668:. The fake text refers only to gold, not to silver, which was added by 1998 to Internet references. It claims to be an executive order, but its text was written it to apply to specific individuals ("Your possession"), and so if the text originated from the government, it would have been sent to individuals, not published as an executive order. The first paragraph starts with the actual text of Executive Order 6102, then edits it slightly (changing "said national emergency" to "a national emergency" and "still continues to exist" to "still exists") and then adds invented text. The minor edits and the way that the real text and fake text are combined mid-sentence make it almost certainly an intentionally designed hoax, rather than an accident.
626:, which went into effect December 31, 1974. However, P. L. 93-373 did not repeal the Gold Repeal Joint Resolution, which banned any contracts that specified payment in a fixed amount of money as gold or a fixed amount of gold. That is, contracts remained unenforceable if they used gold monetarily, rather than as a commodity of trade. However, an Act enacted on Oct. 28, 1977, Pub. L. No. 95-147, § 4(c), 91 Stat. 1227, 1229 (originally codified at 31 U.S.C. § 463 note, recodified as amended at 31 U.S.C. § 5118(d)(2)) amended the 1933 Joint Resolution to make it clear that parties could again include so-called gold clauses in contracts made after 1977.
43:
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that she had obtained the license so that the
Barabans could continue to deal in gold. The Barabans had a cigar box full of gold-filled scrap jewelry visible in one of the showcases. Government agents raided the Barabans' business and found another hidden box of US and foreign gold coins. The coins were seized and Baraban was charged with conspiracy to defraud the United States.
448:
were shocked to find that their gold was confiscated. The Swiss made appeals, but they were denied; they were entitled to paper money but not their gold. The Swiss company would have lost 40% of their gold's value if they had tried to buy the same amount of gold with the paper money that they received in exchange for their confiscated gold.
466:, was a federal instrument. The plaintiffs in all cases received paper money, instead of gold, despite the contracts' terms. The contracts and the bonds were written precisely to avoid currency debasement by requiring payment in gold coin. The paper money which was redeemable in gold was instead irredeemable based on
702:
The United
Kingdom introduced the gold trade ban law in 1966 (Exchange Control Act 1947). It became illegal for UK residents to continue to hold more than four gold coins dated after 1817, or to buy any gold coins unless they obtain collector licence from Bank of England. The reasoning was to prevent
393:
of over 5,000 troy ounces (160 kg) of gold. When
Campbell attempted to withdraw the gold, Chase refused and Campbell sued Chase. A federal prosecutor indicted Campbell the following day, September 27, 1933, for failing to surrender his gold. Ultimately, the prosecution of Campbell failed but the
339:
subsequently changed the statutory gold content of the U.S. Dollar from $ 20.67 to $ 35 an ounce. While this might be seen to some as a move that increased the value of gold, it actually merely devalued the U.S. Dollar so that less gold was required to back U.S. Currency, and the
Federal Reserve was
679:
The US Treasury also came into possession of a large number of safe deposit boxes due to bank failures. During the 1930s, over 3000 banks failed, and the contents of their safe deposit boxes were remanded to the custody of the
Treasury. If no one claimed the box, it remained in the possession of the
592:
unenforceable. It also allowed the
President to change the gold content of the US dollar by proclamation. Immediately following its passage, Roosevelt changed the gold content of the dollar from $ 20.67 to $ 35 per ounce, thereby devaluing US federal reserve notes, which were backed on gold. That
447:
Foreigners also had gold confiscated and were forced to accept paper money for their gold. The
Uebersee Finanz-Korporation, a Swiss banking company, had $ 1,250,000 in gold coins for business use. The Uebersee Finanz-Korporation entrusted the gold to an American firm for safekeeping, and the Swiss
671:
Most of the text does not appear in the actual executive order. In fact, safe deposit boxes held by individuals were not forcibly searched or seized under the order, and the few prosecutions that occurred in the 1930s for gold "hoarding" were executed under different statutes. One of the few such
428:
David
Baraban and his son Jacob owned a refining company. The Barabans' license to deal in unmelted scrap gold was revoked and so the Barabans operated their refining business under a license issued to a Minnie Sarch. The Barabans admitted that Minnie Sarch had nothing to do with the business and
649:
Therefore... I hereby proclaim that such gold and silver holdings are prohibited, and that all such coin, bullion or other possessions of gold and silver be tendered within fourteen days to agents of the
Government... for compensation at the official price, in the legal tender of the Government.
