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38:
1999:'s figure when he said that the buffalo blazed the way for the railways to the Pacific. That sagacious animal undoubtedly “blazed”—with his hoofs on the surface of the earth—the course of many of our roads, canals, and railways. That he found the points of least resistance across our great mountain ranges there can be little doubt. It is certain that he discovered Cumberland Gap and his route through that pass in the mountains has been accepted as one of the most important on the continent. It is also obvious that the buffalo found the course from Atlantic waters to the head of the
62:
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2011:. How important these strategic points are now considered is evident from the fact that a railway crosses the mountains at each of them; the New York Central, the Baltimore and Ohio, the Pennsylvania, and the Chesapeake and Ohio cross the first great divide in the eastern portion of our country on routes selected centuries ago by the plunging buffalo. One of the most interesting of specific examples of a railway following an ancient highway of buffalo and Indian is to be found on the Baltimore and Ohio.
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298:, consisting of wooden planks erected on wooden or stone beams slotted into holes cut into the sides of cliffs. The roads join three adjacent basins separated and surrounded by high mountains. Like many ancient road systems, the Shu Roads formed a network of major and minor roads with different roads being used at different historical times. However, a number of roads are commonly identified as the main routes.
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180:
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is an ancient road built on a bog consisting of packed hazel, birch and alder planks placed lengthways across the track, and occasional cross timbers for support. Other bog trackways or "toghers" have also been discovered dating to around 4000 BC. The Corlea trackway dates from approx 148 BC and was
2403:
Travellers began to use the trails by the 1820s, with the heaviest use from the 1840s to the early 1870s, when they were superseded by railways. Until then, these cartways provided the most efficient means of transportation between the isolated Red River Colony and the outside world. They gave the
2442:
The Inca road system was the most extensive and advanced transportation system in pre-Columbian South
America. It was about 39,900 kilometres (24,800 mi) long. The construction of the roads required a large expenditure of time and effort. The network was based on two north–south roads with
674:
in
England. By using this route rivers were avoided, or fords used, close to the rivers sources. Over time by this route was improved with paved fords, embankments and bridges. Concentrations of mounds, defensive ditches, settlements and other historic landmarks can be found along the road and
226:. Silk and horses were traded as key commodities; secondary trade included furs, weapons, musical instruments, precious stones (turquoise, lapis lazuli, agate, nephrite) and jewels. This route extended for approximately 10,000 km (6,200 mi). Trans-Eurasian trade through the
727:
At the peak of Rome's development, no fewer than 29 great military highways radiated from the capital, and the late Empire's 113 provinces were interconnected by 372 great roads. The whole comprised more than 400,000 kilometres (250,000 miles) of roads, of which over 80,000 kilometres
732:
alone, no less than 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi) of roadways are said to have been improved, and in
Britain at least 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi). The courses (and sometimes the surfaces) of many Roman roads survived for millennia; some are overlaid by modern roads.
3229:
Cyclopedia of
American Horticulture, Comprising Suggestions for Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of the Species of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, and Ornamental Plants Sold in the United States and Canada, Together with Geographical and Biographical
1994:
The buffalo, because of his sagacious selection of the most sure and most direct courses, has influenced the routes of trade and travel of the white race as much, possibly, as he influenced the course of the red-men in earlier days. There is great truth in
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and drainage ditches. They were laid along accurately surveyed courses, and some were cut through hills, or conducted over rivers and ravines on bridgework. Sections could be supported over marshy ground on rafted or piled foundations.
719:. They ranged from small local roads to broad, long-distance highways built to connect cities, major towns and military bases. These major roads were often stone-paved and metaled, cambered for drainage, and flanked by footpaths,
1168:
is later and dates to around 2900–2500 BC. It fits within a trend of narrowing width and increased sophistication during the third millennium BC. Some argue that this shift could relate to the growing complexity of
626:(ca. 1333–1324 BC) contains large Baltic amber beads. The quantity of amber in the Royal Tomb of Qatna, Syria, is unparalleled for known second millennium BC sites in the Levant and the Ancient Near East. From the
1196:
tombs. They also joined the separate localities to the camp meeting places and cross-country flint roads. Others were more likely to have been processional ways, such as the one leading to the gigantic temple at
3373:
Hrsg.: Landesamt für Archäologie
Sachsen mit Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Dresden. Bd. 37/1995, Theis, Stuttgart, S. 9–98 (früher im Deutschen Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin. Aufnahme nach Bd. 35/1992)
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for centuries, and was later used by early
European and American explorers, traders, and emigrants in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Today, the path is commemorated by the 444-mile (715 km)
2026:
followed "the game trails the animals had made around rough water. ... as centuries passed, well-trodden paths were made, winding among the rocks, and, by the easiest of grades, over or around hills".
3382:, ISSN 0402-7817; M. Ruttkowski: Altstraßen im Erzgebirge; Archäologische Denkmalinventarisation Böhmische Steige. in: Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, Band 44, 2002
1224:(also spelled as "Harroway") is another name for the "Old Way", an ancient trackway in the south of England, dated by archaeological finds to 600–450 BC, but probably in existence since the
1031:. The trackways date to the 4th and 7th century AD, both linked the eastern and western shores of the formerly inaccessible, swampy bog. A part of the older trackway No. II dating to the period of the
141:, England, is one of the oldest known constructed trackways and dates from around 3800 BCE. The world's oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC.
3414:
506:. For many centuries, the road has acted as a major trade route and facilitated travel and postal communication. The Grand Trunk Road remains under use for transportation in India. The
614:
between
Northern and Southern Europe were defined by the amber trade. As an important commodity, sometimes dubbed "the gold of the north", amber was transported overland by way of the
3280:
1982:
It is claimed that some of the earliest roads were created by humans who followed already existing paths made by animals, and, in particular, that trails created by the herds of
2682:
Old Paths and
Legends of New England; Saunterings Over Historic Roads, with Glimpses of Picturesque Fields and Old Homesteads in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire
711:
were physical infrastructure vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 300 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the
106:
times until the early 20th century. They include ancient trackways, long-lasting roads, important trade routes, and migration trails. Many historic routes, such as the
4233:
4075:
2305:, the boom lasted from 1844 to the mid 1850s. In about 10 years, over 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of plank road were built in New York alone–enough road to go from
1759:, on 22 November 1689, but it did not start until 1730 and was not finished until the mid-19th century. Previously, Siberian transport had been mostly by river via
152:
there were more than 400,000 kilometres (250,000 miles) of roads, of which over 80,000 kilometres (50,000 mi) were stone-paved. Another empire, that of the
3148:(Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Amber in Archaeology, Liblice 1990, Institute of Archaeology): 230–35. Prague: Czech Academy of Sciences.
