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compromised. The operation leaves very minimal space for error and a high incidence of mortality if the dura mater is penetrated. Additionally, there is a high risk of infection if the operation is conducted with contaminated tools or improper sanitary wound care. If the infection is not caught and treated immediately, it can be fatal or lead to significant and permanent brain damage. After surgery, neither the surrounding bone or the trepanned bone piece ever show any osseous healing like other bones. Osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity occurs after the first week,
227:
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blood that often pools under the skull after a blow to the head. Hunting accidents, falls, wild animals, and weapons such as clubs or spears could have caused such injuries. Trepanations appear to have been most common in areas where weapons that could produce skull fractures were used. The primary theories for the practice of trepanation in ancient times include spiritual purposes and treatment for epilepsy, head wound, mental disorders, and headache, although the latter may be just an unfounded myth.
45:
682:, who were fascinated by the idea that folk traditions and/or myths could be linked with the treatment for common conditions such as migraine. Eventually, Broca's speculation came to be accepted as fact, and the myth was perpetuated by other historians and physicians. To this day, there's no credible evidence supporting this theory, especially since children are much less frequently affected by migraine and headache disorders than adults. Nevertheless, the myth persists.
653:, are now available with diamond-coated rims, which are less traumatic than the classical trephines with sharp teeth. They are smooth to soft tissues and cut only bone. Additionally, the specially designed drills come with a safety feature that prevents the drill from penetrating into the brain tissue (through the dura mater). Along with antisepsis and prophylaxis of infection, modern neurosurgery is a common procedure for many reasons other than head trauma.
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they were still alive. Broca theorized that this operation had a ritual or religious purpose, probably to remove "confined demons" inside the head of the patient, or to create healing or fortune talismans with the removed skull fragments. However, he also suggested that the operation may have been performed to treat some infantile conditions such as febrile seizures to explain why it was performed only on children.
822:, which is often cited by advocates of self-trepanation. Among other arguments, Huges contends that children have a higher state of consciousness and since children's skulls are not fully closed, one can return to an earlier, childlike state of consciousness by self-trepanation. Further, by allowing the brain to freely pulsate Huges argues that a number of benefits will accrue.
582:, archeologists found a surprisingly high frequency (12.5%) of skulls with trepanation, although more than 90% only partial (these served probably ritual purposes). The trepanation was performed on adults only, with similar frequencies for males and females, but increasing frequency with age and wealth. This custom suddenly disappeared with the
729:
The scraping method was found to be the most common in prehistoric times. The differences in method vary in the amount and depth of bone being removed. The trepanation surgical procedure includes exposure of the dura mater without damaging the underlying blood vessels, meninges, and brain. Over time,
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times onward. The bone that was trepanned was kept by the prehistoric people and may have been worn as a charm to keep evil spirits away. Evidence also suggests that trepanation was primitive emergency surgery after head wounds to remove shattered bits of bone from a fractured skull and clean out the
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bones. In most cases, trepanation was a one-off operation, with only a small percentage of the trepanned skulls having undergone more than one surgery. In those with multiple openings, the extent of bone remodelling helps identify whether the opening was done at around the same time or at different
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found several
European and South American children's skulls dating to the Neolithic age that were perforated surgically. Since no signs of fractures that could justify this complex procedure to relieve trauma were found, a debate emerged around why these children were subjected to trepanation while
861:
Michell also describes a
British group that advocates self-trepanation to allow the brain access to more space and oxygen. Other modern practitioners of trepanation claim that it holds other medical benefits, such as a treatment for depression or other psychological ailments. In 2000, two men from
788:". Other proponents claim that trepanning results in increased blood flow. Individuals have practiced non-emergency trepanning for psychological purposes. A prominent proponent of the modern view is Peter Halvorson, who drilled a hole in the front of his own skull to increase "brain blood volume".
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show no evidence of the drilling or cutting techniques found in central and highland Mexico. Instead, the pre-Columbian Maya apparently used an abrasive technique that ground away at the back of the skull, thinning the bone and sometimes perforating it, similar to the examples from
Cholula. Many
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After the retrieval of some skulls from the
Neolithic era that showed signs of trepanation, in the nineteenth century, the false belief that these holes were drilled for the treatment of headaches or other neurological disorders started spreading. During the 1870s, the French anthropologist and
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the death of the subject, to fashion "trophy skulls" and the like of captives and enemies. This was a widespread tradition, illustrated in pre-Columbian art that occasionally depicts rulers adorned with or carrying the modified skulls of their defeated enemies, or of the ritualistic display of
837:, had made two previous attempts at trepanning Mellen. The second attempt ended up placing Mellen in the hospital, where he was reprimanded severely and sent for psychiatric evaluation. After he returned home, Mellen decided to try again. He describes his third attempt at self-trepanation:
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can perform the procedure safely, although it comes with severe repercussions such as direct or indirect perioperative complications, which include increased damage to the brain, infection, blood loss, hemorrhage, and potentially death due to the trauma as the skull's protective covering is
877:
In 2023, Michael Raduga, a
Russian lucid dreaming researcher, performed self-neurosurgery that included trepanation, electrode implantation, and electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. The goal was to stimulate the brain during REM sleep, sleep paralysis, and lucid dreams.
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After some time there was an ominous sounding schlurp and the sound of bubbling. I drew the trepan out and the gurgling continued. It sounded like air bubbles running under the skull as they were pressed out. I looked at the trepan and there was a bit of bone in it. At
510:. The only known female with a trepanned skull, it showed signs of bone spurs growth and retraction of the edges, suggesting that she also survived the surgery. Found in a massive burial site, this mummy was one of the hundreds found in the "Little River" Tomb complex.
156:(blood under the nail); a small amount of blood is expressed through the hole and the pain associated with the pressure is partially alleviated. Similarly, in abdominal surgery, a trephine incision is when a small disc of abdominal skin is excised to accommodate a
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In ancient times, trepanation instruments were less complex, and were commonly made out of flint, obsidian, or harder material such as stone knives, and later with metal such as bronze and copper. Additionally, the procedure was done by practitioners utilizing
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in 1913. Osler misinterpreted Broca's words, and added other conditions such as "infantile convulsions, headache and various cerebral diseases believed to be caused by confined demons." Osler's theory was seen as particularly palatable by other
645:) has pinpointed the issue within the skull; preoperative imaging allows for accurate examination and evaluation. Unlike in trepanation, the removed piece of skull (called a bone flap) is typically replaced as soon as possible, where it can
593:, in southern Russia, may have been a centre for ritual trepanning, around 6000 years ago, according to archeologists who discovered remains of eight recipients of the practice, within a small area, all with the incision in the unusual
139:
In ancient times, holes were drilled into a person who was behaving in what was considered an abnormal way to let out what people believed were evil spirits. Evidence of trepanation has been found in prehistoric human remains from
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made to perforate the cranium by manually rolling the instrument between the surgeon's hand. By the
Renaissance period, when trepanation was routinely performed, a range of instruments were developed to accommodate the demand.