645:
By virtue of the authority vested in me by
Section 5 (b) of the Act of October 6, 1917, as amended by Section 2 of the Act of March 9, 1933, in which Congress declared that a serious emergency exists, I as President, do declare that the national emergency still exists; that the continued private
424:
conducted by the Secret Service. The arrests took place simultaneously in New York and three California cities: San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. Morris Anolik was arrested in New York with $ 5,000 in U.S. and foreign gold coins; Dan Levin and Edward Friedman of San Jose were arrested with $
331:
The order specifically exempted "customary use in industry, profession or art," a provision that covered artists, jewelers, dentists, sign-makers, etc. The order also permitted any person to hold up to $ 100 in gold coins, a face value equivalent to 5 troy ounces (160 g) of gold valued at
233:" and promises made to purchasers of Liberty and Victory Loans during World War I. The critics also claimed this Executive Order would lead to an inflation of supply of credit and currency, which would cause a fraudulent economic boom which would inevitably bust and result in a depression.
419:
Gus Farber, a diamond and jewelry merchant from San Francisco, was prosecuted for the sale of thirteen $ 20 gold coins without a license. Secret Service agents discovered the sale with the help of the buyer. Farber, his father, and 12 others were arrested in four American cities after a
436:, which restricted trade with countries hostile to the United States. Eventually, Ruffino appealed the conviction to the 9th District Circuit Court of Appeals in 1940; however, the judgment of the lower courts was upheld, based on the President's executive orders and the
340:
free to print more paper money. All international transactions by the U.S. Treasury were afterward calculated with the new valuation for gold at $ 35 an ounce (equivalent to $ 824 in 2023). The resulting profit that the federal government realized funded the
986:
461:
and private contracts. Private contracts or bonds that were written in terms of gold were to be paid in paper currency instead of gold although all of the contracts and the bonds proclaimed that they were payable in gold, and at least one, the fourth
656:
Your possession... and/or safe deposit box to store them is known by the government from bank and insurance records. Therefore... your vault box must remain sealed, and may only be opened in the presence of an agent of the Internal Revenue Service.
646:
hoarding of gold and silver by subjects of the United States poses a grave threat to the peace, equal justice, and well-being of the United States; and that appropriate measures must be taken immediately to protect the interests of our people.
1356:"An Act to provide for increased participation by the United States in the International Development Association and to permit United States citizens to purchase, hold, sell, or otherwise deal with gold in the United States or abroad"
413:, which gave legislative permanence to Roosevelt's orders. A new set of Treasury regulations was issued providing civil penalties of confiscation of all gold and imposition of fines equal to double the value of the gold seized.
1125:
672:
cases occurred in 1936, when a safe deposit box containing over 10,000 troy ounces (310 kg) of gold belonging to Zelik Josefowitz, who was not a US citizen, was seized with a search warrant as part of a prosecution for
332:
approximately $ 10,000 in 2020. The same paragraph also exempted "gold coins having recognized special value to collectors of rare and unusual coins", which protected recognized gold coin collections from legal seizure.
972:
608:
The private ownership of gold certificates was legalized in 1964, and they can be openly owned by collectors but are not redeemable in gold. The limitation on gold ownership in the US was repealed after President
425:
15,000 in gold; Sam Nankin was arrested in Oakland; in San Francisco, nine men were arrested on charges of hoarding gold. In all, $ 24,000 in gold was seized by Secret Service Agents during the operation.
1543:
699:
is satisfied that it is expedient so to do, for the protection of the currency or of the public credit of the Commonwealth. On January 30, 1976, the operation of that part of the Act was suspended.
374:
Numerous individuals and companies were prosecuted related to Roosevelt's Executive Order 6102. The prosecutions took place under the subsequent Executive Orders 6111, 6260, 6261 and the
688:
In Poland, a similar regulation was issued on November 7, 1919, which forced citizens to sell their gold and silver to the state. A month later, it was extended until January 31, 1920.
2184:
1117:
2726:
1018:
1221:
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The main rationale behind the order was actually to remove the constraint on the Federal Reserve preventing it from increasing the money supply during the depression. The
2122:
1859:
1854:
613:
signed a bill to "permit United States citizens to purchase, hold, sell, or otherwise deal with gold in the United States or abroad" with an act of Congress codified in
366:
warrant for arrest and confiscation of the coins. A legalized surviving coin sold for over $ 7.5 million in 2002, making it one of the most valuable coins in the world.
2194:
2068:
1864:
1714:
881:
2276:
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Treasury. In October 1981, there were 1605 cardboard cartons in the basement of the Treasury, each carton containing the contents of one unclaimed safe deposit box.
653:
All safe deposit boxes in banks or financial institutions have been sealed.... All sales or purchases or movements of such gold and silver... are hereby prohibited.
