Vatican City during World War II

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German opposition had said that a German offensive was planned for February, but that this could be averted if the German generals could be assured of peace with Britain, and not on punitive terms. If this could be assured, then they were willing to move to replace Hitler. The Pope admitted to "discomfort" at his role as mediator, but advised that the Germans involved were not Nazis. The British government had doubts as to the capacity of the conspirators. On 7 February, the Pope updated Osbourne that the opposition wanted to replace the Nazi regime with a democratic federation, but hoped to retain Austria and the Sudetenland. The British government was non-committal, and said that while the federal model was of interest, the promises and sources of the opposition were too vague. Nevertheless, the resistance were encouraged by the talks, and Muller told Leiber that a coup would occur in February. Pius appeared to continue to hope for a coup in Germany into March 1940.

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the Episcopal dignity at the Tomb of the Apostles twelve representatives of widely different peoples and races. In the midst of the disruptive contrasts which divide the human family, may this solemn act proclaim to all Our sons, scattered over the world, that the spirit, the teaching and the work of the Church can never be other than that which the Apostle of the Gentiles preached: "putting on the new (man), him who is renewed unto knowledge, according to the image of him that created him. Where there is neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision, barbarian nor Scythian, bond nor free. But Christ is all and in all" (Colossians iii. 10, 11).

10771: 7901: 638:, the Vatican's newspaper, published in Italian, was the only newspaper in Italy not censored by the Italian government. Despite its relatively moderate content, the paper was lionized by the British and French press and vilified by the Italian Fascist press. By 20 May 1940, the paper ceased publishing any articles about the war not authored by the "official Italian war communique", per an agreement with the Italian government. By August 1940 its weather reports were also eliminated when the Italian government protested that they might aid British aircraft. 497:

it". When Osborne pressed the Pope on the vagueness of his message, Osborne reported that Pius XII replied "perhaps, after all, it was not worth proceeding with the matter and he would therefore ask me to return his communication to me as not having been made". The Pope further declined Osborne's request to guarantee the good faith of the generals, or whether they could accomplish their goal. In a second meeting, Pius XII flashed a typed, four-page letter in German in front of Osborne, but declined to let him read it or have a copy.

5911: 791:, and evaded capture through the German occupation of Rome. O'Flaherty's '"Rome Escape Line" hid British and American soldiers and Jews in safe houses around the city. Kappler had a white line drawn around the boundary of the Vatican and offered a bounty on O'Flaherty's head. O'Flaherty forgave Kappler after the war and became a regular visitor to his prison cell – eventually presiding at his conversion to Catholicism. O'Flaherty's story was dramatized in the 1983 film 9621: 9633: 58: 10783: 7913: 6069: 156: 504:. The opposition largely dissolved after the German conquest of France in summer 1940 because Halder no longer dared to stand up against an apparently successful Hitler. It only regained momentum in 1944 when a new generation of younger officers decided to conspire against the ruthless Nazi regime. Leiber remained the point of contact at the Vatican for communications from Colonel-General 557:; modern scholars are still at odds over the authenticity of such allegations. The Vatican City itself was never occupied; in fact, the chief concern within the Vatican was the potential for lawlessness in the period between the German and Allied occupation, not the potential for German occupation. However the Vatican Police Force in conjunction with the Swiss Guard maintained order. 424:, although the war had turned in favour of the Allies on all fronts. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, Pius refused to say more "fearing that public papal denunciations might provoke the Hitler regime to brutalize further those subject to Nazi terror – as it had when Dutch bishops publicly protested earlier in the year – while jeopardizing the future of the church". 266:(1937), Pius wrote of a need to bring back to the Church those who were following "a false standard... misled by error, passion, temptation and prejudice, have strayed away from faith in the true God". He wrote of "Christians unfortunately more in name than in fact" having shown "cowardice" in the face of persecution by these creeds, and he endorsed resistance: 271:

neglect the vivifying truths and the values inherent in belief in God and in Christ; as he perceives them wantonly break the Tables of God's Commandments to substitute other tables and other standards stripped of the ethical content of the Revelation on Sinai, standards in which the spirit of the Sermon on the Mount and of the Cross has no place?

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the war, there was little impetus for such a bombing, as the British saw little strategic value in it. After the American entry, the US opposed such a bombing, fearful of offending Catholic members of its military forces, while the British then supported it. Pius XII similarly advocated for the declaration of Rome as an "

462:, who personally asked the Pope to relay the information about the German resistance to the British. After more than a day of "quiet reflection", Pius XII agreed to pass the information along to the British. However he refused to pass the information along to the French or even to his own Secretariat of State. 496:

Chadwick wrote that Pius XII met with D'Arcy Osborne, telling him that he knew the names of the involved German generals but did not wish to share them. Pius XII insisted to Osborne that he was merely passing on a message and that "he did not wish in the slightest degree to endorse it or to recommend

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stalled the talks, the British agreed to resume discussions primarily because of the "efforts of the Pope and the respect in which he was held. Chamberlain and Halifax set great store by the Pope's readiness to mediate." Pius, without offering endorsement, advised Osbourne on 11 January 1940 that the

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Mankind owes that vow to the numberless exiles whom the hurricane of war has torn from their native land and scattered in the land of the stranger; who can make their own the lament of the Prophet: 'Our inheritance is turned to aliens; our house to strangers.' Mankind owes that vow to the hundreds of

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as the evildoers, establishing the "impartial" public tone that was to be a hallmark of his pontificate: "A full statement of the doctrinal stand to be taken in face of the errors of today, if necessary, can be put off to another time unless there is disturbance by calamitous external events; for the

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In accordance with these principles of equality, the Church devotes her care to forming cultured native clergy and gradually increasing the number of native Bishops. And in order to give external expression to these, Our intentions, We have chosen the forthcoming Feast of Christ the King to raise to

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Pius protested the deportations of Slovakian Jews to the Bratislava government from 1942. In 1943 he protested that "The Holy See would fail in its Divine Mandate if it did not deplore these measures, which gravely damage man in his natural right, mainly for the reason that these people belong to a

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One of Pius XII's main diplomatic priorities was to prevent the bombing of Rome; so sensitive was the pontiff that he protested even the British air dropping of pamphlets over Rome, claiming that the few landing within the city-state violated the Vatican's neutrality. Before the American entry into

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Occupying powers often requested that Pius XII reorganize conquered Catholic dioceses. Although such reorganization was generally refused, the decision of Pius XII to appoint German apostolic administrators to occupied Poland was "one of his most controversial decisions". These actions were the

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Who among "the Soldiers of Christ" – ecclesiastic or layman – does not feel himself incited and spurred on to a greater vigilance, to a more determined resistance, by the sight of the ever-increasing host of Christ's enemies; as he perceives the spokesmen of these tendencies deny or in practice

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Following the Nazi occupation of Italy, the Pope ordered Rome's Catholic institutions to open themselves to the Jews, sheltering 4,715 of the 5,715 listed for deportation by the Nazis in 150 Catholic institutions. In the Vatican itself, 477 Jews were sheltered. As German round-ups continued in

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The blood of countless human beings, even noncombatants, raises a piteous dirge over a nation such as Our dear Poland, which, for its fidelity to the Church, for its services in the defense of Christian civilization, written in indelible characters in the annals of history, has a right to the

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issued a fiery, Polish-language message to Poland over the radio (which could scarcely be picked up in Poland), "nothing like this broadcast was ever allowed to happen again". After German complaints, the radio ceased any discussion of the situation in Poland, and later ceased discussing the

174:

drew four themes from the Vatican mediation attempts: a particular closeness to Mussolini, to the point of sending correspondence of his drafting, from the period May–August 1939; British and Polish disinterest in Vatican proposals, which were suspected of being pro-Italian and pro-German,

481:, backed by Beck, told Müller to ask Pius to ascertain whether the British would enter negotiations with the German opposition which wanted to overthrow Hitler. The British agreed to negotiate, provided the Vatican could vouch for the opposition's representative. Pius, communicating with 372:

led the only senior Nazi delegation permitted an audience with Pius XII and asked why the Pope had sided with the Allies, Pius replied with a list of recent Nazi atrocities and religious persecutions committed against Christians and Jews, in Germany and in Poland, leading the

485:, channelled communications back and forth in secrecy. The Vatican agreed to send a letter outlining the bases for peace with Britain, and the participation of the Pope was used to try to persuade senior German Generals Halder and Brauchitsch to act against Hitler. 595:

to prevent any such person from entering the city state; a system of identity cards was instituted to prevent non-Vatican personnel from entering St. Peter's. Some Vatican officials, however, did act independently to assist such persons; the most famous example is

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Upon his death, Pius was praised emphatically by Israel and world leaders for his wartime leadership. But his insistence on Vatican neutrality and failure to explicitly name the Nazis as the evildoers of the conflict became the foundation for later criticisms.

