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2623:, from limestone and river terraces in northern Mesopotamia and from alluvial deposits in southern Mesopotamia. Different qualities of flint were used, depending on what kind of tool was made from it. For example, blades were made from a higher quality flint than other tools, and they may have been produced off-site, indicating that not only raw materials but also finished products were transported over larger distances. Flint was used for a variety of tools, including arrowheads, sickle blades, hoes (which are sometimes considered a hallmark of the Ubaid) and a variety of tools for piercing and drilling. Flint assemblages display both regional and temporal variation.
3020:, i.e. deliberate headshaping, among both men and women, has come from many archaeological sites throughout wider Mesopotamia. Where headshaping was detected, it was all of the same type, i.e. one- or two-band circumferential headshaping, which results in an elongated shape of the head. Different types of headshaping were practiced prior to and after the Ubaid period across the Near East, but it seems that the specific technique of circumferential headshaping may have originated in Iran, east of the area of Ubaid influence, and reached its peak during the Ubaid period. It has been interpreted as a marker for socio-cultural group affiliation during the Ubaid.
2375:
2138:(HUT) dating to c. 5500-5200 BC has been proposed as well. HUT pottery assemblages displayed both typically Ubaid and Halaf characteristics. The relations between these periods - or cultures - is complex and not yet fully understood, including how and when exactly the Ubaid started to appear in northern Mesopotamia. To resolve these issues, modern scholarship tends to focus more on regional trajectories of change where different cultural elements from the Halaf, Samarra, or Ubaid - pottery, architecture, and so forth - could co-exist. This makes it increasingly hard to define an occupation phase at a site as, for example, purely Ubaid or purely Halaf.
2518:
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2866:. The hands are placed before the stomach, sometimes with incised fingers. They are thought to be naked. Paint is sometimes used to indicate hair or other details. The majority of these figures is female, but male and sexless figurines exist as well. In the earlier Ubaid, ophidian figures were only used in domestic contexts, whereas in Ubaid 3-4, they appear in graves as well, indicating a shift in how these figures were used. The rarity of ophidian figures as grave gifts may indicate differential treatment of the dead, possibly based on age, kinship or social standing.
2157:
3095:
represented domesticated species (indicative of herding and keeping animals). Common animals were sheep, goat, cattle, and pigs. A comparison with other Ubaid sites in northern
Mesopotamia showed that, in general, pastoralism became more important and reliance on wild fauna decreased somewhat, but this pattern was not as evident at other sites as it was at Zeidan. There was no indication at Zeidan that there was spatial differentiation across the site in how animal products were consumed, suggesting that food stuffs weren't a means to express social differentiation.
3700:
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2301:), animal products, and livestock. Notably, the degree of cultural interaction between the Ubaid and local Neolithic communities is much stronger in the area of Kuwait than further south, up to the point that it has been suggested that Mesopotamians may have actually lived (part of the year) at sites like H3 and Bahra 1. Small objects such as labrets, tokens, clay nails and small tools that may have had cosmetic use, and that are known from southern Mesopotamian sites also occur on sites along the Gulf coast, notably the sites in Kuwait.
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developed out of the old, as is the case with the Uruk ware after the al-'Ubaid ware ". For many attendants of the conference, "this sequence based largely on pottery represented a series of different 'ethnic elements' in the occupation of southern
Mesopotamia." These ideas about the nature of the Ubaid phenomenon did not last. The term Ubaid itself is still used, but its meaning has changed over time.
67:
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121:
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2293:, suggesting that the pottery may have been traded and valued in and of itself, rather than just being a container for some other commodity. This suggestion is reinforced by locally-produced pottery imiting Ubaid wares found at Dosariyah. It is unclear which products were exchanged for the pottery. Suggestions include foodstuffs (dates), semi-precious materials, jewellery (made from
3580:. Whatever the ethnic origins of this group, this culture saw for the first time a clear tripartite social division between intensive subsistence peasant farmers, with crops and animals coming from the north, tent-dwelling nomadic pastoralists dependent upon their herds, and hunter-fisher folk of the Arabian littoral, living in reed huts.
3591:. "A contextual analysis comparing different regions shows that the Ubaid expansion took place largely through the peaceful spread of an ideology, leading to the formation of numerous new indigenous identities that appropriated and transformed superficial elements of Ubaid material culture into locally distinct expressions."
5593:
Ashkanani, Hasan J.; Tykot, Robert H.; Al-Juboury, Ali Ismail; Stremtan, Ciprian C.; Petřík, Jan; Slavíček, Karel (May 2020). "A characterisation study of Ubaid period ceramics from As-Sabbiya, Kuwait, using a non-destructive portable X-Ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer and petrographic analyses".
1553:
and finally river banks with trees. The area south of
Baghdad may have been inhabitable by humans in the eleventh millennium BC. Humans could have lived south of Uruk as early as the eighth millennium BC. This is much earlier than the oldest evidence of human occupation in this area. The oldest known
2991:
By the fifth millennium BC, children and adults were given differential treatment in death. The available evidence indicates that infants were primarily buried inside the settlement, often near larger, presumably more important dwellings, and often in pots. The association of children's burials with
2318:
The Ubaid period was first distinguished on the basis of its painted pottery. Ceramics continue to be a main characteristic to determine the chronology and geographical distribution of the period. The paint varies from black to brown, purple and dark green and the pottery fabric itself usually has a
4675:
Khalidi, Lamya; Gratuze, Bernard; Stein, Gil; McMahon, Augusta; Al-Quntar, Salam; Carter, Robert; Cuttler, Richard; Drechsler, Philipp; Healey, Elizabeth; Inizan, Marie-Louise; Mouralis, Damase; Pernicka, Ernst; Robin, Anne-Kyria (October 2016). "The growth of early social networks: New geochemical
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The Ubaid-related sites along the
Persian Gulf coast provide evidence for fishing. The range of species recovered at H3, for example, indicates that fishing probably mainly took place in shallow coastal waters. Tuna, which cannot be caught in Kuwait Bay anymore, was also found at the site. Fish may
2304:
Conversely, there is also evidence for
Arabian Neolithic material in southern Mesopotamia. It has been noted that certain types of flint arrowheads found at Ur show clear resemblance with the Arabian Bifacial Tradition. Arabian Coarse Ware has been found at the sites of 'Oueili and Eridu. As at the
5553:
Yaka, Reyhan; Birand, Ayşegül; Yılmaz, Yasemin; Caner, Ceren; Açan, Sinan Can; Gündüzalp, Sidar; Parvizi, Poorya; Erim Özdoğan, Aslı; Togan, İnci; Somel, Mehmet (May 2018). "Archaeogenetics of Late Iron Age Çemialo Sırtı, Batman: Investigating maternal genetic continuity in north
Mesopotamia since
3673:
of human skeletal material from various archaeological sites in Upper
Mesopotamia (none of which dated to the Ubaid period) provides some evidence for genetic links with other regions, but also provides evidence for continuity in Mesopotamia itself. Most importantly, the dating of genetic influxes
2862:. "Ophidian figures" have been exclusively found at various southern Mesopotamian sites. They are characterised by a slender body, long, reptilian head with incised eyes and mouth and a threedimensional small nose. This particular rendering of the face may be a representation of a mask or possibly
2857:
were already present in previous periods. Those from the early Ubaid reflect a continuation of earlier traditions. A single, painted figurine from the Ubaid 0 levels at Tell el-'Oueili has been interpreted as an early representation of the so-called "ophidian figurines", which became common in the
3665:
More recent discussion has taken a more careful approach, taking pains not to equate pots with people or language with ethnicity. Archaeologists have stressed that a high degree of cultural continuity is evident throughout the Ubaid and Uruk periods, and it seems that there is some agreement that
3603:
contained 24 bodies apparently buried without any funeral rituals, possibly indicating it was a mass grave from violence. Copper weapons were also present in the form of arrow heads and sling bullets, although these could have been used for other purpose; two clay pots recovered from the era have
1450:
defined the concept of an "Ubaid pottery style". This characteristic pottery of this style was a black-on-buff painted ware. This conference also defined the Eridu and Hajji
Muhammed styles. Scholars at this conference thought that these pottery styles were so different that " they could not have
4145:
Altaweel, Mark; Marsh, Anke; Jotheri, Jaafar; Hritz, Carrie; Fleitmann, Dominik; Rost, Stephanie; Lintner, Stephen F.; Gibson, McGuire; Bosomworth, Matthew; Jacobson, Matthew; Garzanti, Eduardo; Limonta, Mara; Radeff, Giuditta (December 2019). "New
Insights on the Role of Environmental Dynamics
3094:
Tell Zeidan again provides a wealth of information. The composition of the animal bone assemblage from Zeidan changed considerably from the Halaf to the Ubaid period. During the Halaf, some 50% of the animal bones came from wild species (indicative of hunting), whereas during the Ubaid over 90%
2750:
of sheep and goat started in the ninth millennium BC, but exactly when wool-production emerged between those two fixed points is unclear. There is some evidence for emerging wool production in the fifth millennium BC, i.e. late Ubaid. Some of the earliest evidence comes in the form of an animal
1641:
The Ubaid period is most commonly divided in 6 phases, called Ubaid 0-5. Some of these phases equate with pottery styles that were, in earlier publications, considered to be distinct from Ubaid, but that are now considered to be part of the same phenomenon. Some of these styles, such as Hajji
2983:
The most common burial practice during the Ubaid seems to have been primary inhumation; i.e. burial of the complete body. During Ubaid 4, some 80% (adults) and 94% (infants) of the burials consisted of primary inhumations. The dead were often accompanied by personal adornments such as beads,
2638:, obsidian was more common. Also, obsidian seems to have been less common during the Ubaid than during the preceding Halaf period and the subsequent Uruk period. Obsidian could be transported over hundreds of kilometers. For example, obsidian tools found along the Gulf coast at sites such as
3496:
Ubaid culture is characterized by large unwalled village settlements, multi-roomed rectangular mud-brick houses and the appearance of the first temples of public architecture in
Mesopotamia, with a growth of a two tier settlement hierarchy of centralized large sites of more than 10 hectares
2629:
was also in use during the Ubaid, although the percentage of obsidian tools that was found at archaeological sites fluctuates widely across Mesopotamia. At sites along the middle Euphrates, only few pieces were usually found, and the number of obsidian artefacts was also limited in southern
1581:
were present in southern Mesopotamia since at least the eleventh millennium BC, predating the earliest evidence for domesticated dates from Eridu by several millennia. Date palms require a perennial water source, again indicating that this period may have been wetter than today. Similarly,
2787:
had been in use in Upper Mesopotamia since the 7th millennium BC. By the time of the Ubaid period, a wide range of motifs had developed, including geometric patterns and depictions of animals and occasional humans. The Ubaid period saw the first depictions of ibex-headed and bird-headed
2722:, and boats with masts. It has been noted that no evidence for boats has been recovered from Halaf sites in northern Mesopotamia, and that Ubaid 3, from which more boat models have been recovered, coincides with the expansion of the Ubaid towards the north and into the Persian Gulf.
1586:
was present from the eighth millennium, but disappeared at around the same time that Ubaid material culture spread outward from southern Mesopotamia during the sixth millennium BC. It has been suggested that acquisition of high-quality wood may have played a role in this expansion.
1574:
during the Ubaid was different from that of today. At the beginning of the Ubaid, around 6500 BC, the shoreline at Kuwait may have run slightly further south. During the subsequent 2.5 millennia, the shoreline moved further northward, up to the ancient city of Ur around 4000 BC.
2797:
1549:. This makes it difficult to reconstuct the region's past climate. Even so, it is known that the environment during the sixth and fifth millennium BC was not the same as today. A more temperate climate settled in around 10,000 BC. Marshy and riverine areas transformed into
3509:
During the Ubaid Period (5000–4000 BC), the movement towards urbanization began. "Agriculture and animal husbandry were widely practiced in sedentary communities". There were also tribes that practiced domesticating animals as far north as Turkey, and as far south as the
3674:
that have been detected, has not been refined up to the point that it can be assigned to the Ubaid period - or any other period earlier than the one from which the skeletal material came. In other words, this genetic influx could have happened during the Ubaid - or not.
2872:
3598:
at Tell Sabi Abyad could be suggestive of destruction during war but it could also have been due to other causes, such as wildfire or accident. Ritual burning is also possible since the bodies inside were already dead by the time they were burned. A mass grave at
3561:, perhaps heads of kin groups linked in some way to the administration of the temple shrines and their granaries, responsible for mediating intra-group conflict and maintaining social order. It would seem that various collective methods, perhaps instances of what
3040:
indicating that it had been worn. Labrets were absent from Halaf sites in northern Mesopotamia, again indicating that they may have been important markers of socio-cultural identity during the Ubaid. Their use seems to have declined again during the Uruk period.
2697:. Copper objects were absent in the Ubaid levels at Eridu and 'Oueili, possibly indicating that copper use spread southwards from the north. However, copper may have been traded, as it was present in elite burials of the Susa I (terminal Ubaid) necropolis at
3505:
in the south, while in the north stone and sometimes metal were used. Villages thus contained specialised craftspeople, potters, weavers and metalworkers, although the bulk of the population were agricultural labourers, farmers and seasonal pastoralists.
2495:
4102:
Carter, Robert; Wengrow, David; Saber, Saber Ahmed; Hamarashi, Sami Jamil; Shepperson, Mary; Roberts, Kirk; Lewis, Michael P.; Marsh, Anke; Carretero, Lara Gonzalez; Sosnowska, Hanna; D'Amico, Alexander; Sagan, Wiktoria; Lockyear, Kris (December 2020).
1461:
styles were not distinct at all. Instead, they were part of the greater Ubaid phenomenon. She proposed a chronological framework that divides the Ubaid period in 4 phases. Other scholars later proposed phases 0 and 5. In 2024 Mohammad was the king
2717:
in modern-day northern Syria to Eridu and 'Oueili in the south and Abada in the Hamrin. These models date from Ubaid 1-4 but become more common from Ubaid 3 onwards. The models indicate that different boat types may have been in use, including
3572:
Ubaid culture originated in the south, but still has clear connections to earlier cultures in the region of middle Iraq. The appearance of the Ubaid folk has sometimes been linked to the so-called Sumerian problem, related to the origins of
2894:
1995:, no archaeological site has yet yielded remains older than Ubaid, However, this might be more a result of the fact that such ancient settlements are now buried deep under alluvial sediments. This was the case, for example, of the site of
2725:
At the site of H3 in modern-day Kuwait, a ceramic boat model and a ceramic disc with an image of a two-masted boat were recovered. The latter is the oldest evidence for the use of masts and sails. At the same site, pieces of bitumen with
3003:
and burial treatment was very diverse. The Ubaid witnessed a marked shift toward primary burial, less diverse burial customs, and less diversity in burial gifts. This shift has been interpreted as a reflection of changing perceptions of
2272:
Ubaid pottery started to appear along the Persian Gulf coast toward the end of the sixth millennium BC, reaching a peak around 5300 BC and continuing into the fifth millennium. Coastal sites where Ubaid pottery has been found include
2763:
with a cord impression that might have come from rope spun from wool fibers. The animal bone assemblage at this site had a large percentage of domesticated sheep/goat, with changes in the assemblage suggesting that the production of
2350:
2992:
larger buildings is well-illustrated at the sites of Tell Abada and Tepe Gawra. It has been suggested that this pattern of children's burials near larger dwellings was related to increasing social differentiation between
3497:
surrounded by smaller village sites of less than 1 hectare. Domestic equipment included a distinctive fine quality buff or greenish colored pottery decorated with geometric designs in brown or black paint. Tools such as
2517:
2540:
3658:, on the other hand, thought that the Sumerians entered Mesopotamia during the Uruk period and interpreted the regional styles that existed before that time, i.e. Ubaid, Hassuna, Halaf, as evidence of distinct
3082:, and the common presence of charred wood remains, suggests that wood was used as fuel. At Surezha, dung was commonly used for fuel, and there is some evidence that cattle were used as traction animals for
2823:
Late Ubaid – Middle Gawra (c. 4500–3500 BC) pendant seal and modern impression with quadrupeds motif from northern Mesopotamia, currently in the Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 93.17.122)
2145:, a range of 5300-4300 BC has been suggested. However, some scholars have argued that the interaction between the originally southern Mesopotamian Ubaid and the north started already during Ubaid 1-2.