2993:
3897:
Betancourt, Julio L.; Dean, Jeffrey S.; Hull, Herbert M. (April 1986). "Prehistoric Long-Distance
Transport of Construction Beams, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico".
4200:
1309:. The high dry ground made travel easy and provided a measure of protection by giving traders a commanding view, warning against potential attacks. The
362:
478:(c. 350 – c. 290 BC) wrote of his travels along the road to reach Hindu kingdoms in the 3rd century BC After invading India over 1,500 years later,
1293:
similarly keeps to high ground and for at least 5,000 years travellers have used it. The
Ridgeway provided a reliable trading route running along
1000:, it is one of several such causeways which have been found in the North German Plain, particularly in the Weser-Ems region. It has been dated by
1020:. An Iron Age settlement near a spring in the Lintel section of Hude was at the southern end. A section of the trackway has been reconstructed.
3843:
3339:
2036:
3422:
1430:. Prior to this, people used trackways to travel between settlements but this was unsuitable for the swift movement of troops and equipment.
248:
879:
1549:
37:
1362:
and The Mariners' Way in Devon. The latter was created by sailors in the eighteenth century, or earlier, travelling between the ports of
3284:
3870:
Hartmann, Gayle Harrison; Hartmann, William K (1979). "Prehistoric Trail Systems and Related Features on the Slopes of Tumamoc Hill".
3704:
1205:, possibly to afford some shelter from the wind or to avoid travellers presenting themselves to marauders as a target on the skyline.
3475:
2248:
2205:(dedicated 1913) was the first road for the automobile across the United States of America, spanning 3389 miles coast-to-coast from
3610:
102:
in USA and Canada) are paths or routes that have historical importance due to their use over a period of time. Examples exist from
2492:
3029:; Science, technology, and medicine in colonial India (New Cambr hist India v.III.5) Cambridge University Press, 2000, 234 pages
2243:
are made by placing logs, perpendicular to the direction of the road over a low or swampy area, and were used extensively in the
3197:
3175:(Brochure on the exhibition in Staatsarchiv Hamburg between 30 October till 20 December 2002 on occasion of the opening of the
3314:
Articus, Rüdiger; Brandt, Jochen; Först, Elke; Krause, Yvonne; Merkel, Michael; Mertens, Kathrin; Weiss, Rainer-Maria (2013).
2015:
However, Frank G. Roe disputes this theory – and its wider application – in "The 'Wild Animal Path' Origin of Ancient Roads".
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3207:
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Ireland's prehistoric roads were minimally developed, but oak-plank pathways covered many bog areas, and five great 'ways' (
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lines in modern Japan follow the ancient routes and carry the same names. The early roads radiated from the capital at
238:
4272:
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02-003: "The Prehistoric Trails" by Dorthea Calverley. The South Peace Historical Society, Dawson Creek, B.C., Canada
3387:
3379:
3264:
3184:
2557:
2540:
399:. This was the name for ancient administrative units and the roads within these units, organized in Japan during the
199:
was a major trade route between China and India, Europe, and Arabia. It derives its name from the lucrative trade in
1064:
is a byword for transport links from the Elbe valley over the eastern part of the Eastern Ore Mountains to Bohemian
1036:
2552:
2384:
across the Canada–United States border, and thence by a variety of routes through what is now the eastern part of
167:
between Canada and the US, from the 19th century. Such pioneer trails often made use of ancient routes created by
1996:
1471:. Watkins theorized that these alignments were created for ease of overland trekking on ancient trackways during
867:
3367:
Der Kulmer Steig vor dem Mittelalter. Zu den ältesten sächsisch-böhmischen Verkehrswegen über das Osterzgebirge.
1057:'s width, about three metres, which the landholders through which the Hellweg passed were required to maintain.
622:
rivers to the Mediterranean area from at least the 16th century BC. The breast ornament of the Egyptian pharaoh
2228:
that was later followed by Spanish missionaries, explorers, colonizers and settlers. Its course ran across the
211:
section of the trade routes around 114 BCE through the missions and explorations of the Chinese imperial envoy
3179:), Joachim W. Frank (ed.), Hamburg: Staatsarchiv Hamburg / Amt für Geoinformation und Vermessung, 2002, p. 8.
3158:
Anna J. Mukherjee, et al., "The Qatna lion: scientific confirmation of Baltic amber in late Bronze Age Syria"
3872:
Kiva, Special Edition the Tumamoc Hill Survey: An Intensive Study of a Cerro de Trincheras in Tucson, Arizona
2504:
932:
3745:
Fenwick, Joe; Geraghty, Louise; Waddell, John (Summer 2006). "The Innermost Secrets of Rathcroghan Mound".
1515:, a port on the south coast of the island, which had side drains, a 200 mm (8-inch) thick pavement of
899:
3578:
2835:"The Horses of the Steppe: The Mongolian Horse and the Blood-Sweating Stallions | Silk Road in Rare Books"
952:, France). This is one of the four medieval pilgrim routes described by Aimery Picaud in his 12th-century
2613:
2535:
1629:
1165:
760:
426:. Later, Edo was the reference, and even today Japan reckons directions and measures distances along its
157:
4176:
3445:
3132:
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2694:
McKinley, Albert E., and William G. Kimmel. The Social Studies. Philadelphia: McKinley Pub. Co, 1909. "
2444:
2275:
965:
4282:
3662:
3077:
J. M. de Navarro, "Prehistoric Routes between Northern Europe and Italy Defined by the Amber Trade",
2520:
977:
17:
4029:(4th ed.). Essex, California: Mojave Desert Heritage and Cultural Association. pp. 39–38.
3092:
Anthony F. Harding, "Reformation and Barbarism in Europe, 1300–600 BC", in Barry W. Cunliffe, ed.,
3026:
2944:
2279:
1427:
684:
1977:
1140:, are believed to be the oldest known purpose built roads in the world and have been dated to the
583:
rather than in the valleys. This was due to thick forests and other natural obstacles in valleys.