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108. "In the midst of this world which today presents such a sharp contrast to "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ," the Church and her faithful are in times and in years of trial such as have rarely been known in her history of struggle and

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In late 1942, senior Italian officials first approached the Vatican with peace feelers. In the eyes of the Vatican, "the neutrality of the Vatican, achieved at such cost, was paying a dividend at last". When Mussolini sent his son-in-law,

576:", but this occurred only on 14 August 1943, after Rome had already been bombed twice. Although the Italians consulted the Vatican on the wording of the open city declaration, the impetus for the change had little to do with the Vatican. 649:

was in a similar situation; for example, it ceased news about prisoners-of-war, which the Italian government worried would hint at the location of ships. It also ceased reporting on the weather, for the same reason. After Cardinal

525:, as ambassador to the Vatican in 1943, the Germans and others speculated about the possibility of Ciano negotiating a separate peace. The British for their part doubted any such intentions and wanted nothing to do with Ciano. 1155:"POPE IS EMPHATIC ABOUT JUST PEACE; His Stress on 'Indispensable Basis' for End of Hostilities Held Warning to Reich JEWS' RIGHTS DEFENDED Pontiff in von Ribbentrop Talk Spoke in Behalf of Persecuted in Germany and Poland" 757:. The Pope protested to the Romanian government and authorized for funds to be sent to the camps. In 1944 Pius appealed directly to the Hungarian government to halt the deportation of the Jews of Hungary and his nuncio, 786:

From 1943, he began to offer shelter to allied servicemen seeking sanctuary in the Vatican. Using fake documents and a clandestine communications network, O'Flaherty defied the Gestapo's war criminal commander of Rome,

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generous and brotherly sympathy of the whole world, while it awaits, relying on the powerful intercession of Mary, Help of Christians, the hour of a resurrection in harmony with the principles of justice and true peace.

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first papal encyclical, Pius XII expressed dismay at the invasion of Poland; reiterated Catholic teaching against racism and antisemitism; and endorsed resistance against those opposed to the ethical principles of the

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After the Italian surrender, Allied prisoners guarded by Italians were released, and many headed for Vatican City. The Vatican feared such an event would compromise its neutrality and gave strict instructions to the

175:

respectively; major European powers viewed the Pope as "no minor pawn upon their chessboard"; and, above all, Pius XII wanted to ensure compromise between the Western powers to prevent Soviet territorial gains.

903: 212:("On the Limitations of the Authority of the State"), issued 20 October 1939, was the first papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius XII, and established some of the themes of his papacy. According to Chadwick, 194:

Despite intense behind the scenes actions, Pius XII was resolved not to issue any public pronouncement that took sides in the conflict; this first manifested itself in a refusal to explicitly condemn the

6737: 545:. During World War II the Vatican's Swiss guards and other two armed regiments obtained additional submachine guns and gas masks to supplement the existing Vatican arsenal in the event of an attack. 248:

The Pope wrote of "anti-Christian movements" bringing forth a crop of "poignant disasters" and called for love, mercy, and compassion against the "deluge of discord". Following themes addressed in

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Negotiations were tense, with a Western offensive expected, and on the basis that substantive negotiations could only follow the replacement of the Hitler regime. Hoffmann wrote that, when the

178:

With Poland overrun, but France and the Low Countries yet to be attacked, Pius continued to hope for a negotiated peace to prevent the spread of the conflict. The similarly minded US President

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over Vatican Radio, which voiced concern for the victims of the Nazis' genocidal policies. From May 1942, the Nazis had commenced their industrialized slaughter of the Jews of Europe – the

753:(later Pope John XXIII) arranged for the transfer of thousands of children out of Bulgaria to Palestine. Roncalli also advised the Pope of Jewish concentration camps in Romanian-occupied 10069: 876:

on 4–5 June 1944. During the liberation, many Catholic Allied troops visited the Vatican for Mass and to hear the Pope speak, including some who drove tanks into St. Peter's Square.

687:, were shot inside the Vatican City. The shooting was discreetly prolonged. This allowed the film workers an excuse to avoid moving to Venice to participate in the propaganda of the 10532: 220:

invasion of Catholic Poland. Though couched in diplomatic language, Pius endorsed Catholic resistance, and stated his disapproval of the war, racism, anti-semitism, the Nazi/Soviet

167:

In his 24 August 1939 Radio Message, just a week before war, Pius warned: "The danger is imminent, but there is still time. Nothing is lost with peace; all can be lost with war!"

140:). The proposed Vatican meeting accomplished very little of substance: if there was any coherent position espoused by the Vatican among its various communications, it was that of 108:

As early as April 1939, Pius XII announced a plan for peace, hoping to mediate a negotiation between the major European powers on the brink of war. The first leader contacted was

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The Pope was the greatest celebrity on the Italian peninsula during this period, and, given the tarnish of the King of Italy with fascism, there was even talk of extending the

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Pius wrote of a persecuted Church and a time requiring "charity" for victims who had a "right" to compassion. Against the invasion of Poland and killing of civilians he wrote:

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thousands of persons who, without any fault on their part, sometimes only because of their nationality or race, have been consigned to death or slow extermination."

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From 1943, Pius instructed his Bulgarian representative to take "all necessary steps" to support Bulgarian Jews facing deportation, and his Turkish nuncio,

691:. Several Jews and people persecuted by the Nazis were hired for the films. The filming and the sheltering of the refugees disturbed the Vatican residents. 10600: 10306: 6034: 3807: 3753: 2939: 2118: 2072: 1647: 500:

After the German attack on Denmark and Norway, the British refused any further contacts with emissaries of the German military opposition, fearing another

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certain race." In June 1942 Pius personally protested against the mass deportations of Jews from France, ordering the papal nuncio to protest to Marshal

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in which he voiced concern at the murder of "hundreds of thousands" of "faultless" people on the basis of no more than their "race or nationality".

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Peter Hoffmann; The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p.160-163

10296: 10042: 10037: 10023: 9438: 5348: 4415: 4327: 4271: 4234: 3516: 2456: 1577: 306:, among the estimated 3,000 members (18%) of the Polish clergy who were killed by the Nazis; of these, 1,992 died in concentration camps. 216:

exemplified both "the hesitancy and the care" of the pontiff. During the drafting of the letter, the Second World War commenced with the

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to headline its report "Jews Rights Defended" and write of the "burning words he spoke to Herr Ribbentrop about religious persecution".

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Deschner, K., 2013. God and the Fascists: The Vatican Alliance with Mussolini, Franco, Hitler, and Pavelic. Prometheus Books.

1759: 738:, Pius voiced concern at the murder of "hundreds of thousands" of "faultless" people because of their "nationality or race". 482: 1939:. (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2014). xxviii + 488 pp. Costantini was a senior cardinal in the Vatican. 10828: 7502: 7339: 6597: 6456: 6446: 5602: 5009: 4895: 4060: 3527: 3523: 3501: 3105: 1960: 554: 1694: 10687: 10286: 10268: 9853: 9599: 7873: 7720: 7539: 6556: 6421: 5517: 4981: 4313: 4299: 3512: 2249: 1680: 899: 895: 458:

party, in Rome, hoping to use the Pope as an intermediary to contact the British. Kaas put Müller in contact with Father

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in the war, Italians were called upon to remain faithful to the Church. Pius avoided naming the belligerent politicians

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as his personal representative. Despite the early collapse of peace hopes, the Taylor mission continued at the Vatican.

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null and void in 1945, an act that had tremendous consequences for post-war Polish-Vatican relations. There was no

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itself was not occupied. The Vatican organised extensive humanitarian aid throughout the duration of the conflict.

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and others were also marked for extermination. The Pope addressed the racial persecutions in the following terms:

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of the papacy. The Pope granted audiences with Allied soldiers and leaders, which were prominently photographed.

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situation of the church in Germany. Pius XII spoke over the radio on several occasions, most notably during

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In a further rejection of Nazi ideology, Pius reiterated Catholic opposition to racism and anti-Semitism:

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re-established unofficial American relations with the Vatican after a seventy-year hiatus and dispatched

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The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950.

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In Poland, the Nazis murdered over 2,500 monks and priests and even more were imprisoned.

199:. Early on, Pius XII believed that the "rapid destruction of Poland meant the end of the war". 1581: 10571: 10542: 10207: 9984: 9737: 9413: 7728: 7693: 7599: 7460: 7399: 7312: 7288: 7244: 7239: 7121: 7028: 6941: 6907: 6314: 5930: 5653: 5496: 5392: 5362: 5318: 5058: 5023: 5016: 4939: 4837: 4278: 4255: 4102: 3713: 3250: 2990: 2976: 2659: 2328: 2303: 2261: 2030: 2000: 890:

during the war. By the end of World War II there were several prominent vacancies, including

746:, to take in thousands of Jews, and authorized institutions across the north to do the same. 179: 3548: 1648:"Vatican hopes secret files exonerate 'Hitler's pope' | World news | the Guardian" 10565: 10454: 10090: 9949: 7843: 7698: 7686: 7334: 7327: 7116: 7006: 6966: 6961: 6251: 6125: 6039: 5754: 5609: 5260: 5217: 5187: 5113: 4923: 4902: 3828: 3305: 2983: 2338: 420:

The speech was made in the context of the near total domination of Europe by the armies of

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With the German occupation of Rome in 1943, after the fall of Mussolini, came rumors of a

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of 1929 with Italy recognized the sovereignty of Vatican City. It declared Vatican City a

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and Ireland honors his work with the Hugh O’Flaherty International Humanitarian Award.

