John Clarke (Baptist minister)

1488:"nowhere on the face of the earth and among civilized men, did civil and soul-liberty exist. Its first clear, full, deliberate, organized and permanent establishment in the world can now be distinctly traced to the Colony of Rhode Island, on the island of Aquidneck, in the Narragansett Bay, under the leadership and inspiration of Dr. John Clarke, the true Founder". Historian Louis Asher wrote, "It hardly seems arguable that Dr. Clarke was the first one to bring democracy to the New World by means of Rhode Island." Bicknell also asserted that Clarke was the "recognized founder and father of the Aquidneck Plantations, the author of the Compact of Portsmouth and leading spirit in the organization and administration of the island towns. Historian Edward Peterson wrote that Clarke was a man "whose moral character has never been surpassed, and his piety never been questioned." Asher made this final assessment of Clarke: "As a man, Clarke lived for others. Like many men of the past, he was selfless and uncomplaining. Despite his sectarian religious views, he gave more for his fellow man than he received." 278: 1133:(1652). The book begins with a letter to the English Parliament and Council of State, conveying an earnest plea for liberty of conscience and religious toleration. This is followed by another letter addressed to the Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. The largest part of the book is devoted to Clarke's beliefs on conducting a church and why he thought that the Massachusetts churches were proceeding in the wrong direction. Less than half of the book concerns the persecution that Clarke and his companions experienced at the hands of the Massachusetts authorities. He wrote, "it is not the will of the Lord that any one should have dominion over another man's conscience. ... is such a sparkling beam from the Father of lights and spirits that it cannot be lorded over, commanded, or forced, either by men, devils, or angels." 897:) to help organize a Baptist church. Roger Williams confirmed this in a letter to Governor Winthrop: "At Seekonk, a great many have lately concurred with Mr. John Clarke, and our Providence men, about the point of a new baptism and the manner by dipping; and Mr. John Clarke hath been there lately, and Mr. Lucar, and hath dipped them. I believe their practice comes nearer to the first practice of our great Founder, Christ Jesus, than other practices of religion do." Several members of the Seekonk church had quarreled with their minister Samuel Newman and had broken off from the main church, largely over the issue of infant baptism. Hearing of this division, Clarke and Lucar went to welcome the dissidents and baptize them by immersion. One of the Seekonk men was 1007:

worthy to be hanged." In court, Endicott told Clarke that his beliefs would not stand up to those of the Puritan ministers. Clarke responded to this by writing a letter to the court from prison the following day, accepting the implied challenge to have a debate with the Puritan ministers on religious beliefs and practices. The challenge was initially accepted, but Clarke's fine was paid by some friends without his knowledge and he was released from jail. He left the area, and was then accused by the Puritan elders of defaulting on the challenge. He made two more attempts to debate the Puritan clergy, but the case was dropped by the court and the debate never took place. Clarke had drafted four points of discussion which detailed his beliefs and position.

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Bridge calling for the arrest of Clarke and his two associates. No baptisms had been performed, but the wording of the warrant suggested that this was the reason for the men's arrest. The men were forced to attend a Puritan religious service against their will, and they refused to remove their hats in church. Clarke stood at the end of the service and explained to the congregation why they refused to remove their hats. The men were detained that evening, then brought before the local magistrates the following day. They were free to return to Witter's after being arraigned and before being taken to Boston. Clarke conducted a service and Holmes baptized three people.

1447:, however, was hostile to the practice, and was rebuked by Clarke in 1667 over his harshness towards the Sabbatarians. Holmes subsequently withdrew from preaching at the Newport church, but resumed his pastoral duties there in 1671. When he continued to be critical of the Sabbatarians, they finally left to form their own church in December 1671. Additional dissension occurred in the church, centered on the family of Giles Slocum. When Slocum's wife, Joan, denied that Christ was alive, she was excommunicated in 1673. Following this, her husband, their children, and their children's spouses all left the church, and became 1202: 3883: 1327:, Moderator of the Assembly, Voted: That the box in which the King's gratious letters were enclosed be opened, and the letters with the broad seale thereto affixed be taken forth and read by Captayne George Baxter in the audience and view of all the people; which was accordingly done, and the sayd letters with his Majesty's Royall Stampe, and the broad seal, with much becoming gravity held up on hygh, and presented to the perfect view of the people, and then returned into the box and locked up by the Governor, in order to the safe keeping of it. 1300:

which rights had been curtailed due to religious reasons in the past. The new charter also forbade the other New England colonies from making war against the Indians within Rhode Island, without its permission, and also directed that disputes with other colonies would be appealed to the crown. It also outlined provisions for colonial representation, specifying a colonial governor, deputy governor, and ten assistants (called magistrates because of their judicial role). In addition, the number of deputies allotted to each town was specified.

1278: 1253: 3442: 3454: 3466: 732: 56: 1144:(1653). This book defended the use of force to maintain the "correct" church in the Massachusetts colony. This response was well written, but it did more to confirm the persecutions of Clarke's party than to defend the Massachusetts position. Ultimately, the book helped Rhode Island secure significant religious liberties, prompting one Baptist historian to describe Clarke as "the Baptist drum major for freedom in seventeenth century America." 3478: 507: 1229:

FULL LIBERTIE IN RELIGIOUS CONCERNMENTS". These words became emblematic of Rhode Island's struggle for religious freedom and were soon included in the charter itself—and much later were chiseled on the frieze of the Rhode Island State House. One of the later petitions dealt heavily with the boundary issues between the Rhode Island and Connecticut colonies. Clarke had to wait nearly a year for any action on the various petitions.

1011: 3490: 1460: 1532:, England. Margaret was the oldest child, born about 1601, and next was Carew, baptized 17 February 1602/3, followed by Thomas, baptized 31 March 1605. Mary was next, baptized 26 July 1607, then the subject John was baptized 8 October 1609, next was William baptized 11 February 1611 who probably died young, and the youngest, Joseph, was baptized on 16 December 1618. Margaret married Nicholas Wyeth and lived in 1265:

line between the two colonies was ultimately set at the Pawcatuck River, after months of negotiations involving lawyers and arbitrators on both sides. Those who had settled on Atherton Company lands were allowed to choose whether to be governed by Connecticut or Rhode Island. Once the agreement was reached, Winthrop returned to New England while Clarke made his final push for Rhode Island's charter.