3607:
During the late Ubaid period around 4500–4000 BC, there was some increase in social polarization, with central houses in the settlements becoming bigger. But there were no real cities until the later
2341:
from the Uruk period. As with many other aspects of Ubaid material culture, it is possible to distinguish different geographical traditions in the production of the coba bowl during the Ubaid period.
6053:
2996:. Adults, on the other hand, were buried at the edge of the settlement in communal burial grounds in pit burials or inside clay boxes. Such burial grounds have for example been excavated at Eridu.
2398:
2457:
2563:
2988:
have also been recovered from graves. Burials have been excavated at many Ubaid sites, with exceptionally large numbers coming from Tell Abada (127 infant burials) and Eridu (193 burials).
2693:, northern Iraq, kilns were excavated that may have been used for the production of both pottery and metal. Copper objects are also known from the Ubaid levels at Tepe Gawra (XVII-XII) and
2141:
In northern Mesopotamia, Ubaid characteristics only start to appear in Ubaid 2-3, i.e. toward the end of the sixth millennium BC, so that the entire Ubaid period would be much shorter. For
3078:
on agricultural lands. The excavators have suggested that the unpredictability of this type of irrigation may have been a factor in increasing social complexity. The relative absence of
2319:
buff to red/green brown color. Ubaid 1-2 pottery had dense, geometric and abstract decoration. Later pottery was less decorated, with bands and swags being the most common patterns. The
9240:
2445:
3054:
The modern excavations at Tell Zeidan have revealed a wealth of information on the subsistence economy of a large northern Mesopotamian Ubaid settlement. Cultivated species included
3654:
proposed in the 1930s that the people who wrote and presumably spoke Sumerian, originally came from the Iranian highlands and settled Mesopotamia at the start of the Ubaid period.
2713:
The Ubaid period provides the first evidence for boating in the ancient Near East. Ceramic boat models have been recovered from numerous sites across Mesopotamia, from Zeidan and
6036:
4283:
Baldi, Johnny Samuele (2020). "Evolution as a way of intertwining: regional approach and new data on the Halaf-Ubaid transition in Northern Mesopotamia". In Iamoni, Marco (ed.).
2917:
8941:
6019:
5218:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 125–148.
5140:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 113–123.
5057:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 149–161.
4915:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 169–179.
4646:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 181–200.
3967:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 163–168.
2386:
2483:
2414:
5919:
Uerpmann, Margarethe (2003). "The Dark Millennium—Remarks on the final Stone Age in the Emirates and Oman". In Potts, Daniel T.; Al Naboodah, Hasan; Hellyer, Peter (eds.).
4812:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 23–44.
2657:
The Ubaid may have witnessed a shift in the production of flint tools from being carried out as a domestic activity to a more specialized activity carried out by dedicated
10865:
3762:. Robert A. Carter, Graham Philip, University of Chicago. Oriental Institute, Grey College. Chicago, Ill.: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 1–22.
3030:
were likewise recovered from many archaeological Ubaid sites across Mesopotamia and its border regions. In at least one case from southwestern Iran, a labret was found
2585:
2665:
technology, which became common in the 4th millennium BC and may itself have been linked to increased mass-production and intensification of agricultural strategies.
2362:
2433:
5093:
Brereton, Gareth (May 2016). "Mortuary Rites, Economic Behaviour and the Circulation of Goods in the Transition from Village to Urban Life in Early Mesopotamia".
3666:"the relation between three categories, linguistic, racial and ethnic, is exceedingly complex in Mesopotamia and still far from being sufficiently investigated".
2374:
2835:
Ubaid (6th–5th millennium BC) stamp seal and modern impression with horned animal and bird motif from northern Syria or southeastern Anatolia, currently in the
4767:
Kopanias, Konstantinos (2017). "Ubaid 'islands' in a Non-Ubaid 'sea': An Attempt to Define the Ubaid and Its Cultural Boundaries in Northeastern Mesopotamia".
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decorations showing arrows used for the purpose of hunting. A copper axe head was made in the late Ubaid period, which could have been a tool or a weapon.
1642:
Muhammed (previously thought to be Ubaid 2) are now known to occur in Ubaid 3 contexts as well, thereby limiting their value as chronological markers. The
1638:. In this area, researchers have discerned considerable regional variation, indicating that the Ubaid was not a monolithic culture through time and space.
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9650:
9566:
11164:
6683:
4181:
Wilkinson, Tony J. (2012). "Wetland Archaeology and the Role of Marshes in the Ancient Middle East". In Menotti, Francesco; O'Sullivan, Aidan (eds.).
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9444:
5973:; Özbal, Rana (2006). "A Tale of Two Oikumenai: Variation in the Expansionary Dynamics of Ubaid and Uruk Mesopotamia". In Stone, Elizabeth C. (ed.).
5496:"mtDNA from the Early Bronze Age to the Roman Period Suggests a Genetic Link between the Indian Subcontinent and Mesopotamian Cradle of Civilization"
1615:
2768:(such as wool and milk) became more important toward the late Ubaid and the Uruk period. The spindle whorls from Kosak Shamali, and also those from
10778:
3911:
7435:
4214:
Kennett, Douglas J.; Kennett, James P. (July 2006). "Early State Formation in Southern Mesopotamia: Sea Levels, Shorelines, and Climate Change".
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These burial practices represent a clear break from those of the preceding Late Neolithic period. During the Late Neolithic, burials were often
9793:
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8968:
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4316:
3569:, in which disputes were previously resolved through a council of one's peers, were no longer sufficient for the needs of the local community.
2773:
11682:
11667:
2690:
9660:
7721:
7590:
6678:
2330:
4980:
McMahon, Augusta (August 2022). "Composite Human-Animal Figures in Early Urban Northern Mesopotamia: Shamans or Images of Resistance?".
4576:
Carter, Robert (May 2020). "The Mesopotamian frontier of the Arabian Neolithic: A cultural borderland of the sixth–fifth millennia BC".
2730:
attached to one side and reed-impressions on the other sides were recovered. These pieces are the earliest evidence for actual boats in
2010:
10203:
10183:
6044:
5858:
Parker, Adrian G.; Goudie, Andrew S.; Stokes, Stephen; White, Kevin; Hodson, Martin J.; Manning, Michelle; Kennet, Derek (2017-01-20).
4949:"Archaeobotanical and dung spherulite evidence for Ubaid and Late Chalcolithic fuel, farming, and feasting at Surezha, Iraqi Kurdistan"
4371:
Public Works and Private Work on the Threshold of Complexity: The Production and Use of Space at Late Chalcolithic 1 Tell Surezha, Iraq
3223:
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in the north. Since then, archaeologists found Ubaid material culture all over the ancient Near East. There are now Ubaid sites in the
8119:
3217:
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10782:
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3545:. Bogucki describes this as a phase of "Trans-egalitarian" competitive households, in which some fall behind as a result of downward
2772:(northern Iraq), gradually decreased in weight, which could indicate that more and more finer-quality or softer fibers were spun. At
2333:, found at many Late and Post-Ubaid sites in northern Mesopotamia from , has been interpreted as some kind of vessel for handing out
2259:
1590:
The available evidence in northern Mesopotamia points to a cooler and drier climate during the Hassuna and Halaf periods. During the
715:
2599:
11154:
9449:
7685:
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6083:
3635:. This debate has been called the "Sumerian problem" or "Sumerian question". The starting point of this debate was that the oldest
3440:
2689:, metallurgical production was practiced during the Ubaid 3, as evidenced by furnaces, and related finds. At late fifth millennium
2156:
2113:
1162:
9859:
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cultures. The Ubaid may have developed out of the latter. In northern Syria and southeastern Turkey, the Ubaid follows upon the
11692:
10193:
4105:"The Later Prehistory of the Shahrizor Plain, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Further Investigations at Gurga Chiya and Tepe Marani"
3794:
Al-'Ubaid: A Report on the Work Carried Out at Al-'Ubaid for the British Museum in 1919 and for the Joint Expedition in 1922-3
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have been a local commodity that was traded for the Mesopotamian pottery that has been found at sites along the Persian Gulf.
1523:
since the 2010s also led to a lot of new data on the Ubaid. For example, this research showed that cultural links between the
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4557:
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4412:
4292:
4198:
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3934:
3854:
3824:
3767:
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3925:
Potts, D.T. (1986). "A contribution to the history of the term 'Ǧamdat Naṣr'". In Finkbeiner, Uwe; Röllig, Wolfgang (eds.).
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Witas, Henryk W.; Tomczyk, Jacek; Jędrychowska-Dańska, Krystyna; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Płoszaj, Tomasz (11 September 2013).
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5334:"Fishing in the 'Ubaid: a review of fish bone assemblages from early prehistoric coastal settlements in the Arabian Gulf"
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Upon this foundation: the ʿUbaid reconsidered; proceedings from the ʿUbaid Symposium, Elsinore, May 30th - June 1st 1988
11159:
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10798:
10763:
7374:
6852:
5984:
4064:
3619:
The languages that were spoken during the Ubaid period cannot be determined. Despite the fact that the Ubaid period is
1511:
Excavations along southcoast of the Persian Gulf provided a lot of evidence for contacts with Mesopotamia. The site of
673:
1519:, for example, provided the earliest evidence in the world for seafaring. The explosion of archaeological research in
11203:
10198:
9588:
6152:
5960:
5936:
5210:
5132:
5049:
4907:
4855:
4804:
4638:
4507:
4005:
3959:
3887:
3754:
3201:
2956:
2858:
later Ubaid. Both seating and standing figurines were made, with paint being used to detail body parts, clothing, or
3161:
918:
11291:
11276:
10872:
10860:
10223:
10130:
9090:
7239:
6816:
1987:, the entire Ubaid spans an immense period from ca. 6500 to 3800 BC. It is here that the oldest known Ubaid site -
11149:
11135:
10887:
10537:
9950:
9301:
8926:
8068:
7714:
7430:
4803:
Stein, Gil (2010). "Local identities and interaction spheres: modeling regional variation in the Ubaid horizon".
4637:
Healey, Elizabeth (2010). "Ubaid lithics revisited: Their significance for the interpretation of Ubaid society".
4249:
Hole, Frank (1997). "Paleoenvironment and Human Society in the Jezireh of Northern Mesopotamia 20 000-6 000 BP".
2135:
1714:
1591:
1423:
809:
668:
348:
276:
7989:
11702:
10753:
9940:
9347:
9326:
6729:
6713:
5848:
5796:
5247:
Frayer, David; Nava, Alessia; Tartaglia, Gianna; Vidale, Massimo; Coppa, Alfredo; Bondioli, Luca (2020-06-30).
3139:
3017:
2863:
2681:, Level XVI (5000-4900 BC), unalloyed copper pins and chisels were found. At southeastern Anatolian sites like
1219:
898:
658:
10241:
4906:
Sudo, Hiroshi (2010). "The development of wool exploitation in Ubai-period settlements of North Mesopotamia".
3168:
2746:
is ambiguous and mostly indirect. Wool-bearing sheep have been clearly attested in Uruk-period sites, and the
10284:
10266:
9914:
8946:
6845:
6755:
3998:
Fifty years of Mesopotamian discovery : the work of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 1932-1982
3135:
2765:
1650:
is harder to establish, mainly due to a lack of abundant radiocarbon dates coming from southern Mesopotamia.
1610:
Ubaid and Ubaid-like material culture has been found over an immense area. Ubaid ceramics have shown up from
1013:
708:
17:
1775:
41:
11697:
11677:
10899:
10208:
9805:
9424:
9363:
9193:
9003:
7045:
6765:
6500:
5212:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
5134:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
5051:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
5015:
Campbell, Stuart; Daems, Aurelie (2017). "Figurines in Prehistoric Mesopotamia". In Insoll, Timothy (ed.).
4909:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
4806:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
4640:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
3961:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
3756:
Beyond the Ubaid : transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East
1209:
488:
2776:(Iraqi Kurdistan), evidence from animal bones also suggests that wool production may have been important.
11448:
11213:
11176:
11108:
10877:
10261:
9638:
9541:
9080:
8839:
6821:
6703:
6698:
6633:
6309:
4500:
The archaeology of Syria : from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (c. 16,000-300 BC)
3927:Ǧamdat Naṣr: period or regional style? : papers given at a symposium held in Tübingen, November 1983
3150:
963:
943:
5248:
2305:
sites in Kuwait, it may have been possible that Arabian Neolithic groups lived in southern Mesopotamia.
11626:
11301:
11281:
11123:
11113:
11103:
10803:
10793:
10572:
10117:
9380:
9223:
9095:
8985:
7743:
7707:
6826:
6435:
5174:
Brereton, Gareth (June 2013). "Cultures of infancy and capital accumulation in pre-urban Mesopotamia".
3808:
2836:
2755:, an Ubaid site in northern Syria, indirect evidence for wool production has been found in the form of
2751:
figurine from Iran dated to c. 5000 BC with incised decorations that might possibly represent wool. At
2425:
1974:
1254:
408:
138:
7407:
5209:
Lorentz, Kirsi O. (2010). "Ubaid headshaping: negotiations of identity through physical appearance?".
2705:. In general, copper objects seem to be very rare, and gold has not been found at Ubaid sites either.
2677:
comes from several sites in Upper Mesopotamia, all dating to the final stages of the Ubaid period. At
11672:
11253:
11098:
10668:
10463:
10350:
10279:
9854:
9710:
9643:
8869:
8812:
6510:
6325:
5970:
5859:
1407:. In the south it has a very long duration between about 5500 and 3800 BC when it is replaced by the
1389:
9771:
7120:
4842:
2984:
necklaces, and headdresses. Pots (presumably) containing foodstuffs were also common. Pieces of red
11707:
11340:
11311:
10955:
10391:
10111:
9896:
9603:
9130:
9125:
8931:
8662:
8212:
7865:
7730:
6465:
6107:
5048:
Daems, Aurelie (2010). "A snake in the grass: reassessing the ever-intriguing ophidian figurines".
4880:
4431:Özbal, Rana (2012). "The Chalcolithic of Southeast". In McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
1536:
701:
513:
296:
9998:
1446:
found Ubaid pottery for the first time in the 1910-20s. In 1930, the attendees at a conference in
11568:
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10980:
10713:
10340:
10213:
9869:
9817:
9520:
9311:
9218:
9105:
8740:
8091:
7233:
7098:
7040:
6775:
6708:
6602:
6455:
6373:
6368:
4948:
3655:
3340:
3128:
1563:
1508:. This discovery pushed back the date for the earliest human occupation of southern Mesopotamia.