2179:
1151:
362:
gold coin. The order caused all gold coin production to cease and all 1933 minted coins to be destroyed. About 20 such coins were stolen, leading to an outstanding
1271:
1884:
262:, "The Executive Order issued by the President yesterday amplifies and particularizes his earlier warnings against hoarding. On March 6, taking advantage of a
1535:
2641:
1632:
538:
521:
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of March 9, 1933, a violation of the order was punishable by fine up to $ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 235,000 in 2023), up to ten years in prison, or both.
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2375:
2343:
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in California gold country, was convicted of possessing 78 ounces of gold and was sentenced to 6 months in jail and a $ 500 fine, and had his gold seized.
229:
At the time, this policy faced criticism from those who asserted it was "completely immoral" and "a flagrant violation of the solemn promises made in the
915:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
288:
had almost reached the limit of allowable credit, in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes, which could be backed by the gold in its possession (see
3344:
1602:
1172:
17:
1828:
1819:
783:
1751:
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that forbade the hoarding 'of gold or silver coin or bullion or currency', under penalty of $ 10,000 fine or ten years' imprisonment or both."
1330:
1510:
1095:
1073:
1565:"PrzedĹuĹźenie terminu obowiÄ
zkowej dostawy monet zĹotych i srebnych oraz zĹota i srebra w stanie nieprzerobionym, na zasadzie... - Prawo.pl"
2719:
2593:
1849:
1839:
1691:
1372:
1296:
1008:
950:
2769:
1844:
1834:
695:, Part IV of the Banking Act 1959 allows the Commonwealth government to seize private citizens' gold in return for paper money where the
2835:
2605:
2480:
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1326:
1203:
1572:
1402:
1355:
1217:
789:
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1662:
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2555:
2550:
2545:
2533:
2528:
2137:
1936:
1488:
935:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
3209:
3113:
2600:
2310:
2142:
2117:
1989:
1970:
1896:
1772:
2503:
634:
According to a hoax, Roosevelt ordered all safe deposit boxes in the country seized and searched for gold by an official of the
2934:
2011:
241:
The stated reason for the order was that hard times had caused "hoarding" of gold, stalling economic growth and worsening the
3118:
3108:
2631:
2460:
2209:
1720:
873:
3223:
3199:
2658:
2286:
1931:
1422:
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There was a need to amend Executive Order 6102, as the one prosecution under the order was ruled invalid by Federal Judge
2817:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2498:
1814:
1744:
1147:
2538:
851:
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The case caused the Roosevelt administration to issue a new order under the signature of the Secretary of the Treasury,
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3004:
2663:
2651:
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2021:
1921:
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321:
263:
199:
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1267:
3364:
2763:
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2450:
2353:
2214:
1982:
213:
signed a bill legalizing private ownership of gold coins, bars, and certificates by an Act of Congress, codified in
148:
Required all persons to deliver excess quantities of the above on or before May 1, 1933 in exchange for $ 20.67 per
3138:
3128:
2046:
1946:
1624:
458:
309:
195:
138:
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2785:
2434:
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2414:
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2404:
2154:
2056:
1916:
1802:
1794:
1485:"Executive Order 6102: Requiring Gold Coin, Gold Bullion and Gold Certificates to Be Delivered to the Government"
77:
703:
people from hoarding the gold, while the cost of living and inflation increased. This act was repealed in 1971.
3219:
3123:
2970:
2455:
2281:
2051:
1775:
1737:
728:
1536:"Przymusowy wykup monet zĹotych i srebrnych oraz zĹota i srebra w stanie nie przerobionym. - Dz.U.1919.84.463"
409:
provided for the seizure of gold and the prosecution of gold hoarders. A few months later Congress passed the
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3189:
3143:
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2298:
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1953:
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announced that the US would no longer value the US dollar with a fixed amount of gold, thus abandoning the
416:
Prosecutions of US citizens and noncitizens followed the new orders, among which were a few notable cases:
2164:
1061:
1050:
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3078:
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1941:
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Executive Order 6102 required all persons to deliver on or before May 1, 1933, all but a small amount of
156:
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3103:
3098:
3088:
3083:
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1977:
1926:
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614:
214:
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2886:
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2028:
386:
267:
1317:
3249:
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2041:
1013:
635:
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authority of the federal government to seize gold was upheld, and Campbell's gold was confiscated.
