.; Lapteva, E. G.; Trofimova, S. S.; Zanina, O. G.; Tikhonov, A. N.; Van Der Plicht, J. (2012).

9082:

Tolmachoff, I. P. (1929). "The carcasses of the mammoth and rhinoceros found in the frozen ground of Siberia".

8921: 4427:"Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants" 4053:

Reich, M.; Gehler, A. (2008). "Giants' Bones and Unicorn Horns Ice Age Elephants Offer 21st Century Insights".

2739: 2059:, and indicates its gestation period was similar to that of a modern elephant, and that it was born in spring. 452:. It was covered in fur, with an outer covering of long guard hairs and a shorter undercoat. The colour of the 17: 2792:

and the onset of the Last Interglacial, approximately 125,000 years ago. Studies of an 11,300–11,000-year-old

2302:

Woolly mammoth engraved on ivory found in 1864, the first known contemporary depiction of a prehistoric animal

2018: 579:

Others interpreted Sloane's conclusion slightly differently, arguing the flood had carried elephants from the

10919: 10871: 8809:

Nogués-Bravo, D.; Rodríguez, J. S.; Hortal, J. N.; Batra, P.; Araújo, M. B. (2008). Barnosky, Anthony (ed.).

3404: 3246: 2722: 712:

By the early 20th century, the taxonomy of extinct elephants was complex. In 1942, American palaeontologist

501: 10063: 7992:"5,700-Year-Old Mammoth Remains from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska: Last Outpost of North America Megafauna" 7748:"Process-explicit models reveal pathway to extinction for woolly mammoth using pattern-oriented validation" 7422:

Nogués-Bravo, David; Rodríguez, Jesús; Hortal, Joaquín; Batra, Persaram; Araújo, Miguel B. (1 April 2008).

5998:

Fisher, D. C.; Tikhonov, A. N.; Kosintsev, P. A.; Rountrey, A. N.; Buigues, B.; Van Der Plicht, J. (2012).

3445:

of extinct elephants, though other scholars are skeptical that folk memory could survive such a long time.

2587: 1623: 1170:) branched away from this clade around 6 million years ago, close to the time of the similar split between 8342:

Mitochondrial genomes of Pleistocene megafauna retrieved from recent sediment layers of two Siberian lakes

7083: 3623:; while his book was a systematic investigation into possible unknown species, it became the basis of the 1801:

The very long hairs on the tail probably compensated for the shortness of the tail, enabling its use as a

1162:, which allowed them to confirm the close evolutionary relationship between mammoths and Asian elephants ( 10969: 10698: 4667: 3237:. It is the best preserved woolly mammoth mummy found in North America, and was the same size as Lyuba. 608: 544:

accounts. They were thought to be remains of modern elephants that had been brought to Europe during the

521: 269: 10703: 9756: 1766: 639:

for woolly mammoth fossils in his collection that he put up for sale, thereby coining a new genus name.

472:

for manipulating objects, fighting, and foraging. The diet of the woolly mammoth was mainly grasses and

10964: 9818: 5636: 5595: 5393: 3941: 3332: 3186: 2789: 2681: 2449: 2270:(Beringia), with Siberia being more uniformly cold and dry throughout the Late Pleistocene. During the 485: 10325: 6762:"Intraspecific phylogenetic analysis of Siberian woolly mammoths using complete mitochondrial genomes" 6387:"Extraordinary incidence of cervical ribs indicates vulnerable condition in Late Pleistocene mammoths" 6039: 2725:

for the mammoth steppe, supporting mammoths and other widespread Ice Age mammals such as wild horses (

1878:

Head and leg of the adult male "Yukagir mammoth" (the trunk is not preserved); note fur and small ears

150: 9322:"Environmental reconstruction inferred from the intestinal contents of the Yamal baby mammoth Lyuba ( 4003: 3301: 2991:, as indicated by its erect penis. One third of a replica of the mammoth in the Museum of Zoology of 2974:

The "Berezovka mammoth" during excavation in 1901 (left), and a model partially covered by its skin,

2810: 1266:) with 18–20 ridges, which evolved in eastern Asia around 1 million years ago. Mammoths derived from 9406: 8680:

Ackerman, R. E. (1998). "Early maritime traditions in the Bering, Chukchi, and East Siberian seas".

8003: 1446:

In 2021, DNA older than a million years was sequenced for the first time, from two mammoth teeth of

10914: 7506: 7088: 6444: 5476: 4577: 3608: 2849: 1553: 9639: 8238:"Microsatellite genotyping reveals end-Pleistocene decline in mammoth autosomal genetic variation" 4648:. The World of Elephants – Proceedings of the 1st International Congress. Rome. pp. 540–543. 3773: 9666:"'She's perfect and she's beautiful': Frozen baby woolly mammoth discovered in Yukon gold fields" 9607:

Wong, K. (2013). "Can a mammoth carcass really preserve flowing blood and possibly live cells?".

9438:"Baby mammoth Lyuba, pristinely preserved, offers scientists rare look into mysteries of Ice Age" 9256:

Mol, D. et al. (2001). "The Jarkov Mammoth: 20,000-Year-Old carcass of a Siberian woolly mammoth

7638: 7501: 6439: 6181: 5631: 4495: 3913: 3600: 2865:

Apart from frozen remains, the only soft tissue known is from a specimen that was preserved in a

2835: 2219: 2168: 1662: 1546:". The last woolly mammoth populations are claimed to have decreased in size and increased their 1226: 1194:

were confidently identified for the first time, collected from a 43,000-year-old woolly mammoth.

884: 706: 573: 382: 10133: 9321: 9162: 9156: 8428: 6904:"Out of America: Ancient DNA Evidence for a New World Origin of Late Quaternary Woolly Mammoths" 3655: 3584: 2310:

period when humans entered Europe from Africa between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago. Before this,

1731: 744: 10794: 10755: 10651: 8639:

Arppe, L.; Karhu, J. A.; Vartanyan, S.; Drucker, D. G.; Etu-Sihvola, H.; Bocherens, H. (2019).

7084:"Proboscidean isotopic compositions provide insight into ancient humans and their environments" 3407:

had long found what are now known to be woolly mammoth remains, collecting their tusks for the

3217: 1693: 1034: 791:'s 1796 comparison between the mandible of a woolly mammoth (bottom left and top right) and an 713: 631:

a few months later, but the former name was subsequently used. In 1828, the British naturalist

8925: 8915: 8370:"Complete Genomes Reveal Signatures of Demographic and Genetic Declines in the Woolly Mammoth" 5019:

Vartanyan, S. L.; Arslanov, K. A.; Karhu, J. A.; Possnert, G. R.; Sulerzhitsky, L. D. (2008).

2206:

at the time. The habitat of the woolly mammoth supported other grazing herbivores such as the

429:, as well as skeletons, teeth, stomach contents, dung, and depiction from life in prehistoric 10804: 10789: 10518:

The Big Question: Are so-called 'extinct' species really extinct, and will we rediscover any?

7369: 7361: 5999: 5796:

Ngatia, J. N.; Lan, T. M.; Dinh, T. D.; Zhang, L.; Ahmed, Ahmed Khalid; Xu, Yan Chun (2019).

3537: 2936: 2878: 2697: 2597:

values suggests that climate change was not the direct cause of Eurasian woolly mammoths, as

2567: 2254: 1959: 1707: 1507: 1236: 588: 249: 10858: 8641:"Thriving or surviving? The isotopic record of the Wrangel Island woolly mammoth population" 7747: 6675:Álvarez-Lao, D. J.; García, N. (2012). "Comparative revision of the Iberian woolly mammoth ( 2604: 2367: 1201:

studies is possible. Mammoth species can be identified from the number of enamel ridges (or

10711: 10636:– three-minute video about the extinction of the woolly mammoth, presented by Adrian Lister 10361: 9797: 9563: 9515: 9468: 9340: 9286: 9214: 8763: 8652: 8383: 8296: 8249: 8187: 8132: 8039: 7933: 7883: 7842: 7759: 7690: 7650: 7607: 7378: 7333: 7290: 7255: 7190: 7030: 6992: 6915: 6875: 6829: 6773: 6734: 6688: 6649: 6594: 6579: 6531: 6453: 6296: 6228: 6071: 6018: 5965: 5929: 5809: 5724:"Elephantid genomes reveal the molecular bases of Woolly Mammoth adaptations to the arctic" 5645: 5604: 5485: 5441: 5428:

Tridico, Silvana R.; Rigby, Paul; Kirkbride, K. Paul; Haile, James; Bunce, Michael (2014).

5402: 5205: 5146: 5086: 5039: 4831: 4775: 4582: 4383: 4192: 4125: 4086: 3808: 3733: 3692: 3321: 3221: 3149: 2701: 2515: 2468: 2409: 2332: 2324: 2279: 2075:

level in the dentine of an adult African elephant tusk with that of a male woolly mammoth.

2056: 1726: 1673: 1198: 9740: 7679:"Collapse of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by ancient environmental DNA" 7365:"Collapse of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by ancient environmental DNA" 3555: 8: 10613: 9920:"Woolly mammoth could be revived after scientists paste DNA into elephant's genetic code" 8911: 8682: 8176:"Radiocarbon Dating Evidence for Mammoths on Wrangel Island, Arctic Ocean, until 2000 BC" 5307: 4351: 3579: 3475: 3471: 3328: 3114:". In October 2000, the careful defrosting operations in this cave began with the use of 2457: 2417: 2315: 2125: 2108: 740: 529: 449: 10493: 10365: 10348:

Glass, J. R.; Davis, M.; Walsh, T. J.; Sargis, E. J.; Caccone, A.; Fiorillo, A. (2016).

9567: 9519: 9472: 9344: 9290: 9218: 8767: 8656: 8387: 8300: 8253: 8191: 8136: 8043: 7937: 7887: 7846: 7822:

Stuart, A. J.; Sulerzhitsky, L. D.; Orlova, L. A.; Kuzmin, Y. V.; Lister, A. M. (2002).

7763: 7694: 7654: 7611: 7382: 7337: 7294: 7259: 7194: 7034: 6996: 6919: 6879: 6833: 6777: 6738: 6692: 6653: 6598: 6535: 6457: 6300: 6232: 6075: 6022: 5969: 5933: 5813: 5649: 5608: 5489: 5445: 5406: 5209: 5150: 5090: 5043: 4835: 4779: 4586: 4387: 4196: 4129: 4090: 3812: 3737: 3696: 3619:

included the possibility of residual populations of Siberian mammoths in his 1955 book,

2717:

until about 5,700 years ago, roughly concurrent with the St. Paul population and on the

2475:, were made from this material. Weapons made from ivory, such as daggers, spears, and a 764:

specimen in 1990. Resolutions to historical issues about the validity of the genus name

10570: 10408: 10384: 10349: 10285: 10219: 10126: 10107: 9900: 9620: 9584: 9551: 9531: 9484: 9356: 9099: 9059: 8888: 8861: 8837: 8810: 8786: 8751: 8691: 8574: 8538: 8511: 8484: 8459: 8404: 8369: 8341: 8317: 8156: 8062: 8027: 7957: 7874: 7801: 7719: 7678: 7575: 7550: 7458: 7423: 7399: 7364: 7306: 7152: 6941: 6796: 6761: 6715: 6618: 6554: 6519: 6415: 6386: 6360: 6320: 6137: 6110: 6044: 5832: 5797: 5704: 5501: 5369: 5319: 5276: 5228: 5193: 5162: 5055: 4860: 4819: 4799: 4741: 4714: 4453: 4426: 4407: 4315: 4288: 4264: 4237: 4213: 4180: 4156: 4113: 3984: 3648: 3616: 3506: 3225:

properties. In 2022, a complete female baby woolly mammoth was found by a miner in the

3087: 2965: 2620: 2307: 2267: 2203: 1967: 1817: 1794: 1459: 1271: 1210: 1077: 1059: 434: 380:

epoch. It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with the African

373: 307: 145: 39: 9298: 8237: 7869: 7854: 7171: 5020: 4475: 3312: 693:". The word was first used in Europe during the early 17th century, when referring to 137:

Largest European specimen, a male at Südostbayerisches Naturkunde- und Mammut-Museum,

10894: 10853: 10587: 10577: 10556: 10546: 10389: 10246: 10137: 10035: 9964: 9954: 9904: 9865: 9589: 9360: 9302: 9230: 9166: 9063: 8973: 8929: 8893: 8842: 8791: 8729: 8621: 8578: 8543: 8489: 8409: 8322: 8265: 8261: 8205: 8148: 8117: 8067: 7961: 7949: 7899: 7823: 7805: 7793: 7785: 7724: 7706: 7580: 7463: 7445: 7404: 7310: 7156: 6933: 6856: 6801: 6610: 6559: 6420: 6324: 6312: 6142: 5889: 5837: 5755: 5696: 5543: 5505: 5429: 5361: 5311: 5233: 5059: 4940: 4884: 4865: 4847: 4803: 4791: 4766: 4746: 4569: 4543: 4458: 4399: 4355: 4320: 4269: 4218: 4161: 4143: 3659: 2886: 2709: 2616: 2519: 2472: 2250: 2242: 2207: 2044: 1547: 1463: 1447: 1333: 1202: 1155: 929: 856: 678: 557: 537: 403: 9844:"Essays on Science and Society: Pleistocene Park: Return of the Mammoth's Ecosystem" 9624: 9535: 9488: 8665: 8640: 8458:

Nystrom, V.; Dalen, L.; Vartanyan, S.; Liden, K.; Ryman, N.; Angerbjorn, A. (2010).