1352:
1244:
783:
779:
433:
10256:
8680:
2451:
Bowl; mid 6th–5th millennium BC; ceramic; 5.08 cm; Tell Abu Shahrain; Metropolitan Museum of Art
1388:
where the earliest large excavation of Ubaid period material was conducted initially in 1919 by
11271:
11130:
11000:
10975:
10845:
10597:
10378:
10246:
9891:
9700:
9695:
9625:
9515:
9358:
9230:
8963:
8393:
8344:
8287:
8232:
8086:
7465:
7152:
6806:
6658:
6417:
5302:
5271:
4734:
Muhly, James D. (2012). "Metals and Metallurgy". In McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
4712:
4612:
4465:
4030:
3595:
3323:
3265:
2489:
Cup; mid 6th–5th millennium BC; ceramic; 8.56 cm; Tell Abu Shahrain; Metropolitan Museum of Art
1234:
1008:
938:
641:
543:
443:
4743:
4440:
4190:
2289:. Ubaid pottery has also been found further inland along the central Gulf coast at sites like
983:
11657:
11636:
11375:
11243:
10855:
10728:
10707:
10627:
10587:
10478:
10369:
10251:
9925:
9901:
9756:
9235:
9120:
9018:
8993:
8585:
8464:
8418:
8349:
8314:
6882:
6475:
5024:
4351:
4065:"Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC"
3812:
3594:
There is some evidence of warfare during the Ubaid period although it is extremely rare. The
3587:
that resulted from Ubaid expansion, contrasting it to the colonial expansionism of the later
3538:
3515:
1594:(HUT), Ubaid and early Uruk periods, this developed into a climate characterised by stronger
775:
628:
453:
143:
A clickable map of Iraq detailing important sites that were occupied during the Ubaid period.
8550:
8058:
4844:
Chiefdoms and early states in the Near East : the organizational dynamics of complexity
4332:
Marshland of Cities: Deltaic Landscapes and the Evolution of Early Mesopotamian Civilization
2878:
Late Ubaid; figurine of a lizard-headed nude woman nursing a child; terracotta and bitumen;
2337:
or as evidence of more specialized production, and as such may have been a precursor of the
2323:
became in use during Ubaid 3-4, which may have played a role in the decrease in decoration.
1646:
is based on the long stratigraphic sequences of sites such as Ur, Eridu and Tepe Gawra. The
11470:
11352:
11286:
11248:
11144:
11070:
11065:
10990:
10838:
10456:
10345:
10218:
10158:
10011:
9945:
9788:
9776:
9620:
9429:
9188:
9183:
9085:
9045:
8849:
8745:
8735:
8728:
8282:
7448:
6693:
6653:
6132:
5980:
5880:
5860:"A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia"
5507:
4685:
3566:
2286:
1415:
1276:
1147:
9375:
3518:, and the use of the plough, both introduced from the north, possibly through the earlier
3175:
888:
8:
11412:
11370:
11296:
11171:
11093:
10622:
10592:
10577:
10407:
10335:
10163:
10153:
10124:
9992:
9825:
9766:
9336:
9245:
9145:
9135:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9055:
9050:
9035:
9030:
8951:
8807:
8685:
8630:
8555:
7979:
7943:
6780:
6688:
6663:
6470:
6445:
5976:
Settlement and Society: Ecology, urbanism, trade and technology in Mesopotamia and Beyond
5867:
5303:"Rethinking Halaf and Ubaid animal economies: Hunting and Herding at Tell Zeidan (Syria)"
3650:
periods (3200-3000 BC) were likely written in the same language. Based on this evidence,
2769:
1427:
1030:
958:
770:
611:
448:
413:
5884:
5751:
Martin, Harriet P. (1982). "The Early Dynastic Cemetery at al-'Ubaid, a Re-Evaluation".
5511:
4689:
4676:
results of obsidian from the Ubaid to Chalcolithic Period in Syria, Iraq and the Gulf".
953:
913:
893:
11543:
11538:
11523:
11485:
11460:
11397:
11258:
11193:
10828:
10637:
10552:
10104:
9761:
9561:
9546:
9341:
9296:
9291:
9140:
8690:
8302:
7345:
6934:
6770:
6739:
6638:
6485:
6402:
5823:
5768:
5530:
5495:
5191:
5110:
4997:
4782:
4593:
4310:
4231:
4163:
4124:
4084:
3905:
3713:
3647:
3383:
3308:
2631:
2439:
Bowl; mid 6th–5th millennium BC; ceramic; Tell Abu Shahrain; Metropolitan Museum of Art
1988:
1837:
1559:
1501:
1345:
1317:
1065:
1055:
765:
583:
518:
473:
368:
208:
92:
11385:
7164:
5436:
5131:
Croucher, Karina (2010). "Figuring out identity: The body and identity in the Ubaid".
4892:
3449:
2900:
Figurine of a woman feeding a child and decorated to show jewellery or tattoos; clay;
1003:
908:
11612:
11563:
11528:
11365:
11306:
11208:
11118:
11088:
11083:
10950:
10945:
10929:
10818:
10758:
10678:
10673:
10582:
10024:
9685:
9633:
9615:
9556:
9178:
9115:
9110:
9040:
8936:
8896:
8891:
8874:
8844:
8510:
8454:
8448:
8297:
8274:
8096:
8026:
7984:
7551:
7534:
7363:
7352:
7334:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7302:
7287:
7261:
7246:
6891:
6837:
6760:
6617:
6612:
6597:
6532:
6450:
6407:
6127:
6122:
5997:
5956:
5932:
5923:. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the U.A.E.
5905:
5844:
5837:
5792:
5737:
5718:
5699:
5680:
5661:
5642:
5623:
5571:
5535:
5476:
5466:
5412:
5376:
5366:
5229:
5219:
5195:
5151:
5141:
5114:
5068:
5058:
5028:
5001:
4926:
4916:
4861:
4851:
4823:
4813:
4786:
4772:
4747:
4657:
4647:
4597:
4553:
4513:
4503:
4444:
4408:
4343:
4298:
4288:
4235:
4194:
4167:
4128:
4088:
4011:
4001:
3978:
3968:
3940:
3930:
3893:
3883:
3860:
3850:
3820:
3773:
3763:
3628:
3624:
3562:
2859:
2804:
2320:
1789:
1443:
1385:
1322:
1115:
1080:
1025:
868:
799:
663:
528:
523:
418:
247:
213:
196:
74:
56:
5785:
5398:
5333:
11455:
11390:
11380:
11054:
11035:
11030:
11025:
10965:
10940:
10330:
10065:
9781:
9525:
9434:
9155:
9150:
8958:
8901:
8884:
8854:
8785:
8560:
8339:
8217:
8144:
7964:
7840:
7664:
7538:
7282:
7217:
7131:
7084:
7021:
6939:
6673:
6668:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6552:
6547:
6537:
6353:
6210:
6195:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6147:
5888:
5815:
5760:
5603:
5563:
5525:
5515:
5404:
5314:
5283:
5183:
5102:
5020:
4989:
4960:
4888:
4850:. Gil Stein, Mitchell S. Rothman. Madison, Wis.: Prehistory Press. pp. 35–46.
4739:
4693:
4585:
4545:
4477:
4436:
4400:
4374:
4335:
4258:
4223:
4186:
4155:
4116:
4076:
4042:
3815:(1989). "Concluding remarks". In Henrickson, Elizabeth F.; Thuesen, Ingolf (eds.).
3511:
3368:
3027:
3000:
2620:
2616:
2338:
2327:
1555:
1520:
1489:
1282:
1229:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1085:
923:
863:
856:
851:
841:
826:
755:
533:
10017:
9886:
4537:
4104:
3557:
have hypothesised that Ubaid culture saw the rise of an elite class of hereditary
3036:
in a burial, located at the mandible of the buried individual and with associated
998:
11553:
11518:
11407:
11402:
11321:
11232:
10970:
10823:
10735:
10723:
10647:
10642:
10632:
10567:
10542:
10527:
10514:
10502:
9746:
9100:
9060:
8998:
8101:
8036:
7890:
7577:
7556:
7491:
7441:
7251:
7177:
6607:
6582:
6577:
6557:
6505:
6495:
6490:
6480:
6460:
6430:
6382:
6378:
6348:
5950:
5520:
5187:
4965:
4697:
4404:
3847:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 14. Band, 14. Band
3792:
3699:
3651:
3546:
3527:
3468:
3459:
3426:
2694:
2662:
2569:
Late Ubaid; painted cup, decorated with geometric designs in dark paint tattoos;
2356:
Ubaid 0-1 footed bowl from Godin Tepe, currently in the Oriental Institute Museum
2127:
2123:
1901:
1647:
1643:
1542:
1393:
1249:
1140:
1045:
988:
883:
836:
789:
760:
653:
558:
548:
483:
478:
403:
353:
338:
305:
257:
252:
9798:
7112:
5892:
4355:
2682:
1239:
11533:
11508:
10788:
10718:
10052:
9986:
9741:
9500:
9368:
9173:
9168:
8879:
8832:
8750:
8695:
8423:
8329:
8292:
8139:
8001:
7835:
7668:
7595:
7515:
7368:
7222:
6587:
5924:
5780:
5615:
4146:
Shaping Southern Mesopotamia: From the Pre-Ubaid to the Early Islamic Period".
3691:
3623:, it has featured prominently in discussions on the origin and presence of the
3542:
3523:
3398:
3293:
3254:
2282:
2186:
1996:
1458:
1400:
1135:
1125:
1100:
1070:
1040:
1035:
968:
948:
928:
903:
878:
831:
648:
588:
573:
493:
218:
7116:
5480:
5106:
4713:"Lithic industries of the Ubaid and Post-Ubaid period in northern Mesopotamia"
4549:
4302:
4285:
Proceedings of the 5th "Broadening Horizons" Conference (Udine 5-8 June, 2017)
4227:
4080:
2615:
was widely available in Mesopotamia and could be sourced from outcrops in the
1558:
in the Ubaid 0 levels at 'Oueili (6500-6000 BC) has indicated the presence of
316:
176:
11651:
11606:
11558:
11548:
11513:
11465:
11442:
11417:
11181:
11010:
11005:
10882:
10683:
10532:
10400:
10085:
10045:
10031:
9690:
9505:
9280:
8827:
8822:
8795:
8723:
8620:
8154:
8076:
7825:
7805:
7768:
7420:
6387:
6235:
6142:
5928:
5233:
5155:
5072:
4930:
4827:
4661:
3982:
3864:
3777:
3554:
3477:
3355:
3241:
3079:
3067:
2756:
2747:
2714:
2475:
2131:
1698:
1546:
1184:
1060:
1050:
993:
978:
973:
873:
846:
804:
563:
538:
343:
262:
10038:
8361:
5380:
5318:
5287:
4865:
4517:
4481:
4347:
4262:
4046:
4015:
3944:
3897:
3074:. There is some evidence that the inhabitants of Zeidan practiced a form of
2686:
2040:
1619:
1554:
site in southern Mesopotamia (Tell el-'Oueili) dates to the Ubaid 0 period.
11432:
11198:
10995:
10703:
10698:
10688:
10146:
9836:
9830:
9736:
9731:
9670:
9551:
8906:
8780:
8755:
8700:
8625:
8540:
8176:
8111:
7969:
7907:
7830:
7788:
7276:
7271:
7137:
6205:
6137:
5946:
5575:
5539:
3819:. CNI-publikations. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 441–456.
3659:
3642:
were written in Sumerian, and that earlier pictographical tablets from the
3577:
3558:
3550:
3413:
2731:
2647:
2643:
2264:
2234:
1635:
1631:
1571:
1527:
and the Hamrin area further south were stronger than those with the north.
1485:
1419:
1418:
the period runs only between about 5300 and 4300 BC. It is preceded by the
1335:
1189:
1075:
623:
618:
593:
10071:
5408:
5365:. Case studies in early societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4769:
Bordered Places - Bounded Times: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Turkey
4378:
2546:
Late Ubaid; painted bowl, decorated with geometric designs in dark paint;
1488:
in the southeast. Important research includes the many excavations in the
11616:
11578:
11427:
11263:
11188:
10985:
10547:
10385:
9968:
9907:
9726:
9680:
9665:
9593:
9321:
8800:
8605:
8500:
8307:
8043:
7974:
7880:
7798:
7783:
7357:
7157:
6956:
6811:
6801:
6592:
6524:
6397:
6285:
6099:
3718:
3705:
3643:
3639:
3608:
3588:
3534:
2886:
2509:
2278:
2170:
2056:
1949:
1869:
1595:
1550:
1512:
1497:
1492:
in the 1970s. There, archaeologists found a complete Ubaid settlement at
1481:
1408:
1381:
691:
506:
363:
281:
10423:
8480:
4031:"Les Habitations à salles hypostyles d'époque Obeid 0 de Tell El'Oueili"
3958:
Crawford, Harriet (2010). "The term "Hajji Muhammad": a re-evaluation".
3514:. The Ubaid period in the south was associated with intensive irrigated
2523:
Late Ubaid; spouted jar decorated with geometric designs in dark paint;
1504:
in the 1980s revealed occupation layers that were older than those from
10693:
9920:
9751:
9610:
9598:
9510:
9419:
9008:
8760:
8428:
8403:
8382:
8324:
8186:
8159:
7875:
7755:
7632:
7583:
7453:
7379:
7191:
7107:
6343:
6338:
5827:
5772:
5567:
4993:
4841:
Stein, Gil (1994). "Economy, ritual, and power in 'Ubaid Mesopotamia".
4339:
4159:
4120:
3620:
3600:
3519:
3142: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3075:
3037:
3005:
2784:
2760:
2674:
2290:
2250:
2104:
2072:
1933:
1885:
1853:
1493:
1477:
1454:
1404:
1377:
1292:
1179:
1174:
1152:
933:
740:
598:
568:
553:
381:
326:
233:
228:
223:
128:
110:
9675:
6068:
5607:
5493:
4589:
3753:
Carter, Robert A.; Philip, Graham (2010). "Deconstructing the Ubaid".
1468:
Scholars in the 1930s only knew a few Ubaid sites. These included the
11503:
11475:
11422:
10960:
10652:
10612:
9930:
9843:
8859:
8817:
8790:
8600:
8545:
8529:
8387:
8227:
8181:
8106:
8081:
8048:
7902:
7845:
7820:
7195:
6966:
6868:
6648:
6333:
6220:
6157:
5806:
Moore, A. M. T. (2002). "Pottery Kiln Sites at al 'Ubaid and Eridu".
3636:
2853:
represented various animals, including sheep, cattle and dogs. Human
2719:
2639:
2334:
2218:
2088:
1983:
In the south, corresponding to the area that would later be known as
1627:
1611:
1578:
1524:
1469:
732:
578:
428:
191:
166:
156:
7699:
5819:
5764:
3117:
2501:
Pottery bowl with a rounded bottom and monochrome paint (rosettes);
1399:
In South Mesopotamia the period is the earliest known period on the
11020:
10850:
10833:
10607:
10602:
10078:
8580:
8575:
8443:
8398:
8319:
8207:
8202:
8171:
7928:
7885:
7850:
7815:
7763:
7646:
7395:
7385:
7204:
7199:
7049:
6929:
6785:
6440:
6363:
6358:
6265:
6250:
6245:
6200:
5974:
5876:
4613:"Coba bowls, mass-production and social change in Post-Ubaid times"
3584:
3278:
3233:
2940:
2854:
2850:
2727:
2626:
2298:
1312:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1169:
1157:
794:
466:
438:
423:
8525:
4538:"Globalising Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic and the 'Ubaid"
11480:
11437:
10617:
10562:
10363:
9810:
9306:
9198:
8595:
8565:
8520:
8505:
8490:
8485:
8438:
8408:
8131:
7938:
7933:
7870:
7810:
7773:
7650:
7566:
7528:
7476:
7255:
7181:
7170:
7103:
7080:
6943:
6542:
6270:
6260:
6225:
6215:
5463:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 13
4000:. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq. pp. 40–47.