1418:, who had been given the English name of King Philip. Though Rhode Island was much more at peace with the Indians than the other colonies, because of geography, it took the brunt of damage from the conflict, and the settlements of Warwick and Pawtuxet were totally destroyed, with much of Providence ruined as well. Because of the very high esteem Clarke held within the colony, he was 1318:

George Baxter, who carried it to Rhode Island. On 24 November 1663 Rhode Island's General Court of Commissioners convened at Newport for the last time under the parliamentary patent of 1643. The inhabitants and legislators had gathered to receive the result of Clarke's decade-long labors. The magnitude and solemnity of the occasion was captured in the colonial records:

1082:, which ultimately came about in 1647 as a result of the patent. He wanted colonial independence for the two island towns of Newport and Portsmouth, and decided to go to England to present his case to the Colonial Commissioners in London. On 3 April 1651, the Council of State of England gave Coddington the commission of a separate government for the island of 1023:

result, Holmes was taken to the town's whipping post on 5 September 1651 and given 30 lashes with a three-corded whip. He told the magistrates, "You have struck me as with roses", and he claimed to have felt no pain during the incident; however, he could only sleep by resting on his knees and elbows for many days afterwards. Much later, Rhode Island Governor

1336:, and only for the one reason that the apportionment of representatives for the several towns "could no longer be rendered as just in operation and could only be remedied by alteration of the organic law." When the document was ultimately retired, it was the longest surviving constitutional charter in the world. It was so far-reaching that even the 1543:. This was the wife who was with him while he was an agent in England, and she died in Newport a few years before Clarke. Following her death, he was married on 1 February 1671 to Jane, the widow of Nicholas Fletcher, but she died the following year on 19 April 1672. Clarke had a daughter with Jane, born 14 February 1672 and dying on 18 May 1673. 1381:, who abhorred the Atherton Company. Clarke was one of three men allowed to present Rhode Island's views on the land disputes, and the commissioners ultimately took a strong stance in favor of Rhode Island. Eventually, the Atherton Company lost its Narragansett property, and the Kings Province became a part of the Rhode Island colony. 635:, England, and was baptized there on 8 October 1609. He was one of seven children of Thomas Clarke and Rose Kerrich (or Kerridge), six of whom left England and settled in New England. No definitive record has been found concerning his life in England other than the parish records of his baptism and those of his siblings. 1225:

Rhode Island was renewed on 18 October 1660, and he filed at least ten petitions and letters to the king between 1661 and 1662. He offered the king the complete loyalty of the Rhode Island colony, and then requested the king's sympathy and support to guarantee freedom of conscience in the pursuit of religious worship.

594:. Following his poor treatment in prison, he went to England where he published a book on the persecutions of the Baptists in Massachusetts and on his theological beliefs. The fledgling Rhode Island colony needed an agent in England, so he remained there for more than a decade handling the colony's interests. 914: 1435:

6:2, and the ritual was welcomed in the Newport Baptist Church. However, some members of the church wanted the practice to be mandatory, while others did not want additional restrictions placed on the parishioners. This disagreement prompted William Vaughan to break away from the church in 1656 and

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While Clarke became very active in the affairs of the colony upon his return from England, he also resumed his leadership role in the Newport church. One major schism occurred in the church while he was in England, and another several years after his return. The first of these concerned the "laying

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The following day it was voted that words of humble thanks be delivered to the King and also to the Earl of Clarendon, and that a £100 gratuity be given to Clarke. The charter stood the test of time, and it wasn't until 1843, 180 years after its creation, that the charter was finally replaced by the

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At a very great meeting and assembly of the freemen of the colony of Providence Plantation, at Newport, in Rhode Island, in New England, November the 24th, 1663. The abovesayed Assembly being legally called and orderly mett for the sollome reception of his Majestyes gratious letter pattent unto them

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In this charter, colonial boundaries were outlined, provisions for a military and for prosecuting war were effected, fishing privileges were secured, and a means of appeal to England was detailed. The charter guaranteed the rights of Rhode Island residents to travel freely within the other colonies,

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Once the boundary issue between Rhode Island and Connecticut was resolved, the long-awaited charter, drafted by Clarke, was given the king's seal on 8 July 1663. The document was remarkable in that it not only offered corporate powers beyond what most English bureaucrats thought prudent, but offered

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recognized the conflict between Connecticut and Rhode Island. He summoned Winthrop and Clarke in July 1662, representing the king in hopes of settling the boundary dispute between the two colonies. Both colonies claimed the territory between the Pawcatuck River and the Narragansett Bay. The boundary

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Clarke returned to Rhode Island following his success at procuring the charter; he became very active in civil affairs there, and continued to pastor his church in Newport until his death in 1676. He left an extensive will, setting up the first educational trust in America. He was an avid proponent

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With the royal charter ready to travel to New England, Clarke had to begin gathering funds to get himself back as well. Only a week after the king put his seal on the charter, Clarke made an indenture with Richard Deane of London, mortgaging his Newport properties to raise money. Even this didn't

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that no person within the said colony, at any time hereafter shall be any wise molested , punished, disquieted, or called in question, for any differences in opinion in matters of religion, and do not actually disturb the civil peace of our said colony; but that all and every person and persons may,

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Of paramount importance to Clarke was the charter's explicit guarantee of religious freedom. It excused Rhode Islanders from conformity with the Anglican Church "because some of the people ... cannot, in their private Opinions, conform to the publique exercise of religion ..." It also took some of

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summed up the feelings of many of the Providence settlers when he wrote, "Whereas Mr. Coddington have gotten a charter of Road Iland and Conimacuke Iland to himself, he have thereby broken the force of their charter that went under the name of Providence, because he have gotten away the greater part

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Friends raised the money to pay the fines for Clarke and Crandall, but without their consent and contrary to their wishes. As soon as Holmes discovered what was happening, he was able to forbid the payment of his fine as a matter of conscience, though friends attempted to pay for him as well. As a

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counterparts in Plymouth accusing them of doing nothing about the practices. The Seekonk church then excommunicated Holmes and he was compelled to move to Newport in 1650 or 1651 with a few other dissidents, following court action against him. He subsequently became an elder of the Newport church.

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Ill Newes from New-England: Or a Narrative of New-Englands Persecution. Wherin is Declared that While Old England is Becoming New, New-England is Become Old. Also Four Proposals to the Honoured Parliament and Councel of State, Touching the Way to Propagate the Gospel of Christ (with Small Charge

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to be used "for the relief of the poor or bringing up of children unto learning from time to time forever." Still in use, this trust is generally considered to be the oldest educational trust fund in the United States. Ironically, the trust undermined some of the principles that Clarke cherished,

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An important acquaintance of Clarke's in London was Richard Baily, who provided him with legal expertise, helped him draft petitions to the king, and may have even helped him write Rhode Island's charter. When Clarke eventually returned to Newport, Baily sailed with him, later providing additional

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were sent to England to get the Coddington commission revoked. Simultaneously, the mainland towns of Providence and Warwick sent Roger Williams on a similar errand, and the three men sailed for England in November 1651, just a few months after Clarke had been released from prison. The men did not

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In 1640, the towns of Portsmouth and Newport united and Coddington was elected its governor. Roger Williams wanted royal recognition for these settlements and protection against encroachments from their neighbors of Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut. In 1643, he went to England to obtain a

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had made incursions into Rhode Island territory. After the restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660, it was imperative that Rhode Island receive a royal charter to protect its territorial integrity. It was Clarke's role to obtain such a document, and he saw this as an opportunity to include