7662: 7148: 6945: 6700: 6661: 6048: 5977: 5657: 5616: 5453: 5414: 5373: 5166: 4642:

Discreteness of evolution and variability in mammoth lineage: method for group study

4238:"Reading the Evolutionary History of the Woolly Mammoth in Its Mitochondrial Genome" 2328: 1774: 1423:

between the two species. A 2015 study suggested that the animals in the range where

1154:

Within six weeks from 2005–2006, three teams of researchers independently assembled

10831: 10379: 10369: 10350:"Was Frozen Mammoth or Giant Ground Sloth Served for Dinner at The Explorers Club?" 10277: 10211: 10180: 10102: 10097: 10089: 9946: 9892: 9855: 9802: 9612: 9579: 9571: 9523: 9476: 9459:

Fisher, Daniel C. (2014). "X-ray computed tomography of two mammoth calf mummies".

9348: 9294: 9222: 9091: 9051: 8965: 8883: 8873: 8832: 8822: 8781: 8771: 8721: 8660: 8611: 8566: 8533: 8523: 8479: 8471: 8399: 8391: 8345: 8312: 8304: 8257: 8195: 8160: 8140: 8057: 8047: 7941: 7891: 7850: 7775: 7767: 7714: 7698: 7658: 7615: 7570: 7562: 7511: 7453: 7435: 7394: 7386: 7341: 7298: 7263: 7198: 7144: 7097: 7046: 7038: 7000: 6923: 6883: 6837: 6791: 6781: 6742: 6696: 6657: 6622: 6602: 6549: 6539: 6461: 6410: 6400: 6304: 6236: 6132: 6122: 6079: 6034: 6026: 5973: 5937: 5879: 5869: 5827: 5817: 5745: 5735: 5708: 5688: 5653: 5612: 5493: 5449: 5410: 5353: 5323: 5303: 5272: 5223: 5213: 5154: 5094: 5047: 4981: 4932: 4892: 4855: 4839: 4783: 4736: 4726: 4715:"Complete Columbian mammoth mitogenome suggests interbreeding with woolly mammoths" 4686: 4590: 4535: 4448: 4438: 4411: 4391: 4347: 4310: 4300: 4259: 4249: 4208: 4200: 4151: 4133: 4094: 4031: 3974: 3816: 3741: 3700: 3510: 3340: 3126: 3107: 3099: 2992: 2757: 2718: 2670: 2632: 2571: 2320: 1971: 1935: 1770: 1647: 1543: 1420: 1329: 1251: 1143: 698: 642: 445: 415: 291: 10185: 10168: 9945:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 753. pp. 489–502. 9896: 9375: 7132: 3462: 3453: 3403:

The woolly mammoth has remained culturally significant long after its extinction.

3098:

In 1997, a piece of mammoth tusk was discovered protruding from the tundra of the

2550:, the "Schaefer" and "Hebior mammoths", show evidence of having been butchered by 1989:". The faecal matter may have been eaten by "Lyuba" to promote development of the 10776: 10374: 10077: 10042: 9950: 9824: 9779: 9760: 9698: 9352: 9226: 8878: 8827: 8752:"Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska" 8528: 8374: 8028:"Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska" 7619: 7515: 7440: 7345: 7101: 7042: 7004: 6887: 6841: 6746: 6544: 6465: 6240: 6083: 6030: 5740: 5723: 5497: 5218: 5098: 4691: 4594: 4482: 4443: 4305: 4254: 4098: 3920: 3395: 3226: 3145: 3092: 3058: 2984: 2743:

Map showing climatic suitability for woolly mammoths in the Late Pleistocene and

2464: 2401: 2298: 2253:

of China and is 33,000 years old. The southernmost European remains are from the

1986: 1939: 1806: 1677: 1651: 1617: 1581: 1558: 1529: 988: 803:, which contains modern elephants, existed about 55 million years ago around the 792: 576:, and that Siberia had previously been tropical before a drastic climate change. 8725: 5051: 3234: 3161:

In 2007, the carcass of a female calf nicknamed "Lyuba" was discovered near the

2942:

Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

2652: 2562:

Most woolly mammoth populations disappeared during the late Pleistocene and mid-

2356: 2257:

in Spain and are of roughly the same age. DNA studies have helped determine the

1274:. Woolly mammoths entered North America about 100,000 years ago by crossing the 10674: 10062:, vol. I, St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg, pp. 123–124, archived from 9575: 8969: 8616: 8599: 8308: 7702: 7390: 6308: 6127: 4896: 4843: 4204: 3604: 3498: 3494: 3417: 3202: 3162: 3111: 3067: 2890: 2866: 2685: 2666: 2583: 2433: 2386: 2258: 2190: 2180: 2176: 2088: 1586: 1432: 1291: 1259: 788: 632: 620: 600: 545: 497: 489: 477: 438: 421:

The appearance and behaviour of this species are among the best studied of any

399: 391: 10639: 10633: 9616: 9527: 9055: 9042:

Vereshchagin, N. K. (2009). "The mammoth "cemeteries" of north-east Siberia".

8570: 8395: 8285:"Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics" 8200: 8118:"Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth" 7267: 7202: 6928: 6903: 5941: 5874: 5857: 5158: 2428: 10888: 10591: 8284: 8209: 7903: 7789: 7710: 7449: 4944: 4851: 4816: 4731: 4147: 3624: 3565: 3352: 3003: 2874: 2727: 2705: 2551: 2413: 2271: 2211: 2104: 2100: 2048: 1982: 1793:. The tusks may have been used in intraspecies fighting, such as fights over 1743: 1738: 1634: 1577: 1351: 1275: 827:) is only a distant relative of the mammoths and part of the separate family 733: 702: 690: 596: 549: 517: 465: 453: 430: 426: 80: 10560: 10093: 9860: 9843: 8776: 8460:"Temporal genetic change in the last remaining population of woolly mammoth" 8052: 7324:

Joyce, D. J. (2006). "Chronology and new research on the Schaefer mammoth (?

6786: 5854: 5357: 4787: 4138: 2643: 2091:, found in 2% of specimens. One specimen from Switzerland had several fused 1812:

Like modern elephants, woolly mammoths were likely very social and lived in

1480: 732:, and many proposed differences between species were instead interpreted as 627:). This name is Latin for "the first-born elephant". Cuvier coined the name 10393: 9968: 9869: 9593: 9306: 9234: 8977: 8897: 8846: 8795: 8625: 8547: 8493: 8475: 8413: 8326: 8269: 8152: 8071: 7953: 7797: 7728: 7584: 7566: 7467: 7408: 6937: 6805: 6614: 6563: 6424: 6347:

Rothschild, Bruce M.; Wang, Xiaoming; Shoshani, Jeheskel (September 1994).

6316: 6146: 5893: 5841: 5759: 5700: 5365: 5315: 5237: 4986: 4969: 4869: 4795: 4750: 4608:

Ferretti, M. P. (2003). "Structure and evolution of mammoth molar enamel".

4547: 4462: 4403: 4359: 4324: 4273: 4222: 4165: 3821: 3796: 3746: 3721: 3705: 3680: 3520: 3289: 3083: 2988: 2839: 2693: 2689: 2608: 2405: 2397: 2376: 2311: 2286:

where their regions overlapped. It is unknown whether the two species were

2283: 2172: 2084: 2072: 2032: 2023: 2001: 1747: 1347: 1258:) about 2–1.7 million years ago. In turn, this species was replaced by the 1147: 898: 816: 769: 756: 755:

designation was not practised in Blumenbach's time. Soviet palaeontologist

287: 212: 9186:

Pfizenmayer, E. (1907). "A Contribution to the Morphology of the Mammoth,

8917:

Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America

8350: 4035: 3265: 2935:

in 1799 by Ossip Schumachov, a Siberian hunter. While in Yakutsk in 1806,

2444: 2331:

found an engraving of a woolly mammoth on a piece of mammoth ivory in the

1661:

varied from hair to hair and within each hair. A 2006 study sequenced the

1489: 1138: 504:

through various means, but none of the methods proposed are yet feasible.

10781: 10737: 10683: 10010:"Could Austin entrepreneur's company help bring back the woolly mammoth?" 8116:

Stuart, A. J.; Kosintsev, P. A.; Higham, T. F. G.; Lister, A. M. (2004).

6260:

Scientific Annals, School of Geology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

5884: 4936: 3589: 3515: 3442: 3408: 3391: 3169:, which "pickled" it, preserving the mammoth in a nearly pristine state. 3166: 2773: 2347: 2238: 2096: 1897: 1813: 1668:(which influences hair colour in mammals) from woolly mammoth bones. Two 1241: 1171: 1159: 717: 561: 469: 411: 202: 55: 10490:"Henry Tukeman: Mammoth's Roar was Heard All The Way to the Smithsonian" 10169:"North American Indian traditions suggesting a knowledge of the mammoth" 8695: 8600:"Temporal dynamics of woolly mammoth genome erosion prior to extinction" 8144: 8087:"Mammoths still walked the earth when the Great Pyramid was being built" 7945: 7780: 7220: 6606: 6364: 6348: 4885:"Million-year-old mammoth genomes shatter record for oldest ancient DNA" 4395: 2915: 2906: 1363:

palaeontology. Regional and intermediate species and subspecies such as

1318: 657:

Where and how the word "mammoth" originated is unclear. According to the

492:

until 4,000 years ago. After its extinction, humans continued using its

10845: 10729: 10111: 9640:"Rare mummified baby woolly mammoth with skin and hair found in Canada" 9103: 8596: 8561:

Switek, B. (2017). "Dying woolly mammoths were in 'genetic meltdown'".

7050: 6109:

Pfeifer, S. J.; Hartramph, W. L.; Kahlke, R.-D.; Müller, F. A. (2019).

5750: 3988: 3890: 3872:

A catalogue of the anatomical & zoological museum of Joshua Brookes

3650:

Written in Stone: Evolution, the Fossil Record, and Our Place in Nature

3412: 3348: 3336: 3317: 3115: 2932: 2858: 2843: 2827: 2579: 2542: 2537: 2487: 2263: 2113: 2095:

as a result of this condition. The "Yukagir mammoth" had suffered from

1913: 1849: 1802: 1786: 1719: 1360: 1246: 1187: 1179: 828: 804: 604: 473: 422: 100: 65: 10742: 10289: 10223: 9983:"Woolly mammoths are being brought back from extinction by scientists" 7771: 7551:"Holarctic genetic structure and range dynamics in the woolly mammoth" 7302: 6518:

Pavelková Řičánková, V.; Robovský, J.; Riegert, J. (13 January 2014).