375:
289:
1520:
1103:
1081:
3234:
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3042:
2107:
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565:
406:
402:
352:
348:
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3168:
2997:
2868:
2736:
2698:
2398:
2094:
1292:
1118:"Bootleg Gold Ring Smashed in California: 13 Men Are Accused Of Violating Federal Restrictions"
933:
913:
553:
490:
198:
within the continental United States." The executive order was made under the authority of the
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1911:
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on April 20, 1933, both of which were ultimately revoked and superseded by Executive Orders
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2016:
2004:
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183:
51:
8:
2801:
2793:
2747:
2706:
2646:
1965:
1654:
974:
Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Volume II, The Year of Crisis, 1933
557:
432:
Louis Ruffino was an individual indicted on three counts purporting to violations of the
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277:
1484:
3032:
2615:
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2112:
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545:
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502:
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2315:
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1999:
1368:
929:
909:
623:
585:
457:
gold seizure occurred as a result of the various executive orders involving bonds,
347:
The regulations prescribed in the executive order were modified by Executive Order
336:
242:
223:
209:
The limitation on gold ownership in the United States was repealed after President
159:
using profit realized from international transactions against new Federal reserves.
104:
389:
as required. A New York attorney named Frederick Barber Campbell had a deposit at
3275:
3270:
3214:
2956:
2874:
1889:
1515:
793:
421:
382:
313:
285:
172:
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2904:
2731:
2680:
2386:
2380:
2246:
2159:
1293:"Perry v. United States - 294 U.S. 330 (1935): Justia US Supreme Court Center"
572:" by the press, as their conservative views were in opposition to Roosevelt's
3338:
3280:
2853:
2576:
2465:
2424:
2359:
2102:
2088:
982:
843:
765:
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246:
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on the grounds that the order was signed by the President, instead of the
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2610:
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673:
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By Executive Order Of The President of The United States, March 9, 1933.
610:
602:
589:
210:
142:
1729:
36:
Forbidding the Hoarding of Gold Coin, Gold Bullion and Gold Certificates
2928:
2256:
745:
552:
The Supreme Court upheld all seizures as constitutional, with Justices
317:
149:
63:
3290:
2266:
2236:
2073:
692:
301:
187:
130:
3013:
1869:
805:
Angell, James W. (December 1934). "Gold, Banks, and the New Deal".
593:
valuation remained in effect until August 15, 1971, when President
573:
453:
191:
134:
27:
1933 U.S. executive order prohibiting the hoarding of gold currency
305:
948:
1460: (United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit 2008).
316:
in exchange for $ 20.67 (equivalent to $ 487 in 2023) per
638:. A typical example of the text of the alleged order reads:
2982:
750:
358:
Executive Order 6102 also led to the extreme rarity of the
2277:
Military history of the United States during World War II
1453:
216 Jamaica Avenue, LLC v. S & R Playhouse Realty Co.
1009:"Rare silver dollar coin sets world record auction price"
660:
By lawful order..., the President of the United States.
1592:
1353:
742:, a similar Order pertaining to silver, signed in 1934
664:
The first known reference to the hoax was in the book
145:), with exemptions for specific uses and collections;
710:
629:
579:
1360:
824:Bullock, C.J. (February 15, 1934). "Devaluation".
683:
615:
355:and 6261 on August 28 and 29, 1933, respectively.
215:
1471:After the Crash: Life In the New Great Depression
666:After the Crash: Life In the New Great Depression
568:dissenting. The four justices were labelled the "
3336:
903:
901:
899:
2998:
1745:
844:"Hoarders Face Heavy Penalty Under U.S. Writ"
3109:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
1473:, Acclaim Publishing Co., 1996, pp. 193â194.
1243:"Uebersee Finanz-Korporation, Etc. V. Rosen"
344:, also established by the Gold Reserve Act.
226:, which went into effect December 31, 1974.
1435:Norman v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co.
896:
3005:
2991:
2584:Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite
1752:
1738:
1354:United States Congress (August 14, 1974).
62:
50:
3345:Executive orders of Franklin D. Roosevelt
3215:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act
2616:Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia
1759:
1625:"A History of Gold Controls in Australia"
1482:
1401:. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
970:
284:that were issued. By the late 1920s, the
2686:Roosevelt Institute for American Studies
2529:1920 United States presidential election
2138:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination
1937:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
1622:
1483:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (April 5, 1933).
928:
908:
3114:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
2210:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912â1933
2143:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination
1971:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
1897:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
1423:Wikisource:Gold Repeal Joint Resolution
977:. New York: Random House. p. 352.
951:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800â"
823:
14:
3337:
1491:from the original on February 12, 2008
1202:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
854:from the original on December 19, 2019
826:The Review of Economics and Statistics
804:
266:that had not been repealed, he issued
2986:
1733:
1725:of FDR's Banking Crisis Fireside Chat
1717:from The American Presidency Project.
1128:from the original on February 2, 2021
1006:
949:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
884:from the original on February 9, 2014
518:Norman v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co.