799:. In 1965, Huges drilled a hole in his own head with a dentist drill as a publicity stunt. Huges claimed that trepanning increases "brain blood volume" and thereby enhances cerebral metabolism in a manner similar to cerebral
475:
years ago) found in five different locations. Along with the discovery of these trepanned skulls, another collection of 13 trepanned skulls was discovered and dated to 3,000 years ago. In 2015, an intact 3,600-year-old
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There also exists evidence of trepanation being performed on a cow in France around 3400–3000 BCE. If performed while alive, the cow did not survive the procedure. It is unclear if this was performed as a
1984:
Kushner, David S.; Verano, John W.; Titelbaum, Anne R. (June 2018). "Trepanation
Procedures/Outcomes: Comparison of Prehistoric Peru with Other Ancient, Medieval, and American Civil War Cranial Surgery".
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Since the early 1960s, voluntary trepanation has been performed by people interested in "enhancing mental power and well-being". The practice of trepanning also continues today due to belief in various
2187:"Trepanation: History, Discovery, Theory. R. Arnott, S. Finger & C.U.M. Smith (eds). Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, The Netherlands 2003. 408 + XIIpp. ISBN 90 265 1923 0. £67/$ 99"
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with a trepanned skull was discovered. Meanwhile, the oldest trepanned skull (M382) analysed by Han and Chen was radiocarbon dated to around 5,000 years ago and discovered at the Fuija site in
567:, trepanation was practiced as a cure for various ailments, including seizures and skull fractures. Out of eight skulls with trepanations from the 6th to 8th centuries found in southwestern
254:
More than 1,500 trephined skulls from the
Neolithic period (representing 5–10% of all cranial remains from that era) have been uncovered throughout the world – from Europe,
359:), on which skulls were impaled in rows or columns of wooden stakes. Even so, some evidence of genuine trepanation in Mesoamerica (i.e., where the subject was living) has survived.
302:
deformation techniques comes from a variety of sources, including physical cranial remains of burials, allusions in iconographic artworks and reports from the post-colonial period.
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evidence, and in some areas may have been quite widespread. The main pieces of archaeological evidence are in the forms of cave paintings and human remains. At one burial site in
152:. The procedure of drilling a hole through a fingernail or toenail is also known as trephination. It is performed by a physician or surgeon to relieve the pain associated with a
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existed. The prevalence of trepanation among
Mesoamerican civilizations is much lower, at least judging from the comparatively few trepanned crania that have been uncovered.
2229:
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1245:
Principi di storia della patologia umana: corso di storia della medicina per gli studenti della Facoltà di medicina e chirurgia e della Facoltà di scienze infermieristiche
571:, seven skulls show clear evidence of healing and survival after trepanation, suggesting that the survival rate of the operations was high and the infection rate was low.
50:
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499:-like tool. Additionally, bone regeneration and smooth edges suggest that the subject recovered from the surgery and lived a relatively long time afterward.
464:, etc. The resulting misconception was that trepanation was not practiced in ancient China. However, in 2007, Han and Chen from the Institute of Archeology,
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807:. These claims are unsubstantiated by research. Huges and his girlfriend also made several comic books in the 1970s, which promoted trepanation.
1007:
Weber, J.; A. Czarnetzki (2001). "Trepanationen im frühen
Mittelalter im Südwesten von Deutschland – Indikationen, Komplikationen und Outcome".
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or for other unknown reasons. However, It could be the earliest archaeological example of veterinary surgery or animal medical experimentation.
1857:
Mondorf, Y.; Abu-Owaimer, M.; Gaab, M.R.; Oertel, J.M. (December 2009). "Chronic subdural hematoma – craniotomy versus burr hole trepanation".
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Broca never mentioned headaches, though, and the association was established only several decades later by the world-famous Canadian physician
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1314:"Neolithic trepanation decoded – A unifying hypothesis: Has the mystery as to why primitive surgeons performed cranial surgery been solved?"
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hole into the skull, inserting an instrument, and destroying parts of the brain. This was later made unnecessary by the development of the
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The earliest archaeological survey published of trepanned crania was a late 19th-century study of several specimens recovered from the
218:, in one of the earliest American portraits. Clarke is alleged to have been the first physician to have performed the operation in the
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to treat health problems related to intracranial diseases or release pressured blood buildup from an injury. It may also refer to any "
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Before 2007, archaeological evidence of trepanation in ancient China was nonexistent. Since Chinese culture mainly focuses only on
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866:, were prosecuted for practicing medicine without a license after they performed a trepanation on an English woman to treat her
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Trepanation was known to prehistoric Europeans, with some populations having impressive success rates of 78% in the Iron Age.
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Zur Geschichte der Trepanation unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Schädeloperationen bei den Kisii im Hochland Westkenias
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697:(ceremonial knife in early Peru), sharpened seashells (South Pacific), a trephine drill, bronze knife, etc. The Greeks and
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2256:. Book Division of Laurel Tape & Film; Briarcliff Manor, N.Y.: this ed. distributed by Stein & Day. p. 65.
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Burr hole done by drilling several circle holes closely to create a space and then cut/chisel the bone between the hole.
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Trepanation dates back to 7,000–10,000 years ago, and it is perhaps the oldest surgical procedure for which there is
1088:"Violence, mental illness, and the brain – A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 – From trephination to lobotomy"
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In 20th century, in documented trepanning cases in Africa and Oceania, around 90% of people survived the procedure.
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were the first to design medical instruments that were used to penetrate the skull. Such instruments includes the
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for this procedure. Unlike in folk practices, a craniotomy must be performed only after diagnostic imaging (like
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The location of the trepanation on the skull varies by geographical region and period, common locations are the
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Feilding also performed a self-trepanation with a drill, while Mellen shot the operation for the short film
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civilization's homelands (which flourished around 1400 BCE) indicate the practice has a lengthy tradition.