3032:
2993:
2658:
2421:
2274:
2202:
1965:
1567:
1447:
1287:
1199:
398:
5592:
11360:
11015:
10414:
10059:
9880:
8864:
8770:
8615:
8570:
8515:
8475:
8459:
8433:
8377:
8222:
8149:
8053:
8021:
8011:
7959:
7860:
7793:
7613:
7570:
7481:
7311:
7307:
7226:
6949:
6924:
6910:
6290:
6240:
6162:
3498:
3453:
A map of the Near East depicting the approximate extent of the:
3083:
3063:
3055:
3023:
2734:, and the earliest evidence for seagoing vessels in the world.
2702:
2678:
2635:
2024:
1516:
1403:
although it is likely earlier periods exist obscured under the
393:
11573:
10557:
8775:
8765:
8610:
8590:
8535:
8495:
8469:
8413:
7912:
7521:
7503:
7266:
7186:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6920:
6915:
6643:
6280:
6275:
6255:
4771:. Vol. 51. British Institute at Ankara. pp. 27–36.
3632:
3574:
3059:
2985:
2808:
2651:
2612:
2405:
2294:
2142:
1984:
1805:
1623:
1505:
1439:
1307:
1297:
388:
357:
5253:
Bulletin of the International Association for Paleodontology
2122:
In central and northern Iraq, the Ubaid was preceded by the
2117:
Map of important Ubaid period sites in northern Mesopotamia.
1570:. As a result of changes in sea-level, the shoreline of the
10768:
10745:
10488:
10482:
8372:
8031:
8016:
7996:
7897:
7778:
7413:
6972:
6961:
6230:
4101:
3502:
3071:
2743:
2698:
1992:
1917:
1599:
821:
5839:
The Early History of the Ancient Near East, 9000–2000 B.C.
4947:
Proctor, Lucas; Smith, Alexia; Stein, Gil J. (June 2022).
4674:
2392:
Ubaid 3 pottery, currently in the Louvre Museum (AO 29616)
2380:
Ubaid 3 pottery, currently in the Louvre Museum (AO 29598)
2368:
Ubaid 3 pottery, currently in the Louvre Museum (AO 29611)
8006:
5465:(in German). Berlin [u.a.: de Gruyter. pp. 290–297.
5246:
4736:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE)
4717:
Publications de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes
4617:
Publications de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes
4433:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE)
4144:
3670:
3444:
The Ubaid culture and contemporary cultures circa 5000 BC
2661:. This may have been associated with the introduction of
1583:
5270:
Smith, Alexia; Graham, Philip J.; Stein, Gil J. (2015).
3533:
The Ubaid period as a whole, based upon the analysis of
5902:
Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical Perspectives
5857:
2947:
1821:
1605:
1473:
6867:
4498:
Akkermans, Peter M. M. G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2003).
3880:
Secrets of the dark mound : Jemdet Nasr 1926-1928
3791:
Hall, Harry Reginald; Woolley, Sir C. Leonard (1927).
8263:
5552:
3882:. Warminster: British School of Archaeology in Iraq.
3681:
3614:
2002:
5836:
5784:
5437:"Physical anthropology and the 'Sumerian problem'"
4946:
4497:
1541:Mesopotamia does not have local, high-resolution
11649:
5269:
5899:
5658:Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art
3845:McMahon, A. (2014). "'Ubaid-Kultur, -Keramik".
3807:
6052:British Museum, Trustees of the (2008-06-06).
6051:
6035:British Museum, Trustees of the (2007-11-13).
6034:
6018:British Museum, Trustees of the (2008-06-03).
6017:
5300:
4881:"River Transport in Mesopotamia (5900–539 BC)"
4213:
2263:Map of important Ubaid period sites along the
10464:
7715:
6853:
6084:
5014:
4502:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
4216:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
1353:
709:
5656:Brown, Brian A.; Feldman, Marian H. (2013).
5655:
5363:Ancient Mesopotamia: the eden that never was
5017:The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Figurines
3910:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3752:
2654:) came from sources in southeastern Turkey.
1978:Map of important Ubaid period sites in Iraq.
6679:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
5991:
5900:Pollock, Susan; Bernbeck, Reinhard (2009).
5400:Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC
3871:
3790:
2408:, currently in the Louvre Museum (AO 15338)
84:
10471:
10457:
10257:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
10204:International Congress of Maritime Museums
10184:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
9476:
7722:
7708:
6860:
6846:
6091:
6077:
5969:
5301:Grossman, Kathryn; Hinman, Miriam (2013).
4953:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
4678:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
4315:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4183:The Oxford Handbook of Wetland Archaeology
4028:
3996:Roaf, Michael (1982). "The Hamrin sites".
2811:, currently in the Louvre Museum (AO14165)
2281:in Kuwait, Dosariyah in Saudi Arabia, and
1671:(after Pournelle 2003 / after Harris 2021)
1530:
1360:
1346:
716:
702:
66:
10779:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
10317:
10272:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
5556:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
5529:
5519:
5434:
4964:
4710:
4329:
4180:
3202:Learn how and when to remove this message
1999:, which was discovered only by accident.
48:
11688:Archaeological cultures of the Near East
10603:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
5994:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture
5918:
5843:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5779:
5712:
5693:
5461:Cooper, J.S. (2013). "Sumer, Sumerian".
5173:
5130:
5092:
4766:
4394:
4029:Huot, Jean-Louis; Vallet, Régis (1990).
3957:
3877:
3448:
2708:
10242:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
6098:
5921:Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates
5674:
5636:
5396:
5360:
5272:"Ubaid plant use at Tell Zeidan, Syria"
5249:"Evidence for labret use in prehistory"
5208:
4979:
4878:
4744:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0039
4463:
4441:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0008
4191:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199573493.013.0009
3929:. Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 17–32.
3844:
3583:Stein and Özbal describe the Near East
2630:Mesopotamian sites. At sites along the
1767:
1496:, and a really well-preserved house at
14:
11650:
10194:European Association of Archaeologists
5834:
5750:
5460:
5430:
5428:
5392:
5390:
5356:
5354:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5126:
5124:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5025:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.029
4942:
4940:
4636:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4368:
4062:
4058:
4056:
3044:
2179:
1433:
11338:
11230:
11052:
10927:
10500:
10452:
10316:
9475:
9450:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
9408:
9278:
9277:
8660:
8262:
7741:
7729:
7703:
6841:
6072:
5805:
5734:The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC
5731:
5614:
5331:
5047:
4840:
4802:
4798:
4796:
4733:
4632:
4630:
4610:
4493:
4491:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4390:
4388:
4373:(Thesis). The University of Chicago.
4282:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4140:
4138:
3924:
3424:
3411:
3396:
3381:
3366:
3353:
3338:
3276:
3263:
3221:
11683:Archaeological cultures of West Asia
11632:
11574:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
5945:
4905:
4879:Hnaihen, Kadim Hasson (2021-06-27).
4248:
3995:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3537:, was one of increasingly polarized
3321:
3306:
3291:
3252:
3239:
3230:
3140:adding citations to reliable sources
3111:
3011:
2973:; Tell Tello; Louvre Museum AO 15327
2227:
1606:Dating and geographical distribution
1484:in the northwest all the way to the
11668:4th-millennium BC disestablishments
11622:
10189:Archaeological Institute of America
5425:
5387:
5351:
5325:
5162:
5121:
5079:
4937:
4566:
4524:
4053:
3089:
2308:
2049:
1862:
1830:
24:
6869:Chronology of the Neolithic period
5985:School for Advanced Research Press
5586:
5444:Studies in Historical Anthropology
5397:Hamblin, William J. (2006-09-27).
4793:
4627:
4488:
4421:
4385:
4269:
4135:
2737:
2557:; Tell el-Muqayyar; British Museum
2534:; Tell el-Muqayyar; British Museum
2243:
2097:
2065:
2033:
1926:
1894:
1878:
1846:
1782:
1457:showed in 1960 that the Eridu and
120:
102:
25:
11719:
10199:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
9589:Coastal defence and fortification
8964:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
8264:Navigation, and ports and harbors
6011:
5596:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
4893:10.31338/0082-044X.swiatowit.59.8
4578:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
4395:Peasnall, Brian (2002). "Ubaid".
3989:
3833:
3731:
2420:Bowl; mid 6th–5th millennium BC;
2211:
2081:
27:Prehistoric period of Mesopotamia
11663:7th-millennium BC establishments
11631:
11621:
11611:
11602:
11601:
10907:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
10481:
10433:
10299:
10224:Society for American Archaeology
9458:
9391:
9260:
8643:
8245:
6817:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
6308:
5992:Stiebing Jr, William H. (2016).
5713:Crawford, Harriet E. W. (2004).
5694:Crawford, Harriet E. W. (1998).
5095:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
3698:
3684:
3615:Language, ethnicity and genetics
3491: Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site
3232:
3216:
3116:
2962:Ubaid IV; two female figurines;
2955:
2939:
2916:
2893:
2871:
2828:
2816:
2796:
2584:
2562:
2539:
2516:
2494:
2482:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2413:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2242:
2226:
2210:
2194:
2178:
2162:
2155:
2096:
2080:
2064:
2048:
2032:
2016:
2009:
2003:Central and northern Mesopotamia
1957:
1941:
1925:
1909:
1893:
1877:
1861:
1845:
1829:
1813:
1797:
1781:
1774:
685:
315:
119:
101:
83:
65:
47:
40:
11386:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
10809:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
10799:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
10538:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
9656:Phoenician discovery of America
5546:
5487:
5454:
5294:
5263:
5240:
5202:
5041:
5008:
4973:
4899:
4872:
4834:
4760:
4727:
4704:
4668:
4604:
4466:"Rethinking Halaf Chronologies"
4457:
4362:
4323:
4242:
4207:
4174:
4095:
3127:needs additional citations for
2946:Female ophidian figurines from
2742:Evidence for the production of
2195:
2148:
2136:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
1958:
1424:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
810:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
349:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
277:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
10669:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
9348:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
6374:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
6369:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
5787:The Neolithic of the Near East
5717:. Cambridge University Press.
5698:. Cambridge University Press.
5696:Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbours
4611:Baldi, Johnny Samuele (2012).
4022:
3951:
3918:
3801:
3784:
3501:were often made of hard fired
3049:
2779:
2607:
2424:; 6.99 cm; Tell Abu Shahrain;
2017:
13:
1:
11693:Chalcolithic cultures of Asia
10928:
10267:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
8942:Phoenician maritime expansion
6756:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
6153:Tigris–Euphrates river system
5435:Soltysiak, Arkadiusz (2004).
4982:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
4063:Carter, Robert (March 2006).
2963:
2924:
2901:
2879:
2668:
2600:Sèvres – Cité de la céramique
2592:
2570:
2547:
2524:
2502:
2464:
1798:
1014:Neolithic Southeastern Europe
11165:in ISIL-controlled territory
11053:
10209:Nautical Archaeology Society
7686:Historical Ancient Near East
5639:The Origins of Human Society
5521:10.1371/journal.pone.0073682
5188:10.1080/00438243.2013.799042
4966:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103449
4698:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.06.026
4405:10.1007/978-1-4615-0023-0_37
4330:Pournelle, Jennifer (2003).
3878:Matthews, Roger, Dr (2002).
3724:
2844:
1910:
7:
11339:
11231:
11076:Council of Representatives
10814:Weapons of mass destruction
10501:
10262:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
9639:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
9445:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
9302:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
8661:
7742:
6822:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
6704:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
6699:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
5893:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.001
4542:Globalization in Prehistory
4369:Harris, Samuel Lee (2021).
4287:. Trieste. pp. 71–87.
3809:Adams Jr., Robert McCormick
3677:
1165: in the Gulf of Cambay
10:
11724:
10804:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
10118:Phoenician Ship Expedition
9409:
8959:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
8952:Circumnavigation of Africa
7594:
6827:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
5835:Nissen, Hans Jörg (1990).
5677:Mesopotamia Before History
4711:Thomalsky, Judith (2012).
4397:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
3797:. Oxford University Press.
3107:
3098:
2978:
2837:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2426:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2313:
2163:
1942:
1814:
1654:Relative Ubaid chronology
1534:
1472:of Tell al-'Ubaid itself,
1426:and succeeded by the Late
1255:Savanna Pastoral Neolithic
919:Gumelnița–Karanovo culture
899:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
664:Ba'athist rule (1968–2003)
659:Republic of Iraq (1958–68)
11597:
11496:
11351:
11347:
11334:
11239:
11226:
11061:
11048:
10936:
10923:
10744:
10661:
10513:
10509:
10496:
10431:
10323:
10312:
10297:
10232:
10174:
9977:
9961:
9709:
9644:Samothrace temple complex
9579:
9534:
9493:
9486:
9482:
9471:
9456:
9415:
9404:
9389:
9287:
9273:
9258:
9211:
9164:
9017:
8984:
8977:
8915:
8716:
8673:
8669:
8656:
8641:
8360:
8273:
8269:
8258:
8243:
8195:
8130:
8067:
7952:
7921:
7754:
7750:
7737:
7682:
7672:
7639:
7610:
7606:
7549:
7495:
7464:
7439:
7418:
7406:
7372:
7361:
7350:
7332:
7315:
7300:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7259:
7244:
7231:
7215:
7203:
7185:
7176:
7163:
7150:
7124:
7111:
7096:
7079:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6899:
6875:
6794:
6748:
6722:
6626:
6523:
6416:
6324:
6317:
6306:
6188:
6115:
6106:
6037:"Copper figure of a bull"
5904:. John Wiley & Sons.
5641:. John Wiley & Sons.
5403:(0 ed.). Routledge.
5107:10.1017/S0959774316000032
4550:10.1017/9781108573276.004
4228:10.1080/15564890600586283
4081:10.1017/S0003598X0009325X
2134:, and a relatively short
1991:- was found. In southern
1556:Archaeobotanical research
270:
241:
202:
190:
172:
162:
152:
35:
11155:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
11066:Administrative divisions
8932:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
6054:"Ubaid visit and photos"
6020:"Stone statue of Kurlil"
4464:Campell, Stuart (2007).
2803:Ubaid 5 stamp seal with
1715:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional
1684:Early Pottery Neolithic
1592:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional
1537:Geography of Mesopotamia
1384:. The name derives from
10714:Mandate for Mesopotamia
10588:First Babylonian Empire
10214:RPM Nautical Foundation
9951:Surviving ancient ships
9870:Marsala Punic shipwreck
7234:Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
7099:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
7041:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
5715:Sumer and the Sumerians
5637:Bogucki, Peter (2000).
5361:Pollock, Susan (1999).
5341:Journal of Oman Studies
5319:10.3406/paleo.2013.5528
5288:10.3406/paleo.2015.5675
4536:Carter, Robert (2018).
4482:10.3406/paleo.2007.5209
4263:10.3406/paleo.1997.4651
4047:10.3406/paleo.1990.4527
2923:Female figurine; clay;
2759:, clay scrapers, and a
2508:; Telul eth-Thalathat;
2474:; ceramic; Tepe Gawra;
1630:in the south along the
1566:, both indicative of a
1531:Climate and environment
1376:(c. 5500–3700 BC) is a
1245:Philippine jade culture
964:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
884:Cardium pottery culture
434:First Babylonian Empire
10873:Insurgency (2011–2013)
10794:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
10598:Middle Assyrian Empire
10247:Giza Solar boat museum
9701:Underwater exploration
9696:Underwater archaeology
9661:Pre-Columbian theories
9516:John Sinclair Morrison
9477:Research and education
8927:Austronesian Expansion
7466:Linear Pottery culture
6659:Babylonian mathematics
5791:. New York: Scribner.
5732:Kuhrt, Amélie (1995).
5675:Charvát, Petr (2003).