3235:Rural Electrification Administration
3200:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
2659:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation
2499:Democratic National Convention, 1920
2299:Declaration by United Nations (1942)
2287:Combined Munitions Assignments Board
1932:National Labor Relations Act of 1935
324:, as amended by the recently passed
280:(1913) required 40% gold backing of
3190:Works Progress Administration (WPA)
2215:U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915â1934
2017:Defense industry non-discrimination
1399:FDIC Law, Regulations, Related Acts
1336:from the original on April 16, 2014
1148:"FindACase: United States v. Scrap"
1080:. November 27, 1933. Archived from
129:Forbade ownership of quantities of
24:
2664:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
2652:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
2022:Fair Employment Practice Committee
1990:Securities and Exchange Commission
1922:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
1635:from the original on March 4, 2016
1533:
1365:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
620:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
434:Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917
322:Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917
220:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
200:Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917
141:worth in excess of $ 100 (about 5
25:
18:United States Executive Order 6102
3381:
3149:Public Works Administration (PWA)
3119:FrazierâLemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
3079:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
2232:Second London Naval Treaty (1936)
2069:Executive Office of the President
1983:Federal Communications Commission
1708:
1623:Suchecki, Bron (August 4, 2008).
1102:. October 9, 1933. Archived from
630:Hoax of safe deposit box seizures
3174:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
3139:National Recovery Administration
3129:National Industrial Recovery Act
2966:
2965:
2405:State of the Union Address (1934
2222:Good Neighbor Policy (1933â1945)
1947:National Recovery Administration
1593:Parliament of Australia (1959).
1268:"FindLaw | Cases and Codes"
1150:. Ny.findacase.com. 1938-01-10.
713:
580:Subsequent events and abrogation
41:
3245:United States Housing Authority
2787:World War II: When Lions Roared
2642:Presidential Library and Museum
1917:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944
1795:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
1694:from the original on 2021-11-08
1684:"Exchange Control (Gold Coins)"
1676:
1665:from the original on 2021-11-08
1647:
1616:
1605:from the original on 2016-03-04
1586:
1575:from the original on 2021-11-07
1557:
1546:from the original on 2021-11-07
1527:
1519:. March 2, 1936. Archived from
1503:
1476:
1463:
1445:
1427:
1416:
1405:from the original on 2013-03-16
1387:
1347:
1310:
1299:from the original on 2013-05-18
1285:
1274:from the original on 2013-12-31
1260:
1249:from the original on 2022-04-17
1235:
1224:from the original on 2015-03-30
1210:
1165:
1154:from the original on 2013-12-31
1140:
1110:
1088:
1066:
1062:Wikisource:Executive Order 6261
1055:
1051:Wikisource:Executive Order 6260
1044:
1040:Wikisource:Executive Order 6111
1021:from the original on 2013-11-01
989:from the original on 2012-10-09
971:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1938).
684:Similar laws in other countries
369:
3220:National Labor Relations Board
3210:Judicial Procedures Reform Act
2282:Home front during World War II
1776:President of the United States
1599:Commonwealth Consolidated Acts
1033:
1000:
964:
866:
836:
817:
798:
777:
729:Causes of the Great Depression
481: (1935). The consolidated
13:
1:
3144:National Youth Administration
2887:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.
2779:Backstairs at the White House
2451:Early life, education, career
2128:Federal Judicial appointments
1959:National Youth Administration
1954:Works Progress Administration
1601:. Commonwealth of Australia.
880:. April 6, 1933. p. 16.
771:
245:as the US was then using the
3205:Farm Security Administration
3012:
2489:1928 New York state election
2430:1944 (Second Bill of Rights)
2354:Madison Square Garden speech
2227:Montevideo Convention (1933)
2108:Jefferson's Birthday holiday
2047:Japanese American internment
1715:Text of Executive Order 6102
1395:"Statements of Policy: Gold"
1007:Suzan, Clarke (2013-01-29).
943:American Antiquarian Society
923:American Antiquarian Society
850:. April 6, 1933. p. 1.
236:
175:signed on April 5, 1933, by
7:
3154:Public Works of Art Project
3074:Agricultural Adjustment Act
2893:John Aspinwall Roosevelt II
2118:Judicial Court-Packing Bill
2057:Italian-American internment
1942:Public Works Administration
1907:Agricultural Adjustment Act
1902:Civilian Conservation Corps
807:Political Science Quarterly
706:
509:U.S. v. Bankers' Trust Co.,
342:Exchange Stabilization Fund
157:Exchange Stabilization Fund
155:Enabled Federal funding of
84:Executive Order number
10:
3386:
3195:Federal Project Number One
3104:Farm Credit Administration
3099:Homeowners Refinancing Act
3084:Civil Works Administration
2681:White House Roosevelt Room
2262:1940 Selective Service Act
2185:Presidential Proclamations
2052:German-American internment
1978:Communications Act of 1934
1927:Tennessee Valley Authority
1327:Government Printing Office
1270:. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com.
