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1752:
60:
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on 2 October 1852, the son of civil engineer and surveyor, William C. Ramsay, and his wife, Catherine
Robertson. The family lived at 2 Clifton Street in the city centre, a three-storey and basement Georgian townhouse. The family moved to 1 Oakvale Place in the
513:
and nitrogen isolated from the air by removal of the other known components. After a short conversation, he and Ramsay decided to investigate this. In August Ramsay told
Rayleigh he had isolated a new, heavy component of air, which did not appear to have any
1064:
1202:
History – UCL Chemical
Engineering has a long and distinguished history as a world-leading research department – the first of its kind in the UK. Find out more about some key figures and dates in our history
628:
In 1881, Ramsay was married to
Margaret Johnstone Marshall (née Buchanan), daughter of George Stevenson Buchanan. They had a daughter, Catherine Elizabeth (Elska) and a son, William George, who died at 40.
3214:
557:, a British chemist, in experiments on mineral analysis and atomic weight determination. Their work included publications on the molecular surface energies of mixtures of non-associating liquids.
3219:
441:
in 1879 and married
Margaret Buchanan in 1881. In the same year he became the Principal of University College, Bristol, and somehow managed to combine that with active research both in
3209:
1463:
3199:
3239:
909:
3289:
761:
701:
named its new
Chemical Engineering department and seat after Ramsay, which had been funded by the Ramsay Memorial Fund. One of Ramsay's former graduates,
3224:
3174:
2919:
1519:
3284:
3269:
1348:
166:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3159:
1308:
497:(UCL). It was here at UCL that his most celebrated discoveries were made. As early as 1885–1890, he published several notable papers on the
3164:
1458:
3279:
3194:
3149:
3144:
505:, developing the skills that he needed for his subsequent work. On the evening of 19 April 1894, Ramsay attended a lecture given by
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41:
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49:
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in 1904 "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" along with his collaborator,
1528:
1051:
Ladies in the
Laboratory? American and British Women in Science, 1800–1900: A survey of their contributions to research
903:
890:
969:
3254:
3234:
3093:
3088:
3083:
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3073:
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2905:
2023:
1505:
613:, in 1905. It bought property on the English coast to begin its secret process. The company never produced any gold.
746:
3259:
2995:
1548:
1464:
7/23/1904;This
Photograph of Sir William Ramsay Was Taken in His Laboratory Specially for the Scientific American
20:
347:. After the two men identified argon, Ramsay investigated other atmospheric gases. His work in isolating argon,
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842:
561:
996:
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1139:
591:
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617:
595:
438:
290:
236:
45:
943:
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1847:
406:, matriculating in 1866 and graduating in 1869. He then undertook practical training with the chemist
3274:
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2957:
1960:
1656:
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676:
494:
434:
407:
388:
241:
128:
1229:
411:
133:
2938:
2565:
2055:
1952:
1532:
687:
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Ramsay endorsed the
Industrial and Engineering Trust Ltd., a company that claimed it could extract
587:
332:
187:
124:
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2454:
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1936:
1740:
1640:
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572:
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1664:
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of the sun, and had not previously been found on earth. In 1910 he isolated and characterised
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8:
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2011:
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1976:
1944:
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1189:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p63: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966
927:
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466:
453:
395:
194:
180:
2569:
1273:
John Meurig Thomas (2004). "Argon and the Non-Inert Pair: Rayleigh and Ramsay".