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is an instrument used for cutting out a round piece of skull bone to relieve pressure beneath a surface.
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The Bronze Age was found to be the period with the largest number of trepanned skulls in ancient China.
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skull is rounded off by ingrowth of new bony tissue, indicating that the patient survived the operation.
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looked at six trepanned skulls spanning between the Neolithic period through the Bronze and Iron Ages (
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in Mesoamerica is further complicated by the practice of skull mutilation and modification carried out
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activity are seen on the necrotic bone surrounding the trepanation site, due to loss of blood supply.
321:, situated in what is now known as Ica, located south of Lima. Trepanation has also been found in the
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2455:"Исследователь Радуга рассказал, как просверлил себе череп для управления снами: "Приблизил будущее""
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262:. Most of the trephined crania belong to adult males, but women and children are also represented.
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in this context may relate to the round excised area of skin being similar in shape to a burr hole.
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The 3,600-year-old perforated skull of a mummified female dating to 1615 BCE was found in the
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skulls found had trepanation holes. At the time only around 40% of people survived the procedure.
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852:, which was long thought to have been lost. Portions of the film can be seen in the documentary
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During the 16th and 17th centuries, around 80% of people survived the procedure of trepanation.
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Rungta, Ravi L.; Chaigneau, Emmanuelle; Osmanski, Bruno-Félix; Charpak, Serge (2018-07-25).
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medical benefits. For example, some have tried trepanation as a means of emulating the "
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gave specific directions on the procedure from its evolution through the Greek age, and
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529:. The hair may or may not have been shaved depending upon the site of the operation.
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the skin will reform over the puncture site, but the hole in the skull will remain.
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2130:"Vascular Compartmentalization of Functional Hyperemia from the Synapse to the Pia"
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2437:"Insólito: se realizó una cirugía cerebral a sí mismo "para controlar los sueños""
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Moniz, Egas (1937). "Prefrontal Leucotomy in the Treatment of Mental Disorders".
1746:"Survival after trepanation—Early cranial surgery from Late Iron Age Switzerland"
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2226:"An Interview with the Woman Who Drilled a Hole in Her Head to Open Up Her Mind"
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exhibited at the Musée archéologique de Saint-Raphaël (Archeological Museum of
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Rasgos Bioculturales Entre los Antiguos Mayas: Aspectos Culturales y Sociales
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An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
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Hobert, Leah; Binello, Emanuela (May 2017). "Trepanation in Ancient China".
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1196:"Evolving story: trepanation and self-trepanation to enhance brain function"
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Trepanation instruments, 18th century; Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg
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2419:"Aterrador: para "controlar sus sueños" hombre se perfora su propio cráneo"
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114:, literally "borer, auger"), is a surgical intervention in which a hole is
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1784:"Agyafúrt magyarok – Koponyalékelés a honfoglaláskorban – Sírásók naplója"
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160:. Although the abdominal wall does not contain bone, the use of the word
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cites Huges as pioneering the idea of trepanning in his 1962 monograph,
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victims. Several Mesoamerican cultures used a skull-rack (known by its
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3971:
3569:
3554:
3479:
3462:
3380:
3265:
3206:
3196:
3191:
3114:
2993:
2881:
2807:
2574:
2564:
777:
405:
373:. Later studies documented cases identified from a range of sites in
306:
177:
141:
1501:
833:. At the time the passage below was written, Joey and his partner,
132:" hole created through other body surfaces, including nail beds. A
5124:
4683:
4658:
4606:
4566:
4485:
3991:
3927:
3774:
3732:
3467:
3375:
3250:
3072:
3035:
3015:
2202:
1365:"Earliest Animal Cranial Surgery: From Cow to Man in the Neolithic"
785:
659:
613:
609:
496:
485:
481:
421:
394:
133:
1543:
Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 9: Physical Anthropology
5271:
5204:
5114:
5067:
5034:
4053:
3845:
3791:
3737:
3559:
3365:
3275:
3129:
3030:
2988:
2851:
2770:
2723:
2711:
638:
594:
583:
579:
568:
425:
255:
5371:
4374:
488:. The skull, which belonged to an adult male, exhibited a right
5179:
4121:
3658:
3636:
3489:
3425:
3370:
2760:
2738:
2706:
2680:
453:
378:
374:
244:
2127:
1655:
Scientific' Medicine in the African Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara"
413:
skulls from the Maya region date from the Postclassic period (
4753:
4187:
3907:
3641:
3595:
3457:
3312:
3260:
2836:
2802:
2401:"Man Implants Chip in His Brain to Help 'Control' His Dreams"
937:
575:
556:
477:
310:
115:
109:
1856:
1588:(Doctoral thesis in Anthropology thesis) (in Spanish). UNAM.
525:. Bones of depressed fractures were elevated by surgeons of
4133:
4094:
3574:
3430:
3360:
3280:
3152:
2665:
709:
As many as five main methods were found for trephination:
693:
326:
1536:"Dental Mutilation, Trephination, and Cranial Deformation"
3445:
3211:
3169:
122:. The intentional perforation of the cranium exposes the
1805:"Why our ancestors drilled holes in each other's skulls"
1551:(series ed.) (2nd. edition (revised) ed.). Austin:
649:. Trepanation instruments, nowadays being replaced with
495:
defect (31 x 25 mm) with evidence of scraping by a
148:
In modern eye surgery, a trephine instrument is used in
2350:"I Drilled a Hole in My Own Skull to Stay High Forever"
2046:
Nikita, Efthymia (2017-01-01), Nikita, Efthymia (ed.),
1957:"A Hole in the Head: A Complete History of Trepanation"
1452:
716:
Scraping utilizing an abrasive instrument such as flint
1983:
1006:
791:
One of the most prominent advocates of trepanning was
722:
Boring and cutting by a circular trephine or crown saw
2376:
ABC ordered to hand over unedited head-drilling tapes
2305:"Like a hole in the head: The return of trepanation "
1532:
448:
that usually entails non-surgical treatments such as
2374:
Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (2000)
1362:
620:
where a spike was inserted through the eye-sockets.
547:
Trepanation was also practised in the classical and
309:
societies, trepanning is most commonly found in the
1455:"Landmarks in the History of Traumatic Head Injury"
784:or as a means of maintaining a "permanent state of
1850:
1583:
1540:
1534:
1470:
30:"Trepanation" redirects here. For other uses, see
1283:. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
5543:
1909:"Reprint of-Differential diagnosis: Trepanation"
1363:Ramirez Rozzi, Fernando; Froment, Alain (2018).