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4287:
4252:
3318:. Archaeological Museum Hamburg publication - Helms-Museum. Vol. 103. Hamburg. p. 108.
3061:
2821:
2409:
2042:
3176:
2412:, which was unable to enforce its monopoly in the face of the competition that used the trails.
1897:
before rejoining the older route at Irkutsk. It remained a vital artery connecting Siberia with
1740:), also known as the "Moscow Highway" and "Great Highway", was a historic route that connected
548:
68:, Germany. (The trackways date to the 4th and 7th century AD). Photo taken during an excavation.
3524:
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consists of fifteen major complexes and a system of trails. Timber beams used to construct the
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1760:
1714:
1024:
688:
65:
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The construction of the road was decreed by the Tsar two months after the conclusion of the
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3828:
2510:
2447:. Part of the road network was built by cultures that precede the Inca Empire, notably the
2198:
2126:
2122:
2088:
1878:
1597:
230:
precedes the conventional date for the origins of the Silk Road by at least two millennia.
4153:
Thompson, Donald E.; John V. Murra (July 1966). "The Inca Bridges in the Huanuco Region".
3733:
3356:, c.936-1075 (2002), introduces the medieval use of the Hellweg and offers a bibliography.
286:), or the "Road(s) to Shu", is a system of mountain roads linking the Chinese province of
8:
3486:
2911:
2458:
2151:
2076:
1859:
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and their relationship with ancient trackways was first suggested in 1921 by the amateur
859:
451:
216:
215:. The Chinese took great interest in the safety of their trade products and extended the
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1192:
Tracks provided links between farmsteads and fields, other farmsteads, and neighbouring
4277:
4247:
4242:
4201:"How the Inca Empire Engineered a Road Across Some of the World's Most Extreme Terrain"
3949:
3922:
3914:
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3631:
3333:
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2998:
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Shu dao hua gu, Li Zhiqin, Yan Shoucheng, Hu Ji zhu, Xi’an, Xibei Daxue Chubanshe, 1986
2726:
2393:
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2023:
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651:
234:
61:
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2451:. During the Spanish colonial era, parts of the road system were given the status of
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of the United States in the first half of the 19th century. They were often built by
2225:
2162:
2138:
2096:
2075:
were hauled long distances to the site along the trails. The sixty-mile long ancient
1987:
1945:
1901:
and Europe until the last decades of the 19th century, when it was superseded by the
1650:
excavated in 1994. It is the largest trackway of its kind to be uncovered in Europe.
1438:
to summer pasture on higher ground. Also known as the Old Monks' Road, this is now a
875:
863:
855:
779:
763:
607:
168:
42:
3940:
Lepper, Bradley T. (November–December 1995). "Tracking Ohio's Great Hopewell Road".
3773:
Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them
3647:
3043:
Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them
2313:, and more than 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of plank road were built countrywide.
1434:
was a Roman marching road and later an important route for monks leading sheep from
1053:
trade route through Germany. Their breadth was decreed as an unimpeded passageway a
366:
294:(Shu), built and maintained since the 4th century BC. Technical highlights were the
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1941:
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874:. The route crosses the Thuringian Forest and the slate mountains of Thuringia and
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380:
269:
164:
153:
4076:"Central NY was the center of the wooden roads boom in the US - until they rotted"
3316:
Archaeological Museum Hamburg Helms-Museum: A short guide to the Tour of the Times
1596:. It was so called because it was the route taken by a procession celebrating the
4302:
3091:
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2348:
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2134:
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were the most significant road builders of the ancient world. At the peak of the
138:
31:
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2968:
Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present
2224:) was a historical footpath and pack trail used by pre-contact desert-dwelling
2190:
1937:
1906:
1723:
1654:
1609:
1567:
1458:
1325:
1287:. The western section of the Harrow Way ends in Farnham, the eastern in Dover.
985:
806:
775:
767:
745:
712:
503:
242:
119:
50:
4248:
A medieval timber trackway and industrial complex at llangynfelyn, Cors Fochno
2376:
in the United States. These trade routes ran from the location of present-day
395:, which were part of the even more ancient system of Yamato government called
384:
122:, covered great distances and their impact on human settlements remain today.
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2080:
2004:
2000:
1843:
1807:
1791:
1764:
1705:
1455:
1431:
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1395:
1387:
1379:
1344:
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1229:
981:
619:
471:
470:. A route since antiquity, it was constructed into a coherent highway by the
345:(between 1603 and 1868). They act important roles in transportation like the
84:
2887:
2691:. Historic highways of America, v. 11–12. Cleveland, Ohio: A.H. Clark, 1904.
3550:
3536:
2930:
2621:
2498:
2448:
2425:
2385:
2267:
2221:
2182:
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1819:
1799:
1768:
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1426:, many trackways were built upon by the Romans to form the foundations for
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1290:
1245:
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891:
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The old straight track: its mounds, beacons, moats, sites, and mark stones
2150:, which follows the approximate path of the Trace, as well as the related
1634:
1487:
meant that by 2000 BC stone-cutting tools were generally available in the
1370:, who linked existing lanes, tracks and footpaths to form a direct route.
30:
This article is about roads and trails. For ancient animal trackways, see
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2593:
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people, an outlet for their furs and a source of supplies other than the
2217:
1922:
1894:
1874:
1863:
1839:
1772:
1673:
1666:
1601:
1488:
1403:
1348:
1217:
1193:
1137:
1125:
989:
720:
708:
623:
611:
591:
572:
564:
511:
507:
491:
475:
467:
204:
145:
103:
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or puncheon logs, which were commonly found in the Canadian province of
1952:
to facilitate rapid communication throughout his very large empire from
832:
638:
533:
404:
392:
388:
301:
4237:
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2365:
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2068:
2060:
2008:
1933:
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Mound and the surrounding earthworks within a 370m circular enclosure.
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126:
115:
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3135:, 2000, Part. II, Chapter 18, 430–75: 451–54). Cited, Gestoso Singer.