892:
Biographical Index of Former
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
327:; 2 October 1852 – 23 July 1916) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the
2877:
2809:
2805:
2725:
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2506:
2406:
2382:
2322:
2306:
2274:
2243:
2211:
2007:
1867:
1701:
1596:
1251:
523:
364:
1012:
835:
Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index
590:. That same year, he was elected an International Member of the United States
3108:
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2885:
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2829:
2793:
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2414:
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2155:
2099:
2091:
2039:
2019:
1968:
1792:
1784:
1648:
1588:
1304:
713:
680:
649:
509:. Rayleigh had noticed a discrepancy between the density of nitrogen made by
506:
159:
149:
522:", from the Greek word meaning "lazy". In the following years, working with
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1325:
1296:
1288:
702:
669:
641:
461:
102:
1383:
3032:
2929:
2781:
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2745:
2741:
2518:
2490:
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2450:
2418:
2370:
2338:
1871:
1859:
1839:
1725:
1686:
1628:
725:
661:
594:. Ramsay's standing among scientists led him to become an adviser to the
554:
328:
145:
2681:
2617:
2597:
2522:
2330:
2235:
2183:
2107:
1988:
1984:
1812:
576:
173:
1369:
1334:
2302:
1928:
1403:
633:
599:
478:
385:
221:
1481:
1477:
610:
502:
474:
381:
1303:
1165:"Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science"
3215:
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
531:
421:
376:
356:
83:
59:
747:"Robert Rattray Tatlock (1837–1934), Public Analyst for Glasgow"
1438:
1423:
709:
539:
348:
1527:
1356:
Theodore W. Richards (1917). "Sir William Ramsay, K. C. B.".
575:
list published on 26 June 1902, and invested as such by King
547:
535:
519:
498:
485:
in an iron-tube furnace in what was the first synthesis of a
399:
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344:
3220:
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
606:
527:
352:
319:
831:
310:
32:
1025:
832:
Waterston, Charles D; Macmillan Shearer, A (July 2006).
705:
was the third Ramsay professor of chemical engineering.
402:. However, he instead decided to study Chemistry at the
398:
and then apprenticed to Robert Napier, a shipbuilder in
433:
Ramsay went back to Glasgow as Anderson's assistant at
3210:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1128:. No. 36908. London. 25 October 1902. p. 8.
316:
1355:
437:. He was appointed as Professor of Chemistry at the
307:
929:
Investigations on the Toluic, and Nitrotoluic Acids
313:
304:
3200:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1272:
1093:. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 5.
560:Ramsay was elected an International Member of the
1358:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
3106:
167:Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science
363:led to the development of a new section of the
3240:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
2927:
1250:
744:
384:district in his youth. He was a nephew of the
3290:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2913:
1513:
1392:including the Nobel Lecture 12 December 1904
898:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
754:Journal of the Association of Public Analysts
738:
648:at the age of 63 and was buried in Hazlemere
1347:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1309:"Argon, a New Constituent of the Atmosphere"
962:
1171:. London : John Murray. 2 October 1912
567:He was appointed a Knight Commander of the
553:During 1893–1902, Ramsay collaborated with
19:For other people named William Ramsay, see
3225:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
3175:Academics of the University of Strathclyde
2920:
2906:
1520:
1506:
1490:
1387:
1313:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
58:
1324:
825:
410:and then went to study in Germany at the
1103:
644:, Buckinghamshire, on 23 July 1916 from
469:commemorating the work of William Ramsay
460:
457:William Ramsay's Nobel Prize certificate
452:
3285:Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
3270:Academics of University College Bristol
1276:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
418:where his doctoral thesis was entitled
375:Ramsay was born at 2 Clifton Street in
337:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
3190:Academics of University College London
3185:Academics of the University of Bristol
3180:Academics of the University of Glasgow
3160:People educated at the Glasgow Academy
3107:
1048:
994:
925:
818:
816:
784:
782:
542:, which had only been observed in the
343:that same year for their discovery of
2901:
1501:
1230:"Sir William Ramsay's 167th Birthday"
1053:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. p. 265.
1028:"La densité de l'emanation du radium"
915:from the original on 16 January 2014.
712:celebrated his 167th birthday with a
976:. University College London Archives
788:
3165:Alumni of the University of Glasgow
813:
779:
690:in the north aisle of the choir at
602:as the location for the institute.
13:
880:Glasgow Post Office Directory 1860
822:Glasgow Post Office Directory 1852
672:, commemorates his life and work.
14:
3301:
3280:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal
1377:
1026:W. Ramsay and R. W. Gray (1910).