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for two of the three years between 1669 and 1672. With his legal background, he was appointed in October 1666 to make a digest of Rhode Island laws. In June 1670 and again in March 1672 he was chosen as an agent to go back to England on behalf of the colony. His selection in 1672 was to make an

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Once he had the cherished document in hand, it was imperative for Clarke to get it sent to Rhode Island. However, he had received very little remuneration for his diplomatic efforts and did not have the funds to immediately sail back to New England. He therefore entrusted the charter to Captain

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Fourth, that no such believer or servant of Christ Jesus hath liberty, much less authority from his Lord to smite his fellow-servant, nor yet with outward force, or arm of flesh to constrain, or restrain his conscience, no, nor yet his outward man for conscience' sake, or worship of his God, where

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in Holland, one of Europe's primary medical schools at the time. The school's ledger of graduates includes, in Latin, "Johannes Clarcq, Anglus, 17 July 1635-273" (translated as John Clark, England). It is apparent that Clarke earned a master's degree from the concordance that he wrote, where the

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Clarke was apparently highly educated, judging from the fact that he arrived in New England at the age of 28 qualified as both a physician and a Baptist minister. His many years of study become evident through a book that he wrote and published in 1652, and through his masterful authorship of the

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Following all the furore over the land boundaries, none of the other provisions of the proposed charter aroused any debate. Many of the provisions of Rhode Island's charter were like those in Connecticut's, except that Connecticut wanted a government similar to that of Massachusetts, while Rhode

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Clarke wrote a particularly eloquent proposal in a petition received by the crown on 5 February 1661, with certain words emboldened within the document. His earnest request was "TO HOLD FORTH A LIVELY EXPERIMENT THAT A MOST FLOURISHING CIVILL STATE MAY STAND ... AND BEST BE MAINTAYNED ... WITH A

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was passed requiring unified religious observances centered on the Anglican Church. The new king harbored prejudices against the Presbyterians, Independents, and Baptists, increasing Clarke's difficulty in crafting a charter that included religious freedoms. Clarke's commission as the agent for

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Second, baptism, or dipping in water, is one of the commandments of this Lord Jesus Christ, and that a visible believer or disciple of Christ Jesus—that is, one that manifesteth repentance toward God, and faith in Jesus Christ—is the only person that is to be baptized, or dipped with that visible

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visited him at his home. The party arrived on Saturday 19 July and held a religious service the next day. Those present included family and visitors and "four or five strangers that came in unexpected". During the service, two constables appeared with a warrant signed by local magistrate Robert

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Clarke believed that secular government should peacefully coexist with religion, and he became a seminal figure in applying the separation of church and state. Historian Thomas Bicknell, one of Clarke's most ardent supporters, wrote that at the time of the Puritan settlement of New England that

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ensuring the religious liberties on which the colony had been founded, and Cromwell confirmed the validity of Rhode Island's 1643 patent. Clarke also assisted the colony in 1656 by sending home four barrels of powder and eight barrels of shot and bullets, and in 1657 he handled a letter from the

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church under the pastorship of William Kiffin. One of his means of support was preaching at this church, which he called his "cheefe place for proffitt and preference", possibly because this arrangement offered him room and board. He also offered legal services and practiced medicine in London.

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The outcome of the trial was that Holmes was fined £30, Clarke £20, and Crandall £5. Holmes had been given the heaviest fine because of his excommunication in Seekonk and for administering the baptisms in Lynn. Clarke protested their heavy fines, and Governor Endicott replied that Clarke "was

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struck Holmes while he was in the protection of the court. The men were charged with: (1) holding an unauthorized religious meeting; (2) disrupting an authorized meeting (wearing their hats); (3) administering sacraments illegally; (4) maintaining that the Massachusetts churches were not true

825:) under one government. Coddington was opposed to the patent because the two island towns had grown and prospered much more than the mainland towns of Providence and Warwick. He managed to keep the island towns separate until 1647 when the four towns finally adopted the patent and became the 1356:

Despite the magnanimous provisions of Rhode Island's charter, it did not definitively settle the land disputes with Connecticut, which would continue for more than half a century. Nor did it settle the issue with the Atherton Company, occupying two large tracts of land within Rhode Island's

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was given an audience with the king ahead of Clarke, and he obtained a new charter for his colony. Winthrop was on good terms with many Rhode Islanders, but he also had a stake in the Atherton Company, which undermined the sovereignty of Rhode Island by buying large tracts of land from the

728:. John Clarke apparently went with both groups, based on what he wrote in his book: "By reason of the suffocating heat of the summer before , I went to the North to be somewhat cooler, but the winter following proved so cold, that we were forced in the spring to make towards the South." 904:

The Massachusetts clergymen and magistrates were angered when they learned of the Seekonk baptisms. In their eyes, they invalidated the earlier baptisms which the parishioners had undergone as children, and also invalidated the ministers who performed them. The magistrates wrote to their

1484:. While the trust was used to support ministries of the church, it enmeshed the town counsel and the church in many legal entanglements. Eventually the trust was used to pay, at least in part, the salary of a paid minister—something that Clarke thought to be highly inappropriate. 1389:

Following his great usefulness in England, Clarke became further involved in the affairs of the Rhode Island colony upon his return. He served for six years, from 1664 to 1671, as a Deputy from Newport in the General Assembly, and then served as the Deputy Governor under Governor

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The title of Dr. has been given to John Clarke by many authors, because he was a physician. However, he was not a doctor of medicine in the modern sense, even though he had medical training and education. The title has not been used in this article, other than in quotations.

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and presented it to the king, and it was approved with the king's seal on 8 July 1663. This charter granted unprecedented freedom and religious liberty to Rhode Islanders and remained in effect for 180 years, making it the longest-lasting constitutional charter in history.

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Third, every such believer in Christ Jesus ... may in point of liberty, yea, ought in point of duty, to improve that talent his Lord hath given unto him, and in the congregation ... may speak by way of prophecy for the edification, exhortation, and comfort of the whole.

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to Newport in 1672, during Fox's visit to the American colonies. Soon thereafter Davis drowned, and within a year and a half his widow married Clarke. Sarah survived Clarke, and died sometime about 1692. She had children who were remembered in Clarke's will.

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from time to time, and at all times hereafter, freely and fully have and enjoy his and their own judgments and consciences, in matters of religious concernments, throughout the tract of land hereafter mentioned, they behaving themselves peaceable and quietly ...

869:" on the island from 1640 to 1641. Boston lawyer Thomas Lechford wrote that there was a church on the island in 1640 of which Clarke was the elder or pastor, but he understood that it had been dissolved. Nevertheless, Clarke conducted public worship in 590:, and he established America's second Baptist church in Newport. Baptists were considered heretics and were banned from Massachusetts, but Clarke wanted to make inroads there and spent time in the Boston jail after making a mission trip to the town of 1043:

wrote a letter to Governor Endicott, making an earnest plea for toleration in matters of conscience and religion, but the request was unheeded. However, Williams did not let the matter rest, and used Clarke and Holmes as the subjects of his book

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With the help of Richard Baily, Clarke drafted his will on 20 April 1676, then died in Newport the same day. He was buried in his family plot in Newport, as directed in his will, beside his two wives, Elizabeth and Jane, who predeceased him.