2696:
Historical Problems of the Near East, The Trade Routes of Western Asia
922:
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2608:
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2283:
1847:
1831:
1534:
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222:
Prior to the Silk Road an ancient overland route existed through the
196:
183:
107:
54:
4227:
2443:
numerous branches. The best known portion of the road system is the
2420:
836:
4253:
London's Earliest Timber Structure Found During Belmarsh Prison Dig
3910:
3392:
3371:
Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege.
2645:
2381:
2377:
2334:
2194:
2174:
1855:
1617:
1561:
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allowing local streets to be paved. Notably, in about 2000 BC, the
1407:
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1363:
1302:
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1149:
1141:
1090:
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997:
949:
914:
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820:
515:
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305:
130:
4049:
Grant, Ulysses, Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, Chapter 26 (1885).
3476:"A Neolithic Trackway on Hatfield Moors – a significant discovery"
3453:
3354:
Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany
3245:
Corbishley, Mike: "The Roman World", page 50. Warwick Press, 1986.
2405:
2232:
between watering holes approximately 60 miles (97 km) apart.
1869:
In the early 19th century, the route was moved to the south. From
567:, European pathways were rarely in good shape and depended on the
317:
3108:
The Complete Tutankhamun: the king, the tomb, the Royal Treasure.
2342:
2271:
2102:
2056:
2019:
1890:
1851:
1835:
1815:
1745:
1613:
1593:
1500:
1340:
1329:
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was the official and common name given to main travelling routes
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756:
702:
663:
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479:
427:
415:
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287:
253:
3144:
Hood, S., "Amber in Egypt", in C. W. Beck & J. Bouzek (ed.)
2247:, between Shiloh and Corinth after the battle of Shiloh, and in
1008:. It ran across the Wittemoor bog, connecting the more elevated
697:
3833:. Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1902, pp. 138-9
2322:
2178:
2156:
segments are listed on the National Register of Historic Places
2052:
1965:
1961:
1898:
1870:
1823:
1811:
1803:
1779:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1589:
1585:
1553:
1531:
1524:
1512:
1508:
1492:
1399:
1298:
1277:
1244:. Later the eastern part of the Harrow Way become known as the
1078:). Archaeological finds suggest that this route existed in the
926:
870:. It was a connecting road between small independent states in
783:
771:
483:
277:
265:
257:
1027:
are two historic trackways discovered in Wittmoor in northern
160:, also built an extensive and advanced transportation system.
4232:
Historic England: Pre-industrial Roads, Trackways and Canals
2641:
2637:
2572:
2469:
2154:. Parts of the original trail are still accessible and some
1983:
1957:
1886:
1827:
1795:
1787:
1775:
in the Urals was the most eastern point of the Babinov Road.
1749:
1700:
1620:(the old route to Eleusis) is called after the ancient road.
1579:
1504:
1314:
1237:
1233:
1201:
in Wiltshire. On British hills, the line of tracks often run
1170:
1156:, driven into the underlying peat. and were used to link the
1153:
1054:
1017:
1009:
895:
883:
595:
556:
487:
459:
358:
338:
179:
99:
72:
2891:
1398:, which was one of the few means of traversing the Grampian
252:
Reconstructed ancient cliff path of Mingyue Gorge, northern
3663:
Dartford Town Archive - Roman and Saxon Roads and Transport
3223:
3221:
3219:
3062:
Graciela Gestoso Singer, "Amber in the Ancient Near East",
2576:
2465:
2429:
2263:
2092:
1953:
1949:
1882:
1684:, formed an elevated pathway from east to west, connecting
1520:
1284:
1257:
1241:
956:, used by pilgrims from southern and eastern Europe on the
828:
729:
529:
521:
Brick-paved streets appeared in India as early as 3000 BC.
200:
88:
3831:
Paths of the Mound-Building Indians and Great Game Animals
3399:
Brunning, Richard (February 2001). "The Somerset Levels".
1948:) Persian Empire in the 5th century BCE. Darius built the
1144:. The tracks were walkways consisting mainly of planks of
1665:. An ancient avenue or trackway in Ireland is located at
1475:
times and had persisted in the landscape over millennia.
1157:
1145:
1005:
354:
4102:"Turnpikes and Toll Roads in Nineteenth Century America"
3638:, published in the United Kingdom, 102, 10 December 1928
3313:
3239:
3216:
3123:
Serpico, M. and White, R. "Resins, amber and bitumen".
3066:
No. 2 (December 2008). Papyrus Electronique des Ankou.
1926:
4258:
Turnpikes and Toll Roads in Nineteenth-Century America
3744:
2059:
where archaeological traces have been found including
2047:
A complex system of prehistoric trails are located at
1936:
was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the
1909:(built 1898–1909). The contemporary equivalent is the
1612:. In the present day, the road from central Athens to
1394:
over the coastal fringe of the Grampian Mountains and
4152:
3403:. XV (4) (172 (Special issue on Wetlands)): 139–143.
2765:
2763:
3683:
3173:
Drunter oder drüber: Elbquerungen gestern und heute
2121:which extends roughly 440 miles (710 km) from
1763:. First Russian settlers arrived in Siberia by the
940:An important medieval German pilgrim route was the
349:of ancient Roman roads. Major examples include the
3896:
2861:. Xi’an, Northwest University Press. (In Chinese).
2719:
948:(because the most important town along the way is
575:, people often preferred to travel along elevated
4119:
3579:"The History of the Ridgeway, an ancient pathway"
3415:"1986,1201.1–27 Sweet Track exhibition highlight"
3166:
3094:Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe,
2760:
1990:and then colonists, especially in North America:
1850:while the other went south to the border post of
1035:is on display at the permanent exhibition of the
361:). Minor examples include sub-routes such as the
4264:
3869:
2684:. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1903.
2360:were a network of ox cart routes connecting the
2193:was a major commercial and military artery from
1541:. This road could be considered superior to any
782:. It is the predecessor of the modern states of
494:. The road was later improved and extended from
3705:BBC Hereford and Worcester - Ley Lines explored
1854:where it linked to camel caravans that crossed
328:
207:(207 BCE–220 CE). The Han dynasty expanded the
203:carried out along its length, beginning in the
3531:. Vol. 4. London: G Willis. p. 218.
2971:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–62.
2857:Li, Zhiqin, Yan Shoucheng & Hu Ji (1986).
2037:Historic trails and roads in the United States
1564:stone (the centre of the earth and universe).