660:Myth of trepanation as a treatment for headaches
1466:
1464:
1278:
1056:. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. pp.
1496:
1242:
988:
4415:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
4390:
2523:
1607:
1274:
1272:
559:also elaborates on the procedure. During the
176:The perimeter of the hole in this trepanated
2480:Skeptic's Dictionary entry about Trepanation
1461:
1279:Restak, Richard (2000). "Fixing the Brain".
277:
2490:Interview with self-trepanner Heather Perry
2089:"Doctors warn of the dangers of trepanning"
1644:
603:
317:cultures. For example, the Paracas culture
200:(France). The subjects survived operations.
100:
4397:
4383:
2537:
2530:
2516:
2347:
2223:
1729:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1429:"Cranioplasty in the Muisca Confederation"
1269:
5523:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
5464:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
2191:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
2161:
2112:
2006:
1924:
1815:
1743:
1688:
1539:. In T. Dale Stewart (volume ed.) (ed.).
1517:
1396:
1339:
1329:
1211:
1121:
1103:
608:The prefrontal leucotomy, a precursor to
1053:Primitive Surgery: Skills Before Science
766:
597:position, high on the back of the head.
225:
203:
183:
171:
43:
5428:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
2475:WHO surgical instructions on burr holes
2276:
2249:
1913:International Journal of Paleopathology
1750:International Journal of Paleopathology
1744:Moghaddam, Negahnaz (5 November 2015).
1714:
1147:
1002:
1000:
516:
234:
27:Surgically drilling a hole in the skull
14:
5544:
2184:
2045:
1906:
1650:
1474:Cranial Surgery in Ancient Mesoamerica
1049:
993:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
812:Eccentric Lives & Peculiar Notions
247:dated to 6500 BCE, 40 out of 120
51:The Extraction of the Stone of Madness
4378:
3701:
3340:
2606:
2511:
2485:An illustrated history of trepanation
2048:"Chapter 8 – Pathological Conditions"
1979:
1977:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1821:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1419:
1311:
1193:
1150:What you need to know about headaches
1085:
1043:
432:at the prominent Postclassic site of
3702:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1143:
1141:
1081:
1079:
1077:
997:
742:times during the individual's life.
685:
623:Trepanation is a treatment used for
574:In the graveyards of pre-Christian (
539:
2054:, Academic Press, pp. 301–54,
24:
5477:James Randi Educational Foundation
2185:Knüsel, Christopher (March 2004).
2060:10.1016/B978-0-12-804021-8.00008-5
1974:
1895:
1592:
915:
466:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
420:), and include specimens found at
25:
5573:
4404:
3654:Megalithic architectural elements
2468:
1178:
1138:
1074:
521:Trephining has a long history in
325:(in modern-day Colombia) and the
4874:Strauss–Howe generational theory
4852:Moon landing conspiracy theories
4649:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
3341:
2348:John Doran (February 12, 2016).
2253:An Occult Guide to South America
1318:Surgical Neurology International
1092:Surgical Neurology International
508:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
439:
5502:The Natural History of Quackery
5444:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
4273:Evolutionary origin of religion
2447:
2429:
2411:
2393:
2367:
2356:from the original on 2016-08-26
2341:
2327:
2297:
2270:
2243:
2232:from the original on 2016-09-17
2217:
2178:
2121:
2081:
2039:
1949:
1860:British Journal of Neurosurgery
1797:
1786:(in Hungarian). Sirasok.blog.hu
1776:
1737:
1708:
1577:
1526:
1490:
1453:Omar AL Awar; Gytis Sustickas.
1446:
1422:Sopó, historia, mitos y muiscas
1413:
1356:
1312:Faria, Miguel A. (2015-05-07).
1305:
1148:Butticè, Claudio (April 2022).
1086:Faria, Miguel A. (2013-04-05).
1009:Zentralblatt für Neurochirurgie
2280:Encyclopedia of Body Adornment
2224:Joseph Cox (August 14, 2013).
1907:Verano, John W. (2017-12-01).
1824:American Journal of Psychiatry
1533:Romero Molina, Javier (1970).
1519:10.1525/aa.1897.10.12.02a00010
1236:
982:
930:
909:
586:' conversion to Christianity.
400:Specimens identified from the
13:
1:
3886:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
3416:British megalith architecture
1200:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
1152:. Santa Barbara, California:
903:
713:Rectangular intersecting cuts
612:, was performed by cutting a
536:in Kenya was filmed in 1958.
469:
414:
212:
59:
5509:The Psychology of the Occult
4764:Traditional Chinese medicine
4639:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
4496:Superseded scientific theory
3881:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
3421:Nordic megalith architecture
2495:ABC: A History of Craniotomy
2146:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.012
446:traditional Chinese medicine
288:In the more recent times of
110:
32:Trepanation (disambiguation)
7:
5120:Electronic voice phenomenon
4977:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
4837:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
1584:Tiesler Blos, Vera (1999).
1471:Tiesler Blos, Vera (2003),
923:Online Etymology Dictionary
881:
589:A small area near (modern)
404:region of southern Mexico,
366:mountains by the Norwegian
313:civilizations, such as pre-
10:
5578:
5516:The Ragged Edge of Science
5247:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
5190:Pseudoscientific metrology
4714:Miracle Mineral Supplement
4029:British Isles and Brittany
3950:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1999:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.03.143
1926:10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.03.004
1762:10.1016/j.ijpp.2015.08.002
1622:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.10.051
1389:10.1038/s41598-018-23914-1
1154:Greenwood Publishing Group
938:
643:magnetic resonance imaging
284:Trepanation in Mesoamerica
281:
167:
150:corneal transplant surgery
36:
29:
5436:
5400:
5227:
5130:Facilitated communication
5060:
4990:
4794:
4529:
4516:
4421:
4412:
4231:
4044:
3871:
3718:
3714:
3697:
3583:
3547:
3396:
3353:
3349:
3336:
3143:
2974:
2947:
2872:
2798:
2789:
2694:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2545:
2314:February 2, 2014, at the
2310:February 2, 2014, at the
2283:. ABC-CLIO. p. 286.
2099:(7235): 602. 2000-03-04.
1873:10.3109/02688690903370297
1673:10.1017/s0025727300024248
1651:Davies, J. N. P. (1959).