6405: 5822: 4539: 3946:. Vol. 2. New York: J. Pierpont Morgan Fund. pp. 1116–1169. 3546: 1869: 1840: 1142:

Comparison between the lower molars of a woolly mammoth (above) and a

784: 476:. Individuals could probably reach the age of 60. Its habitat was the 9262:

The World of Elephants, Proceedings of the 1st International Congress

7977:

Second World of Elephants Congress, (Hot Springs: Mammoth Site, 2005)

4820:"Million-year-old DNA sheds light on the genomic history of mammoths" 3206: 3103: 2854: 2831: 2777: 2547: 2496: 2476: 2133: 1990: 1975: 1925: 1893: 1711:

way, most of the weight would have been close to the skull, and less

1566: 1455: 832: 808: 748: 647: 457: 162: 138: 129: 105: 49: 10645: 9192:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

9095: 7895: 5473: 3979: 3962: 677:

version of the biblical word "behemoth". Another possible origin is

456:

varied from dark to light. The ears and tail were short to minimise

10825: 10668: 10622: 10281: 10215: 9735: 9501: 9480: 7133:"The earliest direct evidence of mammoth hunting in Central Europe" 5692: 5336: 5072: 3490: 2870: 2793: 2781: 2744: 2673:(right), places where mammoths survived until about 4,000 years ago 2563: 2523: 2396:

in Russia, France, and Spain to engravings and sculptures (termed "

2336: 2287: 2149: 2117: 2092: 2068: 1889: 1751: 1639: 1231: 1191: 820: 752: 569: 553: 533: 512: 425:

animal because of the discovery of frozen carcasses in Siberia and

387: 377: 299: 182: 95: 90: 75: 70: 60: 43: 10642:– two-minute video about mammoth tusk collecting in modern Siberia 8811:"Climate Change, Humans, and the Extinction of the Woolly Mammoth" 7424:"Climate Change, Humans, and the Extinction of the Woolly Mammoth" 6517: 6340: 5132: 4524: 4008:

Brookes, 1828 (Mammalia, Proboscidea): proposed conservation, and

2226:

most similar to the "mammoth steppe". A 2014 study concluded that

2107:, showing that the animals had survived these injuries. Likewise, 1860: 437:. The mammoth was identified as an extinct species of elephant by 10866: 10716: 9190:

Blumenbach; With an Explanation of My Attempt at a Restoration".

8951:"Fifty millennia of catastrophic extinctions after human contact" 8512:"Excess of genomic defects in a woolly mammoth on Wrangel Island" 7828:

Blumenbach) in Europe and Asia: A review of the current evidence"

7176:

with lithic artifacts in the Upper Pleistocene of northern Italy"

4920:

Larramendi, Asier; Palombo, Maria Rita; Marano, Federica (2017).

4114:"A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants" 3437: 3285: 3210: 2815: 2748: 2233: 2194: 2055:

isotopic analysis of the teeth of "Lyuba" has demonstrated their

1955: 1951: 1885: 1790: 1755: 1702: 1697:

Skull from Poland with one broken and one downward spiralled tusk

1658: 812: 761: 580: 568:. Sloane was the first to recognise that the remains belonged to 565: 395: 369: 225: 110: 85: 10080:(1913), "Arabic and Chinese Trade in Walrus and Narwhal Ivory", 9138:

Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg

8808: 7421: 5025:) and other genera of Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, Russia" 3256: 2591: 2505: 2087:

has been found in woolly mammoths. The most common of these was

2052: 1824: 1533:

Size comparison of average-sized male and female woolly mammoths

9319: 7635: 7547: 6580:"Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet" 6218: 5997: 5954: 5289: 5192:

Myhrvold, C. L.; Stone, H. A.; Bou-Zeid, E. (10 October 2012).

4111: 4080: 3763: 3575: 3046: 2846:, and mud, have trapped mammoths in separate events over time. 2765: 2662: 2223: 2129: 1994: 1905: 1782: 1712: 1669: 1602: 1538: 1451: 1435:

of hybrids with varying morphology. It suggested that Eurasian

1206: 674: 650: 584: 192: 172: 10266:

Lankford, G. E. (1980). "Pleistocene Animals in Folk Memory".

10200:

Lankford, G. E. (1980). "Pleistocene Animals in Folk Memory".

8235: 7821: 6720:

in Europe and its southern spread during the Late Pleistocene"

5915: 5775:"Mammoth Genomes Provide Recipe for Creating Arctic Elephants" 5772: 5677: 5018: 3012: 10302: 10300: 9753: 8714:

American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene

8367: 7534: 7532: 6391: 5629: 3853: 3612: 3593: 3387: 3305: 3230: 2820: 2769: 2714: 2575: 2463:

Woolly mammoth ivory was used to create art objects. Several

2385:

Various prehistoric depictions of woolly mammoths, including

2215: 2198: 2064: 2022:

Cross sections of African elephant and woolly mammoth tusks;

1943: 800: 662: 616: 541: 493: 480:, which stretched across northern Eurasia and North America. 8748: 8024: 6108: 5386: 5339:"Nuclear Gene Indicates Coat-Color Polymorphism in Mammoths" 4178: 3681:"An Account of Elephants Teeth and Bones Found under Ground" 3034:(left), a stuffed leg (middle), and the calf "Effie" at the 2696:

and several centuries subsequent to the construction of the

2103:

is known from some specimens. Several specimens have healed

1773:

of fauna during the Pleistocene epoch in northern Spain, by

500:

for the mammoth completed in 2015, it has been proposed the

496:

as a raw material, a tradition that continues today. With a

484:

10,000 years ago, although isolated populations survived on

9820:

Woolly Mammoth DNA Successfully Spliced Into Elephant Cells

9010: 9008: 8339: 8115: 7817: 7815: 6576: 6285: 6256: 6158: 6156: 5721: 5251:

Valente, A. (1983). "Hair structure of the woolly mammoth,

4568:

Lister, A. M.; Sher, A. V.; Van Essen, H.; Wei, G. (2005).

3293: 2249:

The southernmost woolly mammoth specimen known is from the

2227: 1947: 1570: 461: 410:) lived alongside the woolly mammoth in North America, and 10297: 9548: 8638: 8457: 8283:

Wang, Y; Pedersen, M.W.; Alsos, I.g.; et al. (2021).

7529: 7499: 6818: 6495: 6493: 6491: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5427: 5178: 5176: 3722:"Of Fossile Teeth and Bones of Elephants. Part the Second" 7744: 7675: 7221:"Woolly mammoth carcass may have been cut into by humans" 6716:"The Padul mammoth finds — On the southernmost record of 6385:

Reumer, J. W. F.; Ten Broek, C. M. A.; Galis, F. (2014).

5542:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 348–354. 4570:"The pattern and process of mammoth evolution in Eurasia" 3801:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

2541:

had been removed, and were found nearby. A site near the

1963: 1642:

seasonally, and the heaviest fur was shed during spring.

1182: 807:. The closest known relatives of the Proboscidea are the 564:

in 1728 and consisted of fossilised teeth and tusks from

10435:"This massive meatball was made With woolly mammoth DNA" 9005: 7812: 6214: 6212: 6153: 6061: 5592: 5533: 5531: 5529: 4424: 4372: 4337: 2995:

is covered in skin and hair of the "Berezovka mammoth".

2566:, coinciding with the extinction of most North American 2306:

Modern humans coexisted with woolly mammoths during the

9313: 8464:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

6488: 6174:"A Mammoth Find: Clues to the Past, Present and Future" 6000:"Anatomy, death, and preservation of a woolly mammoth ( 5512: 5173: 4919: 2611:

projectile points made from mammoth ivory, Pekárna cave

444:

The woolly mammoth was roughly the same size as modern

9773:

Can scientists bring mammoths back to life by cloning?

7018:

Demay, L.; Péan, S.; Patou-Mathis, M. (October 2012).

6966: 6964: 6346: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5858:"Genomics of adaptive evolution in the woolly mammoth" 4712: 4567: 10347: 10245:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 97. 9715: 9713: 9711: 9542: 9398: 8998: 8996: 8994: 7974: 7017: 6635: 6209: 5948: 5526: 5191: 4970:"Proboscideans: Shoulder Height, Body Mass and Shape" 2944:, and the task of mounting the skeleton was given to 2776:, and mastodons), as well as most of the rest of the 815:(an order of small, herbivorous mammals). The family 10603: 10572:

How to Clone a Mammoth: The Science of De-Extinction

9276: 9022: 9020: 6713: 6384: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 4625: 4623: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 2692:

until 4,000 years ago, well into the start of human

1030: 946: 925: 880: 852: 10128:

The Fate of the Mammoth: Fossils, Myth, and History

9158:

The Fate of the Mammoth: Fossils, Myth, and History

8363: 8361: 6961: 6758: 5984: 3875:. Vol. 1. London: Richard Taylor. p. 73. 3794: 799:The earliest known members of the Proboscidea, the 10634:Natural History Museum: "The last of the mammoths" 10569: 10125: 9708: 9084:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 9077: 9075: 9073: 8991: 8509: 6900: 5795: 5021:"Collection of radiocarbon dates on the mammoths ( 4891:. Vol. 590, no. 7847. pp. 537–538. 4074: 4001: 3967:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 3647: 2680:A small population of woolly mammoths survived on 10640:National Geographic: "Mammoth tusk treasure hunt" 9367: 9017: 8802: 8716:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. 8510:Barsh, G. S.; Rogers, R. L.; Slatkin, M. (2017). 8429:"Lonely end for the world's last woolly mammoths" 8282: 6822:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6727:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6674: 6438:Haynes, Gary; Klimowicz, Janis (27 August 2015). 6064:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5105: 4620: 4554: 4002:Garutt, W. E.; Gentry, A.; Lister, A. M. (1990). 3772:. The Academy of Natural Sciences. Archived from 1190:and another that died 60,000 years ago. In 2012, 697:tusks discovered in Siberia. American president 10886: 9940: 8358: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 7245: 4929:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 3927:, Oxford University Press. Accessed 5 June 2009. 3118:to keep the hair and other soft tissues intact. 1514:), but is considerably smaller than the earlier 390:. The woolly mammoth began to diverge from the 10459: 10457: 10455: 9798:"Scientist takes mammoth-cloning a step closer" 9070: 8756:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8167: 8091:HeritageDaily – Heritage & Archaeology News 8032:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7740: 7738: 6766:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6437: 5077:(Blumenbach, 1799) inferred from dental data". 4118:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4016:): proposed designation as the type species of 3795:Breyne, J. P.; s., T.; Wolochowicz, M. (1737). 3216:In 2013, a well-preserved carcass was found on 2189:The habitat of the woolly mammoth is known as " 2120:were identified in the gut of the calf "Dima". 1281: 8948: 7357: 7355: 7280: 6104: 6102: 5537: 4963: 4961: 3935: 3933: 2514:Artifacts made from woolly mammoth ivory; The 1981:Scientists identified milk in the stomach and 1701:Woolly mammoths had very long tusks (modified 739:Osborn chose two molars (found in Siberia and 9766: 9119:The Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal 8673: 8505: 8503: 8220: 6171: 5773:Ewen Callaway, Nature magazine (4 May 2015). 5128: 5126: 5124: 4638: 3497:are coarser in texture. In the 21st century, 2940:Shumachov had sold. Adams brought all to the 2861:"), at Celtic and Prehistoric Museum, Ireland 2669:(left) and a skeleton being excavated on the 1746:. The teeth had up to 26 separated ridges of 1680:(partially active) one. In mammals, recessive 1450:age found in eastern Siberia. One tooth from 611:gave the woolly mammoth its scientific name, 10452: 9943:Reproductive Sciences in Animal Conservation 9911: 9882: 9754:The Long Now Foundation – Revive and Restore 9722: 9685: 9041: 8451: 8018: 7923: 7735: 7480: 6982: 5766: 5185: 3891:"Mammoth entry in Oxford English Dictionary" 3856:International Mammoth Conference IV (Poster) 3849: 3847: 3288:would involve removal of the DNA-containing 2764:woolly mammoths of eastern Beringia (modern 10309: 9816: 9631: 9185: 9026: 8742: 8554: 8084: 7352: 7214: 7212: 6511: 6165: 6099: 6004:) calf, Yamal Peninsula, northwest Siberia" 5856:D.; van der Valk, Tom; Dalén, Love (2023). 5588: 5586: 4958: 4485:, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 20 November 2008 4052: 3930: 3719: 3678: 2293: 2139: 1311:Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart 9081: 9031:. London: Blackie and Son. pp. 46–61. 8707: 8705: 8632: 8500: 7483:CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 7169: 6714:Diego J. Alvarez-Lao; et al. (2009), 6252: 6250: 6040:11370/a3961dcc-4eaf-47fb-9ad7-904d79a0f4f8 5469: 5467: 5121: 4967: 4763: 4757: 4476:Will findings recreate the woolly mammoth? 3963:"Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae" 3940:Osborn, H. F. (1942). Percy, M. R. (ed.). 3274:Models of an adult and the calf "Dima" in 3032:National Museum of Natural History, France 2708:. However some studies have asserted that 1576:Other characteristic features depicted in 1550:, but this was dismissed in a 2012 study. 278: 128: 10960:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 10383: 10373: 10236: 10234: 10184: 10162: 10160: 10101: 10059:Die lrtysch-Ostjaken und ihre Volkspoesie 9859: 9747: 9583: 9407:"Baby mammoth find promises breakthrough" 8887: 8877: 8836: 8826: 8785: 8775: 8664: 8615: 8537: 8527: 8483: 8403: 8349: 8316: 8199: 8173: 8061: 8051: 7917: 7779: 7718: 7574: 7457: 7439: 7398: 7328:) site, Kenosha County, Wisconsin, USA". 6927: 6795: 6785: 6553: 6543: 6414: 6404: 6136: 6126: 6038: 5883: 5873: 5831: 5821: 5749: 5739: 5715: 5227: 5217: 4985: 4859: 4810: 4740: 4730: 4690: 4452: 4442: 4314: 4304: 4263: 4253: 4212: 4155: 4137: 4055:Collections – Wisdom, Insight, Innovation 3978: 3844: 3829: 3820: 3788: 3745: 3704: 3276:State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart 2448:Reconstructed bone hut based on finds in 1974:shows that woolly mammoths fed mainly on 1573:; this is also seen in modern elephants. 10514: 10265: 10199: 10132:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 10055: 9789: 9404: 8679: 7209: 7081: 5848: 5583: 4882: 4665: 4607: 3764:The Academy of Natural Sciences (2007). 3641: 3639: 3426: 3358: 3331:DNA editing technique, one team, led by 3311: 3106:heavy lift helicopter to an ice cave in 2848: 2814: 2738: 2635:of Siberia and date to 9,650 years ago. 2603: 2443: 2297: 2237:Mural depicting a herd walking near the 2232: 2017: 2000: 1924: 1765: 1725: 1692: 1552: 1528: 1217:) were the culmination of this process. 1137: 783: 751:specimens for the woolly mammoth, since 641: 511: 10545:(3 ed.). London: Frances Lincoln. 10515:McCarthy, Michael (28 September 2009), 10492:. Tacoma Public Library. Archived from 10463: 10409:"'Lucky Hands' in pursuit of dinosaurs" 10341: 9930:from the original on 25 September 2015. 9917: 9795: 9637: 9204: 9161:. University of Chicago Press. p. 9135: 8859: 8702: 7989: 6247: 5789: 5464: 5330: 5250: 3879:from the original on 24 September 2015. 3868: 3513:(it had also been claimed to belong to 2314:had coexisted with mammoths during the 1985:in the intestines of the mammoth calf " 1730:Molar from Font de Champdamoy, France, 1443:in areas where their range overlapped. 669:, "earth-horn". It may be a version of 14: 10887: 10487: 10406: 10315: 10231: 10166: 10157: 10076: 9663: 9458: 9373: 9264:( 16–20 October 2001, Rome): 305–309. 9148: 8910: 8711: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8560: 8426: 8174:Vartanyan, S. L.; et al. (1995). 7867: 7631: 7629: 7597: 7130: 6983:Braun, I. M.; Palombo, M. R. (2012). " 6978: 6976: 6854: 6349:"Spondyloarthropathy in Proboscideans" 6172:Herbert, B.; Fisher, D. (5 May 2010). 4639:Foronova, I. V.; Zudin, A. N. (2001). 4286: 3960: 3939: 3835: 3645: 2586:). This extinction formed part of the 1830: 1715:would occur than with straight tusks. 1178:In 2008, much of the woolly mammoth's 10650: 10649: 10243:Fossil Legends of the First Americans 10240: 10123: 9841: 9728: 9435: 9279:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9154: 9116: 7323: 7218: 6279: 5460:from the original on 2 November 2017. 4915: 4913: 4655:from the original on 24 October 2014. 4235: 3759: 3757: 3636: 2853:Skull discovered by fishermen in the 1929:Mandibles and lower molars, Barcelona 1297:Cast of an intermediate form between 1220:The first known members of the genus 398:. Its closest extant relative is the 10930:Extinct animals of the United States 10910:Pleistocene mammals of North America 10872:5E8B0ADF-A307-463E-A93D-032FF331D113 10466:Farliga djur och djur som inte finns 10432: 9606: 9506:) from the Khroma River (Yakutia)". 9448:from the original on 15 August 2009. 8276: 7525:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 7111:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 7082:Metcalfe, Jessica Z. (2 July 2017). 6475:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 6353:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 5667:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 5540:Pleistocene Mammals of North America 4506:from the original on 11 January 2011 4352:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110838 4280: 3654:. Bellevue Literary Press. pp. 2796:in south-western Canada showed that 2051:probably was from summer to autumn. 1737:Woolly mammoths had four functional 1158:profiles of the woolly mammoth from 1038:(European straight-tusked elephant) 10007: 9731:"Mammoth genome sequence completed" 9386:from the original on 11 August 2007 8585: 7626: 6973: 6857:"The extinction of woolly mammoth ( 6679:) record into a European context". 6188:from the original on 18 August 2016 5194:"What is the use of elephant hair?" 4818:Götherström, A.; Dalén, L. (2021). 4340:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 4105: 4024:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 3950:from the original on 13 March 2016. 3906: 3564:Woolly mammoths represented on the 3527: 3434:indigenous peoples of North America 3240: 2976:Museum of Zoology in St. Petersburg 2896: 2804: 1912:A 2019 study of the woolly mammoth 1150:ridges in the older species (below) 460:and heat loss. It had long, curved 24: 10468:(in Swedish). Prisma. p. 168. 9831:from the original on 26 March 2015 9782:Jackson Landers. 9 February 2015. 8439:from the original on 26 April 2015 8216:from the original on 2 April 2012. 7868:Lister, Adrian M. (18 June 2009). 7555:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5308:10.1023/B:DOBS.0000046662.43270.66 5277:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb02095.x 4910: 4702:from the original on 4 March 2016. 4042:from the original on 13 July 2015. 3754: 3110:. The specimen was nicknamed the " 3036:American Museum of Natural History 2424:, the "straight-tusked elephant". 2078: 1354:". Many taxa intermediate between 1338:American Museum of Natural History 743:) from Blumenbach's collection at 615:, in 1799, placing it in the same 516:Copy of an interpretation of the " 25: 10986: 10955:Cenozoic animals of North America 10599: 9671:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 9417:from the original on 13 July 2007 9376:"Baby mammoth discovery unveiled" 8958:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8949:Burney, D.; Flannery, T. (2005). 8862:"What Killed the Woolly Mammoth?" 7913:– via Wiley Online Library. 7248:Journal of Archaeological Science 7227:from the original on 6 April 2012 7183:Journal of Archaeological Science 5538:Kurten, B.; Anderson, E. (1980). 4496:"Woolly-Mammoth Genome Sequenced" 520:" carcass from around 1800, with 10945:Extinct mammals of North America 10621: 10606: 10543:Mammoths – Giants of the Ice Age 10508: 10481: 10472: 10426: 10400: 10332: 10269:The Journal of American Folklore 10259: 10203:The Journal of American Folklore 10193: 10117: 10070: 10049: 10027: 10001: 9975: 9934: 9885:Ethics, Policy & Environment 9876: 9835: 9810: 9657: 9600: 9495: 9452: 9429: 9270: 9250: 9241: 9198: 9179: 9129: 9110: 9035: 8942: 8904: 8853: 8420: 8333: 8262:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05525.x 8109: 8078: 7983: 7968: 7861: 7669: 7591: 7541: 7493: 7474: 7415: 7317: 7274: 7239: 7163: 7124: 7115: 7075: 7066: 6861:) and straight-tusked elephant ( 5785:from the original on 5 May 2015. 3925:Oxford English Dictionary Online 3568:of regions in Russia and Ukraine 3554: 3545: 3536: 3461: 3452: 3376: 3367: 3264: 3255: 3185: 3176: 3134: 3125: 3066: 3057: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2964: 2955: 2914: 2905: 2651: 2642: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2375: 2366: 2355: 2346: 2157: 2148: 2128:, with half of these containing 1868: 1859: 1848: 1839: 1761: 1616: 1610:Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna 1601: 1488: 1479: 1439:had a similar relationship with 1317: 1290: 149: 53: 10534: 9729:Ghosh, Pallab (23 April 2015). 9664:Proulx, Michel (24 June 2022). 