3493:
2849:The majority of Ubaid
2770:Telul eth-Thalathat II
1761:4350-4200 / 4600-4200
1747:4900-4350 / 5200-4600
1733:5100-4900 / 5200-4600
1719:5200-5100 / 5500-5200
1703:5900-5200 / 6200-5500
1687:6500-5900 / 6800-6200
1618:in the east, and from
1235:Jeulmun pottery period
1009:Neolithic Transylvania
939:Linear Pottery culture
444:Middle Assyrian Empire
11703:Archaeology of Kuwait
11160:in post-invasion Iraq
10866:U.S. troop withdrawal
10628:Neo-Babylonian Empire
10318:Legend and literature
10276:Viking ship museums:
10252:Grand Egyptian Museum
10012:Austronesian replicas
9987:Heyerdahl expeditions
9897:Caligula's Giant Ship
9757:Dover Bronze Age Boat
8419:Berenice Troglodytica
6883:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
5660:. Walter de Gruyter.
5409:10.4324/9780203965566
4787:10.18866/j.ctt1n7qk1h
4379:10.6082/uchicago.2971
3539:social stratification
3516:hydraulic agriculture
3452:
3076:floodwater irrigation
2709:Boats and boat models
2404:Ubaid 5 pottery from
1727:Tell al-'Ubaid style
1711:Hajji Muhammad style
1665:Northern Mesopotamia
1543:climate proxy records
569:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
539:Buyid amirate of Iraq
454:Neo-Babylonian Empire
11109:Council of Ministers
10991:Mesopotamian Marshes
10219:Sea Research Society
9621:Maritime archaeology
9430:Ameinias the Phocian
9425:Mediterranean piracy
7449:Tepe Muhammad Djafar
6654:Babylonian astronomy
6133:Mesopotamian Marshes
5981:Santa Fe, New Mexico
5736:. Psychology Press.
5332:Beech, Mark (2002).
5019:. pp. 567–590.
4738:. pp. 858–876.
4435:. pp. 174–204.
4399:. pp. 372–390.
4185:. pp. 121–139.
3849:. pp. 261–265.
3441:class=notpageimage|
3136:improve this article
3018:cranial modification
2287:United Arab Emirates
2260:class=notpageimage|
2114:class=notpageimage|
1975:class=notpageimage|
1768:Southern Mesopotamia
1758:Late Chalcolithic 1
1500:. The excavation at
1416:Northern Mesopotamia
1277:Neolithic Revolution
669:Occupation (2003–11)
139:class=notpageimage|
11698:Archaeology of Iraq
11678:Ancient Mesopotamia
11371:Mesopotamian Arabic
11177:Freedom of religion
10623:Neo-Assyrian Empire
10593:Old Assyrian Period
10578:Neo-Sumerian Empire
9312:Maritime Jade Route
8465:Kaveri Poompattinam
6735:Destruction by ISIL
6689:Sumerian literature
6664:Akkadian literature
6100:Ancient Mesopotamia
5987:. pp. 329–343.
5885:2006QuRes..66..465P
5868:Quaternary Research
5512:2013PLoSO...873682W
4690:2016JArSR...9..743K
3567:primitive democracy
3485: Eridu culture
3045:Subsistence economy
2321:slow potter's wheel
1655:
1648:absolute chronology
1644:relative chronology
1568:wetland environment
1434:History of research
1428:Chalcolithic period
1031:Pengtoushan culture
984:Tiszapolgár culture
959:San Ciriaco culture
771:Trihedral Neolithic
612:Early modern period
449:Neo-Assyrian Empire
414:Neo-Sumerian Empire
32:
11302:Telecommunications
11277:Foreign Investment
11214:Wars and conflicts
11150:in pre-Saddam Iraq
11114:Presidency Council
10900:2019–2021 protests
10829:Invasion of Kuwait
10653:Sassanid Asorestan
10648:Parthian Babylonia
10643:Seleucid Babylonia
10638:Achaemenid Assyria
10553:Jemdet Nasr period
9860:Bajo de la Campana
9562:Peter Throckmorton
9547:Jean-Yves Empereur
9521:William L. Rodgers
9342:Maritime Silk Road
7153:Egyptian Neolithic
6771:Mesopotamian myths
6058:The British Museum
6041:The British Museum
6024:The British Museum
5620:Looking for Dilmun
5568:10.1002/ajpa.23423
4994:10.1111/ojoa.12251
4544:. pp. 43–79.
4340:10.6067/XCV8J67GK3
4160:10.1017/irq.2019.2
4121:10.1017/irq.2020.3
3714:Art of Mesopotamia
3494:
2934:; Tell el-Muqayyar
2911:; Tell el-Muqayyar
2860:body modifications
2766:secondary products
1653:
1596:seasonal variation
1486:Persian Gulf coast
1438:The excavators of
1318:Neolithic religion
1163:Marine archaeology
1066:Zhaobaogou culture
1056:Xinglongwa culture
766:Shepherd Neolithic
749:Neolithic cultures
584:Jalairid Sultanate
519:Rashidun Caliphate
494:Sasanian Asorestan
484:Parthian Babylonia
479:Seleucid Babylonia
474:Achaemenid Assyria
369:Jemdet Nasr Period
153:Geographical range
30:
11645:
11644:
11593:
11592:
11589:
11588:
11579:Mandaean New Year
11330:
11329:
11222:
11221:
11204:Political parties
11099:Foreign relations
11044:
11043:
10951:Lower Mesopotamia
10946:Upper Mesopotamia
10919:
10918:
10915:
10914:
10679:Abbasid Caliphate
10674:Umayyad Caliphate
10583:Isin-Larsa period
10446:
10445:
10442:
10441:
10308:
10307:
10295:
10294:
9915:Madrague de Giens
9634:Temple of Isthmia
9630:Maritime temples
9616:Marine navigation
9575:
9574:
9567:Shelley Wachsmann
9557:J. Richard Steffy
9467:
9466:
9400:
9399:
9269:
9268:
9256:
9255:
9207:
9206:
8937:Ocean exploration
8652:
8651:
8639:
8638:
8298:Rutter (nautical)
8254:
8253:
8241:
8240:
8097:Mortise and tenon
7731:Ancient seafaring
7697:
7696:
7692:
7691:
7552:Pottery Neolithic
7375:Pottery Neolithic
7364:Pottery Neolithic
7353:Pottery Neolithic
7335:Pottery Neolithic
7318:Pottery Neolithic
7303:Pottery Neolithic
7283:Pottery Neolithic
7262:Pottery Neolithic
7247:Pottery Neolithic
7126:Initial Neolithic
6892:Pottery Neolithic
6835:
6834:
6786:Ziggurat (Temple)
6761:Sumerian religion
6519:
6518:
6466:Middle Babylonian
6408:Kish civilization
6304:
6303:
6128:Lower Mesopotamia
6123:Upper Mesopotamia
6003:978-1-315-51116-0
5955:. Penguin Books.
5911:978-1-4051-3723-2
5743:978-0-415-16763-5
5724:978-0-521-53338-6
5705:978-0-521-58679-5
5686:978-1-134-53077-9
5667:978-1-61451-035-2
5648:978-1-55786-349-2
5629:978-0-394-43400-1
5608:10.1111/aae.12143
5472:978-3-11-030715-3
5418:978-1-134-52063-3
5372:978-0-521-57334-4
5225:978-1-885923-66-0
5176:World Archaeology
5147:978-1-885923-66-0
5064:978-1-885923-66-0
5034:978-0-19-967561-6
4922:978-1-885923-66-0
4819:978-1-885923-66-0
4778:978-1-898249-38-2
4753:978-0-19-537614-2
4653:978-1-885923-66-0
4590:10.1111/aae.12145
4559:978-1-108-57327-6
4450:978-0-19-537614-2
4414:978-1-4684-7135-9
4294:978-88-5511-046-4
4200:978-0-19-957349-3
3974:978-1-885923-66-0
3936:978-3-88226-262-9
3856:978-3-11-041761-6
3826:978-87-7289-070-8
3769:978-1-885923-66-0
3563:Thorkild Jacobsen
3212:
3211:
3204:
3186:
3012:Body modification
2805:master of animals
2792:Ubaid stamp seals
1765:
1764:
1672:
1662:alternative name
1602:and dry summers.
1370:
1369:
1323:Neolithic decline
1116:Qujialing culture
1081:Majiabang culture
1026:Peiligang culture
889:Cernavodă culture
869:Arzachena culture
800:Yarmukian culture
726:
725:
529:Abbasid Caliphate
524:Umayyad Caliphate
489:Roman Mesopotamia
419:Isin-Larsa period
289:
288:
248:Pottery Neolithic
214:Tell Abu Shahrain
57:Tell Abu Shahrain
16:(Redirected from
11715:
11673:1930s neologisms
11635:
11634:
11625:
11624:
11615:
11605:
11604:
11349:
11348:
11336:
11335:
11267:
11228:
11227:
11079:
11050:
11049:
11036:Sinjar Mountains
11026:Zagros Mountains
10966:Hamrin Mountains
10925:
10924:
10888:Mosul liberation
10861:Iraqi insurgency
10783:National Command
10772:
10608:Simurrum culture
10511:
10510:
10498:
10497:
10487:
10486:
10485:
10473:
10466:
10459:
10450:
10449:
10437:
10436:
10331:Ark of bulrushes
10314:
10313:
10303:
10302:
9941:Oldest surviving
9651:Nusantao network
9526:Chester G. Starr
9491:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9473:
9472:
9462:
9461:
9435:Cilician pirates
9406:
9405:
9395:
9394:
9332:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
9327:Iron Age Britain
9275:
9274:
9264:
9263:
8982:
8981:
8671:
8670:
8658:
8657:
8647:
8646:
8561:Ptolemais Theron
8271:
8270:
8260:
8259:
8249:
8248:
7841:Single-outrigger
7752:
7751:
7739:
7738:
7724:
7717:
7710:
7701:
7700:
7661:
7604:
7547:
7539:Hajji Firuz Tepe
7462:
7404:
7298:
7218:Neolithic Europe
7213:
7148:
7094:
7085:Tell Abu Hureyra
7077:
7032:
6996:
6940:Sinjar Mountains
6907:
6902:
6901:
6894:
6889:
6885:
6880:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6839:
6838:
6684:Sumerian cuisine
6674:Warfare in Sumer
6669:Economy of Sumer
6322:
6321:
6312:
6196:Fertile Crescent
6180:Sinjar Mountains
6175:Hamrin Mountains
6170:Zagros Mountains
6148:Taurus Mountains
6113:
6112:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6060:. Archived from
6048:
6043:. Archived from
6031:
6026:. Archived from
6007:
5988:
5966:
5942:
5915:
5896:
5864:
5854:
5842:
5831:
5802:
5790:
5776:
5747:
5728:
5709:
5690:
5671:
5652:
5633:
5611:
5580:
5579:
5554:the Neolithic".
5550:
5544:
5543:
5533:
5523:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5441:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5358:
5349:
5348:
5338:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5217:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5171:
5160:
5159:
5139:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5090:
5077:
5076:
5056:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4944:
4935:
4934:
4914:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4849:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4811:
4800:
4791:
4790:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4645:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4533:
4522:
4521:
4495:
4486:
4485:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4314:
4306:
4280:
4267:
4266:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4142:
4133:
4132:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4026:
4020:
4019:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3966:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3901:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3842:
3831:
3830:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3761:
3750:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3528:Samarra cultures
3512:Zagros Mountains
3490:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3435:
3433:
3422:
3420:
3409:
3407:
3394:
3392:
3379:
3377:
3364:
3362:
3351:
3349:
3346:Northeast Asians
3336:
3334:
3319:
3317:
3304:
3302:
3289:
3287:
3274:
3272:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3207:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3144:
3120:
3112:
3090:Animal husbandry
2972:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2832:
2820:
2800:
2597:
2594:
2591:Goblet and cup;
2588:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2486:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2417:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2339:beveled rim bowl
2309:Material culture
2246:
2245:
2230:
2229:
2214:
2213:
2198:
2197:
2182:
2181:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2100:
2099:
2084:
2083:
2068:
2067:
2052:
2051:
2036:
2035:
2020:
2019:
2013:
1961:
1960:
1945:
1944:
1929:
1928:
1913:
1912:
1897:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1865:
1864:
1849:
1848:
1833:
1832:
1817:
1816:
1801:
1800:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1670:
1656:
1652:
1626:in the north to
1600:torrential rains
1560:Euphrates poplar
1362:
1355:
1348:
1303:Circular ditches
1283:Animal husbandry
1270:Neolithic topics
1230:Khiamian culture
1226:Other locations
1131:Shijiahe culture
1121:Longshan culture
1111:Majiayao culture
1106:Liangzhu culture
1096:Dawenkou culture
1091:Hongshan culture
1086:Yangshao culture
954:Petreşti culture
924:Hamangia culture
914:Gorneşti culture
894:Coțofeni culture
857:Amratian culture
852:Badarian culture
842:El Omari culture
827:Faiyum A culture
795:Tahunian culture
756:Fertile Crescent
728:
727:
718:
711:
704:
690:
689:
688:
514:Islamic conquest
319:
309:
291:
290:
185:
181:
123:
122:
105:
104:
87:
86:
69:
68:
51:
50:
44:
33:
29:
21:
11723:
11722:
11718:
11717:
11716:
11714:
11713:
11712:
11708:Samarra culture
11648:
11647:
11646:
11641:
11585:
11569:Public holidays
11492:
11343:
11326:
11265:
11235:
11218:
11077:
11057:
11040:
10971:Iraqi Kurdistan
10961:Euphrates river
10932:
10911:
10878:War (2014–2017)
10824:Operation Opera
10770:
10740:
10736:Arab Federation
10724:Kingdom of Iraq
10657:
10633:Fall of Babylon
10568:Akkadian Empire
10543:Samarra culture
10528:Hassuna culture
10505:
10492:
10480:
10479:
10477:
10447:
10438:
10434:
10429:
10319:
10304:
10300:
10291:
10234:
10228:
10176:
10175:Institutes and
10170:
10125:Viking replicas
10066:Balangay Voyage
9979:
9973:
9957:
9712:
9705:
9581:
9571:
9530:
9478:
9463:
9459:
9454:
9411:
9396:
9392:
9387:
9283:
9265:
9261:
9252:
9203:
9160:
9013:
8973:
8918:
8911:
8712:
8665:
8648:
8644:
8635:
8511:Mueang Phra Rot
8365:
8356:
8265:
8250:
8246:
8237:
8191:
8165:Triangular sail
8126:
8063:
8037:Sail components
7948:
7917:
7891:Tessarakonteres
7746:
7733:
7728:
7698:
7693:
7667:
7659:
7658:
7649:
7636:
7630:
7616:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7589:
7582:
7581:
7573:
7569:
7562:
7559:
7555:
7545:
7537:
7527:
7519:
7513:
7508:
7507:
7501:
7496:
7490:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7479:
7472:
7469:(5500–4500 BC)
7468:
7460:
7445:(6000–4800 BC)
7444:
7440:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7419:
7412:
7402:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7383:
7382:
7378:
7367:
7356:
7346:Tell el-'Oueili
7343:
7338:
7325:
7321:
7310:
7306:
7296:
7291:(7000–5000 BC)
7290:
7286:
7265:
7254:
7252:Tell Sabi Abyad
7250:
7237:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7211:
7198:
7194:
7180:
7178:Tell Sabi Abyad
7173:
7169:
7167:
7160:
7156:
7146:
7141:(8500–8000 BC)
7140:
7136:
7128:
7119:
7115:
7106:
7102:
7092:
7087:
7083:
7075:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7030:
7024:
6994:
6981:
6964:
6955:
6942:
6923:
6905:
6895:
6887:
6886:
6878:
6877:
6871:
6866:
6836:
6831:
6790:
6744:
6718:
6627:Culture/society
6622:
6515:
6511:Muslim conquest
6481:Fall of Babylon
6412:
6313:
6300:
6184:
6102:
6097:
6014:
6004:
5963:
5939:
5912:
5862:
5851:
5820:10.2307/4200519
5799:
5781:Mellaart, James
5765:10.2307/4200161
5744:
5725:
5706:
5687:
5668:
5649:
5630:
5616:Bibby, Geoffrey
5589:
5587:Further reading
5584:
5583:
5551:
5547:
5492:
5488:
5473:
5459:
5455:
5439:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5395:
5388:
5373:
5359:
5352:
5336:
5330:
5326:
5299:
5295:
5268:
5264:
5245:
5241:
5226:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5172:
5163:
5148:
5137:
5129:
5122:
5091:
5080:
5065:
5054:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5013:
5009:
4978:
4974:
4945:
4938:
4923:
4912:
4904:
4900:
4887:(59): 141–151.