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Clarke had some legal training, and historian Albert Henry Newman argued that he was the principal author of the first complete code of laws that was enacted by the fledgling colony in 1647. Rhode Island historian and Lieutenant Governor

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where he was informed that Sowams was under their jurisdiction but Aquidneck Island was not. This suited Clarke, whose desire for the exiles was to "get clear of all, and be ourselves". Aquidneck was in the territory of the

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a degree of religious freedom without precedent. The provisions of this charter were so far-reaching that not only would Rhode Island proceed as an autonomous entity, but the document would remain in effect for 180 years.

1063:. Some scholars have argued that Clarke's mission trip was planned to provoke the Massachusetts officials in order to support the cause of Rhode Island in England. Shortly after Clarke arrived in England, he published 1406:, considered "the most disastrous conflict to ever devastate New England," and leaving the mainland towns of the colony in ruins. This confrontation between many indigenous people and the English settlers was named for 4258:: The names of Clarke, Johnson, Hall, and Brightman at the end of the Portsmouth list were crossed out, and it is uncertain if they came to Portsmouth, though most, if not all, of them did appear on Aquidneck Island. 1546:

Clarke's third wife was Sarah, the widow of Nicholas Davis, with whom Clarke had had a long association. Davis, like Clarke, had been an early settler of Aquidneck Island in 1639, but became a merchant and moved to

277: 1067:. The book was an appeal to the English government outlining the case for religious tolerance, and it was instrumental in shaping public opinion and generating support for a charter for the Rhode Island colony. 1048:(1652). Williams gave a copy of this book to Clarke and wrote in the front: "For his honoured and beloved Mr. John Clarke, an eminent witnes of Christ Jesus ag'st ye bloodie Doctrine of persecution, &c." 949:(one favoring infant baptism), nor a Catabaptist (one opposing infant baptism). The governor said that the three men "deserved death, and he would not have such trash brought into his jurisdiction." 1443:

within the congregation wanted to worship on Saturday. The practice was largely tolerated, with some parishioners attending one service, some attending another, and some attending both. The elder

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Island wanted the same self-government of the freemen that had been granted earlier in the 1643 patent. However, the Rhode Island charter went much further in its guarantees of religious freedom.

1249:, where Rhode Island claimed the territory. Clarke regarded Winthrop's conduct as treacherous, and Winthrop avoided Clarke while in England; he was able to get his charter approved in May 1662. 77: 1107:

of that colonie." Clarke voiced his opposition to Coddington's rule of the island, and he was commissioned as the island's agent to England on 15 October 1651. The following month, he and

1119:. William Dyer returned to Rhode Island the following February, bringing the news of the return of the colony to the Williams Patent of 1643, but Clarke remained in England with his wife. 3522: 809:

and many others in building the new settlement of Pocasset on Aquidneck Island. Within a year, however, there was dissension among the leaders, and Clarke joined Coddington and

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The controversy ultimately resulted in many people leaving Massachusetts Bay Colony, either voluntarily or by banishment. Some went north in November 1637 to found the town of

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ensure his immediate departure from England, and it wasn't until the following spring that he was able to make the voyage back to Rhode Island. He and his wife sailed aboard

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wrote from England to Reverends Cotton and Wilson of the Boston church: "These rigid wayes have lay'd you very lowe in the hearts of the saynts." Shortly after the incident,

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wrote, "Those who have seen the scars on Mr. Holmes' back (which the old man was wont to call the marks of the Lord Jesus), have expressed a wonder that he should live."

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Peckham genealogy: the English ancestors and American descendants of John Peckham of Newport, Rhode Island, 1630, New York: National Historical Col, 1922, 622 pgs.

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First, that ... Jesus Christ is ... the Lord: none to or with him by way of commanding and ordering, with respect to the worship of God, the household of faith.

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had submitted themselves to England's king. Once the newly arrived commissioners verified this, they declared all of the Narragansett territory (what is now

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was unhappy with the colonial patent that Roger Williams had obtained in 1643, and he was resistant to consolidating the four settlements into the unified

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as witnesses. The names of many of the settlers were included on the deed; Coddington's name appeared first because he was responsible for the gratuity.

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John Clarke was married three times, his first wife being Elizabeth Harris, the daughter of John Harris who was lord of the manor of Wrestlingworth in

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churches; and (5) maintaining that infant baptism was false baptism. The men were sentenced without any accuser or witness speaking out against them.

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signed the document which was intended to form a "Bodie Politick" based on Christian principles, and Coddington was chosen as the leader of the group.

748: 1587: 1181: 1079: 850: 826: 556: 213: 783:. On 24 March 1638, Williams drew up the deed granting Aquidneck Island to the settlers, which was signed "at Narragansett" (likely Providence) by 770:(which was called Rhode Island at the time). Williams was uncertain about English claims to these lands, so Clarke led a delegation of three men to 810: 4290: 3795: 1943:: "It is said that in 1644, Mr. John Clarke and some others formed a church on the scheme and principles of the Baptists" (Burrage, 1894, p. 26). 4325: 878: 1340:

did not change its position, since both the revolution and the charter rested on the same foundation—the inherent right of self-government.

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whose counsel was sought in a 4 April 1676 General Assembly resolution. Two weeks later, while the war was still raging, Clarke was dead.

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in England, although he received little compensation for his work. However, he remained active in his religious commitment and joined a

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One positive outcome of the ordeal endured by these men was the conversion and baptism of some of the witnesses. One such witness was

3400: 1357:"Narragansett country". Fortuitous for the Rhode Island colony, however, was the arrival in 1664 of a group of royal commissioners. 3983: 3939: 3862: 1536:. Mary married John Peckham, and came to Newport, Rhode Island with her husband and four brothers, Carew, Thomas, John, and Joseph. 3692: 3682: 4305: 4300: 4022: 3702: 802: 1112:

meet with the Council of State on New England until April 1652 because of recent hostilities between the English and the Dutch.

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of 1663; further, his will mentions his Hebrew and Greek books, as well as a concordance and lexicon that he wrote himself.

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and Great Safety) Both in Old England and New. Also Christ out of His Last Will and Testament, Confirmed and Justified

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The prisoners were taken to Boston on 22 July and held until their trial on 31 July. They were brought before Governor

2986: 1059:. Dunster's conversion in faith resulted in his removal as president in 1654, but helped inspire the creation of the 646:

The difficulty with tracing Clarke's life in England stems largely from his very common name. Rhode Island historian

566:, England. He received an extensive education, including a master's degree in England followed by medical training in 4315: 4295: 3318: 3217: 3013: 535: 3773: 3128: 1431:

on of hands". This practice was considered to be one of Christ's six principles as advocated in the biblical verse

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Annals of the Town of Providence, from its First Settlement to the Organization of the City Government in June 1832

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The book ultimately had the desired effect. The Massachusetts authorities became so alarmed over the contents of

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in July 1651. He wanted to connect with his Baptist faith, but he was too infirm to travel to Newport, so Clarke,

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in 1628 and a master's degree there in 1632. Another clue to his education comes from a catalog of students from

1366: 854: 17: 1559:, he was imprisoned and banished from there in 1659, and later lived in Newport. He transported Quaker founder 3781: 1436:

form his own "Six Principle" Baptist Church in Newport, sometimes called the Second Baptist Church of Newport.