8666:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105884 7663:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106913 7149:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.04.004 7057: 7011: 6952: 6894: 6848: 6812: 6752: 6707: 6701:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.11.004 6668: 6662:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.12.001 6629: 6570: 6502: 6479: 6431: 6378: 6331: 6270: 6200: 6090: 6055: 5978:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.10.009 5909: 5900: 5671: 5658:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108036 5623: 5617:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.019 5574: 5565: 5556: 5454:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.032 5421: 5415:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.020 5380: 5294:Blum.: Histological Evidence". 5283: 5244: 5066: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4876: 4706: 4659: 4632: 4601: 4518: 4488: 4469: 4418: 4366: 4331: 4229: 4172: 4065: 4046: 4020:, and designation of a neotype" 3995: 3954: 3897: 3838:Magasin Encyclopédique, 2e Anée 3621:On The Track Of Unknown Animals 2439: 2323:published his discovery of the 2013: 1324:Specimen (formerly assigned to 811:(dugongs and manatees) and the 716:'s posthumous monograph on the 709:") given to Jefferson in 1802. 10576:. 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(23 March 2015). 9897:10.1080/21550085.2018.1448043 9817:Sarah Fecht (24 March 2014), 9405:Solovyov, D. (11 July 2007). 9299:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00292-0 7996:Geological Society of America 7855:10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00026-4 7824:"The latest woolly mammoths ( 7170:Mussi, M.; Villa, P. (2008). 5571:Lister, 2007. pp. 95–105 4974:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4679:Russian Journal of Theriology 4610:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3630: 3405:Indigenous peoples of Siberia 3247:Revival of the woolly mammoth 3030:Leg with skin and fur at the 2557: 888:(South American gomphothere) 701:, who had a keen interest in 488:until 5,600 years ago and on 27:Extinct elephant-like species 10433:Chun, Alex (30 March 2023). 10375:10.1371/journal.pone.0146825 9951:10.1007/978-1-4939-0820-2_19 9719:Lister, 2007. pp. 42–43 9353:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.027 9247:Lister, 2007. pp. 57–58 9227:10.1126/science.133.3455.729 9014:Lister, 2007. pp. 50–53 9002:Lister, 2007. pp. 45–75 8879:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060099 8828:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060079 8529:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006601 8427:Dunham, W. (24 April 2015). 7620:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.03.023 7516:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.09.001 7441:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060079 7346:10.1016/j.quaint.2005.03.004 7102:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.12.003 7043:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.11.019 7005:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.07.010 6888:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.021 6842:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.12.009 6747:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.04.011 6545:10.1371/journal.pone.0085056 6499:Lister, 2007. pp. 88–89 6466:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.001 6241:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.006 6096:Lister, 2007. pp. 92–95 6084:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.09.032 6031:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.040 5906:Lister, 2007. pp. 88–91 5741:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.027 5580:Lister, 2007. pp. 62–63 5523:Lister, 2007. pp. 94–95 5498:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.12.023 5219:10.1371/journal.pone.0047018 5182:Lister, 2007. pp. 83–84 5118:Lister, 2007. pp. 82–87 5099:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.038 4692:10.15298/rusjtheriol.13.2.03 4629:Lister, 2007. pp. 12–43 4595:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.014 4528:Journal of Proteome Research 4444:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564 4306:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040078 4255:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040074 4099:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.003 4071:Lister, 2007. pp. 18–21 4012:Blumenbach, 1799 (currently 3220:, one of the islands in the 2819:Mounted "family group" from 2588:Late Pleistocene extinctions 2026:can be used to determine age 2005:Male tusk with signs of wear 1978:, unlike horses and rhinos. 1688: 1359:and complicated problems in 1282:Subspecies and hybridisation 779: 376:until its extinction in the 7: 9436:Smith, O. (21 April 2009). 9374:Rincon, P. (10 July 2007). 9027:Pfizenmayer, E. W. (1939). 8726:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2 5296:Doklady Biological Sciences 5052:10.1016/j.yqres.2008.03.005 1336:and woolly mammoths at the 1146:; note the lower number of 795:(top left and bottom right) 653:; the left one is now lost. 609:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 522:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 507: 394:about 800,000 years ago in 368:) is an extinct species of 10: 10991: 9692:Bringing them Back to Life 9576:10.1038/s41598-019-40546-1 8970:10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.022 8645:Quaternary Science Reviews 8617:10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.033 8309:10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x 7835:Quaternary Science Reviews 7703:10.1038/s41467-021-27439-6 7643:Quaternary Science Reviews 7391:10.1038/s41467-021-27439-6 7219:Aviss, B. (4 April 2012). 7137:Quaternary Science Reviews 6681:Quaternary Science Reviews 6642:Quaternary Science Reviews 6309:10.1038/s41586-023-06020-9 6128:10.1038/s41598-019-38779-1 5958:Quaternary Science Reviews 5637:Quaternary Science Reviews 5596:Quaternary Science Reviews 5434:Quaternary Science Reviews 5394:Quaternary Science Reviews 5255:and the modern elephants, 4968:Larramendi, Asier (2015). 4897:10.1038/d41586-021-00436-x 4844:10.1038/s41586-021-03224-9 4205:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103559 3726:Philosophical Transactions 3685:Philosophical Transactions 3390:carvings of scenes on the 3304:an elephant egg cell with 3244: 2808: 2790:Penultimate Glacial Period 2197:of modern Russia, but the 2132:. The teeth sometimes had 1063:(African forest elephant) 646:1930s illustration of the 10940:Extinct mammals of Europe 10935:Extinct animals of Canada 10900:Pleistocene proboscideans 10815: 10658: 10316:Larmer, B. (April 2013). 10014:Austin American-Statesman 9617:10.1038/nature.2013.13103 9528:10.1134/S1062359013070042 9056:10.1017/S0032247400031296 8571:10.1038/nature.2017.21575 8396:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.007 8201:10.1017/S0033822200014703 7268:10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.020 7203:10.1016/j.jas.2008.04.014 6929:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.061 5942:10.1080/10292389409380453 5875:10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.084 5159:10.1134/S0031030115020070 4289:"The year of the mammoth" 3611:travelled in Alaska, saw 3302:artificially inseminating 3300:A second method involves 2946:Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius 2811:List of mammoth specimens 1074: 1056: 1049: 1028: 1021: 985: 978: 944: 923: 916: 909: 902: 878: 871: 850: 843: 659:Oxford English Dictionary 313: 306: 286: 277: 255: 248: 146:Scientific classification 144: 136: 127: 34: 9638:Reardon, Sophie (2022). 9333:Quaternary International 9029:Siberian Man and Mammoth 7600:Quaternary International 7507:Quaternary International 7330:Quaternary International 7089:Quaternary International 7027:Quaternary International 6989:Quaternary International 6872:Quaternary International 6445:Quaternary International 6221:Quaternary International 6011:Quaternary International 5477:Quaternary International 5079:Quaternary International 4732:10.1186/gb-2011-12-5-r51 4578:Quaternary International 4481:11 February 2009 at the 4083:Quaternary International 3720:Sloane, H. (1727–1728). 3679:Sloane, H. (1727–1728). 3609:Charles Haskins Townsend 2294:Relationship with humans 2140:Distribution and habitat 1224:are the African species 1081:(African bush elephant) 502:species could be revived 10925:Extinct animals of Asia 10294:{subscription required} 10228:{subscription required} 10173:American Anthropologist 10103:2027/hvd.32044009725912 10094:10.1163/156853213X00213 9861:10.1126/science.1113442 9461:Journal of Paleontology 8777:10.1073/pnas.1604903113 8053:10.1073/pnas.1604903113 7990:Crossen, K. S. (2005). 6787:10.1073/pnas.0802315105 6182:Northwestern University 5562:Lister, 2007. pp. 92–93 5358:10.1126/science.1128994 5139:Paleontological Journal 5000:Lister, 2007. pp. 82–87 4788:10.1126/science.aac5660 4666:Foronova, I.V. (2014). 4139:10.1073/pnas.1720554115 3601:Smithsonian Institution 3478:carved in mammoth ivory 2937:Michael Friedrich Adams 2220:Altai-Sayan assemblages 2169:Altai-Sayan assemblages 1920: 1592: 1227:Mammuthus subplanifrons 885:Notiomastodon platensis 707:Cheshire Mammoth Cheese 661:, it comes from an old 383:Mammuthus subplanifrons 10322:nationalgeographic.com 10318:"Mammoth Tusk Hunters" 10167:Strong, W. D. (1934). 9778:8 October 2017 at the 8476:10.1098/rspb.2010.0301 7567:10.1098/rspb.2013.1910 7131:Wojtal, Piotr (2019). 6863:Palaeoloxodon antiquus 6855:Stuart, A. J. (2005). 5779:scientificamerican.com 4987:10.4202/app.00136.2014 3961:Maglio, V. J. (1973). 3822:10.1098/rstl.1737.0026 3747:10.1098/rstl.1727.0048 3706:10.1098/rstl.1727.0042 3425:, "the hidden rodent". 3324: 3218:Maly Lyakhovsky Island 2931:near the delta of the 2862: 2823: 2752: 2612: 2453: 2389:(above) and sculptures 2303: 2246: 2179:, are similar to the " 2099:in two vertebrae, and 2047:of 21–22 months, the 2027: 2006: 1930: 1778: 1734: 1698: 1561: 1534: 1520:Mammuthus trogontherii 1516:Mammuthus meridionalis 1151: 1035:Palaeoloxodon antiquus 796: 714:Henry Fairfield Osborn 654: 525: 341:Mammonteus primigenius 10790:Paleobiology Database 10690:Mammuthus primigenius 10660:Mammuthus primigenius 10628:Mammuthus primigenius 10056:Patkanov, S. (1897), 10041:17 March 2016 at the 9842:Zimov, S. A. (2005). 9759:24 April 2015 at the 9504:Mammuthus primigenius 9324:Mammuthus primigenius 9260:(Blumenbach, 1799)". 9258:Mammuthus primigenius 8610:(14): 3531–3540.e13. 8351:10.7554/elife.89992.1 8002:: 463. Archived from 7826:Mammuthus primigenius 7683:Nature Communications 7377:(7120 (2021)): 2031. 7370:Nature Communications 7326:Mammuthus primigenius 7174:Mammuthus primigenius 6985:Mammuthus primigenius 6859:Mammuthus primigenius 6718:Mammuthus primigenius 6677:Mammuthus primigenius 6638:Mammuthus primigenius 6002:Mammuthus primigenius 5918:Mammuthus primigenius 5802:Ecology and Evolution 5389:Mammuthus primigenius 5292:Mammothus primigenius 5253:Mammuthus primigenius 5135:Mammuthus primigenius 5075:Mammuthus primigenius 5023:Mammuthus primigenius 4954:on 30 September 2023. 4883:Callaway, E. (2021). 4670:Mammuthus intermedius 4036:10.5962/bhl.part.2651 4014:Mammuthus primigenius 3914:Word Stories: Mammoth 3912:Simpson, J. (2009). " 3840:(in French): 440–445. 3768:Mammuthus primigenius 3359:Cultural significance 3316:Elephants are highly 3315: 3245:Further information: 3144:The calf "Lyuba", in 2879:natural mummification 2852: 2836:elephants' graveyards 2818: 2809:Further information: 2742: 2665:remains displayed on 2607: 2568:Pleistocene megafauna 2447: 2416:. A depiction in the 2301: 2255:Depression of Granada 2236: 2021: 2004: 1960:Quaternary glaciation 1928: 1769: 1729: 1708:African bush elephant 1696: 1676:(fully active) and a 1556: 1532: 1522:and the contemporary 1508:African bush elephant 1141: 951:Mammuthus primigenius 787: 645: 589:Johann Philipp Breyne 515: 365:Mammuthus primigenius 262:Mammuthus primigenius 10920:Holocene extinctions 10464:Sjögren, B. (1962). 10439:Smithsonian Magazine 8860:Sedwick, C. (2008). 7841:(14–15): 1559–1569. 7510:. 169–170: 154–165. 7029:. 276–277: 212–226. 6874:. 126–128: 171–177. 5964:(27–28): 3935–3946. 5603:(10–11): 1253–1259. 5401:(17–18): 2304–2308. 4937:10.4435/BSPI.2017.29 4502:. 20 November 2008. 4085:. 169–170: 174–185. 3869:Brookes, J. (1828). 3807:(445–451): 124–138. 3776:on 27 September 2007 3732:(399–406): 497–514. 3691:(399–406): 457–471. 3386:A mammoth tusk with 3322:Sri Lankan elephants 3320:, as shown by these 3222:New Siberian Islands 2516:Venus of Brassempouy 2469:Venus of Brassempouy 2452:, exhibited in Japan 2410:Les Combarelles Cave 2333:Abri de la Madeleine 2325:Red Lady of Paviland 2280:Hot Springs sinkhole 2112:nutritional stress. 2057:prenatal development 1732:Musée Georges-Garret 1431:overlapped formed a 1411:have been proposed. 