358:
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holes on one side and short chiseled grooves along the other. The holes (along with holes of square paneling) are drilled at a slight angle towards the outer face of each stud. This allows room for upright hazels to be tied to ledgers from the inside of the building. The horizontal ledgers are placed every two to three feet (0.6 to 0.9 metres) with whole hazel rods positioned upright top to bottom and lashed to the ledgers. These hazel rods are generally tied a finger-width apart with 6–8 rods each with a 16-inch (40 cm) width. Gaps allow key formation for drying.
327:
65:
167:
33:
532:
263:
847:
354:
French
Vernacular architecture of Louisiana of the early 1700s. The materials of bousillage are Spanish moss or clay and grass. Bousillage also refers to the type of brick molded with the same materials and used as infilling between posts. Columbage refers to the timber-framed construction with diagonal bracing of the framework. Pierratage or bousillage is the material filled into the structural timbers.
274:
To insert wattles in a square panel several steps are required. First, a series of evenly spaced holes are drilled along the middle of the inner face of each upper timber. Next, a continuous groove is cut along the middle of each inner face of the lower timber in each panel. Vertical slender timbers,
393:
can refer to a type of crude house whose wall is built with wattle and daub in southwestern US. Closely spaced upright sticks or poles driven into the ground with small branches (wattle) interwoven between them make the structural frame of the wall. Mud or an adobe clay (daub) is covered outside. To
353:
is the infilling material used in French
Vernacular architecture of the Southern United States to infill between half-timbering with diagonal braces, which is similar to daub. It is usually made of lime mortar clay mixed with small stones. It is also called bousillage or bouzillage, especially in
253:
panels create a much narrower space between the timbers: anywhere from 7 to 16 inches (18 to 40 cm). For this style of panel, weaving is too difficult, so the wattles run horizontally and are known as ledgers. The ledgers are sprung into each upright timber (stud) through a system of augered
225:
dust. Aggregates give the mix its bulk and dimensional stability through materials such as mud, sand, crushed chalk and crushed stone. Reinforcement is provided by straw, hair, hay or other fibrous materials, and helps to hold the mix together as well as to control shrinkage and provide
338:"Mud and stud" is a similar process to wattle and daub, with a simple frame consisting only of upright studs joined by cross rails at the tops and bottoms. Thin staves of ash were attached, then daubed with a mixture of mud, straw, hair and dung. The style of building was once common in
270:
Square panels are large, wide panels typical of some later timber-frame houses. These panels may be square in shape, or sometimes triangular to accommodate arched or decorative bracing. This style requires the wattles to be woven for better support of the daub.
275:
known as staves, are then inserted and these hold the whole panel within the timber frame. The staves are positioned into the holes and then sprung into the grooves. They must be placed with sufficient gaps to weave the flexible horizontal wattles.
122:
and El Omari, dating back to the 5th millennium BCE, predating the use of mud brick and continuing to be the preferred building material until about the start of the First
Dynasty. It continued to flourish well into the New Kingdom and beyond.
192:
on the northern outskirts of the city of
Mitchell, South Dakota, willow has been found as the wattle material of the walls of the house. Reeds and vines can also be used as wattle material. The origin of the term
55:
and straw. Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6,000 years and is still an important construction method in many parts of the world. Many historic buildings include wattle and daub construction.
295:, in areas where substantial timber was unavailable, pioneers' cottages and other small buildings were frequently constructed with light vertical timbers, which may have been "native pine" (
234:
to increase its resistance to rain. Sometimes there can be more than one layer of daub. At the
Mitchell Site, the anterior of the house had double layers of burned daub.
680:
617:
184:
is made by weaving thin branches (either whole, or more usually split) or slats between upright stakes. The wattle may be made as loose panels, slotted between
115:
may have evolved from wattle and daub. Fragments from prehistoric wattle and daub buildings have been found in Africa, Europe, Mesoamerica and North
America.
2240:
188:
to make infill panels, or made in place to form the whole of a wall. In different regions, the material of wattle can be different. For example, at the
131:. A review of English architecture especially reveals that the sophistication of this craft is dependent on the various styles of timber frame housing.