1553:University of Texas Press
1420:Bohórquez, Ruth Marlene.
1247:(in Italian). Rome: SEU.
1213:10.1590/0004-282X20170040
810:In a chapter of his book
428:, and recovered from the
393:. Two specimens from the
278:Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
5562:Neurosurgical procedures
5530:The Skeptic's Dictionary
5088:Biological transmutation
5008:Faster-than-light travel
4982:Enneagram of Personality
4948:Recovered-memory therapy
4832:9/11 conspiracy theories
2386:August 23, 2016, at the
2382:August 23, 2016, at the
1433:Sopó contado y encantado
1331:10.4103/2152-7806.156634
1105:10.4103/2152-7806.110146
1050:Rogers, Spencer (1985).
868:chronic fatigue syndrome
745:
680:armchair anthropologists
618:orbital transit lobotomy
604:Modern medical practices
37:Not to be confused with
5557:History of neuroscience
5495:The Demon-Haunted World
5413:Bourgeois pseudoscience
4847:COVID-19 misinformation
4786:Young blood transfusion
4557:Anthroposophic medicine
4261:Evolutionary musicology
3664:Oldest extant buildings
3591:Archaeological features
3110:Prepared-core technique
2504:phisick.com 14 Nov 2011
2277:DeMello, Margo (2007).
2093:British Medical Journal
1719:(in German), Düsseldorf
1506:American Anthropologist
1243:Capasso, Luigi (2002).
1194:André, Charles (2017).
989:Nolen-Hoeksema (2014).
972:A Greek–English Lexicon
954:A Greek–English Lexicon
780:", in order to achieve
385:, Oaxaca and the major
272:medical experimentation
58:depicting trepanation (
5327:Corentin Louis Kervran
5195:Rapid prompting method
5083:Biodynamic agriculture
5073:Aquatic ape hypothesis
4931:Historical negationism
4634:Doctrine of signatures
4501:True-believer syndrome
4223:Unchambered long cairn
4071:Mound Builders culture
3404:Neolithic architecture
2539:Prehistoric technology
2250:Wilcock, John (1976).
1715:Meschig, Rolf (1983),
1502:"Trephining in Mexico"
849:Heartbeat in the Brain
844:
820:Homo Sapiens Correctus
231:
223:
201:
181:
101:
66:
5332:The Light (newspaper)
5317:William Donald Kelley
5210:Voice stress analysis
4842:Climate change denial
4781:Wind turbine syndrome
4776:Vertebral subluxation
4669:Germ theory denialism
3898:List of Stone Age art
3100:Microblade technology
3048:Langdale axe industry
2646:Ard / plough
2459:Московский Комсомолец
1836:10.1176/ajp.93.6.1379
1281:Mysteries of the Mind
963:Liddell, Henry George
945:Liddell, Henry George
839:
767:Voluntary trepanation
436:in northern Yucatán.
338:archaeological record
229:
207:
187:
175:
47:
5322:Robert F. Kennedy Jr
5282:Ignatius L. Donnelly
4953:Past life regression
4812:Arabian Judah theory
4759:Traditional medicine
4552:Alternative medicine
4481:Pathological science
4305:Prehistoric medicine
4300:Prehistoric counting
4283:Prehistoric religion
4278:Paleolithic religion
4256:Behavioral modernity
3613:Causewayed enclosure
3505:Abri de la Madeleine
2629:Neolithic Revolution
1961:The MIT Press Reader
1653:"The Development of
1021:10.1055/s-2001-16333
517:Medieval East Africa
323:Muisca Confederation
268:veterinary procedure
235:Prehistoric evidence
220:New England Colonies
211:trepanning a skull,
118:or scraped into the
5418:Demarcation problem
5252:Brigitte Boisselier
4881:Hollow Earth theory
4864:Generational theory
4562:Applied kinesiology
4344:Prehistoric warfare
3090:Magdalenian culture
3053:Levallois technique
2984:Earliest toolmaking
1435:(blog) (in Spanish)
1381:2018NatSR...8.5536R
991:Abnormal Psychology
639:computed tomography
5488:Skeptical Inquirer
5387:Paul Joseph Watson
5362:Hans Alfred Nieper
5200:Statement analysis
5150:Intelligent design
5025:Reactionless drive
4859:Conversion therapy
4807:Ancient astronauts
4694:Leaky gut syndrome
4674:HIV/AIDS denialism
4429:Cargo cult science
4295:Origin of language
4288:Spiritual drug use
4198:Rectangular dolmen
4100:Dartmoor kistvaens
3913:Carved stone balls
3625:Circular enclosure
3584:Other architecture
3527:Alp pile dwellings
3115:Solutrean industry
3026:Gravettian culture
2676:Secondary products
2500:2021-02-24 at the
2335:"Eveline van Dijk"
1987:World Neurosurgery
1610:World Neurosurgery
1369:Scientific Reports
1156:. pp. 29–30.
855:A Hole in the Head
629:subdural hematomas
532:Trepanning at the
418: 950–1400 CE
232:
224:
202:
182:
154:subungual hematoma
67:
5552:Body modification
5539:
5538:
5450:Cults of Unreason
5423:Scientific method
5352:Ministry of Ayush
5297:Nicholas Gonzalez
5223:
5222:
5160:Law of attraction
5140:Flat Earth theory
5020:Quantum mysticism
4960:Scientific racism
4916:Pseudoarchaeology
4822:Conspiracy theory
4520:characterized as
4464:Pseudomathematics
4454:Pseudoarchaeology
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4317:Prehistoric music
4266:music archaeology
3923:Cup and ring mark
3748:Clothing/textiles
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3135:Yubetsu technique
3120:Striking platform
3085:Lithic technology
2970:
2969:
2955:Game drive system
2874:Projectile points
2766:Mortar and pestle
2290:978-0-313-33695-9
2263:978-0-8128-2107-9
2140:(2): 362–375.e4.
2069:978-0-12-804021-8
1811:. 29 August 2016.
1290:978-0-7922-7941-9
1254:978-88-87753-65-3
1163:978-1-4408-7531-1
916:Harper, Douglas.