1328:) suggested to be a 1156:mitochondrial genome 933:(Columbian mammoth) 860:(American mastodon) 745:Göttingen University 372:that lived from the 300:was land at the time 298:in blue (light blue 10817:Elephas primigenius 10614:Paleontology portal 10488:Murray, M. (1960). 10478:Lister, 2007. p. 55 10407:Weiyun, T. (2011). 10366:2016PLoSO..1146825G 10338:Lister, 2007. p. 54 9989:. 17 September 2021 9784:The Washington Post 9703:National Geographic 9568:2019NatSR...9.4050Y 9520:2013BioBu..40..626M 9473:2014JPal...88..664F 9345:2012QuInt.255..231K 9291:2003MolPE..26..421D 9219:1961Sci...133..729F 9188:Elephas Primigenius 8768:2016PNAS..113.9310G 8683:Arctic Anthropology 8657:2019QSRv..22205884A 8470:(1692): 2331–2337. 8388:2015CBio...25.1395P 8301:2021Natur.600...86W 8254:2012MolEc..21.3391N 8192:1995Radcb..37....1V 8145:10.1038/nature02890 8137:2004Natur.431..684S 8044:2016PNAS..113.9310G 7946:10.1038/nature02612 7938:2004Natur.429..746D 7888:2009GeolJ..44..447L 7847:2002QSRv...21.1559S 7764:2022EcolL..25..125F 7695:2021NatCo..12.7120M 7655:2021QSRv..25906913D 7612:2015QuInt.379..147K 7383:2007QSRv...26.2031B 7338:2006QuInt.142...44J 7295:2003Gearc..18...91O 7260:2013JArSc..40.4189N 7195:2008JArSc..35.2606M 7172:"Single carcass of 7035:2012QuInt.276..212D 6997:2012QuInt.276...61B 6920:2008CBio...18.1320D 6880:2005QuInt.126..171S 6834:2010PPP...286...88S 6778:2008PNAS..105.8327G 6739:2009PPP...278...57A 6693:2012QSRv...32...64A 6654:2007QSRv...26..954T 6607:10.1038/nature12921 6599:2014Natur.506...47W 6536:2014PLoSO...985056P 6485:Lister, 2007. p. 87 6458:2015QuInt.379..135H 6301:2023Natur.617..533C 6233:2012QuInt.255..196R 6076:2010PPP...298..257M 6023:2012QuInt.255...94F 5970:2011QSRv...30.3935V 5934:1994HBio....7..187B 5868:(9): 1753–1764.e4. 5814:2019EcoEv...9.6821N 5650:2023QSRv..30608036K 5609:2005QSRv...24.1253M 5490:2020QuInt.537...88B 5446:2014QSRv...83...68T 5407:2011QSRv...30.2304W 5210:2012PLoSO...747018M 5151:2015PalJ...49..200P 5091:2012QuInt.255...53D 5044:2008QuRes..70...51V 5032:Quaternary Research 4836:2021Natur.591..265V 4780:2015Sci...350..805L 4587:2005QuInt.126...49L 4396:10.1038/nature04432 4388:2006Natur.439..724K 4287:Cooper, A. (2006). 4197:2022iSci...25j3559B 4130:2018PNAS..115E2566P 4124:(11): E2566–E2574. 4091:2007QuInt.169..174S 4010:Elephas primigenius 3919:22 May 2013 at the 3903:Lister, 2007. p. 49 3813:1737RSPT...40..124P 3738:1727RSPT...35..497S 3697:1727RSPT...35..457S 3646:Switek, B. (2010). 3580:Northern Hemisphere 3476:Elizabeth of Russia 3429:, pp. 123–124 2661:Woolly mammoth and 2458:East European Plain 2418:Cave of El Castillo 2316:Middle Palaeolithic 2204:high-pressure areas 2126:periodontal disease 2109:spondyloarthropathy 1991:intestinal microbes 1831:Adaptations to cold 685:means "earth", and 613:Elephas primigenius 530:legendary creatures 435:legendary creatures 323:Elephas primigenius 241:M. primigenius 10970:Symbols of Vermont 10496:on 18 January 2012 10241:Mayor, A. (2005). 10124:Cohen, C. (2002). 10066:on 7 November 2018 9697:2017-03-29 at the 9556:Scientific Reports 9326:Blumenbach, 1799)" 9155:Cohen, C. (2002). 8720:. pp. 21–37. 7875:Geological Journal 7332:. 142–143: 44–57. 6991:. 276–277: 61–76. 6115:Scientific Reports 5922:Historical Biology 5265:Journal of Zoology 5261:Loxodonta africana 4581:. 126–128: 49–64. 4236:Gross, L. (2006). 3617:Bernard Heuvelmans 3325: 3088:Radiocarbon dating 2863: 2824: 2753: 2621:bottleneck effects 2613: 2454: 2308:Upper Palaeolithic 2304: 2268:Bering land bridge 2247: 2028: 2007: 1931: 1818:St. Mary Reservoir 1779: 1735: 1699: 1562: 1535: 1512:Loxodonta africana 1460:Middle Pleistocene 1389:M. p. leith-adamsi 1272:Middle Pleistocene 1211:Columbian mammoths 1168:Loxodonta africana 1152: 1078:Loxodonta africana 1060:Loxodonta cyclotis 797: 655: 637:Mammuthus borealis 629:Elephas mammonteus 548:, for example the 526: 414:show that the two 374:Middle Pleistocene 329:Elephas mammonteus 40:Middle Pleistocene 10965:Symbols of Alaska 10882: 10881: 10854:Open Tree of Life 10652:Taxon identifiers 10583:978-1-4008-6548-2 10552:978-0-520-26160-0 10252:978-0-691-11345-6 10143:978-0-226-11292-3 10084:, Second Series, 9960:978-1-4939-0819-6 9854:(5723): 796–798. 9743:on 24 April 2015. 9213:(3455): 729–735. 9172:978-0-226-11292-3 8935:978-0-520-23141-2 8735:978-1-4020-8792-9 8382:(10): 1395–1400. 8344:(Report). elife. 8248:(14): 3391–3402. 8242:Molecular Ecology 8131:(7009): 684–689. 8085:Markus Milligan. 7932:(6993): 746–749. 7772:10.1111/ele.13911 7303:10.1002/gea.10052 7254:(12): 4189–4197. 6914:(17): 1320–1326. 6772:(24): 8327–8332. 6406:10.7717/peerj.318 6295:(7961): 533–539. 5823:10.1002/ece3.5250 5808:(12): 6821–6832. 5549:978-0-231-03733-4 4830:(7849): 265–269. 4774:(6262): 805–809. 4540:10.1021/pr200721u 4382:(7077): 724–727. 3766:"Woolly Mammoth ( 3665:978-1-934137-29-1 3585:chargé d'affaires 2887:Byoryolyokh River 2710:environmental DNA 2617:Last Interglacial 2520:Venus of Moravany 2473:Venus of Lespugue 2420:may instead show 2251:Shandong province 2243:Charles R. Knight 2208:woolly rhinoceros 2045:gestation periods 1936:herbaceous plants 1582:spinous processes 1548:sexual dimorphism 1524:Mammuthus columbi 1464:hybrid speciation 1448:Early Pleistocene 1393:M. p. hydruntinus 1373:M. p. primigenius 1215:Mammuthus columbi 1135: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1117: 1116: 1108: 1107: 1099: 1098: 1090: 1089: 1010: 1009: 1001: 1000: 992:(Asian elephant) 967: 966: 930:Mammuthus columbi 857:Mammut americanum 558:Pyrrhus of Epirus 446:African elephants 418:with each other. 408:Mammuthus columbi 404:Columbian mammoth 356: 355: 325:Blumenbach, 1799 48:0.40–0.0037 16:(Redirected from 10982: 10875: 10874: 10862: 10861: 10849: 10848: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10808: 10807: 10798: 10797: 10785: 10784: 10772: 10771: 10759: 10758: 10746: 10745: 10733: 10732: 10720: 10719: 10707: 10706: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10647: 10646: 10626:Data related to 10625: 10616: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10595: 10575: 10564: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10512: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10501: 10485: 10479: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10461: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10404: 10398: 10397: 10387: 10377: 10345: 10339: 10336: 10330: 10329: 10328:on 2 April 2013. 10324:. Archived from 10313: 10307: 10304: 10295: 10293: 10276:(369): 293–304. 10263: 10257: 10256: 10238: 10229: 10227: 10210:(369): 294–296. 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10164: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10131: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10105: 10078:Laufer, Berthold 10074: 10068: 10067: 10053: 10047: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9979: 9973: 9972: 9938: 9932: 9931: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9880: 9874: 9873: 9863: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9803:The Sunday Times 9793: 9787: 9770: 9764: 9751: 9745: 9744: 9739:. Archived from 9726: 9720: 9717: 9706: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9587: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9508:Biology Bulletin 9499: 9493: 9492: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9330: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9274: 9268: 9254: 9248: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9183: 9177: 9176: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9079: 9068: 9067: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9024: 9015: 9012: 9003: 9000: 8989: 8988: 8987:on 10 June 2010. 8986: 8980:. Archived from 8955: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8908: 8902: 8901: 8891: 8881: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8840: 8830: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8789: 8779: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8709: 8700: 8699: 8677: 8671: 8670: 8668: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8619: 8594: 8583: 8582: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8541: 8531: 8507: 8498: 8497: 8487: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8407: 8365: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8320: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8233: 8218: 8217: 8203: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8122: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8093:. Archived from 8082: 8076: 8075: 8065: 8055: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7832: 7819: 7810: 7809: 7783: 7742: 7733: 7732: 7722: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7633: 7624: 7623: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7578: 7545: 7539: 7536: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7461: 7443: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7402: 7359: 7350: 7349: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7189:(9): 2606–2613. 7180: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7128: 7122: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7079: 7073: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7024: 7015: 7009: 7008: 6980: 6971: 6968: 6959: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6931: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6869: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6799: 6789: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6724: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6648:(7–8): 954–957. 6633: 6627: 6626: 6584: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6557: 6547: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6500: 6497: 6486: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6418: 6408: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6254: 6245: 6244: 6216: 6207: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6140: 6130: 6106: 6097: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6070:(3–4): 257–270. 6059: 6053: 6052: 6042: 6008: 5995: 5982: 5981: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5887: 5877: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5835: 5825: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5753: 5743: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5590: 5581: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5535: 5524: 5521: 5510: 5509: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5343: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5302:(1–6): 382–384. 5287: 5281: 5280: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5231: 5221: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5171: 5170: 5130: 5119: 5116: 5103: 5102: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5029: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4965: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4947:. Archived from 4926: 4917: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4863: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4734: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4694: 4676: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4647: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4574: 4565: 4552: 4551: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4492: 4486: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4456: 4446: 4437:(12): e1000564. 4422: 4416: 4415: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4318: 4308: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4267: 4257: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4216: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4159: 4141: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4050: 4044: 4043: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3982: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3937: 3928: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3761: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3653: 3643: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3528:Alleged survival 3511:green sea turtle 3465: 3456: 3394:, 19th century, 3380: 3371: 3341:Pleistocene Park 3268: 3259: 3241:Possible revival 3189: 3180: 3138: 3129: 3100:Taymyr Peninsula 3070: 3061: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2968: 2959: 2918: 2909: 2897:Frozen specimens 2805:Fossil specimens 2758:genomic meltdown 2719:Taymyr Peninsula 2671:Taymyr Peninsula 2655: 2646: 2633:Kyttyk Peninsula 2508: 2499: 2490: 2467:, including the 2379: 2370: 2359: 2350: 2321:William Buckland 2161: 2152: 1972:Isotope analysis 1940:flowering plants 1872: 1863: 1852: 1843: 1771:Life restoration 1652:sebaceous glands 1648:thermoregulation 1620: 1605: 1492: 1483: 1409:M. p. alaskensis 1405:M. p. compressus 1401:M. p. americanus 1321: 1294: 1252:southern mammoth 1144:southern mammoth 1052: 1051: 1032: 1024: 1023: 981: 980: 948: 927: 919: 918: 912: 911: 905: 904: 882: 874: 873: 854: 846: 845: 839: 838: 699:Thomas Jefferson 335:Mammuthus boreus 294:distribution of 292:Late Pleistocene 282: 264: 260: 224: 154: 153: 132: 122: 52: 38:Temporal range: 32: 31: 21: 10990: 10989: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10915:Holarctic fauna 10885: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10870: 10865: 10857: 10852: 10844: 10839: 10830: 10829: 10824: 10811: 10803: 10801: 10793: 10788: 10780: 10777:Observation.org 10775: 10767: 10762: 10754: 10749: 10741: 10736: 10728: 10723: 10715: 10710: 10702: 10697: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10654: 10612: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10584: 10567: 10553: 10540: 10537: 10532: 10523: 10521: 10513: 10509: 10499: 10497: 10486: 10482: 10477: 10473: 10462: 10453: 10443: 10441: 10431: 10427: 10417: 10415: 10405: 10401: 10360:(2): e0146825. 