1218:"Ruffino V. United States"
601:for foreign exchange (see
295:
258:wrote, under the headline
56:Saint Gaudens Double Eagle
3370:Gold in the United States
3314:
3258:
3230:Rural Electrification Act
3182:
3056:
3020:
2944:
2911:James Roosevelt Roosevelt
2844:
2624:
2564:
2479:
2443:
2349:Commonwealth Club Address
2334:
2304:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
2252:Destroyers-for-bases deal
2193:
2029:Indian Reorganization Act
1813:
1767:
442:Sutter Creek (California)
440:. Ruffino, a resident of
387:Secretary of the Treasury
268:Presidential Proclamation
231:Gold Standard Act of 1900
125:
120:
112:
102:
91:
83:
73:
61:
49:
40:
35:
3365:1933 in economic history
3250:Fair Labor Standards Act
2572:Early life and education
2461:Governorship of New York
2311:World War II conferences
2042:War Relocation Authority
1534:Poland, Wolters Kluwer.
636:Internal Revenue Service
586:Gold Reserve Act of 1934
576:supported by the press.
438:Gold Reserve Act of 1934
411:Gold Reserve Act of 1934
376:Gold Reserve Act of 1934
3164:Railroad Retirement Act
3043:American Liberty League
2326:Morgenthau Plan support
2272:Atlantic Charter (1941)
1995:Monetary gold ownership
1122:The Evening Independent
1096:"Gold Indictment No. 1"
848:Chattanooga Daily Times
784:TOM:/bss/d093query.html
3360:Federal Reserve System
2869:Anna Roosevelt Halsted
2456:Warm Springs Institute
2399:The More Abundant Life
2344:1932 Acceptance speech
2095:Four Freedoms Monument
2034:Executive Orders 9066,
2012:Record on civil rights
1860:Third and fourth terms
1855:First and second terms
1803:New York State Senator
1655:"Exchange Control Act"
1295:. Supreme.justia.com.
662:
554:James Clark McReynolds
535:Nortz v. United States
491:Perry v. United States
468:Nortz v. United States
3266:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3159:Reciprocal Tariff Act
3064:Emergency Banking Act
2771:The White House Years
2757:Sunrise at Campobello
2693:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2471:Assassination attempt
1912:Emergency Banking Act
1761:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1523:on December 15, 2008.
1106:on February 10, 2009.
1084:on November 15, 2009.
734:Emergency Banking Act
640:
326:Emergency Banking Act
312:owned by them to the
282:Federal Reserve Notes
204:Emergency Banking Act
180:Franklin D. Roosevelt
113:Publication date
96:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3350:1933 in American law
3286:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
3134:National Housing Act
3094:Executive Order 6102
2765:Eleanor and Franklin
2425:1941 (Four Freedoms)
2371:Arsenal of Democracy
2366:Day of Infamy speech
2292:War Production Board
1787:Governor of New York
1458:540 F.3d 433
1440:294 U.S. 240
740:Executive Order 6814
485:were the following:
399:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
202:, as amended by the
169:Executive Order 6102
68:Executive Order 6102
31:Executive Order 6102
2803:Hyde Park on Hudson
2749:The Roosevelt Story
2738:I'd Rather Be Right
2727:U.S. Postage stamps
2721:Unfinished portrait
2707:Four Freedoms Award
2647:Roosevelt Institute
2376:"...is fear itself"
2079:CullenâHarrison Act
2074:G.I. Bill of Rights
1966:Social Security Act
1329:, August 14, 1974,
558:Willis Van Devanter
391:Chase National Bank
278:Federal Reserve Act
32:
3124:GlassâSteagall Act
3089:Communications Act
3033:New Deal Coalition
2875:James Roosevelt II
2852: •
2674:Four Freedoms Park
2242:Export Control Act
2165:Modern Oval Office
2113:Jefferson Memorial
2064:Brownlow Committee
1880:New Deal coalition
1631:. Self-published.
1595:"Banking Act 1959"
1124:. April 13, 1939.
878:The New York Times
874:"Hoarding of Gold"
792:2013-03-16 at the
255:The New York Times
252:On April 6, 1933,
249:for its currency.
30:
3332:
3331:
3021:Causes and legacy
2980:
2979:
2957:Harry S. Truman â
2923:Warren Delano Jr.