547:
879:
2637:
2378:
1974:
118:
Evidence for wattle and daub (or "wattle and reed") fire pits, storage bins, and buildings shows up in
Egyptian archaeological sites such as
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2102:
552:
2425:
1876:
2759:
687:
504:
514:
283:
In some places or cultures, the technique of wattle and daub was used with different materials and thus has different names.
872:
146:, a common building material for wall and ceiling surfaces, in which a series of nailed wooden strips are covered with
2003:
909:
821:
723:
2210:
2097:
851:
2622:
2013:
1051:
865:
17:
779:
Alex, Robert (May 1973). "Architectural features of houses at the
Mitchell Site (39DV2), Eastern South Dakota".
639:
242:
There were two popular choices for wattle and daub infill paneling: close-studded paneling and square paneling.
2734:
2235:
1765:
1025:
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in
Australia, is derived from the common use of acacias as wattle in early Australian European settlements.
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1770:
1243:
919:
810:
1196:
2739:
366:
107:. Its usage dates back at least 6,000 years. There are suggestions that construction techniques such as
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2299:
47:
building method used for making walls and buildings, in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called "
2744:
2304:
2119:
2493:
1585:
1130:
468:
Shaffer, Gary D. (Spring 1993). "An
Archaeomagnetic Study of a Wattle and Daub Building Collapse".
378:
Bajarreque is a wall constructed with the technique of wattle and daub. The wattle here is made of
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1652:
2764:
2610:
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smoothed into a flat surface. In many regions this building method has itself been overtaken by
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51:" is "daubed" with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand,
713:
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537:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1996:
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103:). In Africa it is common in the architecture of traditional houses such as those of the
567:
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flexibility. The daub may be mixed by hand, or by treading – either by humans or
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2018:
1979:
1967:
1955:
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1010:
1005:
983:
543:
538:
209:
Daub is usually created from a mixture of ingredients from three categories:
189:
1098:
831:
503:
Nicholson, Paul T.; Shaw, Ian; Press, Cambridge University (23 March 2000).
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1288:
1125:
1000:
857:
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715:
Villages of Britain: The Five Hundred Villages that Made the Countryside
556:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 419.
314:(kneaded clay and grass mixture). Another term for this construction is
217:
and reinforcement. Binders hold the mix together and can include clay,
170:
A woven wattle gate keeps animals out of a 15th-century cabbage patch. (
32:
2659:
2552:
2510:
2326:
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1474:
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1020:
931:
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362:
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230:. It is then applied to the wattle and allowed to dry, and often then
489:
394:
provide additional weather protection, the wall is usually plastered.
27:
Building technique using woven wooden supports packed with clay or mud
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2336:
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84:
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481:
433:
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2195:
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2087:
1909:
1715:
1625:
1479:
1380:
1338:
1201:
1120:
1073:
1061:
438:
379:
307:
151:
147:
262:
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2008:
1986:
1839:
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1720:
1110:
1088:
1056:
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846:
198:
100:
605:
Fundamentals of building construction: materials & methods
87:
cultures of middle Europe, but is also found in Western Asia (
2537:
2257:
1991:
1945:
1807:
1662:
1610:
1186:
1152:
569:
Wattle and Daub: Craft, Conservation and Wiltshire Case Study
403:
390:
52:
2483:
2444:
1924:
1780:
1710:
1630:
1502:
1015:
134:
The wattle and plaster process has been replaced in modern
68:
A wattle and daub house as used by Native Americans of the
1795:
1561:
1519:
310:), driven into the ground, the gaps being stopped with
75:
The wattle and daub technique has been used since the
644:, 2001: "Wattle and Daub". Accessed 2 February 2007
809:
502:
2726:
772:
873:
382:, and the daub is the mix of clay and straw.
812:Dictionary of Architecture and Construction
887:
880:
866:
237:
572:(Dissertation). Accessed 26 October 2012.
506:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology
291:In the early days of the colonisation of
542:
356:
345:
325:
261:
165:
63:
31:
816:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
669:. Buckinghamshire: Shire Publications.
467:
14:
2727:
807:
762:
750:
738:
592:
461:
2051:
1690:
956:
861:
711:
560:
523:
2052:
778:
653:
581:
79:period. It was common for houses of
641:The Building Conservation Directory
603:Allen, Edward, & Iano, Joseph.