10346: 10342: 10337: 10333: 10314: 10310: 10305: 10298: 10264: 10260: 10253: 10239: 10232: 10198: 10194: 10165: 10158: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10122: 10118: 10075: 10071: 10054: 10050: 10043:Wayback Machine 10032: 10028: 10018: 10016: 10008:Carlson, Kara. 10006: 10002: 9992: 9990: 9981: 9980: 9976: 9961: 9939: 9935: 9924:The Independent 9916: 9912: 9881: 9877: 9840: 9836: 9825:Popular Science 9815: 9811: 9794: 9790: 9780:Wayback Machine 9771: 9767: 9761:Wayback Machine 9752: 9748: 9727: 9723: 9718: 9709: 9701:. Carl Zimmer, 9699:Wayback Machine 9690: 9686: 9676: 9674: 9662: 9658: 9648: 9646: 9644:www.cbsnews.com 9636: 9632: 9605: 9601: 9547: 9543: 9500: 9496: 9457: 9453: 9434: 9430: 9420: 9418: 9403: 9399: 9389: 9387: 9372: 9368: 9328: 9318: 9314: 9275: 9271: 9255: 9251: 9246: 9242: 9203: 9199: 9184: 9180: 9173: 9153: 9149: 9134: 9130: 9115: 9111: 9096:10.2307/1005437 9080: 9071: 9040: 9036: 9025: 9018: 9013: 9006: 9001: 8992: 8984: 8953: 8947: 8943: 8936: 8909: 8905: 8858: 8854: 8807: 8803: 8747: 8743: 8736: 8710: 8703: 8678: 8674: 8637: 8633: 8595: 8586: 8559: 8555: 8522:(3): e1006601. 8508: 8501: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8440: 8425: 8421: 8375:Current Biology 8366: 8359: 8338: 8334: 8295:(7887): 86–92. 8281: 8277: 8234: 8221: 8172: 8168: 8120: 8114: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8097:on 30 June 2015 8083: 8079: 8023: 8019: 8009: 8007: 8006:on 3 March 2016 7988: 7984: 7973: 7969: 7922: 7918: 7908: 7906: 7896:10.1002/gj.1162 7866: 7862: 7830: 7820: 7813: 7752:Ecology Letters 7743: 7736: 7674: 7670: 7634: 7627: 7596: 7592: 7546: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7498: 7494: 7479: 7475: 7420: 7416: 7360: 7353: 7322: 7318: 7279: 7275: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7228: 7217: 7210: 7178: 7168: 7164: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7106: 7104: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7058: 7022: 7016: 7012: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6908:Current Biology 6899: 6895: 6867: 6853: 6849: 6817: 6813: 6757: 6753: 6722: 6712: 6708: 6673: 6669: 6634: 6630: 6593:(7486): 47–51. 6582: 6575: 6571: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6436: 6432: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6367: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6255: 6248: 6217: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6154: 6107: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6060: 6056: 6006: 5996: 5985: 5953: 5949: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5862:Current Biology 5853: 5849: 5794: 5790: 5771: 5767: 5720: 5716: 5681:Nature Genetics 5676: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5628: 5624: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5536: 5527: 5522: 5513: 5472: 5465: 5426: 5422: 5385: 5381: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5288: 5284: 5257:Elephas maximus 5249: 5245: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5137:(Blumenbach)". 5131: 5122: 5117: 5106: 5071: 5067: 5027: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4924: 4918: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4881: 4877: 4815: 4811: 4762: 4758: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4674: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4606: 4602: 4572: 4566: 4555: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4483:Wayback Machine 4474: 4470: 4423: 4419: 4371: 4367: 4336: 4332: 4285: 4281: 4234: 4230: 4177: 4173: 4110: 4106: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4051: 4047: 4000: 3996: 3980:10.2307/1379357 3959: 3955: 3938: 3931: 3921:Wayback Machine 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3867: 3863: 3852: 3845: 3834: 3830: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3762: 3755: 3718: 3714: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3644: 3637: 3633: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3551: 3550: 3542: 3541: 3530: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3457: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3396:De Young Museum 3383: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3372: 3361: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3249: 3243: 3229:gold fields of 3199: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3182: 3181: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3146:Royal BC Museum 3141: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3130: 3093:Yamal Peninsula 3080: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3063: 3062: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3017: 3016: 3008: 3007: 2985:Berezovka River 2981: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2961: 2960: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2919: 2911: 2910: 2899: 2813: 2807: 2682:St. Paul Island 2679: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2648: 2647: 2560: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2501: 2500: 2492: 2491: 2465:Venus figurines 2442: 2402:Rouffignac Cave 2393: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2352: 2351: 2296: 2222:are the modern 2187: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2142: 2081: 2079:Palaeopathology 2016: 1923: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1865: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1833: 1807:Yukagir mammoth 1764: 1691: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1621: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1595: 1559:Royal BC Museum 1503: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1473: 1441:M. trogontherii 1381:M. p. sibiricus 1344: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1299:M. trogontherii 1295: 1284: 1268:M. trogontherii 1264:M. trogontherii 1256:M. meridionalis 1203:lamellar plates 1164:Elephas maximus 1136: 1127: 1118: 1109: 1100: 1091: 1011: 1002: 989:Elephas maximus 968: 793:Indian elephant 782: 772:designation of 625:Elephas maximus 510: 486:St. Paul Island 352: 319: 318: 273: 266: 258: 257: 244: 222: 148: 123: 121: 120: 119: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 47: 46: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10988: 10978: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10863: 10850: 10837: 10821: 10819: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10809: 10799: 10786: 10773: 10760: 10747: 10734: 10721: 10708: 10695: 10680: 10664: 10662: 10656: 10655: 10644: 10643: 10637: 10631: 10630:at Wikispecies 10618: 10617: 10601: 10600:External links 10598: 10597: 10596: 10582: 10565: 10551: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10530: 10507: 10480: 10471: 10451: 10425: 10399: 10340: 10331: 10308: 10296: 10282:10.2307/540573 10258: 10251: 10230: 10216:10.2307/540573 10192: 10156: 10142: 10116: 10069: 10048: 10026: 10000: 9974: 9959: 9933: 9910: 9891:(1): 127–142. 9875: 9834: 9809: 9788: 9765: 9746: 9721: 9707: 9684: 9656: 9630: 9599: 9541: 9514:(7): 626–641. 9494: 9481:10.1666/13-092 9467:(4): 664–675. 9451: 9428: 9397: 9380:news.bbc.co.uk 9366: 9312: 9285:(3): 421–434. 9269: 9249: 9240: 9197: 9178: 9171: 9147: 9128: 9109: 9069: 9034: 9016: 9004: 8990: 8964:(7): 395–401. 8941: 8934: 8903: 8852: 8801: 8762:(33): 9310–4. 8741: 8734: 8701: 8690:(1): 247–262. 8672: 8631: 8584: 8553: 8499: 8450: 8419: 8357: 8332: 8275: 8219: 8166: 8108: 8077: 8038:(33): 9310–4. 8017: 7982: 7967: 7916: 7882:(4): 447–479. 7860: 7811: 7758:(1): 125–137. 7734: 7668: 7625: 7590: 7561:(1770): 1–10. 7540: 7528: 7492: 7473: 7414: 7351: 7316: 7283:Geoarchaeology 7273: 7238: 7208: 7162: 7123: 7114: 7074: 7065: 7056: 7010: 6972: 6960: 6951: 6893: 6847: 6828:(1–2): 88–96. 6811: 6751: 6733:(1–4): 57–70, 6706: 6667: 6628: 6569: 6510: 6501: 6487: 6478: 6430: 6377: 6359:(3): 360–366. 6339: 6330: 6278: 6269: 6246: 6208: 6199: 6164: 6152: 6098: 6089: 6054: 5983: 5947: 5928:(3): 187–202. 5908: 5899: 5847: 5788: 5765: 5734:(2): 217–228. 5714: 5693:10.1038/ng.574 5687:(6): 536–540. 5670: 5622: 5582: 5573: 5564: 5555: 5548: 5525: 5511: 5463: 5420: 5379: 5329: 5282: 5271:(2): 271–274. 5243: 5204:(10): e47018. 5184: 5172: 5145:(2): 200–210. 5120: 5104: 5065: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4957: 4931:(3): 299–317. 4909: 4875: 4809: 4756: 4719:Genome Biology 4705: 4658: 4631: 4619: 4600: 4553: 4534:(2): 917–926. 4517: 4487: 4468: 4417: 4365: 4346:(1): 139–167. 4330: 4279: 4228: 4171: 4104: 4073: 4064: 4045: 3994: 3953: 3929: 3905: 3896: 3882: 3861: 3843: 3828: 3787: 3753: 3712: 3671: 3664: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3605:Washington, DC 3563: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3544: 3543: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3507:Explorers Club 3499:global warming 3495:Schreger lines 3470: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3418:Ben Cao Gangmu 3385: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3273: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3239: 3194: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3143: 3142: 3133: 3132: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3112:Jarkov mammoth 3075: 3074: 3065: 3064: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3029: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3010: 3009: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2993:St. Petersburg 2973: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2923: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2867:petroleum seep 2806: 2803: 2798:M. primigenius 2686:Wrangel Island 2667:Wrangel Island 2660: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2584:steppe lemming 2559: 2556: 2513: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2494: 2493: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2441: 2438: 2434:spear throwers 2387:cave paintings 2384: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2329:Édouard Lartet 2295: 2292: 2259:phylogeography 2241:in France, by 2191:mammoth steppe 2181:mammoth steppe 2177:Ukok-Sailiugem 2166: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2105:bone fractures 2089:osteoarthritis 2080: 2077: 2015: 2012: 1922: 1919: 1877: 1876: 1867: 1866: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1775:Mauricio Antón 1763: 1760: 1690: 1687: 1672:were found: a 1622: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1578:cave paintings 1497: 1496: 1487: 1486: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1437:M. primigenius 1433:metapopulation 1429:M. primigenius 1417:M. jeffersonii 1397:M. p. astensis 1377:M. p. jatzkovi 1365:M. intermedius 1356:M. primigenius 1326:M. jeffersonii 1323: 1316: 1315: 1303:M. primigenius 1296: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1260:steppe mammoth 1237:M. africanavus 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 998: 995: 994: 984: 979: 977: 974: 973: 970: 969: 965: 964: 961: 960: 956:woolly mammoth 943: 940: 939: 936: 935: 922: 917: 915: 910: 908: 903: 901: 895: 894: 891: 890: 877: 872: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 849: 844: 842: 837: 789:Georges Cuvier 781: 778: 774:E. primigenius 635:used the name 633:Joshua Brookes 621:Asian elephant 601:Georges Cuvier 546:Roman Republic 524:'s handwriting 509: 506: 498:genome project 490:Wrangel Island 478:mammoth steppe 439:Georges Cuvier 431:cave paintings 400:Asian elephant 392:steppe mammoth 360:woolly mammoth 354: 353: 351: 350: 347:Elephas boreus 344: 338: 337:Brookes, 1828 332: 326: 316: 315: 314: 311: 310: 304: 303: 296:M. primigenius 284: 283: 275: 274: 267: 253: 252: 246: 245: 237: 235: 231: 230: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 142: 141: 134: 133: 125: 124: 116: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 37: 35:Woolly mammoth 26: 18:Woolly Mammoth 