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from the time of his arrival until 1644, when a church at Newport was founded. The church remains active as a

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in November 1637 when the colony was in the midst of the major theological and political crisis known as the

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John Clarke (1609–1676): Pioneer in American Medicine, Democratic Ideals, and Champion of Religious Liberty

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religious freedoms never seen before in any constitutional charter. He wrote ten petitions and letters to

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John Clarke was the fifth of seven known children born to Thomas and Rose Clarke, all born or baptized at

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Criticism arose as soon as Coddington returned to Rhode Island with his commission. In September 1651,

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who is considered a "pugnacious man a hot-tempered fault-finder" by Clarke biographer Sydney James.

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Saints and Sectaries: Anne Hutchinson and the Antinomian Controversy in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

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extolled the virtues of this code, calling it a model of legislation which has not been surpassed.

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Coddington's commission for the island government was revoked in October 1652, with the help of

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Ill Newes from New-England, documenting the ordeal at the hands of the Massachusetts authorities

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and negotiated for months with Connecticut over territorial boundaries. Finally, he drafted the

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and likely had its beginnings when he arrived on the island in 1638. Massachusetts Governor

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The other New England colonies were hostile to Rhode Island, and both Massachusetts Bay and

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that was included in the Rhode Island charter—and later in the United States Constitution.

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The forgotten patriot: One man's actions forever married religious freedom with democracy

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The First Baptist Church of Newport, a grammar school, and a merchant Liberty ship, the

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received at least ten petitions and letters from Clarke before affixing his seal on the

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was making into the territory of Rhode Island, but the plan to send him was abandoned.

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Portsmouth Compact; John Clarke's name is second on the list, just below Coddington's

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Quotation of John Clarke on the frieze of the Rhode Island Statehouse in Providence

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Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Massachusetts, 1636–1641

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John Clarke and His Legacies: Religion and Law in Colonial Rhode Island, 1638–1750

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During the trial, the court was represented by Governor Endicott, Deputy Governor

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William Witter was an elderly blind man with Baptist sentiments who was living in

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of London, carrying their belongings and a shipment of armaments for the colony.

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The second major division in the church occurred over the day of worship, when

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that Thomas Cobbet, the minister of the Lynn church, wrote a rebuttal entitled

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Clarke, John (1652), "Ill Newes from New England", in Gaustad, Edwin (ed.),

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Roger Williams suggested two places where the exiles could settle on the

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Deputy Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

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Ill Newes from New England: or a Narrative of New England's Persecution

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patent bringing all four towns (Newport, Portsmouth, Providence, and

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Physician, Baptist Minister, Colonial agent, Deputy, Deputy Governor

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The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

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The Civil Magistrates Power in Matters of Religion Modestly Debated

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in moving to the south end of the island, establishing the town of

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was dedicated in his honor in 1963. A plaque on the wall of the

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weighed in with denunciation for the prisoners, and the Reverend

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Governor Endicott said that Clarke and his company deserved death

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injury is not offered to the person, name, or estate of others.

551:(October 1609 – 20 April 1676) was a physician, politician, and 2988:

History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

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wrote that this was probably the same John Clarke who attended

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with many exiles from the conflict. He became a co-founder of

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The Antinomian Controversy, 1636–1638, A Documentary History

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Series 4, vol. II (Crosby, Nichols & Co., Boston 1854),

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An unforeseen emergency occurred in the spring of 1662 when

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colony requesting assistance with legal proceedings against

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A much later pastor of the Newport church was the Reverend

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James, Sydney V. (1999). Bozeman, Theodore Dwight (ed.).

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ascended the throne of England, and within two years the

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Original proprietors of Rhode Island's first settlements

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sent, and having in order thereto chosen the President,

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and others in front of Clarke's grave marker in Newport

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Very soon after arriving in England, Clarke published

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authorship is given as "John Clarke, Master of Arts".

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17th-century Baptist ministers from the United States

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Roger Williams and the Creation of the American Soul

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From 1675 to 1676, Rhode Island became embroiled in

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Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society