24:
127:refers to it as being employed in
25:
2781:
2004:Megalithic architectural elements
839:
678:
245:
1691:
845:
530:
257:
36:Wattle and daub in wooden frames
2623:Evolutionary origin of religion
756:
744:
732:
712:Aslet, Clive (15 August 2011).
705:
672:
659:
647:
321:
286:
278:
95:) as well as in North America (
632:
610:
597:
586:
575:
509:. Cambridge University Press.
496:
13:
1:
2760:Soil-based building materials
2236:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1766:British megalith architecture
793:10.1080/2052546.1973.11908658
718:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
373:
2231:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1771:Nordic megalith architecture
773:General and cited references
470:Journal of Field Archaeology
454:
7:
397:
10:
2786:
2379:British Isles and Brittany
2300:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
59:
2581:
2394:
2221:
2068:
2064:
2047:
1933:
1897:
1746:
1703:
1699:
1686:
1493:
1324:
1297:
1222:
1148:
1139:
1044:
969:
965:
957:
952:
895:
808:Harris, Cyril M. (2006).
620:. Parliament of Australia
566:Graham, A. H. D. (2004).
161:
665:Sunshine, Paula (2006).
618:"Australia's Wattle Day"
385:
367:Ste. Geneviève, Missouri
2611:Evolutionary musicology
2014:Oldest extant buildings
1941:Archaeological features
1460:Prepared-core technique
681:"4.04 Palisade and Pug"
553:Encyclopædia Britannica
330:A mud and stud wall in
238:Styles of infill panels
204:
2573:Unchambered long cairn
2421:Mound Builders culture
1754:Neolithic architecture
889:Prehistoric technology
370:
335:
267:
197:describing a group of
177:
72:
37:
2248:List of Stone Age art
1450:Microblade technology
1398:Langdale axe industry
996:Ard / plough
781:Plains Anthropologist
360:
346:Pierrotage, columbage
329:
265:
169:
99:) and South America (
97:Mississippian culture
70:Mississippian culture
67:
35:
2735:Building engineering
2655:Prehistoric medicine
2650:Prehistoric counting
2633:Prehistoric religion
2628:Paleolithic religion
2606:Behavioral modernity
1963:Causewayed enclosure
1855:Abri de la Madeleine
979:Neolithic Revolution
854:at Wikimedia Commons
2694:Prehistoric warfare
1440:Magdalenian culture
1403:Levallois technique
1334:Earliest toolmaking
741:, pp. 231, 725
154:construction using
2645:Origin of language
2638:Spiritual drug use
2548:Rectangular dolmen
2450:Dartmoor kistvaens
2263:Carved stone balls
1975:Circular enclosure
1934:Other architecture
1877:Alp pile dwellings
1465:Solutrean industry
1376:Gravettian culture
1026:Secondary products
693:on 12 January 2012
371:
336:
268:
178:
173:Tacuinum Sanitatis
73:
38:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2667:Prehistoric music
2616:music archaeology
2273:Cup and ring mark
2098:Clothing/textiles
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1485:Yubetsu technique
1470:Striking platform
1435:Lithic technology
1320:
1319:
1305:Game drive system
1224:Projectile points
1116:Mortar and pestle
850:Media related to
516:978-0-521-45257-1
221:, chalk dust and
16:(Redirected from
2777:
2745:Earth structures
2682:Divje Babe flute
2589:Archaeoastronomy
2332:Petrosomatoglyph
2066:
2065:
2049:
2048:
1898:Water management
1701:
1700:
1688:
1687:
1591:Denticulate tool
1413:Lithic reduction
1146:
1145:
967:
966:
954:
953:
882:
875:
868:
859:
858:
849:
835:
815:
804:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
729:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
692:
686:. Archived from
685:
676:
670:
663:
657:
651:
645:
638:Pritchett, Ian.
636:
630:
629:
627:
625:
614:
608:
607:, fifth edition.