1148:laid end-to-end, supported by crossed pegs of
925:in Lower Silesia, in what is today south-west
675:sections of it can be traced back to 4000 BC.
322:
3512:The Technical Development of Roads in Britain
2452:
1735:
1499:built a 50 km (31-mile) paved road from
482:extended the Grand Trunk Road westwards from
219:to ensure the protection of the trade route.
4238:Neolithic wooden trackways and bog hydrology
4146:
4125:
4027:Mojave Road Guide: an Adventure Through Time
4018:
3483:Thorne and Hatfield Moors Conservation Forum
3450:Thorne and Hatfield Moors Conservation Forum
3081:Vol. 66, No. 6 (December 1925), pp. 481–503.
2404:Selkirk colonists and their neighbours, the
2352:Red River ox cart train on the Carlton Trail
843:
810:
4228:Analysis of local roads near Chobham Common
4025:Casebier, DG (2010). "General Guidelines".
1929:in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC.
1065:
984:across a bog at Neuenhuntdorf, part of the
941:
930:
906:
642:(Danish, meaning "the army road") ran from
510:was an all-season mountain pass connecting
3338:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3129:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology.
2789:Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants
2722:"World's Oldest Paved Road Found in Egypt"
2689:Pioneer Roads and Experiences of Travelers
2293:was an economic boom that happened in the
2141:Rivers. The trail was created and used by
1778:The much longer Siberian route started in
1203:a little below the actual crest of a ridge
490:(the capital of Afghanistan) crossing the
474:in 300 BC. Soon after, the Greek diplomat
2468:part of the Inca road system crossed the
1600:. The procession to Eleusis began at the
650:(in the present northern German state of
630:, trade could continue to Asia along the
4243:Timber features - trackways and logboats
4024:
3933:
3398:
2942:
2782:
2773:(New York: Charles Scribner, 1978), 264.
2745:
2743:
2419:
2347:
2101:
1978:American bison § Habitat and trails
1699:
1633:
1328:, in southern and eastern England, from
1175:
996:, Germany. Originating in the pre-Roman
740:
696:
543:
528:
300:
247:
178:
71:
60:
36:
3689:
3549:
3543:
3523:
3517:
3307:
3199:Studies in ancient technology, Volume 2
2776:
854:and an historical boundary path in the
759:or the Frankish Empire was the largest
728:(50,000 mi) were stone-paved. In
658:. The road runs more or less along the
53:, noted by the ancient Greek historian
14:
4265:
3966:
3960:
3939:
3847:; Gloucester, Vol. 3, Jan 1, 1929: 299
3557:. London: J M Dent. pp. 260–263.
3443:
3254:
3195:
2675:The Historical Geography of Asia Minor
2117:is a historic forest trail within the
798:became the predecessor of France, and
441:
163:Much later historic roads include the
3890:
3641:
3232:. New York : The Macmillan Co, 1900.
2740:
2249:Sherman's march through the Carolinas
2181:, much of which was also used by the
1786:(a medieval road) and passed through
1252:and the establishment of a shrine in
4073:
3863:
2792:. Hong Kong: Odyssey Books. p.
2003:, and that he opened a way from the
1708:'s well-known "mood landscape", the
1608:(the Athenian cemetery) on the 19th
1339:Other examples of historic roads in
1093:(750 BC – early AD) and even in the
3473:
3227:Bailey, L. H., and Wilhelm Miller.
2964:
2457:. In 2014 the road system became a
2428:. Much of the trail is of original
2372:with the head of navigation on the
2063:, pottery shards and mortar holes.
1552:(or Pythian road) was the route to
24:
4067:
3999:
3652:, Megalithic Portal, ed A. Burnham
3407:
2991:
2547:List of Ontario colonization roads
2099:to the mound group at Chillicothe.
736:
454:was the main road from modern day
239:Southern Silk Road: Through Khotan
25:
4314:
4221:
4099:
3529:A topographical history of Surrey
3365:Simon, Klaus und Hauswald, Knut:
3304:Topic Mobility, Show case no. 80.
3127:P.T. Nicholson – I. Shaw (ed.).
2753:. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2002.
2720:John Noble Wildord (1994-05-08).
2558:Old Freiberg to Teplitz Post Road
2541:List of medieval roads in Romania
1986:shaped the routes taken first by
1414:marched along the Elsick Mounth.
4155:Society for American Archaeology
3690:Watkins, Alfred Watkins (1925).
3613:from the original on 2 July 2021
2945:"Dinner on the Grand Trunk Road"
2868:
2863:蜀道話古，李之勤，阎守诚，胡戟著，西安，西北大学出版社，1986
2859:Ancient records of the Shu Roads
2553:Old Dresden to Teplitz Post Road
2415:
2235:
2030:
1971:
1556:. It was revered throughout the
1417:
1248:, following the canonisation of
1184:climbing St Martha's Hill, near
1110:
670:(Jutland Ridge), similar to the
4193:
4165:
4093:
4061:Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant
4052:
4043:
3993:
3852:
3837:
3822:
3811:
3798:
3786:
3765:
3738:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3698:
3667:
3656:
3625:
3595:
3571:
3504:
3467:
3437:
3359:
3346:
3298:
3273:
3248:
3189:
3151:
3138:
3117:
3100:
3085:
3070:
3055:
3035:
3020:
2985:
2958:
2943:Bhandari, Shirin (2016-01-05).
2936:
1846:. One branch continued east to
1771:in the late 1590s. The town of
3281:"Confraternity of Saint James"
3096:Oxford, Oxford U. Press, 2001.
2905:
2851:
2827:
2818:The Silk Road in World History
2810:
2713:
2493:Bishop's Road (Meißen–Stolpen)
1916:
678:
282:
186:. Both the land and sea routes
13:
1:
4126:D'Altroy, Terence N. (2002).
3793:The Persian Royal Road System
3196:Forbes, Robert James (1993).
2994:"How to Redraw the World Map"
2751:The Great Armies of Antiquity
2662:
2640:with the northern empires of
2505:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2364:(the Selkirk Settlement) and
2253:
1386:, ancient tracks include the
1101:
1083:
1037:Archaeological Museum Hamburg
933:Via Regia Lusatiae Superioris
405:legal and governmental system
4132:. Blackwell Publishers Inc.
4106:Economic History Association
3775:. Rutgers University Press.