997:"On picoline and its derivatives"
944:"Sir William Ramsay Biographical"
767:from the original on 3 March 2012
3195:Discoverers of chemical elements
3150:20th-century Scottish scientists
3145:19th-century Scottish scientists
1750:
1485:
1469:Works by or about William Ramsay
1394:The Rare Gases of the Atmosphere
623:
616:Ramsay was the president of the
300:
122:University of Glasgow (1866–69)
2996:Institut de Droit International
1444:Web genealogy article on Ramsay
1435: (archived 11 January 2006)
1222:
1192:
1183:
1157:
1132:
1117:
1097:
1082:
1057:
1042:
1019:
988:
21:William Ramsay (disambiguation)
1307:; William Ramsay (1894–1895).
1256:The Life of Sir William Ramsay
936:
919:
883:
874:
843:The Royal Society of Edinburgh
686:There is a memorial to him by
640:, until his death. He died in
562:American Philosophical Society
370:
1:
3170:University of Tübingen alumni
3135:20th-century British chemists
3125:19th-century British chemists
1113:. 11 July 1902. p. 4441.
731:
586:In 1904, Ramsay received the
493:as the chair of Chemistry at
439:University College of Bristol
3230:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
3205:Fellows of the Royal Society
3140:20th-century Scottish people
3130:19th-century Scottish people
592:National Academy of Sciences
16:Scottish chemist (1852–1916)
7:
1484:(public domain audiobooks)
1415:The Gases of the Atmosphere
1404:The Gases of the Atmosphere
1396:from Nobelprize.org website
841:. Vol. II. Edinburgh:
745:Thorburn Burns, D. (2011).
719:
596:Indian Institute of Science
518:. He named this inert gas "
237:University College, Bristol
10:
3306:
1089:"The Coronation Honours".
795:Chemical Heritage Magazine
789:Wood, Margaret E. (2010).
18:
3042:
3023:
3004:
2986:
2956:
2937:
2556:
2257:
1998:
1759:
1748:
1539:
1424:Sir William Ramsay School
1049:Creese, M. R. S. (1998).
1013:10.1080/14786447608639105
699:University College London
677:Sir William Ramsay School
655:
495:University College London
448:
276:
264:Edward Charles Cyril Baly
260:
248:
242:University College London
227:
217:
210:
155:
140:
129:University of Strathclyde
118:
110:
91:
69:
57:
30:
3255:Scottish Nobel laureates
3235:People from Notting Hill
2674:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
1953:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1533:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
995:Ramsay, William (1876).
926:Ramsay, William (1872).
588:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
489:. In 1887, he succeeded
333:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
188:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3260:British Nobel laureates
1478:Works by William Ramsay
1454:victorianweb biography
791:"A Tale of Two Knights"
573:1902 Coronation Honours
487:heteroaromatic compound
3048:Nobel Prize recipients
3025:Physiology or Medicine
2838:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2826:M. Stanley Whittingham
1797:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1459:chemeducator biography
1326:10.1098/rspl.1894.0149
1289:10.1002/anie.200461824
1032:C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris
1001:Philosophical Magazine
950:. The Nobel Foundation
473:William Ramsay formed
470:
458:
420:Investigations in the
416:Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig
412:University of Tübingen
341:Nobel Prize in Physics
255:Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig
134:University of Tübingen
2208:Christian B. Anfinsen
1848:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
683:are named after him.
464:
456:
404:University of Glasgow
267:James Johnston Dobbie
232:University of Glasgow
202:Elliott Cresson Medal
125:Anderson's University
3155:People from Hillhead
2870:Karl Barry Sharpless
2367:Dudley R. Herschbach
2192:Luis Federico Leloir
1069:search.amphilsoc.org
1065:"APS Member History"
583:on 24 October 1902.