777:, an Irishman, operated an escape operation for Jews and Allied escapees. In 2012, the 774: 713: 634: 597: 350: 318: 277: 262: 208: 731: 160: 149: 10522: 10278: 10255: 9872: 9792: 9787: 9727: 9657: 9632: 9465: 9398: 9393: 9313: 9308: 9283: 9217: 9192: 9172: 9132: 9082: 9047: 9002: 8967: 8957: 8947: 8931: 8916: 8876: 8861: 8831: 8756: 8736: 8696: 8581: 8435: 8380: 8234: 7885: 7833: 7302: 7266: 7077: 7038: 6696: 6686: 6286: 6258: 5856: 5740: 5630: 5570: 5531: 5464: 5446: 5412: 5355: 5309: 5253: 5078: 4816: 4808: 4745: 4598: 4192: 3724: 3185: 3164: 2874: 2050: 1915: 1901: 1887: 1863: 1840: 1810: 1197: 1050: 843: 779: 613: 152:(the former High Commissioner of Danzig) and the Polish government could not accept. 1940: 10733: 9979: 9750: 9452: 9388: 9363: 9343: 9318: 9303: 9273: 9212: 9207: 9157: 9087: 9077: 9057: 9032: 9022: 9017: 9012: 8962: 8921: 8871: 8866: 8856: 8836: 8826: 8786: 8731: 8706: 8681: 8656: 8646: 8636: 8621: 8520: 8500: 8490: 8455: 8390: 8385: 8365: 8325: 8265: 8204: 8189: 8184: 8119: 8104: 8079: 8069: 7762: 7620: 7455: 7349: 7111: 7101: 7087: 7064: 7045: 6899: 6744: 6706: 6701: 6638: 6342: 6321: 6293: 6181: 6160: 6097: 5775: 5768: 5712: 5376: 5141: 5127: 5030: 4967: 4918: 4731: 4584: 4531: 4341: 4292: 4206: 3436: 3413: 2946: 2005: 1796: 1254:; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p.161 & 294 719: 674: 303: 109: 86: 2955: 1018: 10728: 10123: 9709: 9491: 9458: 9378: 9288: 9263: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9167: 9102: 9067: 9052: 8987: 8977: 8952: 8906: 8886: 8851: 8841: 8821: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8771: 8766: 8716: 8701: 8626: 8606: 8586: 8571: 8566: 8546: 8510: 8495: 8415: 8400: 8395: 8360: 8350: 8335: 8295: 8285: 8270: 8260: 8250: 8114: 8059: 7963: 7817: 7681: 7604: 7224: 7153: 7082: 6643: 6489: 6370: 6328: 6307: 6174: 6104: 5798: 5510: 5425: 5383: 5281: 5224: 5092: 4874: 4865: 4394: 3976: 3952: 3206: 2283: 1701: 1652: 873: 809: 788: 750: 743: 474: 183: 144:. In particular, the Pope attempted to get Poland to accept the secession of the 137: 133: 129: 74: 5910: 1933:

The Secrets of a Vatican Cardinal: Celso Costantini's Wartime Diaries, 1938-1947

1837:

The Myth of Hitler's Pope: Pope Pius XII And His Secret War Against Nazi Germany

783:

newspaper credited him with having saved more than 6,500 people during the war.

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primary justification of the Polish Provisional Government for declaring the

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Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958

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Pius XII and the Second World War: According to the Archives of the Vatican

814: 758: 754: 651: 447: 421: 232: 228: 62: 46: 38: 10755: 9974: 9863: 9714: 9358: 9238: 9233: 9187: 8811: 8676: 8671: 8576: 8515: 8460: 8450: 8445: 8315: 8139: 8089: 8044: 7507: 7450: 6681: 6335: 6146: 5554: 5540: 5202: 3878: 3699: 3684: 3038: 1272:; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p.160 592: 542: 534: 522: 505: 470: 451: 141: 6805: 1715:"Irish Catholic | 'Vatican Pimpernel' to gain official recognition" 10738: 9936: 9472: 9147: 8666: 8651: 8465: 8440: 8275: 8179: 8099: 8049: 7991: 6723: 6202: 6004: 5992: 4909: 4662: 4641: 3534: 2867: 2795: 417:

called Pius "a lonely voice crying out of the silence of a continent."

155: 773:

From his Vatican office, and in co-operation with Pius XII, Monsignor

116:. With Mussolini's approval, the next day Cardinal Secretary of State 65:

came into existence in 1929, a decade before the start of World War II

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L'inverno più lungo. 1943-44: Pio XII, gli ebrei e i nazisti a Roma

609: 6068: 1975: 1246: 1244: 533:

The Vatican maintained three small forces of troops known as the

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against "the inhuman arrests and deportations of Jews". In his

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Nothing sacred: Nazi espionage against the Vatican, 1939-1945

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moment We limit Ourselves to some fundamental observations."

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Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples

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In the winter of 1939/40, the Bavarian lawyer and reserve '

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House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul

1852:

Mussolini's Dream Factory: Film Stardom in Fascist Italy

1685:; Majella O'Sullivan Irish Independent; 12 November 2012 1275: 1194:"Encyclopędia Britannica's Reflections on the Holocaust" 1019:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum –

473:

and agreed to offer the machinery for mediation. Oster,

89:

of thirteen full ambassadors and twenty-five ministers.

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Reorganization of occupied dioceses during World War II

163:, was critical of Pius XII's pre-war mediation efforts. 3313:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

1052:

Encyclopædia Britannica – Reflections on the Holocaust

742:

Northern Italy, the Pope opened his summer residence,

1912:

Church of Spies: The Pope's Secret War Against Hitler

10498:

Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches

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The Roman Miracle: A Look Back at 70 Years Ago Today

1704:; by Stephen Walker, Catholic Herald; 13 April 2011. 1257: 10673: 10555: 7257:

Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici

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International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission

1824:

Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War

1153:Times., Telephone To the New York (14 March 1940). 2314:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 1676: 1674: 1636:Roman Catholicism - the period of the world wars. 1288: 667:During the German occupation of Rome, two films, 112:, via Pius XII's usual go-between, Jesuit Father 10800: 7958: 1880:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 363: 1935:. Edited by Bruno Fabio Pighin. Translated by 1671: 1578:"The American Spectator : Hitler's Pope?" 1270:The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945 1252:The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945 857: 600:, whose exploits were made famous in the film 148:to Nazi Germany, a position Polish ambassador 10656:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide 9665: 7944: 6821: 5958: 2667: 1977:History of World War II by region and country 1961: 1805:Blet, Pierre, and Johnson, Lawrence J. 1999. 1561: 1176: 1174: 1102: 1100: 1071: 1069: 103: 1285:; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; p648-9 761:, led a citywide rescue scheme in Budapest. 616:, the chief Vatican financier during the war 10084:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe 1137: 850:between 1947 and 1989, during the years of 454:, the exiled leader of the German Catholic 9672: 9658: 7951: 7937: 6828: 6814: 5965: 5951: 2674: 2660: 1968: 1954: 1900:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1183:, "World War Two – German-occupied Europe" 1171: 1097: 1066: 548: 428:Contacts to the German military opposition 7284:Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri 6835: 6771:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War 1898:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War 1862:Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press. 380: 10824:World War II military history by country 10413:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 1134:Catholic Culture, Accessed July 18, 2008 804: 608: 409:Pius XII – Christmas Radio Address, 1942 368:When in 1940, the Nazi Foreign Minister 297: 154: 136:) and the Apostolic Delegate in London ( 56: 30:, following the 1944 Liberation of Rome. 17: 1746: 1744: 1511: 1509: 10801: 4521: 4499:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 1849: 1682:Vatican's 'Scarlet Pimpernel' honoured 1555: 1377:Robert Royal, 2006, " The Pope's Army" 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1298:; Wordsworth Editions; 1997 Edn; p.760 1225: 1223: 1152: 998:Homily of Benedict XVI, 9 October 2008 920:Index of Vatican City-related articles 800: 769:Hugh O'Flaherty: the Vatican Pimpernel 387:Pius XII delivered a Christmas message 335:Opposition to racism and anti-Semitism 37:pursued a policy of neutrality during 10150: 9653: 7932: 6809: 5946: 5370:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 4802:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 4448:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4404:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 3509:Rape during the occupation of Germany 2655: 1949: 964: 962: 886:Pius XII had refrained from creating 625: 290: 7719: 4492:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 3524:Rape during the liberation of France 1741: 1506: 1452: 1389: 1283:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 224:and the persecutions of the Church. 189: 92: 10688:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi 1732: 1310: 1232: 1220: 585: 528: 13: 10693:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua 10403:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 6067: 4718:German invasion of the Netherlands 2998:Weather events during World War II 1925: 1789: 1695:The priest who converted his enemy 1610: 959: 925:Neutral powers during World War II 908:created 32 cardinals in early 1946 560: 434:Pius XII and the German Resistance 202: 159:Polish ambassador to the Vatican, 99:Foreign relations of Pope Pius XII 83:recognized by thirty-eight nations 14: 10845: 10471:Pontifical North American College 10033:Section for Relations with States 7565:Postage stamps and postal history 6593:Apostolic constitutions and bulls 5972: 5349:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 10781: 10769: 10165:Extraordinary general assemblies 9631: 9620: 9619: 7911: 7899: 7706:Philatelic and Numismatic Office 5909: 2681: 694: 641: 10633:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo 10533:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo 10513:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary 10312:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno 1914:. New York : Basic Books. 1777: 1768: 1753: 1707: 1688: 1640: 1628: 1604: 1595: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1470: 1461: 1443: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1380: 1371: 1362: 1353: 1344: 1335: 1326: 1301: 1211: 1186: 1146: 1124: 1114: 1083: 1057: 1044: 1035: 701:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 567:Bombing of Rome in World War II 10819:Pope Pius XII and World War II 10814:Neutral states in World War II 10322:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo 7094:Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena 6890:Vicar General for Vatican City 5596:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 3306:Territorial changes of Germany 3214:Indonesian National Revolution 1026: 1012: 1003: 989: 980: 971: 950: 941: 904:Congregation for the Religious 465:The Pope's Private Secretary, 227:With Italy not yet an ally of 1: 10585:Pontifical Oriental Institute 7051:Monument to the Royal Stuarts 6947:Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi 6133:Communium interpretes dolorum 4996:Japanese invasion of Thailand 4947:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 4711:German invasion of Luxembourg 3092:Mediterranean and Middle East 935: 243: 52: 10809:Vatican City in World War II 10408:Basilica of Saint Mary Major 9679: 7345:Santo Stefano degli Abissini 6447:Pontifical Relief Commission 6196:Redemptoris nostri cruciatus 4903:Invasion of the Soviet Union 4592:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 3910:Independent State of Croatia 1613:"PIUS XII and the Holocaust" 1546:, Laterza 2008, pp. 179- 187 483:British envoy D'Arcy Osborne 364:1940 meeting with Ribbentrop 7: 10829:Wars involving Vatican City 10590:Pontifical Lombard Seminary 10466:Pontifical Urban University 10160:Ordinary general assemblies 9907:Cardinal Secretary of State 7734:Vatican Information Service 7574:Secretariat for the Economy 7430:Cardinal Secretary of State 7172:Modern and Contemporary Art 5999:Cardinal Secretary of State 5887:End of World War II in Asia 5727:Western invasion of Germany 5234:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 5211:Second Battle of El Alamein 4781:Hundred Regiments Offensive 4753:Battle of the Mediterranean 4606:Italian invasion of Albania 2780:Air warfare of World War II 1143:Chadwick, Owen pp. 254–255. 913: 892:Cardinal Secretary of State 858:Immediate postwar aftermath 508:in the lead up to the 1944 10: 10850: 10683:Basilica of the Holy House 10307:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino 9715:Sovereignty and government 7864:Amateur Sports Association 7308:San Pellegrino in Vaticano 7235:Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri 6442:Jewish orphans controversy 6140:Orientales omnes Ecclesias 6065: 5813:Naval bombardment of Japan 5181:First Battle of El Alamein 5100:Battle of Christmas Island 5045:Japanese invasion of Burma 4809:Italian invasion of Greece 4725:German invasion of Belgium 4697:German invasion of Denmark 4670:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 4539:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2803:Comparative military ranks 1828:Cambridge University Press 1485:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 111-12 1476:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 104-07 1467:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 293-99 1440:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 244-45 1431:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 236-44 1422:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 232-36 1413:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 222-32 1395:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 290-91 1386:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 275-76 1368:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 249-50 1359:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 248-49 1341:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 246-47 861: 848:Apostolic Nuncio to Poland 834: 704: 698: 657:his 1942 Christmas address 564: 515: 431: 104:Pre-war mediation attempts 96: 41:, under the leadership of 10764: 10709: 10640:Gardens of the Villa Cybo 10623: 10493:Palace of the Holy Office 10483:Palazzo della Cancelleria 10455:Palace of Saint Callixtus 10425: 10388: 10378: 10367: 10348: 10277: 10254: 10206: 10178: 10122: 10017: 9965: 9935: 9889: 9862: 9736: 9724:Sovereign judicial entity 9687: 9615: 9542: 9482: 9421: 9412: 9226: 8940: 8539: 8243: 8037: 7970: 7894: 7856: 7826: 7808: 7756:Vatican Television Center 7628: 7619: 7587: 7535: 7526: 7493: 7441: 7414: 7376: 7367: 7274:Mater Ecclesiae Monastery 7152: 7063: 6988: 6984: 6975: 6898: 6847: 6787: 6764:The Myth of Hitler's Pope 6715: 6662: 6616: 6585: 6532: 6475: 6380: 6078: 6018: 5980: 5902: 5734:Bratislava–Brno offensive 5674: 5665:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 5402: 5289:Allied invasion of Sicily 5243: 5149:Aleutian Islands campaign 5121:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 5068: 5059:Greek famine of 1941–1944 4954:Second Battle of Changsha 4859:German invasion of Greece 4827: 4704:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 4679: 4617: 4512: 4393: 4119: 4029: 3877: 3580: 3571: 3329: 3154: 3046:North and Central Pacific 3007: 2769: 2762: 2689: 2596: 2347: 2210: 2164: 2086: 1983: 1634:Encyclopædia Britannica: 1332:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 91-96 1217:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 86-87 1032:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 79-81 1009:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 77-78 986:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 75-76 977:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 62-74 794:The Scarlet and the Black 603:The Scarlet and the Black 197:German invasion of Poland 10581:Archaeological Institute 9766:Old St. Peter's Basilica 9761:Patrimony of Saint Peter 9756:History of papal primacy 7768:Vatican Publishing House 7073:Redemptoris Mater Chapel 6925:Old St. Peter's Basilica 6731:Three Popes and the Jews 6364:Ad Apostolorum principis 6350:Le pèlerinage de Lourdes 6238:Sempiternus Rex Christus 6154:Deiparae Virginis Mariae 6112:Mystici Corporis Christi 5326:Allied invasion of Italy 5303:Solomon Islands campaign 5052:Third Battle of Changsha 4649:First Battle of Changsha 4555:Second Sino-Japanese War 3495:German military brothels 3361:United States war crimes 1884:Indiana University Press 1850:Gundle, Stephen (2013). 