4877:
4873:
4858:
4847:
4839:
4835:
4820:
4809:
4801:
4794:
4779:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4732:
4728:
4709:
4705:
4673:
4669:
4654:
4643:
4635:
4628:
4609:
4605:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4534:
4525:
4510:
4496:
4489:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4393:
4386:
4367:
4363:
4328:
4324:
4308:
4307:
4295:
4281:
4270:
4247:
4243:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4179:
4175:
4143:
4136:
4100:
4096:
4061:
4054:
4027:
4023:
4008:
3994:
3990:
3975:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3937:
3923:
3919:
3903:
3902:
3890:
3876:
3872:
3857:
3843:
3834:
3827:
3806:
3802:
3789:
3785:
3770:
3759:
3751:
3732:
3727:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3652:Henri Frankfort
3617:
3596:"Burnt Village"
3547:social mobility
3541:and decreasing
3492:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3469:Hassuna culture
3464:
3462:
3460:Samarra culture
3455:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3208:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3145:
3143:
3133:
3121:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3052:
3047:
3014:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2951:
2944:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2821:
2812:
2801:
2782:
2740:
2738:Wool production
2711:
2695:Tell Arpachiyah
2671:
2663:Canaanean blade
2610:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2490:
2487:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2452:
2449:
2440:
2437:
2428:
2418:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2381:
2378:
2369:
2366:
2357:
2354:
2316:
2311:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2151:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2005:
1989:Tell el-'Oueili
1981:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1770:
1755:Terminal Ubaid
1744:Northern Ubaid
1730:Northern Ubaid
1616:Tepe Ghabristan
1614:in the west to
1608:
1539:
1533:
1525:Shahrizor Plain
1521:Iraqi Kurdistan
1502:Tell el-'Oueili
1465:
1436:
1394:Leonard Woolley
1366:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1250:Capsian culture
1164:
1141:Neolithic Tibet
1046:Dadiwan culture
1004:Vučedol culture
989:Usatovo culture
909:Dudești culture
837:Merimde culture
790:Qaraoun culture
761:Heavy Neolithic
750:
722:
692:Iraq portal
686:
684:
679:
678:
654:Kingdom of Iraq
644:
634:
633:
614:
604:
603:
509:
499:
498:
469:
459:
458:
404:Akkadian Empire
384:
374:
373:
354:Samarra culture
339:Hassuna culture
329:
307:
300:
258:Hassuna culture
253:Samarra culture
209:Tell el-'Oueili
183:
179:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
141:
135:
134:
133:
132:
124:
116:
115:
114:
106:
98:
97:
96:
93:Tell el-'Oueili
88:
80:
79:
78:
70:
62:
61:
60:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11721:
11711:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11665:
11660:
11643:
11642:
11640:
11639:
11629:
11619:
11609:
11598:
11595:
11594:
11591:
11590:
11587:
11586:
11584:
11583:
11582:
11581:
11576:
11566:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11541:
11536:
11531:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11500:
11498:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11490:
11489:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11458:
11453:
11452:
11451:
11446:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11395:
11394:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11363:
11357:
11355:
11345:
11344:
11332:
11331:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11307:Transportation
11304:
11299:
11297:Stock Exchange
11294:
11292:Reconstruction
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11272:Infrastructure
11269:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11240:
11237:
11236:
11224:
11223:
11220:
11219:
11217:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11185:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11168:
11167:
11157:
11152:
11142:
11141:
11140:
11139:
11138:
11131:Prime Minister
11128:
11127:
11126:
11116:
11111:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11073:
11068:
11062:
11059:
11058:
11046:
11045:
11042:
11041:
11039:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10937:
10934:
10933:
10921:
10920:
10917:
10916:
10913:
10912:
10910:
10909:
10904:
10903:
10902:
10892:
10891:
10890:
10885:
10875:
10870:
10869:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10848:
10843:
10842:
10841:
10839:1991 uprisings
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10789:Saddam Hussein
10786:
10775:
10774:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10750:
10748:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10738:
10733:
10732:
10731:
10721:
10719:Mandatory Iraq
10716:
10711:
10708:Mamluk dynasty
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10665:
10663:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10573:Gutian dynasty
10570:
10565:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10519:
10517:
10507:
10506:
10494:
10493:
10476:
10475:
10468:
10461:
10453:
10444:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10432:
10430:
10428:
10427:
10420:
10419:
10418:
10411:
10404:
10397:
10389:
10382:
10375:
10367:
10357:
10356:
10355:
10354:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10333:
10324:
10321:
10320:
10310:
10309:
10306:
10305:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10292:
10290:
10289:
10288:
10287:
10282:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10238:
10236:
10230:
10229:
10227:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10180:
10178:
10172:
10171:
10169:
10168:
10167:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10144:
10136:
10135:
10134:
10122:
10121:
10120:
10115:
10108:
10100:Mediterranean
10098:
10097:
10096:
10089:
10082:
10075:
10068:
10063:
10056:
10053:Alingano Maisu
10049:
10042:
10035:
10028:
10021:
10009:
10008:
10007:
9996:
9983:
9981:
9975:
9974:
9972:
9971:
9965:
9963:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9955:
9954:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9935:
9934:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9911:
9904:
9902:De Meern ships
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9874:
9873:
9872:
9864:
9863:
9862:
9857:
9849:
9848:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9828:
9820:
9815:
9814:
9813:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9796:
9786:
9785:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9772:Cape Gelidonya
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9717:
9715:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9607:
9606:
9596:
9591:
9585:
9583:
9577:
9576:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9538:
9536:
9535:Archaeologists
9532:
9531:
9529:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9501:David Blackman
9497:
9495:
9488:
9480:
9479:
9469:
9468:
9465:
9464:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9440:Jewish pirates
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9402:
9401:
9398:
9397:
9390:
9388:
9386:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9288:
9285:
9284:
9271:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9253:
9251:
9250:
9249:
9248:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9227:
9226:
9215:
9213:
9209:
9208:
9205:
9204:
9202:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9159:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9126:Lake Trasimene
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9027:Mediterranean:
9023:
9021:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8990:
8988:
8979:
8975:
8974:
8972:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8955:
8954:
8949:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8923:
8921:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8888:
8887:
8882:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8804:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8733:
8732:
8731:
8720:
8718:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8710:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8698:
8688:
8683:
8677:
8675:
8667:
8666:
8654:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8369:
8367:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8334:
8333:
8332:
8330:Maritime pilot
8327:
8317:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8300:
8295:
8293:Portolan chart
8290:
8285:
8279:
8277:
8267:
8266:
8256:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8199:
8197:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8142:
8136:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8123:
8122:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8073:
8071:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8040:
8039:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7866:Oared warships
7863:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7760:
7758:
7748:
7747:
7735:
7734:
7727:
7726:
7719:
7712:
7704:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7689:
7684:Succeeded by:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7671:
7662:
7655:
7654:
7644:
7638:
7624:
7618:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7596:Kul Tepe Jolfa
7593:
7587:
7575:
7564:
7560:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7532:
7525:
7516:Hadji Muhammed
7494:
7488:
7474:
7470:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7438:
7433:
7417:
7410:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7371:
7369:Sang-i Chakmak
7360:
7349:
7331:
7328:Sha'ar HaGolan
7314:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7258:
7243:
7230:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7189:
7184:
7175:
7162:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7123:
7110:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6975:
6970:
6959:
6952:
6946:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6865:
6864:
6857:
6850:
6842:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6807:Assyriologists
6804:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6752:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6714:List of rulers
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6603:Proto-Armenian
6600:
6595:
6590:
6588:Middle Persian
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6476:Neo-Babylonian
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6456:Old Babylonian
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6426:Early Dynastic
6422:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6096:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6064:on 2008-08-01.
6049:
6047:on 2007-11-13.
6032:
6030:on 2015-10-18.
6013:
6012:External links
6010:
6009:
6008:
6002:
5989:
5967:
5961:
5943:
5937:
5925:United Kingdom
5916:
5910:
5897:
5855:
5849:
5832:
5803:
5797:
5777:
5759:(2): 145–185.
5748:
5742:
5729:
5723:
5710:
5704:
5691:
5685:
5672:
5666:
5653:
5647:
5634:
5628:
5612:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5562:(1): 196–207.
5545:
5486:
5471:
5453:
5424:
5417:
5386:
5371:
5350:
5324:
5313:(2): 201–219.
5293:
5262:
5239:
5224:
5201:
5182:(2): 232–251.
5161:
5146:
5120:
5101:(2): 191–216.
5078:
5063:
5040:
5033:
5007:
4988:(3): 230–251.
4972:
4936:
4921:
4898:
4871:
4856:
4833:
4818:
4792:
4777:
4759:
4752:
4726:
4703:
4667:
4652:
4626:
4603:
4565:
4558:
4523:
4508:
4487:
4476:(1): 103–136.
4456:
4449:
4420:
4413:
4384:
4361:
4322:
4293:
4268:
4241:
4206:
4199:
4173:
4134:
4094:
4075:(307): 52–63.
4052:
4041:(1): 125–130.
4021:
4006:
3988:
3973:
3950:
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3870:
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3825:
3800:
3783:
3768:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3695:
3692:History portal
3679:
3676:
3616:
3613:
3543:egalitarianism
3524:Hadji Muhammed
3487:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3439:
3438:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3151:"Ubaid period"
3124:
3122:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3013:
3010:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2971: 4200 BC
2961:
2954:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2932: 4200 BC
2922:
2915:
2913:
2909: 4200 BC
2899:
2892:
2890:
2883: 4000 BC
2877:
2870:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2781:
2778:
2757:spindle whorls
2739:
2736:
2710:
2707:
2670:
2667:
2634:and the upper
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2596: 4000 BC
2590:
2583:
2581:
2578: 4200 BC
2568:
2561:
2559:
2555: 4200 BC
2545:
2538:
2536:
2532: 4200 BC
2522:
2515:
2513:
2506: 5000 BC
2500:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2472: 4500 BC
2462:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2328:plant-tempered
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2187:Dalma (island)
2185:
2184:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2078:
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2070:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:Hadji Muhammed
1973:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1916:
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1712:
1709:
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1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1607:
1604:
1532:
1529:
1459:Hajji Muhammed
1444:Tell al-'Ubaid
1435:
1432:
1401:alluvial plain
1386:Tell al-'Ubaid
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1342:
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1187:
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1177:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1136:Yueshi culture
1133:
1128:
1126:Baodun culture
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:Songze culture
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:Hemudu culture
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1041:Cishan culture
1038:
1036:Beixin culture
1033:
1028:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
969:Sesklo culture
966:
961:
956:
951:
949:Ozieri culture
946:
941:
936:
931:
929:Kakanj culture
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
904:Danilo culture
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
879:Butmir culture
876:
871:
861:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
832:Tasian culture
829:
819:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
773:
768:
763:
752:
751:
748:
747:
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743:
736:
735:
724:
723:
721:
720:
713:
706:
698:
695:
694:
681:
680:
677:
676:
674:Recent history
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
649:Mandatory Iraq
645:
640:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
629:Mamluk dynasty
626:
621:
615:
610:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
596:
591:
589:Timurid Empire
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
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521:
516:
510:
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460:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
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409:Gutian Dynasty
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385:
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379:
376:
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221:
219:Hadji Muhammed
216:
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204:
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197:Tell al-'Ubaid
194:
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187:
174:
170:
169:
164:
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142:
137:
136:
126:
125:
118:
117:
108:
107:
100:
99:
90:
89:
82:
81:
75:Tell al-'Ubaid
72:
71:
64:
63:
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
38:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11720:
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11495:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11450:
11447:
11444:
11443:Iraqi Turkmen
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
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11399:
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11377:
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11342:
11337:
11333:
11323:
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11200:
11197:
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11166:
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11148:
11147:
11146:
11143:
11137:
11134:
11133:
11132:
11129:
11125:
11122:
11121:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11106:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11078:(legislative)
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11063:
11060:
11056:
11051:
11047:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11011:Syrian Desert
11009:
11007:
11006:Shatt al-Arab
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10941:Faw peninsula
10939:
10938:
10935:
10931:
10926:
10922:
10908:
10905:
10901:
10898:
10897:
10896:
10893:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10883:Fall of Mosul
10881:
10880:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10856:U.S. invasion
10854:
10853:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10840:
10837:
10836:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10819:Iran–Iraq War
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10784:
10780:
10777:
10776:
10773:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10749:
10747:
10743:
10737:
10734:
10730:
10727:
10726:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10709:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10684:Buyid dynasty
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10666:
10664:
10660:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10533:Halaf culture
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10520:
10518:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10499:
10495:
10490:
10484:
10474:
10469:
10467:
10462:
10460:
10455:
10454:
10451:
10426:
10425:
10421:
10417:
10416:
10412:
10410:
10409:
10405:
10403:
10402:
10401:Metamorphoses
10398:
10396:
10394:
10393:The Histories
10390:
10388:
10387:
10383:
10381:
10380:
10376:
10374:
10372:
10371:The Histories
10368:
10366:
10365:
10361:
10360:
10358:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10338:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10329:
10328:
10326:
10325:
10322:
10315:
10311:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10277:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10239:
10237:
10231:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10181:
10179:
10173:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10149:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10137:
10133:
10132:
10128:
10127:
10126:
10123:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10113:
10109:
10107:
10106:
10102:
10101:
10099:
10095:
10094:
10090:
10088:
10087:
10086:Marumaru Atua
10083:
10081:
10080:
10076:
10074:
10073:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10061:
10057:
10055:
10054:
10050:
10048:
10047:
10046:Samudra Raksa
10043:
10041:
10040:
10036:
10034:
10033:
10032:Te Au o Tonga
10029:
10027:
10026:
10022:
10020:
10019:
10015:
10014:
10013:
10010:
10006:
10005:
10001:
9997:
9995:
9994:
9990:
9989:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9982:
9976:
9970:
9967:
9966:
9964:
9960:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9938:
9936:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9916:
9912:
9910:
9909:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9892:Blackfriars I
9890:
9888:
9887:Arles Rhône 3
9885:
9883:
9882:
9878:
9877:
9875:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9852:
9850:
9846:
9845:
9841:
9839:
9838:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9823:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9812:
9809:
9808:
9807:
9804:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9791:
9790:
9787:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9718:
9716:
9714:
9708:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9691:Thalassocracy
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9676:Shell middens
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9626:Naval warfare
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9605:
9602:
9601:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9586:
9584:
9578:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9533:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9506:Lionel Casson
9504:
9502:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9492:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9474:
9470:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9417:
9414:
9407:
9403:
9382:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9374:
9370:
9367:
9366:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9349:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9337:Incense trade
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9289:
9286:
9282:
9276:
9272:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9242:
9241:South America
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9210:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9189:Sailing ships
9187:
9185:
9184:Oared vessels
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9163:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9106:Cape Hermaeum
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9028:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8987:
8983:
8980:
8976:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8920:
8917:Migration and
8914:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8737:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8724:Ancient Egypt
8722:
8721:
8719:
8717:Civilizations
8715:
8709:
8706:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8678:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8659:
8655:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8531:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8363:
8359:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8261:
8257:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8194:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8129:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8092:Clinker built
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8077:Boat building
8075:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7951:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7826:Navis lusoria
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7725:
7720:
7718:
7713:
7711:
7706:
7705:
7702:
7688:
7687:
7680:
7679:
7675:
7670:
7666:
7663:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7634:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7615:
7601:
7600:
7597:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7579:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7565:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7553:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7517:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7489:
7483:
7478:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7443:
7437:
7436:Umm Dabaghiya
7434:
7432:
7422:
7415:
7411:
7409:
7401:
7400:
7397:
7387:
7381:
7377:
7376:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7359:
7355:
7354:
7347:
7341:
7337:
7336:
7329:
7324:
7320:
7319:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7304:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7285:
7284:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7263:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7219:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7183:
7179:
7172:
7166:
7159:
7155:
7154:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7135:
7133:
7127:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7100:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7074:
7073:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7042:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7022:Early Pottery
6993:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6968:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6884:
6874:
6870:
6863:
6858:
6856:
6851:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6143:Syrian Desert
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6094:
6089:
6087:
6082:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6005:
5999:
5996:. Routledge.