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10987: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10873: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10842: 10838: 10833: 10827: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10806: 10800: 10796: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10700: 10696: 10691: 10685: 10681: 10676: 10670: 10666: 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3101: 3096: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3048: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2917: 2908: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2875:Arctic Circle 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2706:ancient Egypt 2703: 2699: 2698:Great Pyramid 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2552:Paleo-Indians 2549: 2544: 2539: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2451: 2446: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2422:Palaeoloxodon 2419: 2415: 2414:Font-de-Gaume 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2388: 2378: 2369: 2358: 2349: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2273: 2272:Younger Dryas 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2151: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101:osteomyelitis 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085:bone diseases 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049:mating season 2046: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2025: 2020: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983:faecal matter 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1871: 1862: 1851: 1842: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1762:Palaeobiology 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744:conveyor belt 1740: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1695: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1641: 1636: 1625: 1619: 1611: 1604: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1557:Model at the 1555: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1544:island dwarfs 1540: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1491: 1482: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369:M. chosaricus 1366: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1352:chronospecies 1349: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1320: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1293: 1279: 1277: 1276:Bering Strait 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199:morphological 1195: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1131: 1130: 1122: 1121: 1113: 1112: 1104: 1103: 1095: 1094: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1079: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1006: 1005: 997: 996: 993: 991: 990: 983: 982: 976: 975: 972: 971: 963: 962: 959: 957: 953: 952: 942: 941: 938: 937: 934: 932: 931: 921: 920: 914: 913: 907: 906: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 887: 886: 876: 875: 869: 868: 865: 864: 861: 859: 858: 848: 847: 841: 840: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 794: 790: 786: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 735: 734:intraspecific 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 703:palaeontology 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 652: 649: 644: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 550:war elephants 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 523: 519: 518:Adams mammoth 514: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 427:North America 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 386:in the early 385: 384: 379: 375: 371: 367: 366: 361: 348: 345: 343:Osborn, 1924 342: 339: 336: 333: 331:Cuvier, 1799 330: 327: 324: 321: 320: 312: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 271: 265: 263: 254: 251: 250:Binomial name 247: 243: 242: 236: 233: 232: 229: 228: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 157: 152: 147: 143: 140: 135: 131: 126: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 45: 41: 33: 30: 19: 10816: 10659: 10571: 10542: 10535:Bibliography 10522:, retrieved 10517: 10510: 10498:. 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BBC News. 9379: 9369: 9336: 9332: 9323: 9315: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9261: 9257: 9252: 9243: 9210: 9206: 9200: 9191: 9187: 9181: 9157: 9150: 9141: 9140:(in Latin). 9137: 9131: 9122: 9118: 9112: 9090:(1): 11–23. 9087: 9083: 9047: 9044:Polar Record 9043: 9037: 9028: 8982:the original 8961: 8957: 8944: 8916: 8912:Martin, P. S 8906: 8869: 8866:PLOS Biology 8865: 8855: 8818: 8815:PLOS Biology 8814: 8804: 8759: 8755: 8744: 8713: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8648: 8644: 8634: 8607: 8603: 8562: 8556: 8519: 8515: 8467: 8463: 8453: 8441:. Retrieved 8432: 8422: 8379: 8373: 8335: 8292: 8288: 8278: 8245: 8241: 8183: 8179: 8169: 8128: 8124: 8111: 8099:. Retrieved 8095:the original 8090: 8080: 8035: 8031: 8020: 8008:. Retrieved 8004:the original 7999: 7995: 7985: 7976: 7970: 7929: 7925: 7919: 7907:. Retrieved 7879: 7873: 7863: 7838: 7834: 7825: 7781:11343/299174 7755: 7751: 7686: 7682: 7671: 7646: 7642: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7558: 7554: 7543: 7521:24 September 7519:. 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Retrieved 3774:the original 3767: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3649: 3620: 3598: 3583: 3573: 3521:livestreamed 3514: 3503: 3487: 3483: 3431: 3422: 3416: 3402: 3345: 3326: 3299: 3282: 3235:Hän language 3215: 3200: 3160: 3156: 3097: 3084:Kolyma River 3081: 3043: 2989:asphyxiation 2982: 2929: 2883: 2864: 2840:kettle holes 2825: 2797: 2786: 2774:gomphotheres 2762: 2754: 2734: 2726: 2694:civilization 2690:Arctic Ocean 2678: 2629: 2625: 2614: 2609:Palaeolithic 2598: 2592: 2574:, reindeer, 2561: 2534: 2530: 2462: 2455: 2440:Exploitation 2426: 2421: 2406:Chauvet Cave 2398:portable art 2394: 2312:Neanderthals 2305: 2284:South Dakota 2276: 2248: 2188: 2173:Khar-Us Nuur 2122: 2082: 2073:testosterone 2061: 2042: 2038: 2033:growth rings 2029: 2024:growth rings 2014:Life history 2008: 1980: 1932: 1911: 1903: 1883: 1822: 1811: 1800: 1789:, and large 1780: 1736: 1717: 1700: 1681: 1663: 1659:pigmentation 1656: 1644: 1632: 1575: 1563: 1536: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385:M. p. fraasi 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1355: 1345: 1325: 1307:M. p. fraasi 1306: 1302: 1298: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1245: 1235: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1196: 1177: 1167: 1163: 1153: 1076: 1075: 1058: 1057: 1033: 1029: 987: 986: 955: 950: 949: 945: 928: 924: 899:Elephantidae 883: 879: 855: 851: 824: 817:Elephantidae 798: 773: 770:type species 765: 757:Vera Gromova 738: 729: 725: 721: 711: 694: 686: 682: 670: 666: 658: 656: 636: 628: 624: 612: 594: 578: 527: 482: 450:last ice age 443: 420: 407: 381: 364: 363: 359: 357: 346: 340: 334: 328: 322: 295: 290:showing the 288:Dymaxion map 261: 256: 240: 239: 226: 213:Elephantidae 29: 10738:iNaturalist 10684:Wikispecies 9562:(1): 4050. 9413:. Reuters. 9411:reuters.com 9339:: 231–238. 8924:. pp. 8435:. Reuters. 8433:ABC Science 8180:Radiocarbon 8010:13 February 7689:(1): 7120. 7606:: 147–154. 7143:: 162–166. 7107:8 September 7096:: 147–159. 7051:2268/190618 6452:: 135–146. 6287:episodes". 6227:: 196–205. 6121:(1): 2303. 5751:10220/38768 4902:17 February 4526:proteins". 3590:Vladivostok 3588:working in 3516:Megatherium 3443:folk memory 3409:ivory trade 3392:Yukon River 3167:lactic acid 3116:hair dryers 2429:Gönnersdorf 2239:Somme River 2212:wild horses 2097:spondylitis 1968:dung fungus 1898:haemoglobin 1814:matriarchal 1787:cave hyenas 1471:Description 1242:Pleistocene 1205:) on their 1180:chromosomal 1172:chimpanzees 1160:ancient DNA 736:variation. 718:Proboscidea 574:Great Flood 562:Hans Sloane 540:, based on 423:prehistoric 412:DNA studies 203:Proboscidea 10889:Categories 10832:Q109647275 10500:17 January 10088:(3): 329, 10082:T'oung Pao 9677:8 November 9442:Daily News 9194:: 326–334. 9144:: 406–514. 9125:: 120–137. 8872:(4): e99. 8821:(4): e79. 8651:: 105884. 8186:(1): 1–6. 7979:: 200–203. 7649:: 106913. 7489:: 289–299. 7434:(4): e79. 6266:: 299–314. 6017:: 94–105. 5644:: 108036. 4889:nature.com 4725:(5): R51. 4616:: 383–396. 4299:(3): e78. 4248:(3): e74. 3631:References 3627:movement. 3349:gregarious 3337:hemoglobin 3318:gregarious 2933:Lena River 2859:Doggerland 2844:sink holes 2828:Doggerland 2582:, and the 2580:Arctic fox 2558:Extinction 2543:Yana River 2538:Mousterian 2522:, and the 2264:subspecies 2171:, such as 2116:flies and 1914:mitogenome 1803:flyswatter 1720:milk tusks 1425:M. columbi 1361:Quaternary 1247:M. rumanus 1188:permafrost 829:Mammutidae 805:Tethys Sea 726:Mammonteus 599:biologist 416:hybridised 349:Hay, 1924 270:Blumenbach 10592:965621402 10179:: 81–88. 10149:10 August 9905:158056898 9361:129303118 9064:129654739 8579:184732688 8210:0033-8222 7962:186242235 7904:0072-1050 7806:243762825 7790:1461-0248 7711:2041-1723 7450:1545-7885 7311:129431648 7157:149647112 6687:: 64–74. 6640:Blum.)". 6325:258485513 5506:213262363 5484:: 88–96. 5440:: 68–75. 5085:: 53–58. 5060:111383180 4945:0375-7633 4852:1476-4687 4804:206639522 4148:0027-8424 4030:: 38–44. 4018:Mammuthus 4006:Mammuthus 3472:Peter III 3207:taxidermy 2855:North Sea 2832:North Sea 2830:" in the 2780:, of the 2778:megafauna 2572:cave lion 2548:Wisconsin 2477:boomerang 2450:Mezhyrich 2288:sympatric 2136:growths. 2134:cancerous 2114:Parasitic 2093:vertebrae 1976:C3 plants 1894:musk oxen 1795:territory 1689:Dentition 1678:recessive 1567:frostbite 1456:Krestovka 1419:may be a 1334:Columbian 1240:from the 1230:from the 1222:Mammuthus 833:cladogram 809:sirenians 780:Evolution 766:Mammuthus 749:lectotype 730:Mammuthus 722:Mammuthus 648:lectotype 595:In 1796, 570:elephants 534:behemoths 464:and four 458:frostbite 441:in 1796. 234:Species: 227:Mammuthus 169:Kingdom: 163:Eukaryota 139:Siegsdorf 10895:Mammoths 10826:Wikidata 10756:11017929 10717:55636399 10675:Q3699044 10669:Wikidata 10561:30155747 10524:5 August 10444:24 March 10394:26840445 10354:PLOS ONE 10039:Archived 9987:euronews 9969:25091921 9928:Archived 9870:15879196 9829:archived 9776:Archived 9757:Archived 9736:BBC News 9695:Archived 9625:87298066 9594:30858410 9550:(2019). 9536:16675371 9489:28393815 9446:Archived 9415:Archived 9384:Archived 9307:12644401 9235:17777646 8978:16701402 8914:(2005). 8898:20076709 8847:18384234 8796:27482085 8718:Springer 8696:40316468 8626:38942016 8548:28253255 8494:20356891 8443:24 April 8437:Archived 8414:25913407 8327:34671161 8270:22443459 8214:Archived 8153:15470427 8072:27482085 7954:15201907 7798:34738712 7729:34880234 7585:24026825 7468:18384234 7409:34880234 7225:Archived 6946:18663366 6938:18771918 6806:18541911 6615:24499916 6564:24454791 6524:PLOS ONE 6471:19 April 6425:24711969 6399:: e318. 6370:17 April 6365:20095389 6317:37138076 6192:1 August 6186:Archived 6147:30783179 6049:35667021 5894:37030294 5842:31380018 5783:Archived 5760:26146078 5701:20436470 5458:Archived 5374:20153467 5366:16825562 5316:15587793 5238:23071700 5198:PLOS ONE 5167:84849714 4870:33597750 4796:26564853 4751:21627792 4697:Archived 4650:Archived 4548:22103443 4504:Archived 4479:Archived 4463:21203580 4404:16362058 4360:25493538 4325:16448215 4274:20076539 4223:34988402 4185:iScience 4166:29483247 4061:: 44–50. 4040:Archived 3948:Archived 3917:Archived 3877:Archived 3491:Lausanne 3294:egg cell 3227:Klondike 3150:IFC Mall 3108:Khatanga 2871:Starunia 2794:trackway 2782:Americas 2745:Holocene 2723:refugium 2564:Holocene 2524:Lion-Man 2471:and the 2337:Dordogne 2335:cave in 2118:protozoa 2069:temporin 1890:reindeer 1752:cementum 1674:dominant 1332:between 1232:Pliocene 1192:proteins 821:mastodon 768:and the 753:holotype 741:Osterode 695:maimanto 681:, where 679:Estonian 554:Hannibal 542:biblical 532:such as 508:Taxonomy 388:Pliocene 378:Holocene 308:Synonyms 209:Family: 193:Mammalia 183:Chordata 179:Phylum: 173:Animalia 159:Domain: 44:Holocene 10867:ZooBank 10846:5816436 10805:7064103 10730:4825833 10385:4740485 10362:Bibcode 10112:4526349 10046:. p. 96 9848:Science 9649:26 June 9585:6411884 9564:Bibcode 9516:Bibcode 9469:Bibcode 9421:13 July 9390:13 July 9341:Bibcode 9287:Bibcode 9215:Bibcode 9207:Science 9104:1005437 8926:165–173 8889:2276526 8838:2276529 8787:4995940 8764:Bibcode 8653:Bibcode 8598:2024). 8539:5333797 8485:2894910 8405:4439331 8384:Bibcode 8318:8636272 8297:Bibcode 8250:Bibcode 8188:Bibcode 8161:4415073 8133:Bibcode 8063:4995940 8040:Bibcode 7934:Bibcode 7909:10 June 7884:Bibcode 7843:Bibcode 7760:Bibcode 7720:8654998 7691:Bibcode 7651:Bibcode 7608:Bibcode 7576:3779339 7459:2276529 7400:8654998 7379:Bibcode 7334:Bibcode 7291:Bibcode 7256:Bibcode 7231:9 April 7223:. 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