620: 22:Members of the Canadian 10776:Vatican City portal 10508:Palace of the Vicariate 10302:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia 9826:Prisoner in the Vatican 9815:Investiture Controversy 9433:During the Roman Empire 7906:Vatican City portal 7318:Via della Conciliazione 6914:Prisoner in the Vatican 6457:Alleged kidnapping plot 6119:Divino afflante Spiritu 5748:Second Guangxi campaign 5603:Philippines (1944–1945) 5107:Battle of the Coral Sea 5010:Fall of the Philippines 4656:Battle of South Guangxi 4562:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 3968:Italian Social Republic 1896:Phayer, Michael. 2008. 1795:Alvarez, David J., and 1181:Encyclopædia Britannica 1130:Craughwell, Thomas J., 868:Alperin v. Vatican Bank 662: 580:Vatican City was bombed 555:plot to kidnap the Pope 549:Extraterritorial status 79:international relations 10788:Catholicism portal 10744:Apostolic Penitentiary 10718:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 10665:Santa Maria di Galeria 9990:For Vatican City State 9638:Catholic Church Portal 9498:Conflicts with the HRE 7918:Catholicism portal 7880:National football team 7874:National football team 7774:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 7466:For Vatican City State 6757:Under His Very Windows 6452:1942 Christmas address 6189:In multiplicibus curis 6072: 6009:Saint Peter's Basilica 5333:Armistice of Cassibile 5135:Battle of Dutch Harbor 5086:Battle of the Java Sea 4989:Attack on Pearl Harbor 4889:Syria–Lebanon campaign 4882:Battle of South Shanxi 4852:Invasion of Yugoslavia 4635:Battle of the Atlantic 4249:Korean Liberation Army 3962:(until September 1943) 3919:(until September 1944) 3897:(until September 1944) 1910:Riebling, Mark. 2015. 1783:Chadwick, 1988, p. 304 1774:Chadwick, 1988, p. 302 1750:Chadwick, 1988, p. 301 1533:Chadwick, 1988, p. 145 1524:Chadwick, 1988, p. 143 1515:Chadwick, 1988, p. 142 1503:Chadwick, 1988, p. 114 1494:Chadwick, 1988, p. 113 1458:Chadwick, 1988, p. 292 1449:Chadwick, 1988, p. 291 1404:Chadwick, 1988, p. 222 1350:Chadwick, 1988, p. 248 902:, and Prefect for the 832: 736:1942 Christmas address 617: 582:twice during the war. 412: 381:1942 Christmas message 370:Joachim von Ribbentrop 361: 329: 307: 288: 164: 66: 31: 10834:History of the papacy 10572:San Carlo ai Catinari 10543:Paul VI Audience Hall 10529:Benedictine monastery 10476:Bambino Gesù Hospital 10246:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto 9414:History of the papacy 7729:Holy See Press Office 7514:Corps of Firefighters 7289:Paul VI Audience Hall 7240:Domus Sanctae Marthae 7012:St. Peter's Baldachin 6942:Cortile del Belvedere 6908:History of the papacy 6407:Persecution of Church 6315:Luctuosissimi eventus 6071: 5497:Second Battle of Guam 5393:Bengal famine of 1943 5363:Second Battle of Kiev 5319:Battle of the Dnieper 5024:Battle of Wake Island 4896:East African campaign 4838:Battle of South Henan 4483:atrocities by Germans 4256:Korean Volunteer Army 3237:Occupation of Germany 2991:Music in World War II 1765:Catholic News Service 1323:Chadwick, 1988, p. 90 1238:Chadwick, 1988, p. 88 1229:Chadwick, 1988, p. 87 1132:The Gentile Holocaust 1063:Chadwick, 1988, p. 83 1041:Chadwick, 1988, p. 82 968:Chadwick, 1988, p. 62 956:Chadwick, 1988, p. 61 862:Further information: 808: 612: 401: 341: 309: 301: 268: 180:Franklin D. Roosevelt 158: 60: 21: 10398:St. Peter's Basilica 10091:Apostolic nunciature 9950:College of Cardinals 9945:Secretariat of State 9576:Revolutionary Papacy 9570:Age of Enlightenment 7790:L'Osservatore Romano 7699:Sistine Chapel Choir 7503:Corps of Gendarmerie 7328:Porta San Pellegrino 7279:Sant'Egidio in Borgo 7007:Chair of Saint Peter 6999:St. Peter's Basilica 6967:Piazza Scossacavalli 6252:Orientales Ecclesias 6126:Orientalis Ecclesiae 5783:Surrender of Germany 5261:Battle of West Hubei 5218:Guadalcanal campaign 5188:Battle of Stalingrad 5114:Battle of Madagascar 3888:Albania protectorate 3675:(formerly Swaziland) 3384:Wehrmacht war crimes 3200:Expulsion of Germans 2984:Art and World War II 2882:British contribution 2831:Governments in exile 947:Morley, 1980, page 8 685:Giorgio Walter Chili 680:The Ten Commandments 304:Fr. Maximilian Kolbe 257:Mit brennender Sorge 10749:Apostolic Signatura 10577:Collegio Bellarmino 10449:Adjoining buildings 10024:Multilateral policy 9423:Antiquity and Early 9227:17th–21st centuries 8941:13th–16th centuries 7781:Annuario Pontificio 7633:Academy of Sciences 7192:Gregoriano Egiziano 6422:Catholic Resistance 6245:Ingruentium malorum 6231:Evangelii praecones 5873:Potsdam Declaration 5762:Italy (Spring 1945) 5525:Liberation of Paris 4982:Siege of Sevastopol 4000:(until August 1944) 3903:Wang Jingwei regime 3725:from September 1943 3685:from September 1944 3623:from September 1944 3483:Romanian war crimes 3474:Persecution of Jews 3460:Croatian war crimes 3430:Japanese war crimes 3244:Occupation of Japan 3193:First Indochina War 2905:Military production 2817:Declarations of war 2426:Carpathian Ruthenia 1931:Costantini, Celso. 1858:Kent, Peter. 2002. 1558:, pp. 262–263. 1281:William L. Shirer; 1110:– Section 6 & 7 801:Church organization 724:Sermon on the Mount 720:Revelation on Sinai 670:The Gates of Heaven 251:Non abbiamo bisogno 146:Free City of Danzig 24:Royal 22nd Regiment 10518:Collegio Teutonico 10435:Lateran University 10279:Suffragan dioceses 10256:Territorial abbeys 10226:Porto-Santa Rufina 10208:Suburbicarian sees 10170:Special assemblies 10065:Permanent Observer 9558:Reformation Papacy 9552:Renaissance Papacy 9494:(1012–1044 / 1048) 9447:Ostrogothic Papacy 8540:9th–12th centuries 7545:Vatican euro coins 7340:Saint John's Tower 7313:St. Peter's Square 7262:Collegio Teutonico 7245:Holy Spirit Chapel 7207:Bramante Staircase 7187:Gregoriano Etrusco 7029:Saint Peter's tomb 7024:Vatican Necropolis 6883:List of sovereigns 6738:Actes et documents 6603:Apostolic writings 6577:Fátima and Balazar 6437:Ustaše involvement 6400:conversion of Jews 6091:Summi Pontificatus 6073: 5866:Surrender of Japan 5699:Battle of Iwo Jima 5548:Belgrade offensive 4961:Siege of Leningrad 4845:Battle of Shanggao 4774:British Somaliland 4739:Dunkirk evacuation 4690:Norwegian campaign 4628:Invasion of Poland 4455:Japanese prisoners 3423:Italian war crimes 3354:British war crimes 3269:Soviet occupations 3053:South-West Pacific 2940:Allied cooperation 2898:Military equipment 2016:French West Africa 1996:British Somaliland 1937:Laurence B. Mussio 1700:2013-06-30 at the 1611:Gorsky, Jonathan. 1601:Dalin, 2005, p. 74 1159:The New York Times 1108:SUMMI PONTIFICATUS 1091:SUMMI PONTIFICATUS 1077:SUMMI PONTIFICATUS 996:Vatican Archive – 864:Ratlines (history) 833: 714:Summi Pontificatus 635:Osservatore Romano 627:Osservatore Romano 618: 415:The New York Times 351:Summi Pontificatus 319:Summi Pontificatus 308: 291:Invasion of Poland 278:Summi Pontificatus 263:Divini redemptoris 222:invasion of Poland 214:Summi Pontificatus 209:Summi Pontificatus 170:British historian 165: 67: 32: 10796: 10795: 10705: 10704: 10701: 10700: 10663:antennae area of 10654:Summer estate of 10619: 10618: 10551: 10550: 10523:Teutonic Cemetery 10421: 10420: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10361: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10339: 10297:Civita Castellana 10200: 10144: 10118: 10117: 9883: 9820:Age of Revolution 9793:Donation of Pepin 9788:Donation of Sutri 9728:international law 9647: 9646: 9611: 9610: 9503:Wandering Papacy 9466:Saeculum obscurum 9439:Under Constantine 8244:5th–8th centuries 8038:1st–4th centuries 8022:papal resignation 7926: 7925: 7886:Vatican Athletics 7852: 7851: 7804: 7803: 7660:Apostolic Archive 7615: 7614: 7522: 7521: 7385:Foreign relations 7363: 7362: 7335:Ricciolo d'Italia 7303:Passetto di Borgo 7267:Teutonic Cemetery 7220: 7219: 7078:Borgia Apartments 7059: 7058: 7039:Tomb of the Julii 6803: 6802: 6716:Works on Pius XII 6562:Eastern canon law 6497:Post–World War II 6477:Foreign relations 6432:Occupied dioceses 6412:German Resistance 6287:Ad Sinarum gentem 6259:Doctor Mellifluus 6050:Illness and death 5940: 5939: 5898: 5897: 5741:Battle of Okinawa 5640:Burma (1944–1945) 5474:Mariana and Palau 5254:Tunisian campaign 5079:Fall of Singapore 5003:Fall of Hong Kong 4746:Battle of Britain 4599:Operation Himmler 4508: 4507: 4172:Dutch East Indies 3815:Southern Rhodesia 3567: 3566: 3467:Genocide of Serbs 3370:German war crimes 3347:Soviet war crimes 3340:Allied war crimes 3186:Division of Korea 3165:Chinese Civil War 2963:Strategic bombing 2875:Manhattan Project 2649: 2648: 2240:Dutch East Indies 2078:Southern Rhodesia 2011:French Somaliland 1906:978-0-253-34930-9 1854:. Berghahn Books. 1839:. Regnery Press. 1809:. Paulist Press. 1797:Graham, Robert A. 1738:Blet, 1999, p. 72 1542:Andrea Riccardi, 1021:The Vatican Files 844:Concordat of 1925 831:nuncio to Poland. 