719:Circular grooving
686:Tools and methods
540:Pre-modern Europe
410:Yucatán Peninsula
402:Maya civilization
16:(Redirected from
5569:
5392:Andrew Wakefield
5093:Creation science
5052:Water-fueled car
5014:Perpetual motion
4936:Holocaust denial
4906:Nibiru cataclysm
4901:Nazi archaeology
4704:Macrobiotic diet
4527:
4526:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4332:Divje Babe flute
4239:Archaeoastronomy
3982:Petrosomatoglyph
3716:
3715:
3699:
3698:
3548:Water management
3351:
3350:
3338:
3337:
3241:Denticulate tool
3063:Lithic reduction
2796:
2795:
2617:
2616:
2604:
2603:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2463:
2462:
2461:. July 20, 2023.
2451:
2445:
2444:
2443:. July 19, 2023.
2433:
2427:
2426:
2425:. July 23, 2023.
2415:
2409:
2408:
2407:. July 20, 2023.
2397:
2391:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2325:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2052:Osteoarchaeology
2043:
2037:
2036:
2010:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1928:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1692:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1605:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1468:
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1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1215:
1191:
1176:
1175:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1107:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1004:
995:
994:
986:
980:
941:
940:
934:
928:
927:
913:
864:Cedar City, Utah
774:pseudoscientific
474:
473: 5000–2000
471:
419:
416:
329:. In both, even
217:
214:
198:Comps-sur-Artuby
188:Skulls from the
113:
104:
72:, also known as
64:
63: 1488–1516
61:
56:Hieronymus Bosch
54:, a painting by
21:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5432:
5408:Bogdanov affair
5396:
5376:Claude Vorilhon
5262:Robert Charroux
5237:Sucharit Bhakdi
5229:
5219:
5056:
4986:
4926:Genocide denial
4891:Japhetic theory
4886:Indigo children
4802:2012 phenomenon
4790:
4734:Patent medicine
4654:Energy medicine
4627:Colon cleansing
4612:Crystal healing
4547:Adrenal fatigue
4521:
4519:
4512:
4417:
4408:
4403:
4373:
4360:
4227:
4213:Stone box grave
4183:Megalithic tomb
4088:Cotswold-Severn
4040:
3945:Guardian stones
3873:Prehistoric art
3867:
3710:
3685:
3674:Timber trackway
3579:
3543:
3539:Wattle and daub
3392:
3371:Standing stones
3345:
3324:
3139:
2966:
2943:
2868:
2785:
2695:Food processing
2690:
2639:New World crops
2611:
2598:
2541:
2536:
2502:Wayback Machine
2471:
2466:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2388:Wayback Machine
2384:Wayback Machine
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2316:Wayback Machine
2312:Wayback Machine
2302:
2298:
2291:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2222:
2218:
2183:
2179:
2126:
2122:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2044:
2040:
1982:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1905:
1896:
1855:
1851:
1820:
1816:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1742:
1738:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1661:Medical History
1649:
1645:
1606:
1593:
1582:
1578:
1563:
1549:Robert Wauchope
1531:
1527:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1462:
1457:. pp. 2–3.
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1361:
1357:
1310:
1306:
1291:
1277:
1270:
1255:
1241:
1237:
1192:
1179:
1164:
1146:
1139:
1084:
1075:
1068:
1048:
1044:
1005:
998:
987:
983:
977:Perseus Project
959:Perseus Project
935:
931:
914:
910:
906:
884:
835:Amanda Feilding
825:Michell quotes
769:
748:
703:terebra serrata
688:
662:
606:
542:
519:
472:
462:herbal remedies
442:
417:
286:
280:
237:
215:
209:Dr. John Clarke
170:
62:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5575:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5401:Related topics
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5382:Randolph Stone
5379:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5357:Theodor Morell
5354:
5349:
5347:Joseph Mercola
5344:
5342:Jenny McCarthy
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5307:Graham Hancock
5304:
5302:Goop (company)
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5277:Vernon Coleman
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5042:Teleportation
5039:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4970:Melanin theory
4967:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4918:
4913:
4911:Parapsychology
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4795:Social science
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4744:Primal therapy
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4709:Magnet therapy
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4622:Detoxification
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4507:Voodoo Science
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4449:Fringe science
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4322:Alligator drum
4314:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4249:lunar calendar
4246:
4235:
4233:
4232:Other cultural
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
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4178:
4173:
4163:
4158:
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4146:
4136:
4131:
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4129:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4050:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4036:Venus figurine
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3967:Megalithic art
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3920:
3918:Cave paintings
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3720:Material goods
3712:
3711:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3671:
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3598:
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3562:
3557:
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3536:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3436:Cliff dwelling
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:Fire hardening
3018:
3013:
3011:Clovis culture
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2934:Manis Mastodon
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2813:throwing stick
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2720:
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2709:
2704:
2698:
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2692:
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2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2625:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2470:
2469:External links
2467:
2465:
2464:
2446:
2428:
2410:
2392:
2366:
2340:
2326:
2324:(17 June 2009)
2303:Frood, Arran.
2296:
2289:
2269:
2262:
2242:
2216:
2203:10.1002/oa.703
2197:(2): 151–153.
2177:
2120:
2080:
2068:
2038:
1973:
1948:
1894:
1849:
1830:(6): 1379–85.
1814:
1796:
1775:
1736:
1707:
1643:
1591:
1576:
1561:
1525:
1498:Lumholtz, Carl
1489:
1460:
1445:
1412:
1355:
1304:
1289:
1268:
1253:
1235:
1206:(5): 307–313.
1177:
1162:
1137:
1073:
1066:
1042:
996:
981:
929:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
895:
890:
883:
880:
814:, esotericist
768:
765:
747:
744:
727:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
687:
684:
661:
658:
651:cranial drills
605:
602:
541:
538:
527:Bunyoro-Kitara
518:
515:
441:
438:
282:Main article:
279:
276:
241:archaeological
236:
233:
169:
166:
98:Medieval Latin
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5574:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5532:
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5527:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5471:Fortean Times
5468:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5267:Deepak Chopra
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:pseudoscience
5226:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
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5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
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5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5098:Cryptozoology
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:Anti-gravity
4996:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4921:Pseudohistory
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Generationism
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:5G conspiracy
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:Catastrophism
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:FasciaBlaster
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4602:Correactology
4600:
4598:
4597:Chromotherapy
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:pseudoscience
4515:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Pseudohistory
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4444:Fringe theory
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4406:Pseudoscience
4400:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:Simple dolmen
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:Passage grave
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4139:Gallery grave
4137:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
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4098:
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4096:
4093:
4089:
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4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4054:Burial mounds
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:Statue menhir
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4002:Stone carving
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
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3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Sewing needle
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:Timber circle
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3618:Tor enclosure
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3606:fulacht fiadh
3604:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:spear-thrower
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:Bow and arrow
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Grinding slab
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Domestication
2659:
2657:
2656:Digging stick
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Founder crops
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:New Stone Age
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2321:New Scientist
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1978:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:(6): 612–16.