3678:Malham Tarn archaeology walk
3045:. Rutgers University Press.
2677:. London: John Murray, 1890.
2380:in the Canadian province of
1767:which was superseded by the
1718:takes on a symbolic meaning.
1580:
1445:
1132:or timber trackways, in the
900:European long-distance paths
571:of the region. In the early
7:
4074:Coin, Glen (30 June 2016).
3680:, accessed 19 November 2018
3177:4th bore of the Elbe Tunnel
2882:. Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012.
2614:Toll roads in Great Britain
2479:
1905:(built 1891–1916), and the
1873:the road proceeded through
1736:
1630:History of roads in Ireland
1373:
748:: historical pavement near
407:borrowed from the Chinese.
403:(AD 538–710), as part of a
329:
158:pre-Columbian South America
10:
4319:
4177:Cambridge University Press
3967:Devoss, David (May 2008).
3636:Proceedings of the Society
3133:Cambridge University Press
2673:Ramsay, William Mitchell.
2459:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2445:Inca Trail to Machu Picchu
2435:
2040:
2034:
1975:
1627:
1623:
1575:
1115:
1023:Built somewhat later, the
971:
966:Palatine Ways of St. James
682:
598:from coastal areas of the
353:, all of which started at
29:
4293:Medieval roads and tracks
4173:History of the Inca realm
3444:Whitehouse, Nicki (ed.),
3079:The Geographical Journal,
2521:History of road transport
2316:
2022:routes of North American
1944:(Darius I) of the first (
1731:
1695:
1680:formed at the end of the
1507:through the mountains to
1478:
1228:. The "Old Way" ran from
1220:in southern England. The
1066:
978:Wittemoor timber trackway
524:
502:by the British rulers of
323:
273:
4273:Ancient roads and tracks
3027:David Arnold (historian)
2912:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric
2687:Hulbert, Archer Butler.
2536:King's Highway (ancient)
2472:to connect areas of the
2388:and western and central
1925:appeared in the city of
1530:, covered by a layer of
823:trade route in northern
802:became that of Germany.
685:Roman roads in Britannia
666:Peninsula, known as the
312:
190:
57:(c. 484 BC – c. 425 BC).
27:Historical trail or road
3771:Lay, Maxwell G (1992).
3694:. Methuen & Co Ltd.
3555:Roman Ways in the Weald
3259:. Amberley Publishing.
3257:The Romans in 100 Facts
3041:Lay, Maxwell G (1992).
2822:Oxford University Press
2201:. In modern times, the
2043:National Historic Trail
1463:Early British Trackways
1173:transport at the time.
174:
45:and the section of the
4175:. Cambridge, England:
4064:, (c) 1885: Chapter 62
3829:Archer Butler Hulbert
3202:. Brill. p. 146.
2947:. Roads & Kingdoms
2563:Pre-Islamic Arab trade
2531:Jerusalem pilgrim road
2487:Ancient road in Tarsus
2453:
2433:
2353:
2333:route from south-west
2110:
2106:Sunken stretch of the
2018:Some suggest that the
1911:Trans-Siberian Highway
1903:Trans-Siberian Railway
1769:Babinov overland route
1719:
1676:, a series of glacial
1658:
1642:
1468:The Old Straight Track
1189:
1075:
1025:Wittmoor Bog Trackways
962:Santiago de Compostela
942:
931:
907:
844:
811:
770:. It was ruled by the
753:
705:
693:Roman roads in Morocco
560:
541:
458:, through what is now
309:
261:
187:
92:
87:, to the southeast of
69:
58:
3162:82 (2008), pp. 49–59.
2965:Roy, Kaushik (2012).
2880:Encyclopedia of Japan
2680:Abbott, Katharine M.
2655:Way of the Patriarchs
2423:
2398:Saint Paul, Minnesota
2370:British North America
2351:
2299:Eastern United States
2148:Natchez Trace Parkway
2105:
2089:Fort Ancient cultures
1976:Further information:
1761:Siberian River Routes
1703:
1637:
1208:Examples include the
1179:
980:is a log causeway or
744:
700:
689:Roman roads in Africa
549:Oxen Road of Tavastia
547:
532:
304:
256:, China, part of the
251:
182:
133:in the valley of the
75:
66:Wittmoor Bog Trackway
64:
40:
4179:. 1999. p. 60.
3974:Smithsonian Magazine
3255:Duducu, Jem (2015).
3146:Amber in Archaeology
2749:Gabriel, Richard A.
2511:Great Indian Warpath
2410:Hudson's Bay Company
2400:on the Mississippi.
2199:Santa Fe, New Mexico
2127:Nashville, Tennessee
2123:Natchez, Mississippi
1842:the road split near
1598:Eleusinian Mysteries
1588:, was the road from
1354:route that ran from
1216:, running along the
1067:Chlumec u Chabařovic
898:. It is part of the
594:for the transfer of
3806:Alexander the Great
3747:Archaeology Ireland
3583:www.historic-uk.com
3401:Current Archaeology
3352:John W. Bernhardt,
3112:Thames & Hudson
2169:was a 19th-century
2152:Natchez Trace Trail
2077:Great Hopewell Road
1921:Streets paved with
1765:Cherdyn river route
1757:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1661:) converged at the
1560:as the site of the
1558:Ancient Greek world
1160:islands across the
1105: 4500–1800 BC
988:in the district of
917:road that ran from
913:(king's road) is a
860:Thuringian Highland
452:Indian subcontinent
442:Indian subcontinent
217:Great Wall of China
4205:Smithsonianmag.com
3899:American Antiquity
3648:C. Michael Hogan,
3632:W. Douglas Simpson
3603:"The Mariners Way"
3492:on 8 December 2015
2999:The New York Times
2924:Japan Encyclopedia
2727:The New York Times
2434:
2354:
2245:American Civil War
2111:
2024:indigenous peoples
1988:indigenous peoples
1720:
1643:
1519:blocks bound with
1320:that includes the
1190:
1166:Lindholme Trackway
1087: 1800–750 BC
878:, stretching from
754:
752:, northern Germany
706:
701:A Roman street in
652:Schleswig-Holstein
561:
542:
310:
262:
235:Northern Silk Road
188:
93:
70:
59:
4186:978-0-521-63759-6
4139:978-0-631-17677-0
4100:Klein, Daniel B.