827:, also served as 825:nuncio to Germany 780:Irish Independent 614:Bernardino Nogara 479:Hans von Dohnányi 190:Public statements 93:Foreign relations 26:in audience with 10841: 10786: 10785: 10774: 10773: 10772: 10676:extraterritorial 10671: 10670: 10649:Adjacent gardens 10609:Nympheum of Nero 10558:extraterritorial 10553: 10552: 10445:Sancta Sanctorum 10423: 10422: 10386: 10385: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10365: 10364: 10353: 10204: 10203: 10185: 10182:province of Rome 10148: 10147: 10129: 9980:Apostolic Camera 9887: 9886: 9869: 9751:Primacy of Peter 9674: 9667: 9660: 9651: 9650: 9635: 9623: 9622: 9543:Early Modern and 9453:Byzantine Papacy 9419: 9418: 7953: 7946: 7939: 7930: 7929: 7916: 7915: 7904: 7903: 7902: 7763:Vatican News App 7717: 7716: 7626: 7625: 7533: 7532: 7456:Apostolic Camera 7374: 7373: 7350:Vatican Pharmacy 7295:The Resurrection 7112:Niccoline Chapel 7102:Cappella Paolina 7088:Papal apartments 7065:Apostolic Palace 7046:Vatican Grottoes 6995: 6994: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6807: 6806: 6542:Social teachings 6343:Invicti athletae 6322:Laetamur admodum 6294:Ad Caeli Reginam 6280:Ecclesiae fastos 6273:Sacra virginitas 6182:Auspicia quaedam 6161:Fulgens radiatur 6098:Sertum laetitiae 5967: 5960: 5953: 5944: 5943: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5916:World portal 5914: 5913: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5776:Prague offensive 5771: 5769:Battle of Berlin 5764: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5713:Vienna offensive 5708: 5701: 5694: 5692:Battle of Manila 5687: 5667: 5658: 5649: 5642: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5566: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5476: 5469: 5460: 5451: 5442: 5435: 5433:Korsun–Cherkassy 5428: 5417: 5395: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5335: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5275:Bombing of Gorky 5270: 5263: 5256: 5236: 5229: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5142:Battle of Midway 5137: 5130: 5128:Battle of Gazala 5123: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5038:Battle of Borneo 5033: 5031:Malayan campaign 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4975:Bombing of Gorky 4970: 4968:Battle of Moscow 4963: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4820: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4732:Battle of France 4727: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4585:Munich Agreement 4580: 4573: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4541: 4534: 4519: 4518: 4501: 4494: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4470:Soviet prisoners 4464: 4457: 4450: 4441: 4434: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4410:German prisoners 4406: 4386: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4258: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4112: 4105: 4098: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3948: 3946:French Indochina 3941: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3890: 3870: 3861: 3854: 3845: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3803: 3796: 3793:from August 1944 3784: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3676: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3593: 3578: 3577: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3530: 3519: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3437:Nanjing Massacre 3432: 3425: 3416: 3414:Nuremberg trials 3407: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3372: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3271: 3264: 3255: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3147: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3062: 3055: 3048: 3041: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3018:Asia and Pacific 3000: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2949: 2947:Mulberry harbour 2942: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2812: 2805: 2798: 2789: 2782: 2767: 2766: 2755: 2748: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2718: 2711: 2704: 2697: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2653: 2652: 2400:Military history 2154:Native Americans 1970: 1963: 1956: 1947: 1946: 1855: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1717:. Archived from 1711: 1705: 1692: 1686: 1678: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1656:. Archived from 1644: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1580:. Archived from 1574: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1292: 1286: 1279: 1273: 1268:Peter Hoffmann; 1266: 1255: 1250:Peter Hoffmann; 1248: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1196:. Archived from 1190: 1184: 1178: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1128: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1104: 1095: 1087: 1081: 1073: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1001: 993: 987: 984: 978: 975: 969: 966: 957: 954: 948: 945: 852:communist Poland 689:Republic of Salò 675:Vittorio de Sica 586:Prisoners of war 529:Military history 410: 359: 327: 286: 110:Benito Mussolini 87:diplomatic corps 10849: 10848: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10780: 10770: 10768: 10760: 10729:Papal household 10697: 10675: 10669: 10625: 10615: 10601:Sant'Apollinare 10599:Two Palaces of 10595:Russian College 10557: 10547: 10417: 10390:Major basilicas 10369: 10358: 10355: 10352: 10336: 10273: 10250: 10195: 10184: 10181: 10174: 10138: 10134: 10128: 10125: 10114: 10043:Of the Holy See 10038:To the Holy See 10021: 10019:Foreign affairs 10013: 9961: 9931: 9877: 9874: 9871: 9868: 9866:judicial entity 9865: 9858: 9732: 9710:Diocese of Rome 9683: 9678: 9648: 9643: 9607: 9590:(1929–present) 9544: 9538: 9492:Tusculan Papacy 9484: 9478: 9459:Frankish Papacy 9424: 9408: 9222: 8936: 8535: 8239: 8033: 7966: 7964:Catholic Church 7957: 7927: 7922: 7910: 7900: 7898: 7890: 7848: 7822: 7818:Catholic Church 7800: 7715: 7711:Public holidays 7611: 7583: 7518: 7489: 7437: 7410: 7405:Fundamental Law 7359: 7225:Gregorian Tower 7216: 7154:Vatican Museums 7148: 7083:Clementine Hall 7055: 6971: 6894: 6843: 6834: 6804: 6799: 6783: 6778:The Pope's Jews 6711: 6658: 6612: 6581: 6528: 6490:Reichskonkordat 6471: 6467:Bombing of Rome 6417:Nazi euthanasia 6376: 6371:Meminisse iuvat 6357:Miranda prorsus 6329:Datis nuperrime 6308:Haurietis aquas 6175:Optatissima pax 6105:Saeculo exeunte 6082: 6080: 6074: 6063: 6014: 5983: 5976: 5971: 5941: 5936: 5929: 5922: 5908: 5906: 5894: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5832: 5827:Atomic bombings 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5670: 5663: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5585: 5576: 5569: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5530: 5523: 5518:Eastern Romania 5516: 5511:Warsaw Uprising 5509: 5504:Tannenberg Line 5502: 5495: 5490:Western Ukraine 5488: 5479: 5472: 5463: 5454: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5420: 5411: 5398: 5391: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5282:Battle of Kursk 5280: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5239: 5232: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5093:St Nazaire Raid 5091: 5084: 5077: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4917: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4875:Anglo-Iraqi War 4873: 4866:Battle of Crete 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4823: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4795:Eastern Romania 4793: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4613: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4537: 4530: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4437: 4430: 4421: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4389: 4382: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4356:Western Ukraine 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4300:Northeast China 4298: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4006:Slovak Republic 4004: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3977:Empire of Japan 3975: 3966: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3873: 3866: 3857: 3850: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3679: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3563: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3522: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3489:Sexual violence 3488: 3481: 3472: 3465: 3458: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3219: 3212: 3207:Greek Civil War 3205: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3163: 3150: 3143: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3090: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3037: 3032:South-East Asia 3030: 3023: 3016: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2954: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2891:Military awards 2889: 2880: 2873: 2866: 2857: 2850: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2794: 2785: 2778: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2685: 2680: 2650: 2645: 2641:Pacific Islands 2636:Solomon Islands 2616:Gilbert Islands 2598: 2592: 2571:Channel Islands 2343: 2206: 2160: 2082: 1979: 1974: 1928: 1926:Primary sources 1876:Phayer, Michael 1792: 1790:Further reading 1787: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1722: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1702:Wayback Machine 1693: 1689: 1679: 1672: 1663: 1661: 1653:TheGuardian.com 1646: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1562: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1293: 1289: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1258: 1249: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1203: 1201: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1172: 1163: 1161: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1115: 1105: 1098: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1004: 994: 990: 985: 981: 976: 972: 967: 960: 955: 951: 946: 942: 938: 916: 870: 860: 839: 810:Cesare Orsenigo 803: 789:Herbert Kappler 775:Hugh O'Flaherty 771: 751:Angelo Roncalli 744:Castel Gandolfo 732:Philippe Pétain 709: 703: 697: 665: 644: 630: 623: 598:Hugh O'Flaherty 588: 569: 563: 561:Bombing of Rome 551: 531: 518: 475:Wilhelm Canaris 436: 430: 411: 408: 383: 366: 360: 348: 337: 328: 316: 293: 287: 275: 246: 205: 203:Outbreak of war 192: 184:Myron C. Taylor 161:Kazimierz Papée 150:Kazimierz Papée 138:William Godfrey 134:Cesare Orsenigo 132:), and Berlin ( 130:Filippo Cortesi 106: 101: 95: 75:neutral country 55: 12: 11: 5: 10847: 10837: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10790: 10778: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10746: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10713: 10711: 10707: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10679: 10677: 10668: 10667: 10658: 10652: 10651: 10650: 10647: 10641: 10638: 10629: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10603: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10579: 10574: 10568: 10564:Palace of the 10561: 10559: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10457: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10430:Lateran Palace 10426: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10394: 10392: 10382: 10381: 10373: 10362: 10359:territoriality 10346: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10283: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10271: 10266: 10260: 10258: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10221:Velletri-Segni 10218: 10212: 10210: 10201: 10180:Ecclesiastical 10176: 10175: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10156: 10154: 10145: 10136:full communion 10120: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10079:European Union 10076: 10075: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10060:United Nations 10057: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10040: 10035: 10029: 10027: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10011: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9993: 9992: 9982: 9971: 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9955:Papal conclave 9947: 9941: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9922: 9912: 9910:Pietro Parolin 9904: 9895: 9893: 9884: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9842:Lateran