1866:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1562:0-292-70014-8
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1434:
1430:
1424:(in Spanish).
1423:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1067:0-398-05123-2
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:(in German).
1010:
1003:
1001:
992:
985:
978:
974:
973:
968:
967:Scott, Robert
964:
960:
956:
955:
950:
949:Scott, Robert
946:
942:
933:
925:
924:
919:
912:
908:
899:
898:Shrunken head
896:
894:
893:Mütter Museum
891:
889:
886:
885:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
859:
857:
856:
851:
850:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
827:Joey Mellen's
823:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
805:ginkgo biloba
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
764:
762:
758:
753:
743:
740:
736:
731:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
711:
710:
707:
704:
700:
696:
695:
683:
681:
676:
675:William Osler
671:
668:
657:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
601:
598:
596:
592:
591:Rostov-on-Don
587:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
537:
535:
530:
528:
524:
514:
511:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
440:Ancient China
437:
435:
431:
430:Sacred Cenote
427:
423:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Carl Lumholtz
369:
365:
360:
358:
357:
352:
348:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
294:
293:pre-Columbian
291:
290:postclassical
285:
275:
273:
269:
263:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
228:
221:
210:
206:
199:
195:
194:Saint-Raphaël
191:
186:
179:
174:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
143:
137:
135:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
112:
108:
103:
99:
95:
92:derives from
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
57:
53:
52:
46:
40:
33:
19:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5337:Mike Lindell
5257:Rhonda Byrne
5228:Promoters of
5215:Water memory
5155:Laundry ball
5047:Tractor beam
5003:Cold fusion
4770:
4699:Lunar effect
4644:Ear candling
4592:Chiropractic
4582:Bloodletting
4572:Bates method
4542:Aromatherapy
4505:
4471:Junk science
4309:
4149:wedge-shaped
4134:Funeral pyre
4127:Great dolmen
4083:Chamber tomb
4064:Round barrow
4019:Stone circle
3891:Blombos Cave
3819:Grooved ware
3743:Chalcolithic
3647:Thornborough
3565:Flush toilet
3500:Blombos Cave
3495:Rock shelter
3451:Quiggly hole
3343:Architecture
3318:illustration
2960:Buffalo jump
2781:Storage pits
2744:Aşıklı Höyük
2734:Ground stone
2570:Subdivisions
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2375:
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2343:
2329:
2319:
2299:
2279:
2272:
2252:
2245:
2234:. Retrieved
2219:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2073:, retrieved
2051:
2041:
2008:10150/628576
1990:
1986:
1965:. Retrieved
1963:. 2019-08-29
1960:
1951:
1916:
1912:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1778:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1667:(1): 47–57.
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1613:
1609:
1585:
1579:
1542:
1528:
1509:
1505:
1492:
1482:, retrieved
1473:
1448:
1437:. Retrieved
1432:
1421:
1415:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1280:
1244:
1238:
1203:
1199:
1149:
1095:
1091:
1052:
1045:
1015:(1): 10–14.
1012:
1008:
990:
984:
970:
952:
932:
921:
911:
876:
860:
853:
847:
845:
840:
830:
824:
819:
816:John Michell
811:
809:
801:vasodilators
790:
782:clairvoyance
770:
761:osteoclastic
752:neurosurgeon
749:
732:
728:
708:
702:
692:
689:
672:
663:
655:
632:
622:
607:
599:
588:
573:
546:
543:
534:Kisii people
531:
520:
512:
501:
452:, balancing
443:
434:Chichen Itza
399:
377:and central
368:ethnographer
361:
354:
341:
335:
331:cranioplasty
304:
287:
264:
260:the Americas
258:, China and
253:
238:
196:), found in
161:
147:
138:
123:
89:
85:
84:or making a
81:
78:trephination
77:
73:
69:
68:
49:
48:Detail from
18:Trepannation
5242:Del Bigtree
4729:Panchagavya
4719:Naturopathy
4587:Body memory
4537:Acupuncture
4422:Terminology
4171:unchambered
4166:Long barrow
4156:Grave goods
4112:Court cairn
4107:Clava cairn
4059:Bowl barrow
3997:Rock cupule
3940:Golden hats
3933:Hill figure
3834:Unstan ware
3814:Cord-marked
3679:Sweet Track
3601:Burnt mound
3522:Stilt house
3510:Sibudu Cave
3303:Tally stick
3271:Quern-stone
3256:Hammerstone
3246:Fire plough
3217:Pesse canoe
3175:Bannerstone
3145:Other tools
3058:Lithic core
3006:Aurignacian
2894:Bare Island
2776:Quern-stone
1919:: 111–118.
1512:(12): 389.
1375:(1): 5536.
565:Renaissance
561:Middle Ages
553:Hippocrates
549:Renaissance
523:East Africa
506:in China's
504:Xiaohe tomb
450:acupuncture
391:Monte Albán
347:sacrificial
327:Inca Empire
296:Mesoamerica
249:prehistoric
216: 1664
120:human skull
74:trepanation
5546:Categories
5482:Quackwatch
5312:David Icke
5292:Max Gerson
5287:Gaia, Inc.
5175:Numerology
5170:Lysenkoism
5165:Levitation
5145:Graphology
5030:Dean drive
4965:Aryan race
4896:Mediumship
4771:Trepanning
4739:Phrenology
4679:Homeopathy
4577:Biorhythms
4476:Paranormal
4310:trepanning
4203:Ring cairn
4161:Jar burial
4144:transepted
4076:U.S. sites
3977:Petroglyph
3903:Bird stone
3861:wine press
3534:Stone roof
3517:Roundhouse
3409:long house
3386:Stonehenge
3354:Ceremonial
3298:Stone tool
3125:Tool stone
3095:Metallurgy
2999:Mousterian
2976:Toolmaking
2914:Cumberland
2887:Transverse
2857:Schöningen
2749:Qesem cave
2717:Earth oven
2671:Irrigation
2582:Technology
2550:Prehistory
2441:El Heraldo
2360:2016-02-13
2236:2013-08-15
2075:2020-05-05
1993:: 245–51.