4036:978-0-914224-37-2
4002:"The Mojave Road"
3969:"End of the Road"
3818:Britannica online
3609:. 17 March 2021.
3564:978-0-460-07742-2
3456:on 20 August 2014
3325:978-3-931429-24-9
3209:978-90-04-00622-5
2978:978-1-107-01736-8
2803:978-962-217-721-5
2581:Maya civilization
2374:Mississippi River
2297:. Largely in the
2226:indigenous people
2163:American Old West
2097:Newark Earthworks
1838:. After crossing
1537:and had separate
1450:The existence of
919:Frankfurt am Main
876:Franconian Forest
864:Franconian Forest
856:Thuringian Forest
827:that transported
780:Early Middle Ages
764:Barbarian kingdom
608:Mediterranean Sea
169:indigenous people
43:Achaemenid Empire
16:(Redirected from
4310:
4283:Historical roads
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4071:
4065:
4058:Grant, Ulysses,
4056:
4050:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3867:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3826:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3742:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3687:
3681:
3671:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3645:
3639:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3521:
3515:
3514:. Ashgate, 2000.
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3485:. Archived from
3480:
3474:Chapman, Henry.
3471:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3452:, archived from
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3425:on 29 April 2011
3421:. Archived from
3411:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3390:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3283:. Archived from
3277:
3271:
3270:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3225:
3214:
3213:
3193:
3187:
3170:
3164:
3155:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3121:
3115:
3104:
3098:
3089:
3083:
3074:
3068:
3059:
3053:
3039:
3033:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2940:
2934:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2890:. Archived from
2872:
2866:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2831:
2825:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2780:
2774:
2767:
2758:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2717:
2700:W. L. Westermann
2456:
2438:Inca road system
2362:Red River Colony
2358:Red River Trails
2187:California Trail
2143:Native Americans
1942:Darius the Great
1784:Vladimir Highway
1739:
1733:
1710:Vladimir Highway
1583:
1577:
1483:Improvements in
1368:Dartmouth, Devon
1106:
1103:
1088:
1085:
1069:
1068:
1041:Harburg, Hamburg
1002:dendrochronology
947:
936:
912:
849:
817:Hanseatic League
814:
792:Treaty of Verdun
577:drainage divides
448:Grand Trunk Road
341:dating from the
336:
335:
332:
326:
325:
284:
275:
165:Red River Trails
129:, a prehistoric
21:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4263:
4262:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4072:
4068:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4023:
4019:
4010:
4008:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3965:
3961:
3938:
3934:
3895:
3891:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3853:
3842:
3838:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3812:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3770:
3766:
3743:
3739:
3734:Corlea Trackway
3732:
3728:
3724:Lay (1992), p44
3723:
3719:
3715:Lay (1992), p43
3714:
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3576:
3572:
3565:
3551:Margary, Ivan D
3548:
3544:
3525:Brayley, Edward
3522:
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3012:
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2990:
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2843:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2781:
2777:
2771:History of Rome
2769:Michael Grant,
2768:
2761:
2748:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2718:
2714:
2665:
2660:
2568:Ridgeway (road)
2515:Native American
2482:
2440:
2418:
2319:
2291:Plank Road Boom
2274:as well as the
2256:
2238:
2220:(also known as
2203:Lincoln Highway
2073:cliff dwellings
2045:
2039:
2033:
1980:
1974:
1919:
1742:European Russia
1732:Сибирский тракт
1698:
1647:Corlea Trackway
1639:Corlea Trackway
1632:
1626:
1481:
1461:, in his books
1448:
1442:walking track.
1436:Fountains Abbey
1420:
1376:
1322:Berkshire Downs
1264:route ran from
1134:Somerset levels
1118:
1113:
1104:
1086:
1016:with the River
974:
964:. See also the
958:Way of St James
954:Pilgrim's Guide
929:. See also the
868:Central Germany
812:Alte Salzstraße
739:
737:Frankish Empire
695:
681:
644:Viborg, Denmark
590:was an ancient
553:Hämeen Härkätie
527:
444:
351:Edo Five Routes
333:
320:
315:
224:Eurasian Steppe
193:
177:
139:Somerset Levels
35:
32:Fossil trackway
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4306:
4305:
4300:
4298:Road transport
4295:
4290:
4288:Lists of roads
4285:
4280:
4275:
4261:
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4255:
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4223:
4222:External links
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3905:(2): 370–375.
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3878:(1/2): 39–69.
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2436:Main article:
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2315:
2255:
2252:
2241:Corduroy roads
2237:
2234:
2191:Santa Fe Trail
2129:, linking the
2095:connected the
2035:Main article:
2032:
2029:
2013:
2012:
1973:
1970:
1918:
1915:
1907:Amur Cart Road
1737:Sibirsky trakt
1724:Siberian Route
1697:
1694:
1628:Main article:
1625:
1622:
1584:), in ancient
1568:The Sacred Way
1480:
1477:
1459:Alfred Watkins
1447:
1444:
1419:
1416:
1375:
1372:
1326:Chiltern Hills
1250:Thomas Beckett
1117:
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1112:
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973:
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807:Old Salt Route
776:Late Antiquity
768:Western Europe
746:Old Salt Route
738:
735:
713:Roman Republic
680:
677:
668:Jyske Højderyg
610:. Prehistoric
526:
523:
504:colonial India
443:
440:
375:, however, do
367:Nagasaki Kaidō
363:Hokuriku Kaidō
337:were roads in
314:
311:
243:Tea Horse Road
192:
189:
176:
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120:Persian Empire
96:Historic roads
51:Persian Empire
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3650:Elsick Mounth
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3608:
3607:Mariners Away
3604:
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3402:
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3388:3-910008-52-6
3385:
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3380:3-8062-1180-9
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3362:
3355:
3349:
3341:
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3327:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3287:on 2017-10-29
3286:
3282:
3276:
3268:
3266:9781445649702
3262:
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3163:
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3134:
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3120:
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3109:
3106:Reeves, C.N.