Treaty 9834: 9829: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9808:Temporal power 9800: 9798:Avignon Papacy 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9779: 9778: 9771:Lateran Palace 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9742: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9730: 9721: 9712: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9677: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9654: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9641: 9629: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9597: 9585: 9582:Roman Question 9579: 9573: 9572:(c. 1640–1740) 9567: 9564:Baroque Papacy 9561: 9555: 9548: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9533:Western Schism 9530: 9527:Avignon Papacy 9524: 9523: 9522: 9516: 9510: 9501: 9495: 9488: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9476: 9473:Crescentii era 9470: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9429: 9427: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9279:Alexander VIII 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8662:Anastasius III 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8014: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7994: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7956: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7933: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7908: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7866: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7814: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7777: 7765: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7725: 7723: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7667:Climate Forest 7664: 7663: 7662: 7652: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7591: 7589: 7588:Infrastructure 7585: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7560:Poste Vaticane 7557: 7550:Communications 7547: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7510: 7505: 7499: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7458: 7447: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7433:Pietro Parolin 7427: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7254: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7177:Pio-Clementino 7174: 7169: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7127:Sistine Chapel 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6992: 6990:Major basilica 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6952:Lateran Treaty 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6922: 6920:Circus of Nero 6917: 6910: 6904: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6859: 6854: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6833: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6810: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6572:Beatifications 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6499: 6494: 6481: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6386: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6301:Musicae sacrae 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6266:Fulgens corona 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6224:Mirabile illud 6220: 6217:Humani generis 6213: 6210:Summi maeroris 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6086: 6084: 6079:Encyclicals in 6076: 6075: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5970: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5947: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5846: 5843:South Sakhalin 5839: 5838: 5837: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5643: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5583: 5574: 5567: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5477: 5470: 5461: 5452: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5322: 5315: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5268:Battle of Attu 5264: 5257: 5249: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5230: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5017:Battle of Guam 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4940:Battle of Kiev 4936: 4929: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4833: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4812: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4558: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4451: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4439:United Kingdom 4435: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4407: 4399: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4252: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3891: 3883: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3843:British Empire 3836:United Kingdom 3832: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3804: 3797: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3677: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3652:Czechoslovakia 3648: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3615: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3549:Rape of Manila 3545: 3538: 3531: 3520: 3505: 3498: 3486: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3470: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3426: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3401: 3387: 3380: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3357: 3350: 3335: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3320:United Nations 3316: 3309: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3217: 3210: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3179:Decolonization 3175: 3168: 3160: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3125: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3079: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3013: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2871: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2852:United Kingdom 2848: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2775: 2773: 2764: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2698: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2679: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2561:British Empire 2556:United Kingdom 2553: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2529:Basque Country 2521: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2405:Basque Country 2402: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2375:Czechoslovakia 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1958: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1908: 1894: 1873: 1870: 1856: 1847: 1845:978-0895260345 1830: 1820:Chadwick, Owen 1817: 1803: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1763:by Carol Glatz 1752: 1740: 1731: 1706: 1687: 1670: 1639: 1627: 1603: 1594: 1560: 1548: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1505: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1469: 1460: 1451: 1442: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1397: 1388: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1352: 1343: 1334: 1325: 1309: 1300: 1287: 1274: 1256: 1240: 1231: 1219: 1210: 1185: 1170: 1145: 1136: 1123: 1113: 1096: 1082: 1065: 1056: 1043: 1034: 1025: 1011: 1002: 988: 979: 970: 958: 949: 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 927: 922: 915: 912: 881:temporal power 874:liberated Rome 859: 856: 835:Main article: 802: 799: 770: 767: 699:Main article: 696: 693: 664: 661: 643: 640: 629: 624: 622: 619: 587: 584: 565:Main article: 562: 559: 550: 547: 539:Palatine Guard 530: 527: 517: 514: 502:Venlo incident 490:Venlo Incident 432:Main article: 429: 426: 406: 392:Final Solution 382: 379: 375:New York Times 365: 362: 346: 336: 333: 314: 302:A monument to 292: 289: 273: 245: 242: 204: 201: 191: 188: 126:Valerio Valeri 120:contacted the 118:Luigi Maglione 114:Tacchi Venturi 105: 102: 97:Main article: 94: 91: 71:Lateran Treaty 54: 51: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10846: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10804: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10777: 10767: 10766: 10763: 10757: 10754: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10734:Peter's Pence 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10662: 10661:Vatican Radio 10659: 10657: 10653: 10648: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10622: 10610: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10569: 10567: 10566:Holy Apostles 10563: 10562: 10560: 10554: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10424: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10387: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10366: 10363: 10360: 10351: 10347: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10292:Anagni-Alatri 10290: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10280: 10276: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10257: 10253: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10205: 10202: 10198: 10193: 10189: 10183: 10177: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10146: 10142: 10141:Papal primacy 10137: 10133: 10127: 10121: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10092: 10089: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10077: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10020: 10016: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10002:Congregations 10000: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9964: 9956: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9934: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9881: 9876: 9873:international 9867: 9861: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9827: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9783:Duchy of Rome 9781: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9746:Apostolic see 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9735: 9729: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9700: 9696: 9695:episcopal see 9693: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9682: 9675: 9670: 9668: 9663: 9661: 9656: 9655: 9652: 9640: 9639: 9634: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9618: 9617: 9614: 9601: 9598: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9583: 9580: 9577: 9574: 9571: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9559: 9556: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9541: 9534: 9531: 9528: 9525: 9520: 9517: 9514: 9511: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9483:High and Late 9481: 9474: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9451: 9448: 9445: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9299:Benedict XIII 9297: 9295: 9294:Innocent XIII 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9259:Alexander VII 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9128:Innocent VIII 