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Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2928: 2868: 2839: 2707: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2507: 2478: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2422: 2398: 2371: 2356: 2322: 2263: 2236: 2219: 2159: 2147: 2123: 2111: 2058: 2031: 1970: 1958: 1851: 1772: 1682: 1193:legal counsel and writing Clarke's extensive will. 739:Clarke joined a group of men at the Boston home of 3882: 3306: 3071: 3048: 2916: 2386: 1395:appeal to the king because of incursions that the 1377:, a good friend of Rhode Island's recent governor 1097: 1035:Following the men's arrest and ill treatment, Sir 1588:Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1182:Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1080:Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 840: 827:Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 716:, who suggested that they purchase land from the 557:Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 4267: 3812:First settlers of Providence with Roger Williams 3421:Transcript of charter from RI Secretary of State 2883: 1164:Most of Clarke's time in England was during the 3381:. United States Maritime Commission. 4 May 2002 3276:whose moral character has never been surpassed. 3008:. Pittsburgh, PA: Dorrance Publishing Company. 1272: 4131:(Signers of initial agreement, 28 April 1639) 3789: 3516: 3212:. Durham and London: Duke University Press. 3141:Anne Hutchinson: Troubler of the Puritan Zion 1122: 529: 223:Clarke Cemetery, Dr. Wheatland Blvd., Newport 27:American politician and physician (1609–1676) 3416:Staple's history: Callender's Century Sermon 1583:List of lieutenant governors of Rhode Island 1014:Clarke was heavily fined, while the defiant 879:United Baptist Church, John Clarke Memorial 3796: 3782: 3523: 3509: 3230:The American Family of Rev. Obadiah Holmes 1086:and for the smaller neighboring island of 941:for questioning and were accused of being 536: 522: 54: 3894:(signers of "initial deed," October 1638) 3532:Colonial deputy governors of Rhode Island 30:For other people with the same name, see 3352: 3334: 3256: 3151:A History of the Baptists in New England 3114: 3092: 2910: 2862: 2833: 2749: 2350: 2316: 2304: 2052: 1911: 1872: 1845: 1833: 1790: 1766: 1754: 1730: 1715: 1700: 1676: 1661: 1649: 1519:And of the Civil Polity of Rhode Island 1458: 1276: 1251: 1200: 1196: 1009: 912: 730: 3304: 3290: 3281: 3147: 3032:. Albany, New York: J. Munsell's Sons. 3029:Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island 2416: 2257: 2177: 2093: 2081: 2025: 1991: 1952: 1923: 1896: 1608:The complete title of Clarke's book is 954:John Clarke's Four Religious Principles 14: 4291:English emigrants to the United States 4268: 3226: 3179: 3161: 3138: 3069: 3022: 2981: 2949: 2761: 2737: 2725: 2701: 2634: 2622: 2571: 2404: 2201: 2189: 2105: 2008: 1821: 1742: 1578:List of early settlers of Rhode Island 1523: 1507:Erected by the Newport Medical Society 893:(then in Plymouth Colony but later in 743:on 7 March 1638, and they drafted the 4326:Colonial agents of the British Empire 3777: 3504: 3237: 3046: 3003: 2961: 2937: 2922: 2877: 2850: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2713: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2556: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2472: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2392: 2380: 2365: 2333: 2269: 2245: 2230: 2213: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2117: 2069: 2037: 1979: 1964: 1884: 1857: 1802: 1778: 1688: 1168:, when rule of the country was under 1147: 3377: 3202: 2889: 1361:had told the crown that in 1644 the 555:minister, who was co-founder of the 4331:17th-century Protestant theologians 3183:The Life and Times of Samuel Gorton 1482:separation between church and state 1454: 1425: 884: 24: 3891:Original proprietors of Providence 1619: 1602: 1094:), with him as governor for life. 1070: 25: 4342: 4311:People from colonial Rhode Island 3394: 3284:Turning Points in Baptist History 3186:. George S. Ferguson Co. p. 1046:The Bloody Tenent Yet More Bloody 865:wrote that there were "professed 652:St Catharine's College, Cambridge 3881: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3297:. Providence: Knowles and Vose. 3148:Burrage, Henry Sweetser (1894). 505: 276: 2970: 2895: 2275: 1929: 1098:Repeal of Coddington Commission 908: 855:First Baptist Church in America 666: 4306:People from Westhorpe, Suffolk 4301:American Christian theologians 3305:Winship, Michael Paul (2002). 3004:Asher, Louis Franklin (1997). 1620: 1603: 1384: 1285:of 1663 was written by Clarke. 1061:First Baptist Church of Boston 841:Founding of the Newport church 697:, and proponents of so-called 570:, Holland. He arrived at the 351:Separation of church and state 13: 1: 1630: 1343: 1154:Rhode Island's official agent 1018:was whipped in Boston in 1651 622: 66:(possible portrait of Clarke) 4321:17th-century philanthropists 3291:Staples, William R. (1843). 3121:The Story of Dr. John Clarke 1613:(London: Henry Hills, 1652) 1334:Constitution of Rhode Island 1273:Rhode Island's Royal Charter 1030: 32:John Clarke (disambiguation) 7: 4200:(Original purchasers, 1643) 3282:Shurden, Walter B. (2008). 3139:Bremer, Francis J. (1981). 1571: 648:George Andrews Moriarty, Jr 341:Priesthood of all believers 10: 4347: 3411:Thomas Lechford's notebook 3286:. Mercer University Press. 3233:. Columbus, Ohio: private. 1501:Newport Historical Society 1420:one of 16 colonial leaders 1338:American Revolutionary War 1291:Rhode Island Royal Charter 1288: 1283:Rhode Island Royal Charter 1210:Rhode Island Royal Charter 1124:Ill Newes from New England 853:which is now known as the 670: 641:Rhode Island Royal Charter 608:Rhode Island Royal Charter 29: 4253: 4196: 4127: 3997: 3962: 3890: 3879: 3811: 3538: 3257:Peterson, Edward (1853). 3227:Holmes, James T. (1915). 3116:Bicknell, Thomas Williams 3094:Bicknell, Thomas Williams 1939:, who stated in his 1738 1371:Kent County, Rhode Island 1055:, the first president of 976:Four Religious Principles 881:in honor of its founder. 724:, near his settlement of 656:Brasenose College, Oxford 247: 239: 233:(2) Jane (_____) Fletcher 227: 219: 199: 182: 177: 173: 161: 149: 139: 128: 116: 104: 94: 83: 75: 71: 53: 41: 4316:Rhode Island politicians 4296:American philanthropists 3359:The American Genealogist 3341:The American Genealogist 3263:. J. S. Taylor. p. 1593: 1534:Cambridge, Massachusetts 1475:In his will he set up a 889:In 1649, Clarke went to 877:and carries the name of 849:established a church in 683:Massachusetts Bay Colony 627:John Clarke was born at 572:Massachusetts Bay Colony 3603:Dominion of New England 3260:History of Rhode Island 3180:Gorton, Adelos (1907). 3047:Barry, John M. (2012). 1092:Jamestown, Rhode Island 990:, William Hibbins, and 895:Rehoboth, Massachusetts 875:Reformed Baptist Church 758:: Sowams (which became 512:Christianity portal 451:William Bullein Johnson 346:Individual soul liberty 235:(3) Sarah (_____) Davis 186:Baptized 8 October 1609 4089:Edward Hutchinson, Sr. 4053:Edward Hutchinson, Jr. 3998:Founders of Portsmouth 3070:Battis, Emery (1962). 