5995:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5962:9780140125238
5958:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5947:Roux, Georges
5944:
5940:
5938:9781900724982
5934:
5930:
5929:Trident Press
5926:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5861:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5789:
5788:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5679:. Routledge.
5678:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5549:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5506:(9): e73682.
5505:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5464:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5429:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5393:
5391:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5357:
5355:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5214:
5213:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5136:
5135:
5127:
5125:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5053:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4943:
4941:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4911:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4857:1-881094-07-3
4853:
4846:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4808:
4807:
4799:
4797:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4723:(1): 417–439.
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4642:
4641:
4633:
4631:
4623:(1): 393–416.
4622:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4570:
4561:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4509:0-521-79230-4
4505:
4501:
4494:
4492:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4389:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4139:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4057:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4007:0-903472-05-8
4003:
3999:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3963:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3889:0-85668-735-9
3885:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3696:
3693:
3682:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3660:ethnic groups
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:languages in
3630:
3626:
3622:
3621:prehistorical
3612:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3555:Elman Service
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3479:
3478:Halaf culture
3470:
3461:
3451:
3442:
3434:
3432:
3421:
3419:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3288:
3286:
3273:
3271:
3260:
3249:
3247:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3206:
3203:
3195:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153: –
3152:
3148:
3147:Find sources:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3125:This section
3123:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3016:Evidence for
3009:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2953:
2949:
2937:
2919:
2914:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2839:(1984.175.13)
2838:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:Kosak Shamali
2749:
2748:domestication
2745:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:Tell Mashnaqa
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:Evidence for
2666:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2601:
2587:
2582:
2565:
2560:
2542:
2537:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2476:Louvre Museum
2459:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2345:Ubaid pottery
2344:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2261:
2252:
2236:
2220:
2204:
2188:
2172:
2158:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2106:
2090:
2074:
2058:
2042:
2026:
2012:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1967:
1951:
1935:
1919:
1903:
1887:
1871:
1855:
1839:
1823:
1807:
1791:
1777:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:Oueili phase
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1392:and later by
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Chopani Mando
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:Xinle culture
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:Houli culture
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:Vinča culture
997:
995:
994:Varna culture
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
979:Tisza culture
977:
975:
974:Sopot culture
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
944:Malta Temples
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:Boian culture
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
847:Maadi culture
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
820:
816:
815:Ubaid culture
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:Halaf culture
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
785:
781:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
754:
753:
746:
745:
742:
738:
737:
734:
730:
729:
719:
714:
712:
707:
705:
700:
699:
697:
696:
693:
683:
682:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
643:
638:
637:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
613:
608:
607:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
564:Seljuk Empire
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
508:
503:
502:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:
463:
462:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
383:
378:
377:
370:
367:
365:
362:
359:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
344:Halaf culture
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
328:
323:
322:
318:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
298:
293:
292:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
269:
264:
263:Halaf culture
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
244:
240:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
201:
198:
195:
193:
189:
178:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
140:
131:
130:
113:
112:
95:
94:
77:
76:
59:
58:
43:
34:
19:
18:Ubaid culture
11658:Ubaid period
11471:Christianity
11353:Demographics
11287:Oil reserves
11282:Oil Industry
11249:Central Bank
11145:Human rights
11071:Constitution
11016:Tigris river
10996:Persian Gulf
10704:Ottoman Iraq
10689:Qara Qoyunlu
10523:Ubaid period
10522:
10422:
10413:
10406:
10399:
10392:
10384:
10379:On the Ocean
10377:
10370:
10362:
10359:Literature:
10147:
10129:
10110:
10103:
10093:Aotearoa One
10091:
10084:
10077:
10070:
10058:
10051:
10044:
10037:
10030:
10023:
10016:
10003:
9999:
9991:
9978:Experimental
9946:Museum ships
9913:
9906:
9879:
9851:Phoenician:
9842:
9837:Leontophoros
9835:
9799:Butuan boats
9794:Pontian boat
9732:Dufuna canoe
9671:Shipbuilding
9582:and theories
9552:Boris Rankov
9346:
9279:Economy and
9179:Incendiaries
9026:
8813:Indus Valley
8781:Tarumanagara
8708:Ubaid period
8707:
8626:Wadi al-Jarf
8541:Ostia Antica
8145:Fore-and-aft
8112:Shipbuilding
8087:Carvel built
8069:Construction
8027:Steering oar
7908:Sailing ship
7831:Obelisk ship
7789:Dugout canoe
7683:
7673:
7640:
7626:
7620:
7550:
7509:
7497:
7396:Mehrgarh III
7373:
7362:
7351:
7339:
7333:
7316:
7301:
7281:
7277:Teppe Zagheh
7272:Chogha Bonut
7260:
7245:
7232:
7216:
7151:
7138:Nanzhuangtou
7129:
7125:
7121:Aşıklı Höyük
7113:Göbekli Tepe
7097:
7053:(10,500 BC)
7039:
7025:(18,000 BC)
6709:Royal titles
6634:Architecture
6471:Neo-Assyrian
6392:
6318:(Pre)history
6138:Persian Gulf
6062:the original
6057:
6045:the original
6040:
6028:the original
6023:
5993:
5975:
5952:Ancient Iraq
5951:
5920:
5901:
5872:
5866:
5838:
5811:
5807:
5786:
5756:
5752:
5733:
5714:
5695:
5676:
5657:
5638:
5619:
5599:
5595:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5462:
5456:
5447:
5443:
5399:
5362:
5344:
5340:
5327:
5310:
5306:
5296:
5282:(2): 51–69.
5279:
5275:
5265:
5256:
5252:
5242:
5211:
5204:
5179:
5175:
5133:
5098:
5094:
5050:
5043:
5016:
5010:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4956:
4952:
4908:
4901:
4884:
4874:
4843:
4836:
4805:
4768:
4762:
4735:
4729:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4639:
4620:
4616:
4606:
4584:(1): 69–85.
4581:
4577:
4541:
4499:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4432:
4396:
4370:
4364:
4331:
4325:
4284:
4257:(2): 39–49.
4254:
4250:
4244:
4222:(1): 67–99.
4219:
4215:
4209:
4182:
4176:
4151:
4147:
4112:
4108:
4097:
4072:
4068:
4038:
4034:
4024:
3997:
3991:
3960:
3953:
3926:
3920:
3879:
3873:
3846:
3816:
3813:Wright, H.T.
3803:
3793:
3786:
3755:
3671:DNA analysis
3668:
3664:
3618:
3606:
3593:
3582:
3578:civilisation
3571:
3551:Morton Fried
3532:
3508:
3495:
3428:
3415:
3401:
3400:
3386:
3385:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3343:
3342:
3326:
3325:
3311:
3310:
3296:
3295:
3280:
3267:
3243:
3198:
3189:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3146:
3134:Please help
3129:verification
3126:
3102:
3093:
3053:
3031:
3022:
3015:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2848:
2783:
2774:Tell Surezha
2761:clay sealing
2741:
2732:Western Asia
2724:
2712:
2701:east of the
2683:Değirmentepe
2672:
2659:craftspeople
2656:
2648:Wadi Debayan
2644:Saudi Arabia
2625:
2621:Jebel Sinjar
2611:
2326:The coarse,
2325:
2317:
2303:
2283:Dalma Island
2271:
2265:Persian Gulf
2235:Wadi Debayan
2149:Persian Gulf
2140:
2132:Halaf period
2121:
1982:
1695:Eridu style
1669:
1640:
1636:Saudi Arabia
1609:
1589:
1577:
1572:Persian Gulf
1564:sea clubrush
1545:such as the
1540:
1510:
1467:
1464:
1453:
1437:
1420:Halaf period
1413:
1398:
1374:Ubaid period
1373:
1371:
1336:Chalcolithic
1240:Jōmon period
1076:Daxi culture
814:
624:Ottoman Iraq
594:Kara Koyunlu
334:Ubaid period
333:
127:
109:
91:
73:
55:
31:Ubaid period
11627:WikiProject
11428:Marsh Arabs
11413:Circassians
11094:Foreign aid
10986:Mesopotamia
10548:Uruk period
10386:Argonautica
10373:(Herodotus)
10336:Flood myths
10233:Museums and
10177:conferences
10142:Vital Alsar
9980:archaeology
9789:Austronesia
9782:Hjortspring
9777:Rochelongue
9727:Pesse canoe
9681:Ship burial
9666:Sea Peoples
9599:Lighthouses
9594:Grave goods
9542:George Bass
9322:Spice trade
8919:exploration
8741:Philippines
8736:Austronesia
8729:Old Kingdom
8606:Trincomalee
8556:Prosphorion
8501:Myos Hormos
8345:Micronesian
8336:By region:
8308:Lighthouses
8116:By region:
7881:Quinquereme
7806:Kunlun ship
7799:Penteconter
7784:Dragon boat
7431:Halaf-Ubaid
7386:Mehrgarh II
7358:Chogha Mish
7240:'Ain Ghazal
7168:(7500–5500)
7158:Nabta Playa
6957:Mesopotamia
6812:Hittitology
6802:Assyriology
6723:Archaeology
6593:Old Persian
6403:Jemdet Nasr
5879:: 465–476.
5602:(1): 3–18.
4684:: 743–757.
3719:Ubaid house
3706:Asia portal
3648:Jemdet Nasr
3609:Uruk period
3589:Uruk period
3535:grave goods
3080:animal dung
3050:Agriculture
2967: 4700
2928: 5200
2905: 5200
2887:Iraq Museum
2864:headshaping
2807:motif from
2785:Stamp seals
2780:Stamp seals
2608:Stone tools
2574: 5200
2551: 5200
2528: 5200
2510:Iraq Museum
2468: 5100
2057:Tell Zeidan
1870:Tell Madhur
1741:Late Ubaid
1551:floodplains
1498:Tell Madhur
1490:Hamrin area
1482:Amuq Valley
1409:Uruk period
1382:Mesopotamia
1378:prehistoric
822:Nile valley
776:Pre-Pottery
642:Modern Iraq
507:Middle Ages
364:Uruk period
306:History of
282:Uruk period
271:Followed by
242:Preceded by
203:Major sites
184: 3700
180: 5500
11652:Categories
11544:Television
11524:Literature
11486:Irreligion
11461:Secularism
11398:Minorities
11266:(currency)
11259:Corruption
11104:Government
10895:Insurgency
10694:Aq Qoyunlu
10515:Chronology
10395:(Polybius)
10039:Hawaiʻiloa
9921:Nemi ships
9806:Black Sea
9752:Khufu ship
9713:and relics
9611:Marine art
9604:Alexandria
9511:Fik Meijer
9494:Historians
9381:Indo-Roman
9194:Greek navy
9096:Salamis II
9086:Hellespont
9046:Artemisium
9036:Nile Delta
8999:Achaemenid
8892:Achaemenid
8761:Langkasuka
8756:Micronesia
8674:Prehistory
8601:Sounagoura
8429:Chittagong
8404:Barbarikon
8383:Alexandria
8325:Pilot boat
8275:Navigation
8107:Sewn-plank
8102:Lashed-lug
7980:Figurehead
7953:Components
7922:Propulsion
7876:Quadrireme
7857:Polyremes
7836:Outriggers
7611:Gian Hasan
7535:Yarim Tepe
7454:Tepe Sialk
7380:Lahuradewa
7205:Mehrgarh I
7192:Ganj Dareh
7174:(7000 BC)
7165:Çatalhöyük
7161:(7500 BC)
7108:Tell Aswad
6776:Divination
6486:Achaemenid
6451:Isin-Larsa
6344:Trialetian
6339:Mousterian
6326:Prehistory
5971:Stein, Gil
5850:0226586588
5798:0684144832
5481:1074893563
5450:: 145–158.
5307:Paléorient
5276:Paléorient
5259:(1): 1–23.
4959:: 103449.
4470:Paléorient
4334:(Thesis).
4303:1200195553
4251:Paléorient
4035:Paléorient
3601:Tepe Gawra
3559:chieftains
3520:Choga Mami
3312:Kelteminar
3162:newspapers
3038:tooth wear
3028:ear-spools
3006:personhood
2994:kin groups
2969: – c.
2930: – c.
2907: – c.
2720:reed boats
2691:Tell Nader
2687:Norşuntepe
2675:metallurgy
2669:Metallurgy
2576: – c.
2553: – c.
2530: – c.
2470: – c.
2291:Ain Qannas
2251:Ain Qannas
2105:Tepe Gawra
2073:Arslantepe
2041:Norşuntepe
1934:Tell Uqair
1902:Arpachiyah
1886:Tepe Gawra
1854:Tell Abada
1668:date (BC)
1624:Arslantepe
1620:Norşuntepe
1579:Date palms
1547:Soreq Cave
1535:See also:
1494:Tell Abada
1478:Tepe Gawra
1455:Joan Oates
1390:Henry Hall
1380:period of
1293:Metallurgy
1220:Brahmagiri
1180:Kalibangan
1175:Rakhigarhi
1153:Lahuradewa
1148:South Asia
934:Khirokitia
741:Mesolithic
599:Aq Qoyunlu
554:Al-Mazeedi
382:Bronze Age
327:Prehistory
234:Tepe Gawra
229:Tell Abada
224:Choga Mami
182: – c.
129:Choga Mami
111:Tepe Gawra
11564:Squatting
11529:Education
11476:Mandaeism
11445:/Turkoman
11423:Mandaeans
11408:Assyrians
11403:Armenians
11366:Languages
11254:Companies
11209:Judiciary
11119:President
11089:Elections
11084:Democracy
10930:Geography
10846:Sanctions
10764:2003–2011
10759:1968–2003
10754:1958–1968
10613:Babylonia
10408:Geography
10346:Gilgamesh
10235:memorials
10159:Viracocha
10072:Faʻafaite
10025:Sarimanok
9931:Yassi Ada
9844:Syracusia
9767:Canaanite
9742:Moor Sand
9212:By region
9174:Grappling
9146:Naulochus
9136:Myonessus
9091:Echinades
9076:Arginusae
9071:Cynossema
9056:Naupactus
9051:Eurymedon
8885:Classical
8860:Phoenicia
8855:Mycenaean
8818:Tamilakam
8801:Polynesia
8791:Srivijaya
8586:Satingpra
8546:Palembang
8530:Cattigara
8472:(Kadaram)
8455:Jambukola
8449:Guangzhou
8390:(Podouke)
8388:Arikamedu
8350:Polynesia
8283:Celestial
8196:Armaments
8182:Spritsail
8140:Crab claw
8082:Careening
8049:Sternpost
7903:Reed boat
7846:Catamaran
7821:Multihull
7591:Tepe Sabz
7323:Yarmukian
7288:Peiligang
7223:Franchthi
7196:Chia Jani
6967:Khuzistan
6649:Cuneiform
6525:Languages
6334:Acheulean
6221:Babylonia
6158:Euphrates
6108:Geography
5814:: 69–77.