601:
595:
590:
584:
579:
573:
564:
558:
557:
536:
534:
533:
527:
521:
520:
500:
494:
493:
465:
429:Lath and plaster
365:construction in
316:palisade and pug
144:lath and plaster
140:brick and mortar
109:lath and plaster
21:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2710:
2577:
2563:Stone box grave
2533:Megalithic tomb
2438:Cotswold-Severn
2390:
2295:Guardian stones
2223:Prehistoric art
2217:
2060:
2035:
2024:Timber trackway
1929:
1893:
1889:Wattle and daub
1742:
1721:Standing stones
1695:
1674:
1489:
1316:
1293:
1218:
1135:
1045:Food processing
1040:
989:New World crops
961:
948:
891:
886:
852:Wattle and daub
842:
824:
787:(60): 149–159.
775:
770:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
737:
733:
726:
710:
706:
696:
694:
690:
683:
677:
673:
667:Wattle and Daub
664:
660:
652:
648:
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623:
621:
616:
615:
611:
602:
598:
591:
587:
580:
576:
565:
561:
546:, ed. (1911). "
531:
529:
528:
524:
517:
501:
497:
466:
462:
457:
424:Earthen plaster
400:
388:
376:
348:
324:
293:South Australia
289:
281:
260:
248:
240:
207:
164:
93:Shillourokambos
62:
41:Wattle and daub
28:
23:
22:
18:Wattle-and-daub
15:
12:
11:
5:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2765:Timber framing
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Alligator drum
2664:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2599:lunar calendar
2596:
2585:
2583:
2582:Other cultural
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
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2508:
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2442:
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2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2400:
2398:
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2388:
2386:Venus figurine
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2317:Megalithic art
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2268:Cave paintings
2265:
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2255:
2250:
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2233:
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2176:
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2151:
2146:
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2144:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2070:Material goods
2062:
2061:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1971:
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1832:
1827:
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1803:
1793:
1788:
1786:Cliff dwelling
1783:
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2499:wedge-shaped
2484:Funeral pyre
2477:Great dolmen
2433:Chamber tomb
2414:Round barrow
2369:Stone circle
2241:Blombos Cave
2169:Grooved ware
2093:Chalcolithic
1997:Thornborough
1915:Flush toilet
1888:
1850:Blombos Cave
1845:Rock shelter
1801:Quiggly hole
1693:Architecture
1668:illustration
1310:Buffalo jump
1131:Storage pits
1094:Aşıklı Höyük
1084:Ground stone
920:Subdivisions
811:
784:
780:
758:
753:, p. 77
746:
734:
714:
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697:19 September
695:. Retrieved
688:the original
674:
666:
661:
649:
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634:
622:. Retrieved
612:
604:
599:
588:
577:
568:
562:
551:
525:
505:
498:
476:(1): 59–75.
473:
469:
463:
449:Timber frame
444:Rammed earth
389:
377:
349:
340:Lincolnshire
337:
322:Mud and stud
315:
311:
302:
296:
290:
287:Pug and pine
282:
279:Applications
273:
269:
266:Wattle panel
249:
241:
208:
194:
179:
171:
156:plasterboard
136:architecture
133:
117:
74:
40:
39:
29:
2521:unchambered
2516:Long barrow
2506:Grave goods
2462:Court cairn