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9108:Callixtus III 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9028:Boniface VIII 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8927:Celestine III 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8902:Alexander III 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8892:Anastasius IV 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8792:Sylvester III 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8777:Benedict VIII 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8301:Anastasius II 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8017:Pope emeritus 8015: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7975:List of popes 7973: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7954: 7949: 7947: 7942: 7940: 7935: 7934: 7931: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7907: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7751:Vatican Radio 7749: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7741:Vatican Media 7739: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7515: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7478:Congregations 7476: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7390:Vicar General 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7230:Casina Pio IV 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7197:Pio Cristiano 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7142:Room of Tears 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7107:Raphael Rooms 7105: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6962:Borgo Vecchio 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6824: 6819: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6745:Hitler's Pope 6742: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6677:Galeazzi-Lisi 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6567:Canonizations 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6390:The Holocaust 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6081:chronological 6077: 6070: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5974:Pope Pius XII 5968: 5963: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850:Kuril Islands 5847: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5617:Syrmian Front 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563:Market Garden 5559: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5422:Monte Cassino 5419: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4788:Baltic states 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4432:United States 4429: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4368:Quốc dân Đảng 4365: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4068:Liechtenstein 4065: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3852:United States 3849: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3543: 3542:Comfort women 3539: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3526: / 3525: 3521: 3518: 3515: / 3514: 3511: / 3510: 3506: 3503: 3502:Camp brothels 3499: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391:The Holocaust 3388: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3377:forced labour 3374: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3230:Marshall Plan 3227: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3083:Eastern Front 3080: 3077: 3076:Western Front 3073: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2970:Puppet states 2967: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2912:Naval history 2909: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2859:United States 2856: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2452:Liechtenstein 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 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8958:Celestine IV 8948:Honorius III 8932:Innocent III 8917:Gregory VIII 8877:Celestine II 8862:Callixtus II 8832:Alexander II 8757:Sylvester II 8737:Benedict VII 8697:Stephen VIII 8582:Benedict III 8436:Adeodatus II 8381:Boniface III 8235:Anastasius I 7869:Cricket team 7839:Coat of arms 7788: 7779: 7772: 7746:Vatican News 7672:Demographics 7650:Architecture 7638:AT telescope 7355:Vatican Hill 7293: 7202:Ethnographic 7092: 7016: 6937:Leonine City 6837:Vatican City 6776: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6617:Appointments 6509:Persecutions 6488: 6485:Nazi Germany 6427:Roman razzia 6382:World War II 6369: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6168:Mediator Dei 6166: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6060:Canonization 5924:Bibliography 5907: 5720:Project Hula 5685:Vistula–Oder 5654: 5587: 5578: 5562: 5532: 5481: 5465: 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8361:Benedict I 8351:Pelagius I 8336:Agapetus I 8296:Gelasius I 8286:Simplicius 8271:Sixtus III 8261:Boniface I 8251:Innocent I 8115:Zephyrinus 8029:Pope-elect 8005:non-extant 7512:See also: 7443:Government 7415:Governance 7162:Historical 7132:altarpiece 7117:Sala Regia 6867:Properties 6724:The Deputy 6462:Yad Vashem 6395:statements 6203:Anni sacri 6030:Nunciature 6025:Early life 6005:Archpriest 5993:Camerlengo 5755:West Hunan 5588:Pointblank 4924:Silver Fox 4910:Summer War 4663:Winter War 4642:Phoney War 4423:Azerbaijan 4384:Yugoslavia 4279:Luxembourg 4121:Resistance 3868:Yugoslavia 3733:Luxembourg 3535:Sook Ching 3331:War crimes 2933:Technology 2926:Opposition 2868:Lend-Lease 2845:Australian 2838:Home front 2796:Blitzkrieg 2746:Casualties 2737:Commanders 2709:Operations 2626:New Guinea 2606:Antarctica 2599:Antarctica 2588:Yugoslavia 2507:Azerbaijan 2462:Luxembourg 2245:New Guinea 2144:New Mexico 2134:California 2041:Madagascar 2026:Gold Coast 2021:The Gambia 1725:2014-04-04 1664:2016-12-18 1621:2024-01-10 1588:2013-06-23 1204:2013-04-12 1164:2018-07-12 936:References 900:Chancellor 896:Camerlengo 819:Ribbentrop 722:" and the 705:See also: 442:' officer 244:Resistance 124:in Paris ( 53:Background 10645:Barberini 10460:Gianicolo 10354:including 10188:Vicariate 10132:universal 10070:in Geneva 9915:Cardinals 9891:Officials 9864:Sovereign 9692:Apostolic 9469:(904–964) 9461:(756–857) 9455:(537–752) 9449:(493–537) 9441:(312–337) 9339:Pius VIII 9269:Clement X 9203:Urban VII 9153:Adrian VI 9143:Julius II 9123:Sixtus IV 9098:Eugene IV 9043:John XXII 9038:Clement V 9008:Martin IV 8983:Gregory X 8912:Urban III 8897:Adrian IV 8882:Lucius II 8817:Victor II 8762:John XVII 8752:Gregory V 8727:John XIII 8612:Stephen V 8602:Marinus I 8597:John VIII 8592:Adrian II 8562:Valentine 8557:Eugene II 8552:Paschal I 8486:Sisinnius 8471:Sergius I 8406:Severinus 8371:Gregory I 8341:Silverius 8311:Hormisdas 8306:Symmachus 8291:Felix III 8225:Damasus I 8200:Miltiades 8175:Eutychian 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VII 9198:Sixtus V 9163:Paul III 9138:Pius III 9093:Martin V 9073:Urban VI 8998:John XXI 8993:Adrian V 8973:Urban IV 8847:Urban II 8782:John XIX 8742:John XIV 8722:Leo VIII 8712:John XII 8617:Formosus 8526:Adrian I 8481:John VII 8431:Vitalian 8426:Eugene I 8421:Martin I 8376:Sabinian 8356:John III 8346:Vigilius 8321:Felix IV 8281:Hilarius 8230:Siricius 8220:Liberius 8215:Julius I 8195:Eusebius 8150:Lucius I 8110:Victor I 8095:Anicetus 8075:Sixtus I 8012:Antipope 7810:Religion 7796:Pope2you 7655:Archives 7600:Heliport 7495:Military 7473:Councils 7369:Politics 6862:Holy See 6841:articles 6702:Spellman 6664:Advisers 6644:Orsenigo 6629:Maglione 6586:Writings 6534:Theology 6503:Ratlines 6040:Election 6035:US visit 5931:Category 5880:document 5790:document 5647:Ardennes 5631:Budapest 5579:Crossbow 5457:Overlord 5296:Smolensk 4514:Timeline 4349:Slovakia 4335:Thailand 4186:Ethiopia 4151:Bulgaria 4075:Portugal 4013:Thailand 3895:Bulgaria 3673:Eswatini 3666:Ethiopia 3619:Bulgaria 3444:Unit 731 3405:Response 3222:Keelhaul 3172:Cold War 3145:Americas 3136:timeline 3129:Atlantic 3009:Theaters 2497:Slovenia 2492:Slovakia 2482:Portugal 2370:Bulgaria 2324:Thailand 2299:Mongolia 2272:Cambodia 2192:Suriname 2182:Colombia 2006:Ethiopia 1878:. 2000. 1835:. 2005. 1822:. 1988. 1698:Archived 914:See also 829:de facto 541:and the 407:— 347:— 315:— 274:— 254:(1931); 10624:Outside 10332:Viterbo 10269:Subiaco 10126:of Rome 10124:Diocese 9902:Francis 9738:History 9708:of the 9702:Francis 9519:Perugia 9513:Orvieto 9507:Viterbo 9404:Francis 9384:Paul VI 9369:Pius XI 9349:Pius IX 9334:Leo XII 9324:Pius VI 9183:Pius IV 9178:Paul IV 9118:Paul II 9113:Pius II 9063:Urban V 8747:John XV 8692:Leo VII 8687:John XI 8642:John IX 8632:Romanus 8531:Leo III 8506:Zachary 8476:John VI 8411:John IV 8331:John II 8256:Zosimus 8170:Felix I 8135:Anterus 8130:Pontian 8125:Urban I 8085:Hyginus 7962:of the 7882:(Women) 7827:Symbols 7682:Library 7621:Culture 7579:Tourism 7540:Banking 7528:Economy 7425:Francis 7252:Gardens 7137:ceiling 6900:History 6878:Francis 6857:Outline 6788:Related 6707:Spiazzi 6687:Lehnert 6639:Tardini 6634:Montini 6557:Liturgy 6552:Judaism 5857:Shumshu 5624:Hungary 5571:Estonia 5555:Lapland 5533:Dragoon 5466:Neptune 5448:Ichi-Go 5414:Tempest 5356:Changde 5311:Cottage 5203:Jubilee 4919:Finland 4817:Compass 4523:Prelude 4476:Finland 4362:Vietnam 4328:Romania 4200:Germany 4179:Estonia 4165:Denmark 4144:Belgium 4137:Austria 4130:Albania 4061:Ireland 4047:Andorra 4031:Neutral 3998:Romania 3932:Hungary 3917:Finland 3789:Romania 3681:Finland 3659:Denmark 3605:Belgium 3591:Algeria 3297:Romania 3283:Hungary 3039:Pacific 2763:General 2717:Leaders 2702:Battles 2695:Outline 2539:Galicia 2517:Ukraine 2487:Romania 2437:Ireland 2432:Iceland 2422:Hungary 2412:Germany 2390:Finland 2385:Estonia 2380:Denmark 2365:Belgium 2360:Austria 2355:Albania 2197:Uruguay 2129:Arizona 2056:Morocco 2051:Tunisia 2036:Liberia 516:Mid-war 456:Zentrum 122:nuncios 10724:Awards 10643:Villa 10368:Inside 10357:extra- 10327:Tivoli 10241:Albano 10152:Synods 10130:with 10096:Nuncio 9776:Museum 9726:under 9706:bishop 9359:Pius X 9239:Paul V 9234:Leo XI 9188:Pius V 8812:Leo IX 8677:Leo VI 8672:John X 8577:Leo IV 8516:Paul I 8461:John V 8451:Leo II 8446:Agatho 8316:John I 8140:Fabian 8090:Pius I 8000:extant 7996:Tombs 7857:Sports 7834:Anthem 6839: 6697:Nogara 6692:Leiber 6649:Muench 6524:Russia 6519:Poland 5834:Debate 5806:Taipei 5799:Borneo 5377:Tarawa 4571:Europe 4532:Africa 4321:Poland 4307:Norway 4286:Malaya 4265:Latvia 4207:Greece 4193:France 4089:Sweden 4054:Bhutan 3782:Poland 3768:Norway 3740:Mexico 3707:Greece 3693:France 3631:Canada 3612:Brazil 3582:Allies 3528:Serbia 3517:Poland 3290:Poland 3276:Baltic 3069:Europe 2771:Topics 2723:Allied 2546:Sweden 2477:Poland 2472:Norway 2447:Latvia 2417:Greece 2395:France 2348:Europe 2334:Turkey 2294:Malaya 2223:Ceylon 2177:Brazil 2139:Nevada 2114:Mexico 2094:Canada 1984:Africa 1918: 1904: 1890: 1866: 1843: 1813: 1799:1997. 1296:Hitler 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