2899:James Roosevelt I
2881:Elliott Roosevelt
2863:Eleanor Roosevelt
2606:Paralytic illness
2393:Quarantine Speech
1511:"Josefowitz Gold"
1319:Public Law 93-373
761:Great Contraction
756:Gold Clause Cases
588:made contractual
562:George Sutherland
483:Gold Clause Cases
459:gold certificates
401:Executive Orders
364:US Secret Service
360:1933 Double Eagle
310:gold certificates
196:gold certificates
166:
165:
139:gold certificates
16:(Redirected from
3377:
3355:Gold legislation
3306:Robert F. Wagner
3301:Francis Townsend
3028:Great Depression
3007:
3000:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2969:
2968:
2950:â Herbert Hoover
2813:2014 documentary
2669:Roosevelt Island
2316:Quebec Agreement
2237:ABCD line (1940)
2180:Executive Orders
2000:Gold Reserve Act
1806:
1798:
1790:
1779:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1659:www.chards.co.uk
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1371:. Archived from
1366:
1362:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1324:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1178:. Archived from
1177:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
946:
940:
926:
920:
905:
894:
893:
891:
889:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
840:
834:
833:
821:
815:
814:
802:
796:
781:
723:
718:
717:
716:
697:Governor-General
621:
617:
451:Another type of
337:Gold Reserve Act
290:Great Depression
260:Hoarding of Gold
221:
217:
182:"forbidding the
105:Federal Register
66:
54:
45:
33:
29:
21:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3310:
3276:Frances Perkins
3271:Harold L. Ickes
3254:
3240:Social Security
3183:Second New Deal
3178:
3052:
3016:
3011:
2981:
2976:
2940:
2917:Isaac Roosevelt
2905:Sara Ann Delano
2851:
2846:
2840:
2836:Other namesakes
2829:2023 miniseries
2821:2022 miniseries
2789:1997 miniseries
2781:1979 miniseries
2620:
2601:Campobello home
2560:
2475:
2439:
2336:
2330:
2196:
2189:
2123:Cannabis policy
1890:Second New Deal
1833:Inaugurations (
1817:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1782:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1711:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1587:
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1576:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1532:
1528:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1375:on May 21, 2013
1364:
1352:
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1300:
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1252:
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1241:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1173:"Archived copy"
1171:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1005:
1001:
992:
990:
969:
965:
955:
953:
938:
930:McCusker, J. J.
918:
910:McCusker, J. J.
906:
897:
887:
885:
872:
871:
867:
857:
855:
842:
841:
837:
822:
818:
803:
799:
794:Wayback Machine
782:
778:
774:
719:
714:
712:
709:
686:
632:
619:
582:
422:sting operation
383:John M. Woolsey
372:
314:Federal Reserve
298:
286:Federal Reserve
264:wartime statute
239:
219:
206:in March 1933.
173:executive order
162:
98:on 5 April 1933
78:Executive order
69:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3296:Herbert Hoover
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
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3227:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3169:Securities Act
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
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3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
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2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2913:(half-brother)
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2819:The First Lady
2815:
2811:The Roosevelts
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2761:
2753:
2742:
2734:
2732:Roosevelt dime
2729:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2661:
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2655:
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2608:
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2579:
2568:
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2565:Life and homes
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2432:
2427:
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2412:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2387:Look to Norway
2383:
2381:Fireside chats
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2356:
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2332:
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2296:
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2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:Four Policemen
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2201:
2199:
2197:foreign policy
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2160:March of Dimes
2157:
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2147:
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2140:
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2125:
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2110:
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2024:
2019:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2005:Silver seizure
2002:
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1934:
1929:
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1885:First 100 days
1882:
1877:
1867:
1865:Foreign policy
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1847:
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1710:
1709:External links
1707:
1705:
1704:
1688:TheyWorkForYou
1675:
1646:
1615:
1585:
1556:
1526:
1502:
1475:
1469:Michael Haga.
1462:
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1309:
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1259:
1245:. Leagle.com.
1234:
1220:. Leagle.com.
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2713:Four Freedoms
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2155:"Brain Trust"
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766:Gold Standard
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736:March 9, 1933
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566:Pierce Butler
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53:
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2795:Warm Springs
2794:
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2748:
2740:1937 musical
2737:
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2700:
2692:
2632:Bibliography
2444:Other events
2335:Presidential
2321:Europe first
2195:Presidential
2170:Official car
2093:
2084:Roerich Pact
1994:
1722:
1696:. Retrieved
1687:
1678:
1667:. Retrieved
1658:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1628:
1618:
1607:. Retrieved
1598:
1588:
1577:. Retrieved
1569:www.prawo.pl
1568:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1539:
1529:
1521:the original
1514:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1478:
1470:
1465:
1452:
1447:
1442: (1935).