1967:2020-04-28
1790:2012-04-05
1616:: 451–56.
1484:2006-05-23
1439:2012-01-24
1172:1259297708
904:References
888:Craniotomy
872:depression
797:Bart Huges
795:librarian
667:Paul Broca
665:physician
634:craniotomy
383:Tilantongo
381:, such as
364:Tarahumara
356:tzompantli
190:Bronze Age
125:dura mater
94:Old French
88:(the verb
82:trephining
70:Trepanning
39:Trepanging
5437:Resources
5367:Mehmet Oz
5185:Polygraph
5135:Feng shui
5103:Dianetics
5078:Astrology
4943:Pseudolaw
4749:Radionics
4724:Palmistry
4689:Iridology
4491:Snake oil
4434:Charlatan
4354:symbolism
4218:Tor cairn
4176:Grønsalen
4117:Cremation
4009:Sculpture
3987:Pictogram
3972:Petroform
3792:amber use
3760:Cosmetics
3570:Reservoir
3555:Check dam
3485:Pueblitos
3480:Pit-house
3463:Longhouse
3397:Dwellings
3266:Microlith
3197:Bow drill
3192:Bone tool
3185:prismatic
2994:Acheulean
2909:Cresswell
2882:Arrowhead
2808:Boomerang
2724:Granaries
2686:Terracing
2565:Stone Age
2211:1047-482X
2154:0896-6273
2105:0959-8138
2017:1878-8769
1935:1879-9817
1844:0002-953X
1809:BBC Earth
1756:: 56–65.
1681:0025-7273
1630:1878-8769
1480:, Mesoweb
1222:0004-282X
1114:2229-5097
831:Bore Hole
778:third eye
757:hyperemia
739:occipital
551:periods.
493:calvarial
406:Guatemala
307:New World
178:Neolithic
142:Neolithic
86:burr hole
5125:Eugenics
5108:Auditing
4684:Humorism
4659:Fad diet
4607:Cryonics
4567:Ayurveda
4530:Medicine
4486:Quackery
3992:Rock art
3955:painting
3928:Geoglyph
3753:timeline
3733:Beadwork
3473:Mehrgarh
3468:Mudbrick
3376:megalith
3251:Fire-saw
3073:debitage
3068:analysis
3036:Hand axe
3016:Cupstone
2594:Glossary
2555:Timeline
2498:Archived
2405:Newsweek
2380:Archived
2354:Archived
2308:Archived
2230:Archived
2172:29937277
2025:29604358
1943:29198392
1889:41293769
1881:19922275
1770:28802968
1725:citation
1699:13632207
1638:27769950
1500:(1897).
1407:29674628
1350:25984386
1299:43662032
1263:50485765
1230:28591391
1132:23646259
1037:71480502
1029:11496341
939:τρύπανον
918:"trepan"
882:See also
803:such as
786:euphoria
737:and the
625:epidural
614:trephine
610:lobotomy
563:and the
497:trephine
490:parietal
486:Shandong
482:Guangrao
422:Palenque
408:and the
395:Tlatilco
389:site of
162:trephine
134:trephine
111:trúpanon
102:trepanum
5272:Clonaid
5205:Ufology
5115:Dowsing
5068:Alchemy
5035:EMDrive
4991:Physics
4617:Cupping
4518:Topics
4349:Symbols
3960:pigment
3846:Weaving
3809:Cardium
3804:Pottery
3799:Mirrors
3787:Jewelry
3728:Baskets
3708:culture
3560:Cistern
3366:Pyramid
3308:Weapons
3286:Scraper
3276:Racloir
3236:Cleaver
3224:Chopper
3130:Uniface
3041:Grooves
3031:Hafting
2989:Oldowan
2948:Systems
2899:Cascade
2862:woomera
2852:harpoon
2825:history
2791:Hunting
2771:Pottery
2712:Cooking
2621:Farming
2587:history
2560:Outline
2423:El Pais
2163:6069674
2114:1173790
2033:4484348
1690:1034446
1398:5908843
1377:Bibcode
1341:4427816
1123:3640229
975:at the
957:at the
735:frontal
595:obelion
584:Magyars
580:Magyars
569:Germany
458:cupping
426:Chiapas
387:Zapotec
351:Nahuatl
300:cranial
256:Siberia
168:History
116:drilled
5180:Orgone
4327:flutes
4122:Dolmen
4046:Burial
3856:winery
3829:Linear
3659:Midden
3637:Cursus
3630:Goseck
3490:Pueblo
3441:Dugout
3426:Burdei
3105:Mining
2929:Lamoka
2924:Folsom
2904:Clovis
2761:Metate
2739:Hearth
2707:Basket
2681:Sickle
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2134:Neuron
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699:Romans
454:Qigong
379:Mexico
375:Oaxaca
353:term,
311:Andean
305:Among
245:France
90:trepan
5061:Other
4754:Reiki
4439:Crank
4244:sites
4188:Mummy
3908:Cairn
3824:Jōmon
3775:shoes
3770:Hides
3642:Henge
3596:Broch
3458:Jacal
3313:Wheel
3261:Knife
3207:Canoe
3202:Burin
3180:Blade
3078:flake
2939:Plano
2847:baton
2837:Spear
2803:Arrow
2756:Manos
2609:Tools
2029:S2CID
1885:S2CID
1478:(PDF)
1058:17-18
1033:S2CID
842:last!
793:Dutch
746:Risks
576:Pagan
557:Galen
478:mummy
342:after
315:Incan
158:stoma
107:Greek
105:from
96:from
5372:Raël
4337:gudi
4095:Cist
4024:list
3851:Wine
3780:Ötzi
3765:Glue
3738:Beds
3706:and
3704:Arts
3575:Well
3431:Cave
3361:Kiva
3291:side
3281:Rope
3229:tool
3163:bone
3153:Adze
2919:Eden
2832:Nets
2702:Fire
2666:Goad
2651:Celt
2285:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2207:ISSN
2168:PMID
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2101:ISSN
2064:ISBN
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1731:link
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1634:PMID
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1226:PMID
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1168:OCLC
1158:ISBN
1128:PMID
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1062:ISBN
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870:and
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694:tumi
647:heal
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3170:Axe
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2199:doi
2158:PMC
2142:doi
2109:PMC
2097:320
2056:doi
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1995:doi
1991:114
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1869:doi
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