1513:John Clarke, Physician 1468: 1329: 1315: 1304:the language from the 1286: 1257: 1213: 1019: 971: 918: 736: 726:Providence Plantations 687:Antinomian Controversy 673:Antinomian Controversy 576:Antinomian Controversy 494:Baptist World Alliance 3164:The Baptist Tradition 2983:Arnold, Samuel Greene 1462: 1320: 1310: 1280: 1255: 1206:Charles II of England 1204: 1197:Negotiating a charter 1013: 952: 916: 734: 710:Exeter, New Hampshire 588:Newport, Rhode Island 578:and decided to go to 489:Baptist denominations 446:James Robinson Graves 62:The Unknown Clergyman 3354:Moriarty, G. Andrews 3336:Moriarty, G. Andrews 3024:Austin, John Osborne 1497:Rhode Island College 1306:Declaration of Breda 794:, with Williams and 764:Warren, Rhode Island 231:(1) Elizabeth Harris 4197:Founders of Warwick 4128:Founders of Newport 3833:John Smith (miller) 3134:on 6 November 2014. 2812:, pp. 123–145. 2764:, pp. 211–212. 2574:, pp. 294–295. 1524:Ancestry and family 1363:Narragansett people 1243:Narragansett people 1037:Richard Saltonstall 923:Lynn, Massachusetts 777:Narragansett people 718:Narragansett people 699:"covenant of works" 691:"covenant of grace" 592:Lynn, Massachusetts 574:in 1637 during the 562:Clarke was born in 378:Freedom of religion 4139:William Coddington 4023:William Hutchinson 4013:William Coddington 4003:Portsmouth Compact 3963:Pawtuxet Claimants 3426:Article on charter 3176:(Internet Archive) 1887:, pp. 14, 35. 1530:Westhorpe, Suffolk 1517:Founder of Newport 1469: 1465:Thomas W. Bicknell 1397:Connecticut Colony 1287: 1258: 1238:John Winthrop, Jr. 1234:Connecticut Colony 1214: 1158:Particular Baptist 1148:Rhode Island agent 1076:William Coddington 1020: 988:Richard Bellingham 986:, and magistrates 919: 745:Portsmouth Compact 741:William Coddington 737: 677:Clarke arrived in 599:Connecticut Colony 564:Westhorpe, Suffolk 4263: 4262: 4033:William Aspinwall 3984:William Carpenter 3940:William Carpenter 3930:John Throckmorton 3863:William Carpenter 3771: 3770: 3168:. Text online in 3085:978-0-8078-0863-4 3062:978-0-14-312288-3 3055:. Penguin Group. 3039:978-0-8063-0006-1 2824:, pp. 90–91. 2776:, pp. 97–98. 2649:, pp. 83–84. 2504:, pp. 64–65. 2144:, pp. 60–61. 1805:, pp. 28–29. 1480:particularly the 1404:King Philip's War 1367:Washington County 1262:Earl of Clarendon 1222:Act of Uniformity 693:theology, led by 660:Leiden University 631:in the county of 615:of the notion of 546: 545: 363:Congregationalism 336:Believers' Church 251: 250: 16:(Redirected from 4338: 4228:Richard Waterman 4201: 4132: 4084:William Baulston 4068:William Freeborn 4006: 3967: 3952:Richard Waterman 3907:Stukely Westcott 3895: 3885: 3884: 3816: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3775: 3774: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3481: 3480: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3367: 3349: 3324: 3312: 3301: 3287: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3253: 3234: 3223: 3199: 3167: 3158: 3144: 3135: 3133: 3126: 3111: 3089: 3077: 3066: 3054: 3043: 3019: 3000: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2560: 2554: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2476: 2470: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2369: 2363: 2354: 2348: 2337: 2331: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2234: 2228: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2056: 2050: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2012: 2006: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1719: 1713: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1624: 1607: 1455:Death and legacy 1426:Church divisions 994:. The Reverend 978: 885:Baptist activism 835:Samuel G. Arnold 768:Aquidneck Island 722:Narragansett Bay 580:Aquidneck Island 538: 531: 524: 510: 509: 441:Charles Spurgeon 396:List of Baptists 280: 271: 269: 253: 252: 206: 178:Personal details 164: 152: 133: 119: 107: 88: 76:3rd and 5th 58: 39: 38: 21: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4249: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4157:William Brenton 4151:John Coggeshall 4145:Nicholas Easton 4130: 4129: 4123: 4073:Philip Shearman 4028:John Coggeshall 4005:, 7 March 1638) 4000: 3999: 3993: 3979:Benedict Arnold 3965: 3964: 3958: 3955:Ezekiel Holyman 3893: 3892: 3886: 3877: 3858:Benedict Arnold 3814: 3813: 3807: 3802: 3772: 3767: 3534: 3529: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3431: 3407:, 28 April 2011 3397: 3384: 3382: 3321: 3269: 3267: 3250: 3220: 3156:Obadiah Holmes. 3131: 3124: 3086: 3063: 3040: 3016: 2973: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 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1722: 1714: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1675: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1596: 1574: 1553:Plymouth Colony 1526: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1457: 1428: 1392:Benedict Arnold 1387: 1379:William Brenton 1375:Samuel Maverick 1346: 1325:Benedict Arnold 1293: 1275: 1247:Narraganset Bay 1199: 1174:Oliver Cromwell 1150: 1127: 1100: 1073: 1071:Time in England 1057:Harvard College 1033: 992:Increase Nowell 980: 973: 955: 911: 887: 843: 807:Anne Hutchinson 772:Plymouth Colony 756:Narraganset Bay 675: 669: 625: 604:King Charles II 542: 504: 499: 498: 484: 476: 475: 411:Thomas Grantham 391: 383: 382: 326:Baptist beliefs 321: 313: 312: 288: 267: 265: 234: 232: 208: 204: 187: 162: 156:Nicholas Easton 150: 144:Benedict Arnold 134: 129: 123:Nicholas Easton 117: 111:Nicholas Easton 105: 99:Benedict Arnold 89: 84: 67: 65: 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Dr. John Clarke 15: 12: 11: 5: 4344: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4261: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4246:Nicholas Power 4244: 4243:William Wodell 4241: 4238: 4237:Samson Shotten 4235: 4234:Richard Carder 4232: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4220:Francis Weston 4218: 4215: 4210: 4208:Randall Holden 4204: 4202: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4189:(Elder; clerk) 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4133: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4119:John Brightman 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4099:Randall Holden 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4080:Richard Carder 4078: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4038:Samuel Wilbore 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4007: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3974:William Arnold 3970: 3968: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3949:Francis Weston 3947: 3942: 3937: 3935:William Harris 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3914: 3912:William Arnold 3909: 3904: 3902:Roger Williams 3898: 3896: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3873:Thomas Hopkins 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3853:William Arnold 3850: 3845: 3840: 3838:Francis Wickes 3835: 3830: 3828:William Harris 3825: 3823:Roger Williams 3819: 3817: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3505: 3498: 3497: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3449: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3396: 3395:External links 3393: 3392: 3391: 3372:Online sources 3369: 3368: 3350: 3326: 3325: 3319: 3302: 3288: 3279: 3254: 3249:978-0271028156 3248: 3235: 3224: 3218: 3204:Hall, David D. 3200: 3177: 3159: 3145: 3136: 3112: 3090: 3084: 3067: 3061: 3044: 3038: 3020: 3014: 3001: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2964:, p. 103. 2954: 2942: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2894: 2882: 2867: 2855: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2800:, p. 102. 2790: 2788:, p. 100. 2778: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2740:, p. 136. 2730: 2728:, p. 387. 2718: 2706: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2637:, p. 294. 2627: 2625:, p. 284. 