491:Alexander Williamson
2862:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
2774:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
2511:Jens Christian Skou
2479:F. Sherwood Rowland
2391:Charles J. Pedersen
2355:Herbert A. Hauptman
2048:Vincent du Vigneaud
1665:Richard Willstätter
1549:Jacobus van 't Hoff
708:On 2 October 2019,
618:British Association
538:. He also isolated
516:chemical reactivity
394:He was educated at
339:, who received the
2822:John B. Goodenough
2750:William E. Moerner
2630:Richard R. Schrock
2602:Roderick MacKinnon
2574:K. Barry Sharpless
2399:Johann Deisenhofer
2228:Geoffrey Wilkinson
2224:Ernst Otto Fischer
2148:Robert S. Mulliken
2084:Jaroslav Heyrovský
2032:Hermann Staudinger
1852:Irène Joliot-Curie
1449:Chemical genealogy
1386:on Nobelprize.org
1258:. London: Arnold.
1124:"Court Circular".
1110:The London Gazette
511:chemical synthesis
471:
465:Blue plaque at 12
459:
283:Sir William Ramsay
271:Jaroslav Heyrovský
3245:Scottish chemists
3102:
3101:
2895:
2894:
2878:Moungi G. Bawendi
2798:Richard Henderson
2642:Roger D. Kornberg
2610:Aaron Ciechanover
2443:Rudolph A. Marcus
2347:Robert Merrifield
2283:Peter D. Mitchell
2056:Cyril Hinshelwood
1817:Friedrich Bergius
1741:Richard Zsigmondy
1657:Theodore Richards
1605:Ernest Rutherford
1409:Project Gutenberg
1283:(47): 6418–6424.
1265:978-0-7131-2164-3
1245:Secondary sources
1236:. 2 October 2019.
1144:www.nasonline.org
932:. Print. by Fues.
862:on 4 October 2006
852:978-0-902198-84-5
692:Westminster Abbey
679:in Hazlemere and
581:Buckingham Palace
569:Order of the Bath
443:organic chemistry
389:Sir Andrew Ramsay
331:and received the
280:
279:
261:Doctoral students
212:Scientific career
199:
171:
164:
3297:
3275:Industrial gases
3250:Scottish knights
3050:
2971:Frédéric Mistral
2922:
2915:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2886:Alexei I. Ekimov
2872:
2866:Morten P. Meldal
2856:
2844:
2832:
2816:
2800:
2790:Jacques Dubochet
2784:
2768:
2752:
2736:
2720:
2714:Robert Lefkowitz
2708:
2700:
2684:
2678:Thomas A. Steitz
2668:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2626:Robert H. Grubbs
2620:
2604:
2592:
2576:
2549:
2547:Hideki Shirakawa
2533:
2525:
2513:
2497:
2481:
2465:
2457:
2445:
2437:
2435:Richard R. Ernst
2429:
2421:
2409:
2393:
2377:
2361:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2313:
2311:Frederick Sanger
2297:
2291:Herbert C. Brown
2285:
2277:
2269:
2267:William Lipscomb
2250:
2238:
2230:
2218:
2202:
2200:Gerhard Herzberg
2194:
2186:
2174:
2166:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2076:Frederick Sanger
2070:
2062:
2060:Nikolay Semyonov
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2014:
2012:Glenn T. Seaborg
1991:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1939:
1937:Artturi Virtanen
1931:
1923:
1921:George de Hevesy
1915:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1882:
1874:
1862:
1854:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1807:
1799:
1787:
1779:
1777:Heinrich Wieland
1771:
1769:Theodor Svedberg
1754:
1753:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
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1689:
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1673:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1581:Adolf von Baeyer
1575:
1567:
1565:Svante Arrhenius
1559:
1551:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1473:Internet Archive
1439:Eponymous school
1429:Ramsay biography
1419:Internet Archive
1411:
1391:
1373:
1364:(1): iii–viii3.