5622:. Knopf.
5234:646401242
5196:144874348
5156:646401242
5115:163897465
5073:646401242
5002:249807233
4931:646401242
4885:Światowit
4828:646401242
4662:646401242
4598:213877028
4356:305339484
4311:cite book
4236:140187593
4168:200071451
4154:: 23–46.
4129:228904428
4115:: 41–71.
4089:162674282
4069:Antiquity
3983:646401242
3906:cite book
3865:985433875
3778:646401242
3725:Citations
3644:Late Uruk
3637:cuneiform
3001:secondary
2950:(Ubaid 4)
2855:figurines
2851:figurines
2845:Figurines
2728:barnacles
2640:Dosariyah
2463:Pottery;
2331:coba bowl
2219:Dosariyah
2089:Tell Brak
1634:coast of
1628:Dosariyah
1470:type site
1313:Megaliths
1279:(farming)
733:Neolithic
579:Ilkhanate
544:Marwanids
534:Hamdanids
429:Babylonia
192:Type site
167:Neolithic
157:Near East
11607:Category
11456:Religion
11433:Persians
11317:Railways
11312:Airlines
11194:Military
11055:Politics
11031:Wildlife
11021:Umm Qasr
10851:Iraq War
10834:Gulf War
10746:Republic
10699:Safavids
10662:638–1958
10424:Tākitimu
10327:Legend:
10285:Roskilde
10164:Tangaroa
10105:Olympias
10079:Gaualofa
10018:Hōkūleʻa
9993:Kon-Tiki
9826:Ashkelon
9762:Uluburun
9721:Earliest
9487:Scholars
9369:shipping
9169:Boarding
9081:Mytilene
9066:Syracuse
9031:Alashiya
8994:Egyptian
8978:Military
8969:Timeline
8947:Sardinia
8870:Carthage
8786:Kalingga
8746:Sa Huỳnh
8681:Timeline
8631:Zanzibar
8581:Sarapion
8576:Rhacotis
8506:Martaban
8451:(Canton)
8444:Godavaya
8439:Giao Chỉ
8409:Barygaza
8399:Avalites
8320:Piloting
8208:Catapult
8203:Ballista
8177:Mast-aft
7990:Planking
7929:Paddling
7886:Hexareme
7851:Trimaran
7816:Longship
7764:Balangay
7665:Badarian
7647:Khazineh
7408:Faiyum A
7200:Ali Kosh
7050:Mureybet
6930:Anatolia
6795:Academia
6749:Religion
6618:Urartian
6613:Sumerian
6598:Parthian
6533:Akkadian
6506:Sasanian
6496:Parthian
6491:Seleucid
6441:Simurrum
6431:Akkadian
6364:Khiamian
6354:Natufian
6266:Simurrum
6251:Kassites
6246:Hittites
6201:Adiabene
5949:(1966).
5877:Elsevier
5783:(1975).
5618:(1970).
5576:29399779
5540:24040024
5500:PLOS ONE
5381:40609053
5347:: 25–40.
4866:30109140
4518:50322834
4352:ProQuest
4348:54060767
4016:10923961
3945:16224643
3898:50266401
3678:See also
3629:Akkadian
3625:Sumerian
3585:oecumene
3575:Sumerian
3283:Harappan
3192:May 2022
3086:fields.
2627:Obsidian
2619:and the
2598:; Susa;
1752:Ubaid 5
1738:Ubaid 4
1724:Ubaid 3
1708:Ubaid 2
1692:Ubaid 1
1678:Ubaid 0
1598:, heavy
1422:and the
1405:alluvium
1215:Mundigak
1210:Burzahom
1205:Koldihwa
1195:Daimabad
1170:Bhirrana
1158:Mehrgarh
619:Safavids
559:Ayyubids
549:Uqaylids
467:Iron Age
439:Kassites
424:Simurrum
297:a series
295:Part of
11637:Commons
11554:Smoking
11519:Culture
11514:Cuisine
11497:General
11481:Yazidis
11438:Solluba
11391:Persian
11381:Kurdish
11376:Aramaic
11341:Society
11322:Tourism
11233:Economy
10981:Islands
10956:Borders
10781: (
10771:present
10706:(incl.
10618:Assyria
10563:Subartu
10503:History
10364:Odyssey
10341:Genesis
10138:Others
9937:Lists:
9926:Marausa
9876:Roman:
9866:Punic:
9831:Kyrenia
9822:Greek:
9818:Marsala
9811:Sinop D
9686:Tacking
9420:History
9307:Meluhha
9297:Fishing
9292:Whaling
9199:Ramming
9121:Aegates
9116:Drepana
9111:Ecnomus
9041:Salamis
9029:
9019:Battles
8897:Nabatea
8880:Archaic
8850:Nuragic
8840:Somalia
8691:Oceania
8686:Britain
8663:History
8596:Socotra
8566:Qandala
8551:Piraeus
8521:Muziris
8491:Madurai
8486:Manthai
8424:Canopus
8394:Arsinoe
8366:harbors
8315:History
8303:Coastal
8233:Sambuca
8218:Dolphin
8132:Rigging
7944:Poling
7934:Sailing
7871:Trireme
7811:Liburna
7774:Coracle
7744:Vessels
7651:Susiana
7608:Amuq D
7578:Hassuna
7567:Hacilar
7563:Amuq C
7557:Merimde
7529:Susiana
7524:14–12)
7492:Hassuna
7487:
7477:Hacilar
7473:Amuq B
7442:Samarra
7256:Bouqras
7182:Bouqras
7171:Hacilar
7132:Pottery
7104:Jericho
7081:Jericho
7056:
6948:Middle
6944:Assyria
6781:Prayers
6766:Deities
6730:Looting
6573:Kassite
6568:Hurrian
6563:Hittite
6553:Elamite
6548:Eblaite
6543:Aramaic
6538:Amorite
6461:Kassite
6436:Gutians
6418:History
6383:Samarra
6379:Hassuna
6349:Zarzian
6271:Subartu
6261:Mitanni
6226:Chaldea
6216:Assyria
6189:Ancient
5881:Bibcode
5828:4200519
5773:4200161
5531:3770703
5508:Bibcode
4686:Bibcode
3669:Scarce
3656:Speiser
3640:tablets
3565:called
3499:sickles
3431:culture
3429:Merimde
3418:culture
3344:Ancient
3331:Herders
3327:Western
3314:culture
3299:culture
3285:culture
3258:culture
3246:culture
3176:scholar
3108:Society
3099:Fishing
3084:plowing
3033:in situ
3026:and/or
3024:Labrets
2979:Burials
2788:humans.
2422:ceramic
2335:rations
2314:Pottery
2285:in the
2275:Bahra 1
2203:Bahra 1
2128:Samarra
2124:Hassuna
1966:Bahra 1
1838:'Oueili
1448:Baghdad
1288:Pottery
1200:Chirand
574:Zengids
399:Assyria
11617:Portal
11559:Sports
11534:Health
11509:Cinema
11361:Iraqis
11264:Dinar
11199:Police
11001:Places
10491:topics
10415:Aeneid
10131:Viking
10112:Regina
9881:Alkedo
9737:Abydos
9711:Wrecks
9580:Topics
9410:Piracy
9364:Greece
9224:Odisha
9156:Actium
9151:Mycale
8986:Navies
8875:Greece
8865:Olmecs
8833:Pandya
8808:Minoan
8771:Champa
8751:Lapita
8696:Remote
8616:Tyndis
8571:Quilon
8516:Muscat
8481:Lothal
8476:Korkai
8460:Jeddah
8434:Essina
8378:Adulis
8288:Charts
8223:Harpax
8213:Corvus
8187:Square
8155:Settee
8150:Lateen
8059:Tiller
8054:Strake
8022:Rudder
8012:Paddle
7960:Anchor
7939:Towing
7861:Bireme
7794:Galley
7769:Bangka
7669:Naqada
7637:19–18
7617:19–17
7614:Mersin
7574:22–20
7571:Mersin
7506:19–15)
7482:Mersin
7312:Dimini
7308:Sesklo
7227:Sesklo
7117:Çayönü
7046:Gesher
6950:Tigris
6935:Khabur
6925:Levant
6911:Europe
6890:
6888:
6881:
6879:
6608:Sutean
6583:Median
6578:Luwian
6558:Gutian
6446:Ur III
6359:Nemrik
6296:Cities
6291:Urartu
6241:Hamazi
6236:Gutium
6211:Armani
6163:Tigris
6116:Modern
6000:
5959:
5935:
5908:
5847:
5826:
5795:
5771:
5740:
5721:
5702:
5683:
5664:
5645:
5626:
5574:
5538:
5528:
5479:
5469:
5415:
5379:
5369:
5232:
5222:
5194:
5154:
5144:
5113:
5071:
5061:
5031:
5000:
4929:
4919:
4864:
4854:
4826:
4816:
4785:
4775:
4750:
4660:
4650:
4596:
4556:
4516:
4506:
4447:
4411:
4354:
4346:
4301:
4291:
4234:
4197:
4166:
4127:
4087:
4014:
4004:
3981:
3971:
3943:
3933:
3896:
3886:
3863:
3853:
3823:
3776:
3766:
3489:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3458:
3456:
3329:Steppe
3297:Samara
3256:Lodian
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3070:, and
3064:lentil
3056:barley
2703:Tigris
2679:Mersin
2646:) and
2636:Tigris
2632:Khabur
2617:Zagros
2602:museum
2267:coast.
2025:Mersin
1790:'Ubaid
1659:phase
1612:Mersin
1517:Kuwait
1476:, and
1308:Henges
1190:Jhukar
864:Europe
394:Hamazi
299:on the
163:Period
11549:Music
11539:Media
11466:Islam
11418:Kurds
11244:Banks
11182:Women
10976:Lakes
10769:2011–
10729:Kings
10558:Sumer
10351:Greek
10154:Abora
10148:Ivlia
10060:Saina
10004:Ra II
9962:Sites
9747:Dokos
9359:Egypt
9281:trade
9246:Rafts
9231:Japan
9219:India
9131:Chios
9101:Mylae
9061:Olpae
9009:Roman
9004:Greek
8902:Aksum
8828:Chera
8823:Chola
8796:Sunda
8776:Kutai
8766:Kedah
8611:Tulum
8591:Sidon
8536:Opone
8526:Óc Eo
8496:Malao
8470:Kedah
8414:Basra
8362:Ports
8340:Inuit
8160:Tanja
8120:Egypt
7970:Cabin
7913:Tomol
7756:Types
7674:Ubaid
7641:Ubaid
7633:Gawra
7627:Ubaid
7621:Ubaid
7584:Gawra
7522:Eridu
7510:Ubaid
7504:Eridu
7498:Ubaid
7485:24–22
7421:Halaf
7340:Ubaid
7267:Jarmo
7187:Jarmo
7031:10000
6995:11000
6988:China
6983:India
6978:Indus
6921:Syria
6916:Egypt
6694:Music
6644:Akitu
6501:Roman
6393:Ubaid
6388:Halaf
6286:Tukri
6281:Sumer
6276:Suhum
6256:Media
6206:Akkad
5875:(3).
5863:(PDF)
5824:JSTOR
5769:JSTOR
5440:(PDF)
5337:(PDF)
5216:(PDF)
5192:S2CID
5138:(PDF)
5111:S2CID
5055:(PDF)
4998:S2CID
4913:(PDF)
4848:(PDF)
4810:(PDF)
4783:JSTOR
4644:(PDF)
4594:S2CID
4232:S2CID
4164:S2CID
4125:S2CID
4085:S2CID
3965:(PDF)
3760:(PDF)
3633:Sumer
3402:Hemu-
3389:baogu
3387:Zhao-
3372:Yang-
3359:Xinle
3268:Jeul-
3244:Ubaid
3225:-5000
3183:JSTOR
3169:books
3068:ervil
3060:wheat
2986:ochre
2809:Girsu
2652:Qatar
2613:Flint
2406:Girsu
2299:shell
2295:pearl
2143:Syria
1985:Sumer
1806:Eridu
1699:Halaf
1506:Eridu
1440:Eridu
1298:Wheel
1021:China
389:Sumer
358:Eridu
173:Dates
11449:Jews
11172:LGBT
11136:List
11124:List
10489:Iraq
10280:Oslo
10002:and
9908:Isis
9855:Gozo
9376:Rome
9354:Maya
9236:Rome
9141:Nile
8907:Rome
8845:Maya
8701:Near
8621:Tyre
8373:Aden
8172:Junk
8044:Stem
8032:Sail
8017:Rope
8002:Mast
7997:Keel
7985:Hull
7975:Deck
7898:Raft
7779:Dhow
7660:3800
7603:4500
7580:Late
7546:4800
7461:5200
7414:Amuq
7403:5600
7297:6000
7212:6500
7147:7000
7093:8000
7076:9000
6973:Iran
6962:Iran
6740:Tell
6398:Uruk
6231:Elam
5998:ISBN
5957:ISBN
5933:ISBN
5906:ISBN
5845:ISBN
5808:Iraq
5793:ISBN
5753:Iraq
5738:ISBN
5719:ISBN
5700:ISBN
5681:ISBN
5662:ISBN
5643:ISBN
5624:ISBN
5572:PMID
5536:PMID
5477:OCLC
5467:ISBN
5413:ISBN
5377:OCLC
5367:ISBN
5230:OCLC
5220:ISBN
5152:OCLC
5142:ISBN
5069:OCLC
5059:ISBN
5029:ISBN
4927:OCLC
4917:ISBN
4862:OCLC
4852:ISBN
4824:OCLC
4814:ISBN
4773:ISBN
4748:ISBN
4658:OCLC
4648:ISBN
4554:ISBN
4514:OCLC
4504:ISBN
4445:ISBN
4409:ISBN
4344:OCLC
4317:link
4299:OCLC
4289:ISBN
4195:ISBN
4148:Iraq
4109:Iraq
4012:OCLC
4002:ISBN
3979:OCLC
3969:ISBN
3941:OCLC
3931:ISBN
3912:link
3894:OCLC
3884:ISBN
3861:OCLC
3851:ISBN
3821:ISBN
3774:OCLC
3764:ISBN
3646:and
3627:and
3553:and
3526:and
3503:clay
3416:Daxi
3374:shao
3281:Pre-
3155:news
3072:flax
2744:wool
2699:Susa
2685:and
2297:and
2277:and
2126:and
1993:Iraq
1918:Uruk
1632:Gulf
1622:and
1562:and
1442:and
1372:The
731:The
308:Iraq
11504:Art
11189:Law
9317:Tin
8364:and
8228:Ram
8007:Oar
7965:Bow
7586:20
6954:Low
6639:Art
5889:doi
5816:doi
5761:doi
5604:doi
5564:doi
5560:166
5526:PMC
5516:doi
5405:doi
5315:doi
5284:doi
5184:doi
5103:doi
5021:doi
4990:doi
4961:doi
4889:doi
4740:doi
4694:doi
4586:doi
4546:doi
4478:doi
4437:doi
4401:doi
4375:doi
4336:doi
4259:doi
4224:doi
4187:doi
4156:doi
4117:doi
4077:doi
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