2457:Clava cairn
2409:Bowl barrow
2347:Rock cupule
2290:Golden hats
2283:Hill figure
2184:Unstan ware
2164:Cord-marked
2029:Sweet Track
1951:Burnt mound
1872:Stilt house
1860:Sibudu Cave
1653:Tally stick
1621:Quern-stone
1606:Hammerstone
1596:Fire plough
1567:Pesse canoe
1525:Bannerstone
1495:Other tools
1408:Lithic core
1356:Aurignacian
1244:Bare Island
1126:Quern-stone
763:Harris 2006
751:Harris 2006
739:Harris 2006
593:Harris 2006
361:Example of
232:whitewashed
53:animal dung
2755:Plastering
2740:Çatalhöyük
2729:Categories
2660:trepanning
2553:Ring cairn
2511:Jar burial
2494:transepted
2426:U.S. sites
2327:Petroglyph
2253:Bird stone
2211:wine press
1884:Stone roof
1867:Roundhouse
1759:long house
1736:Stonehenge
1704:Ceremonial
1648:Stone tool
1475:Tool stone
1445:Metallurgy
1349:Mousterian
1326:Toolmaking
1264:Cumberland
1237:Transverse
1207:Schöningen
1099:Qesem cave
1067:Earth oven
1021:Irrigation
932:Technology
900:Prehistory
624:24 October
414:Clay panel
374:Bajarreque
363:pierrotage
351:Pierrotage
215:aggregates
89:Çatalhöyük
2750:Neolithic
2704:symbolism
2568:Tor cairn
2526:Grønsalen
2467:Cremation
2359:Sculpture
2337:Pictogram
2322:Petroform
2142:amber use
2110:Cosmetics
1920:Reservoir
1905:Check dam
1835:Pueblitos
1830:Pit-house
1813:Longhouse
1747:Dwellings
1616:Microlith
1547:Bow drill
1542:Bone tool
1535:prismatic
1344:Acheulean
1259:Cresswell
1232:Arrowhead
1158:Boomerang
1074:Granaries
1036:Terracing
915:Stone Age
654:Alex 1973
582:Alex 1973
455:Citations
304:Casuarina
298:Callitris
228:livestock
223:limestone
125:Vitruvius
111:and even
77:Neolithic
45:composite
2342:Rock art
2305:painting
2278:Geoglyph
2103:timeline
2083:Beadwork
1823:Mehrgarh
1818:Mudbrick
1726:megalith
1601:Fire-saw
1423:debitage
1418:analysis
1386:Hand axe
1366:Cupstone
944:Glossary
905:Timeline
832:59360211
801:25667144
434:Mudbrick
398:See also
176:, Rouen)
158:sheets.
2699:Symbols
2310:pigment
2196:Weaving
2159:Cardium
2154:Pottery
2149:Mirrors
2137:Jewelry
2078:Baskets
2058:culture
1910:Cistern
1716:Pyramid
1658:Weapons
1636:Scraper
1626:Racloir
1586:Cleaver
1574:Chopper
1480:Uniface
1391:Grooves
1381:Hafting
1339:Oldowan
1298:Systems
1249:Cascade
1212:woomera
1202:harpoon
1175:history
1141:Hunting
1121:Pottery
1062:Cooking
971:Farming
937:history
910:Outline
541::
439:Quincha
380:bagasse
211:binders
199:acacias
152:drywall
148:plaster
120:Merimda
60:History
2677:flutes
2472:Dolmen
2396:Burial
2206:winery
2179:Linear
2009:Midden
1987:Cursus
1980:Goseck
1840:Pueblo
1791:Dugout
1776:Burdei
1455:Mining
1279:Lamoka
1274:Folsom
1254:Clovis
1111:Metate
1089:Hearth
1057:Basket
1031:Sickle
830:
820:
799:
722:
535:
513:
490:530354
488:
195:wattle
182:wattle
162:Wattle
142:or by
101:Brazil
85:Rössen
49:wattle
2594:sites
2538:Mummy
2258:Cairn
2174:Jōmon
2125:shoes
2120:Hides
1992:Henge
1946:Broch
1808:Jacal
1663:Wheel
1611:Knife
1557:Canoe
1552:Burin
1530:Blade
1428:flake
1289:Plano
1197:baton
1187:Spear
1153:Arrow
1106:Manos
959:Tools
797:JSTOR
691:(PDF)
684:(PDF)
486:JSTOR
404:Adobe
391:Jacal
386:Jacal
43:is a
2687:gudi
2445:Cist
2374:list
2201:Wine
2130:Ötzi
2115:Glue
2088:Beds
2056:and
2054:Arts
1925:Well
1781:Cave
1711:Kiva
1641:side
1631:Rope
1579:tool
1513:bone
1503:Adze
1269:Eden
1182:Nets
1052:Fire
1016:Goad
1001:Celt
828:OCLC
818:ISBN
720:ISBN
699:2011
626:2016
511:ISBN
308:spp.
219:lime
205:Daub
180:The
129:Rome
83:and
1796:Hut
1731:row
1562:Oar
1520:Axe
1508:Awl
789:doi
550:".
478:doi
312:pug
301:or
138:by
113:cob
2731::
826:.
795:.
785:18
783:.
484:.
474:20
472:.
342:.
318:.
213:,
91:,
881:e
874:t
867:v
834:.
803:.
791::
728:.
701:.
628:.
519:.
492:.
480::
369:.
20:)
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