1352:
1346:
1338:
1328:
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1155:
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1150:
1140:"William Ramsay"
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1121:
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1114:
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1080:
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1055:
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974:Jisc Archive Hub
966:
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957:
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923:
917:
916:
914:
897:
887:
881:
878:
872:
871:
869:
867:
861:
855:. Archived from
840:
829:
823:
820:
811:
810:
808:
806:
786:
777:
776:
774:
772:
766:
751:
742:
688:Charles Hartwell
632:Ramsay lived in
526:, he discovered
483:hydrogen cyanide
435:Anderson College
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
297:
250:Doctoral advisor
206:
197:
192:
185:
178:
169:
162:
98:
79:
77:
62:
52:
28:
27:
3305:
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3038:
3019:
3016:(Great Britain)
3000:
2982:
2952:
2949:(Great Britain)
2933:
2926:
2896:
2891:
2875:
2859:
2850:David MacMillan
2847:
2842:Jennifer Doudna
2835:
2819:
2803:
2787:
2778:Fraser Stoddart
2771:
2762:Paul L. Modrich
2755:
2739:
2723:
2711:
2703:
2698:Ei-ichi Negishi
2690:Richard F. Heck
2687:
2671:
2658:Osamu Shimomura
2655:
2647:
2639:
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2595:
2579:
2566:William Knowles
2563:
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2528:
2516:
2500:
2495:Richard Smalley
2484:
2471:Paul J. Crutzen
2468:
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2129:
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2029:
2017:
2005:
1994:
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1977:William Giauque
1974:
1966:
1961:Robert Robinson
1958:
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1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
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1911:
1905:
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1888:Adolf Butenandt
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1707:
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1586:
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1007:(11): 269–281.
993:
989:
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970:"Ramsay Papers"
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666:Arundel Gardens
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598:. He suggested
467:Arundel Gardens
451:
408:Thomas Anderson
396:Glasgow Academy
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119:Alma mater
106:
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2015:
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1379:
1378:External links
1376:
1375:
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1353:
1319:(1): 265–287.
1301:
1270:
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1252:Morris Travers
1247:
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1210:. 19 July 2018
1191:
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1003:. 5th series.
987:
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905:0-902-198-84-X
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654:
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620:in 1911–1912.
524:Morris Travers
450:
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445:and on gases.
372:
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365:periodic table
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99:(aged 63)
93:
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2614:Avram Hershko
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2133:
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2100:Melvin Calvin
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2036:
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2024:Richard Synge
2021:
2020:Archer Martin
2016:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1990:
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1981:
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1969:Arne Tiselius
1965:
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1949:John Northrop
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1589:Henri Moissan
1585:
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1305:Lord Rayleigh
1302:
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785:
783:
763:
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755:
748:
741:
737:
727:
724:
723:
717:
715:
714:Google Doodle
711:
706:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
684:
682:
681:Ramsay grease
678:
673:
671:
667:
664:at number 12
663:
653:
651:
650:parish church
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