1434:
1429:
1418:
1407:. Retrieved
1398:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:the original
1349:
1338:, retrieved
1318:
1312:
1301:. Retrieved
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1237:
1226:. Retrieved
1212:
1187:. Retrieved
1180:the original
1167:
1156:. Retrieved
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1121:
1112:
1104:the original
1099:
1090:
1082:the original
1077:
1068:
1057:
1046:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1012:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
973:
966:
956:February 29,
954:. Retrieved
934:
914:
886:. Retrieved
877:
868:
858:December 19,
856:. Retrieved
847:
838:
829:
825:
819:
810:
806:
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779:
721:Money portal
701:
690:
687:
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590:gold clauses
583:
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517:
512:294 U.S. 240
508:
489:
467:
464:Liberty Bond
452:
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396:
380:
373:
370:Prosecutions
357:
346:
334:
330:
320:. Under the
299:
275:
259:
253:
251:
240:
228:
208:
192:gold bullion
177:US President
168:
167:
116:5 April 1933
103:
3259:Individuals
3069:Economy Act
3038:Brain Trust
2611:Top Cottage
2589:Adams House
2205:Banana Wars
1805:(1911â1913)
1797:(1913â1920)
1789:(1929â1932)
1778:(1933â1945)
1639:October 26,
1340:January 20,
1132:November 5,
927:1700â1799:
907:1634â1699:
888:February 7,
832:(2): 41â44.
674:tax evasion
611:Gerald Ford
603:Nixon Shock
548: (1935)
531: (1935)
505: (1935)
211:Gerald Ford
143:troy ounces
3339:Categories
2871:(daughter)
2539:theme song
2257:Lend-Lease
1829:Transition
1815:Presidency
1698:2021-11-08
1669:2021-11-08
1609:2010-10-26
1579:2021-11-07
1550:2021-11-07
1409:2004-09-27
1379:August 14,
1303:2013-12-30
1278:2013-12-30
1253:2013-12-30
1228:2013-12-30
1189:2013-04-26
1158:2013-12-30
993:2010-04-16
772:References
746:Fiat money
318:troy ounce
243:depression
150:troy ounce
3291:Huey Long
3048:Criticism
2849:Roosevelt
2715:paintings
2701:Roosevelt
2594:FDR Suite
2481:Elections
2267:Hull note
2175:Criticism
1629:Gold Chat
1495:April 23,
1074:"Sequels"
983:690922370
693:Australia
335:The 1934
302:gold coin
237:Rationale
188:gold coin
131:gold coin
3319:Category
3057:New Deal
3014:New Deal
2971:Category
2907:(mother)
2901:(father)
2337:speeches
1875:overview
1870:New Deal
1820:timeline
1692:Archived
1663:Archived
1633:Archived
1603:Archived
1573:Archived
1544:Archived
1489:Archived
1403:Archived
1331:archived
1297:Archived
1272:Archived
1247:Archived
1222:Archived
1198:cite web
1152:Archived
1126:Archived
1019:Archived
1014:ABC News
987:Archived
932:(1992).
912:(1997).
882:Archived
852:Archived
790:Archived
707:See also
574:New Deal
454:de facto
184:hoarding
3324:Commons
2637:Statues
2150:Cabinet
1540:OpenLEX
1361:Pub. L.
1025:4 March
616:Pub. L.
306:bullion
304:, gold
296:Effects
216:Pub. L.
135:bullion
121:Summary
108:details
2865:(wife)
2854:Delano
2845:Family
2744:Films
2625:Legacy
1456:,
1438:,
1369:93â373
1367:
981:
624:93â373
622:
564:, and
514:(1935)
405:, and
308:, and
224:93â373
222:
194:, and
171:is an
137:, and
2935:Major
2895:(son)
2889:(son)
2883:(son)
2877:(son)
2767:1976,
2435:1945)
1723:Audio
1721:1933
1334:(PDF)
1323:(PDF)
1183:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
939:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
541:
524:
498:
474:
2929:Fala
2805:2012
2797:2005
2773:1977
2759:1960
2751:1947
2699:USS
2691:USS
2556:1944
2551:1940
2546:1936
2534:1932
2524:1944
2519:1940
2514:1936
2509:1932
2504:1924
2494:1930
2420:1940
2415:1939
2410:1938
2037:9102
1850:4th)
1784:44th
1773:32nd
1641:2010
1516:Time
1497:2006
1381:2021
1342:2013
1204:link
1134:2020
1100:Time
1078:Time
1027:2014
979:OCLC
958:2024
890:2017
860:2019
751:Gold
584:The
543:U.S.
526:U.S.
500:U.S.
476:U.S.
407:6261
403:6260
353:6260
349:6111
271:2039
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3224:Act
2827:FDR
1845:3rd
1840:2nd
1835:1st
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