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2561: 2542: 2530: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2477: 2462: 2450: 2438: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2385: 2370: 2355: 2353:, p. 987. 2338: 2321: 2319:, p. 983. 2309: 2307:, p. 982. 2297: 2274: 2262: 2250: 2235: 2218: 2216:, p. 356. 2206: 2194: 2182: 2170: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2057: 2042: 2030: 2013: 2011:, p. 104. 1996: 1984: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1941:Century Sermon 1937:John Callender 1928: 1926:, p. iii. 1916: 1901: 1889: 1877: 1875:, p. 993. 1862: 1850: 1848:, p. 980. 1838: 1836:, p. 976. 1826: 1807: 1795: 1783: 1771: 1769:, p. 975. 1759: 1747: 1745:, p. 231. 1735: 1720: 1705: 1693: 1691:, p. 168. 1681: 1666: 1654: 1652:, p. 131. 1634: 1632: 1629: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1573: 1570: 1525: 1522: 1505: 1493:SS John Clarke 1456: 1453: 1445:Obadiah Holmes 1427: 1424: 1386: 1383: 1369:and a part of 1345: 1342: 1289:Main article: 1274: 1271: 1198: 1195: 1187:William Harris 1178:Lord Protector 1149: 1146: 1126: 1121: 1104:William Arnold 1099: 1096: 1072: 1069: 1041:Roger Williams 1032: 1029: 1025:Joseph Jenckes 1016:Obadiah Holmes 953: 951: 927:Obadiah Holmes 910: 907: 899:Obadiah Holmes 886: 883: 847:Roger Williams 842: 839: 801:Clarke joined 796:Randall Holden 714:Roger Williams 668: 665: 624: 621: 544: 543: 541: 540: 533: 526: 518: 515: 514: 501: 500: 497: 496: 491: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 431:Shubal Stearns 428: 423: 418: 416:Roger Williams 413: 408: 403: 398: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 357:Sola scriptura 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 310: 305: 300: 295: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 273: 272: 262: 261: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 207:(aged 66) 201: 197: 196: 184: 180: 179: 175: 174: 171: 170: 165: 159: 158: 153: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 126: 125: 120: 114: 113: 108: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 81: 80: 73: 72: 69: 68: 59: 51: 50: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4343: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4242: 4240:Robert Potter 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4224:Samuel Gorton 4222: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4195: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4175:Thomas Hazard 4173: 4170: 4169:Jeremy Clarke 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4104:Thomas Clarke 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4058:Thomas Savage 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3961: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 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3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3320:0-691-08943-4 3316: 3311: 3310: 3303: 3300: 3299:1640 compact. 3296: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3219:0-8223-1091-0 3215: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3015:0-8059-4040-5 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2963: 2958: 2952:, p. 63. 2951: 2946: 2940:, p. 96. 2939: 2934: 2932: 2924: 2919: 2913:, p. 72. 2912: 2911:Moriarty 1948 2907: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2880:, p. 90. 2879: 2874: 2872: 2865:, p. 72. 2864: 2863:Peterson 1853 2859: 2853:, p. 89. 2852: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2836:, p. 11. 2835: 2834:Bicknell 2005 2830: 2823: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2750:Bicknell 1920 2746: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2716:, p. 93. 2715: 2710: 2704:, p. 46. 2703: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2685:, p. 85. 2684: 2679: 2673:, p. 90. 2672: 2667: 2661:, p. 85. 2660: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2610:, p. 83. 2609: 2604: 2598:, p. 81. 2597: 2592: 2586:, p. 80. 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2559:, p. 82. 2558: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2540:, p. 79. 2539: 2534: 2528:, p. 78. 2527: 2522: 2516:, p. 66. 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2492:, p. 78. 2491: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2475:, p. 77. 2474: 2469: 2467: 2460:, p. 76. 2459: 2454: 2448:, p. 55. 2447: 2442: 2436:, p. 75. 2435: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2419:, p. 26. 2418: 2413: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2389: 2383:, p. 50. 2382: 2377: 2375: 2368:, p. 51. 2367: 2362: 2360: 2352: 2351:Bicknell 1920 2347: 2345: 2343: 2336:, p. 71. 2335: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2318: 2317:Bicknell 1920 2313: 2306: 2305:Bicknell 1920 2301: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2272:, p. 64. 2271: 2266: 2260:, p. 37. 2259: 2254: 2248:, p. 65. 2247: 2242: 2240: 2233:, p. 66. 2232: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2215: 2210: 2204:, p. 22. 2203: 2198: 2192:, p. 21. 2191: 2186: 2180:, p. 36. 2179: 2174: 2168:, p. 62. 2167: 2162: 2156:, p. 61. 2155: 2150: 2143: 2138: 2132:, p. 60. 2131: 2126: 2120:, p. 59. 2119: 2114: 2108:, p. 19. 2107: 2102: 2096:, p. 35. 2095: 2090: 2084:, p. 34. 2083: 2078: 2072:, p. 47. 2071: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2055:, p. 48. 2054: 2053:Bicknell 2005 2049: 2047: 2040:, p. 45. 2039: 2034: 2028:, p. 33. 2027: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2010: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1994:, p. 27. 1993: 1988: 1982:, p. 44. 1981: 1976: 1974: 1967:, p. 43. 1966: 1961: 1955:, p. 26. 1954: 1949: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1914:, p. 47. 1913: 1912:Bicknell 2005 1908: 1906: 1899:, p. 25. 1898: 1893: 1886: 1881: 1874: 1873:Bicknell 1920 1869: 1867: 1860:, p. 35. 1859: 1854: 1847: 1846:Bicknell 1920 1842: 1835: 1834:Bicknell 1920 1830: 1824:, p. 45. 1823: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1804: 1799: 1793:, p. 52. 1792: 1791:Bicknell 2005 1787: 1781:, p. 28. 1780: 1775: 1768: 1767:Bicknell 1920 1763: 1757:, p. 56. 1756: 1755:Bicknell 2005 1751: 1744: 1739: 1733:, p. 46. 1732: 1731:Bicknell 2005 1727: 1725: 1718:, p. 43. 1717: 1716:Bicknell 2005 1712: 1710: 1703:, p. 42. 1702: 1701:Bicknell 2005 1697: 1690: 1685: 1679:, p. 25. 1678: 1677:Bicknell 2005 1673: 1671: 1664:, p. xx. 1663: 1662:Bicknell 2005 1658: 1651: 1650:Moriarty 1943 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1520: 1509:December 1885 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359:Samuel Gorton 1354: 1352: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1307: 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Hazard 3673:W. Greene 3658:G. Hazard 3618:W. Clarke 3613:J. Greene 3593:W. Clarke 3578:J. Easton 3563:J. Clarke 3558:N. Easton 3553:J. Clarke 3548:N. Easton 3385:27 August 3348:(3): 131. 3174:pp. 1–113 2997:712634101 2890:USMM 2002 1515:1609–1676 1408:Metacomet 1236:Governor 1216:In 1660, 1138:Ill Newes 1088:Conanicut 1084:Aquidneck 1031:Aftermath 961:baptism. 845:In 1638, 788:Canonicus 701:, led by 629:Westhorpe 466:John Gill 228:Spouse(s) 195:, England 189:Westhorpe 135:1671–1673 131:In office 90:1669–1670 86:In office 3763:Bradford 3753:Sessions 3693:Robinson 3683:Robinson 3583:Cranston 3568:Cranston 3366:(2): 72. 3329:Articles 3206:(1990). 3118:(2005). 3096:(1920). 3026:(1887). 2985:(1859). 1572:See also 320:Doctrine 268:Baptists 258:a series 256:Part of 140:Governor 95:Governor 4256:Italics 4183:(Elder) 4177:(Elder) 4171:(Elder) 4165:(Elder) 4159:(Elder) 4153:(Elder) 4147:(Elder) 4141:(Judge) 3728:Gardner 3718:Gardner 3668:R. 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Knowledge

John Clarke (Baptist minister)

Index