624:Personal life
621:
619:
614:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
571:(KCB) in the
570:
565:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
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507:Lord Rayleigh
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:in 1876 from
476:
468:
463:
455:
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444:
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230:
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223:
220:
216:
213:
209:
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196:
189:
182:
175:
168:
161:
160:Leconte Prize
158:
154:
151:
150:Ramsay grease
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
94:
90:
85:
72:
68:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3068:
2946:
2814:George Smith
2694:Akira Suzuki
2650:Gerhard Ertl
2634:Yves Chauvin
2582:John B. Fenn
2570:Ryoji Noyori
2557:2001–present
2531:Ahmed Zewail
2491:Harold Kroto
2475:Mario Molina
2403:Robert Huber
2375:John Polanyi
2359:Jerome Karle
2295:Georg Wittig
2180:Derek Barton
2172:Lars Onsager
2124:Giulio Natta
2120:Karl Ziegler
2112:John Kendrew
1880:Richard Kuhn
1805:Hans Fischer
1621:Otto Wallach
1572:
1557:Emil Fischer
1402:
1393:
1361:
1357:
1343:cite journal
1316:
1312:
1280:
1274:
1255:
1233:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1207:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1168:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1059:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1004:
1000:
990:
978:. Retrieved
973:
964:
952:. Retrieved
947:
938:
928:
921:
891:
885:
876:
864:. Retrieved
857:the original
834:
827:
803:. Retrieved
798:
794:
769:. Retrieved
757:
753:
740:
707:
703:H. E. Watson
696:
685:
674:
670:Notting Hill
659:
646:nasal cancer
642:High Wycombe
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228:Institutions
211:
144:Discovering
103:High Wycombe
97:(1916-07-23)
95:23 July 1916
25:
3265:Noble gases
3120:1916 deaths
3115:1852 births
3033:Ivan Pavlov
2930:Nobel Prize
2782:Ben Feringa
2766:Aziz Sancar
2746:Stefan Hell
2742:Eric Betzig
2519:Walter Kohn
2487:Robert Curl
2463:George Olah
2451:Kary Mullis
2427:Elias Corey
2419:Thomas Cech
2371:Yuan T. Lee
2339:Henry Taube
1872:Paul Karrer
1860:Peter Debye
1840:Harold Urey
1726:Fritz Pregl
1687:Fritz Haber
1629:Marie Curie
1169:Archive.org
1105:"No. 27453"
866:25 November
771:25 November
726:Clan Ramsay
662:blue plaque
555:Emily Aston
426:Nitrotoluic
371:Early years
329:noble gases
244:(1887–1913)
146:noble gases
111:Nationality
3109:Categories
2958:Literature
2618:Irwin Rose
2598:Peter Agre
2523:John Pople
2331:Aaron Klug
2236:Paul Flory
2184:Odd Hassel
2108:Max Perutz
1989:Kurt Alder
1985:Otto Diels
1813:Carl Bosch
1149:5 February
1074:5 February
1038:: 126–128.
732:References
577:Edward VII
174:Davy Medal
136:(PhD 1873)
86:, Scotland
76:1852-10-02
2939:Chemistry
2932:laureates
2303:Paul Berg
2258:1976–2000
1999:1951–1975
1929:Otto Hahn
1760:1926–1950
1540:1901–1925
1529:Laureates
1175:2 October
1126:The Times
1091:The Times
980:2 October
954:2 October
760:: 38–43.
697:In 1923,
634:Hazlemere
600:Bangalore
564:in 1899.
479:acetylene
386:geologist
239:(1880–87)
234:(1874–80)
222:Chemistry
105:, England
3035:(Russia)
2973:(France)
1482:LibriVox
1297:15578783
1254:(1956).
1214:17 April
910:Archived
805:22 March
762:Archived
720:See also
611:seawater
544:spectrum
503:nitrogen
475:pyridine
382:Hillhead
3006:Physics
2979:(Spain)
1531:of the
1471:at the
1431:at the
532:krypton
377:Glasgow
357:krypton
114:British
84:Glasgow
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1370:983962
1368:
1335:115394
1333:
1295:
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1234:Google
902:
849:
710:Google
656:Legacy
540:helium
534:, and
499:oxides
449:Career
422:Toluic
359:, and
349:helium
218:Fields
205:(1913)
198:(1907)
191:(1904)
184:(1897)
177:(1895)
170:(1895)
163:(1895)
156:Awards
127:, now
3069:1904
2988:Peace
2928:1904
1366:JSTOR
1331:JSTOR
913:(PDF)
896:(PDF)
860:(PDF)
839:(PDF)
765:(PDF)
750:(PDF)
609:from
548:radon
536:xenon
520:argon
428:Acids
414:with
400:Govan
361:xenon
345:argon
293:
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3094:1909
3089:1908
3084:1907
3079:1906
3074:1905
3064:1903
3059:1902
3054:1901
2962:1904
1913:1942
1906:1941
1899:1940
1832:1933
1733:1924
1694:1919
1679:1917
1672:1916
1349:link
1293:PMID
1260:ISBN
1216:2021
1177:2019
1151:2024
1076:2024
982:2019
956:2019
900:ISBN
868:2011
847:ISBN
807:2018
773:2011
675:The
607:gold
528:neon
481:and
424:and
353:neon
295:FRSE
92:Died
70:Born
50:FRSE
1480:at
1407:at
1321:doi
1285:doi
1208:UCL
1036:151
1009:doi
801:(1)
579:at
501:of
291:FRS
287:KCB
46:FRS
42:KCB
33:Sir
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