3103:
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2939:
2932:
2929:, p. 255, at
2928:
2927:
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2917:
2916:Goki-shichidō
2913:
2908:
2894:on 2007-08-25
2893:
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2881:
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2871:
2860:
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2840:
2839:dsr.nii.ac.jp
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2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:drovers' road
2596:. Australian
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:pre-Columbian
2582:
2579:built by the
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
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2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
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2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Incense Route
2524:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
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2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
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2450:
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2416:South America
2413:
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2379:
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2367:
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2344:
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2339:Fort Edmonton
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:Carlton Trail
2324:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:United States
2292:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:wooden planks
2265:
2261:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:Corduroy road
2233:
2231:
2230:Mojave Desert
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2211:San Francisco
2208:
2207:New York City
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
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2119:United States
2116:
2115:Natchez Trace
2109:
2108:Natchez Trace
2104:
2100:
2098:
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2090:
2086:
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2074:
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2054:
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2044:
2038:
2031:United States
2028:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:Great Kanawha
1998:
1997:Thomas Benton
1993:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1972:North America
1969:
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1963:
1959:
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1808:Yekaterinburg
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1572:Ancient Greek
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1457:
1456:archaeologist
1453:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:Mastiles Lane
1429:
1425:
1424:Roman Britain
1418:Roman Britain
1415:
1413:
1412:Roman legions
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:Elsick Mounth
1393:
1392:drovers' road
1390:, an ancient
1389:
1388:Causey Mounth
1385:
1381:
1380:Aberdeenshire
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:Long Causeway
1342:
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1219:
1215:
1214:Pilgrims' Way
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1183:
1182:Pilgrims' Way
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1111:Great Britain
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1100:
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1021:
1019:
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1007:
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987:
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982:corduroy road
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938:
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928:
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894:at the river
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882:at the river
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536:crossing the
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472:Maurya Empire
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308:Kaidō, Japan
307:
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296:gallery roads
293:
289:
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279:
271:
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246:
244:
240:
236:
233:See also the
231:
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210:
209:Central Asian
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86:
85:Casal Rotondo
82:
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63:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
4208:. Retrieved
4204:
4195:
4172:
4167:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4128:
4121:
4109:. Retrieved
4105:
4095:
4083:. Retrieved
4080:Syracuse.com
4079:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4045:
4026:
4020:
4009:. Retrieved
4005:
3995:
3983:. Retrieved
3978:
3972:
3962:
3948:(6): 52–56.
3945:
3941:
3935:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3854:
3844:
3839:
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3788:
3772:
3767:
3753:(2): 26–29.
3750:
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3711:
3700:
3691:
3685:
3669:
3658:
3649:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3606:
3597:
3586:. Retrieved
3582:
3573:
3554:
3545:
3528:
3519:
3511:
3506:
3494:. Retrieved
3487:the original
3482:
3469:
3458:, retrieved
3454:the original
3449:
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3423:the original
3409:
3400:
3394:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3315:
3309:
3300:
3289:. Retrieved
3285:the original
3275:
3256:
3250:
3241:
3228:
3198:
3191:
3172:
3168:
3159:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3107:
3102:
3093:
3087:
3078:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3042:
3037:
3022:
3011:. Retrieved
2997:
2987:
2967:
2960:
2949:. Retrieved
2938:
2931:Google Books
2925:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2896:. Retrieved
2892:the original
2879:
2870:
2858:
2853:
2842:. Retrieved
2838:
2829:
2824:, 2010), 11.
2817:
2816:Xinru, Liu,
2812:
2788:
2778:
2770:
2750:
2731:. Retrieved
2725:
2715:
2668:Bibliography
2622:Trade routes
2499:Bog of Allen
2463:
2449:Wari culture
2441:
2432:construction
2426:Machu Picchu
2402:
2386:North Dakota
2355:
2320:
2288:
2266:composed of
2257:
2239:
2222:Mohave Trail
2215:
2183:Mormon Trail
2167:Oregon Trail
2160:
2112:
2067:in northern
2065:Chaco Canyon
2049:Tumamoc Hill
2046:
2017:
2014:
1981:
1931:
1923:cobblestones
1920:
1868:
1777:
1754:
1721:
1713:
1682:last Ice Age
1671:
1663:Hill of Tara
1652:
1644:
1566:
1547:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1449:
1421:
1377:
1343:include the
1338:
1313:follows the
1311:Icknield Way
1291:The Ridgeway
1289:
1246:Pilgrims Way
1207:
1191:
1119:
1062:Kulmer Steig
1059:
1045:
1033:Roman Empire
1022:
1004:to 135
994:Lower Saxony
975:
953:
944:Via Tolosana
939:
904:
892:Blankenstein
841:
804:
800:East Francia
796:West Francia
790:. After the
755:
750:Breitenfelde
726:
717:Roman Empire
707:
667:
637:
636:
612:trade routes
585:
562:
559:, in Finland
552:
540:, in Germany
520:
445:
409:
401:Asuka period
397:Gokishichidō
376:
372:
371:
357:(modern-day
316:
281:
263:
232:
228:Steppe Route
221:
194:
162:
150:Roman Empire
143:
124:
95:
94:
4000:Wilcox, L.
3942:Archaeology
3617:18 November
3131:Cambridge,
2914:. (2005). "
2820:(New York:
2650:Mesopotamia
2628:Via Imperii
2604:Sunken lane
2594:Stock route
2588:Mesoamerica
2474:Inca Empire
2454:Camino Real
2286:companies.
2218:Mojave Road
2173:route from
2139:Mississippi
2061:petroglyphs
1917:Middle East
1895:Krasnoyarsk
1875:Yalutorovsk
1840:Lake Baikal
1773:Verkhoturye
1674:Esker Riada
1667:Rathcroghan
1602:Sacred Gate
1581:Hierá Hodós
1489:Middle East
1428:their roads
1404:prehistoric
1295:chalk hills
1218:North Downs
1194:long barrow
1152:, oak, and
1138:Glastonbury
1126:Sweet Track
990:Wesermarsch
709:Roman roads
679:Roman roads
624:Tutankhamen
592:trade route
573:Middle Ages
565:Roman roads
563:Except for
514:to western
512:Afghanistan
508:Khyber Pass
492:Khyber Pass
476:Megasthenes
468:Afghanistan
436:Chūō, Tokyo
260:road system
205:Han dynasty
104:prehistoric
41:The map of
4267:Categories
4210:2015-07-01
4111:7 December
4085:6 December
4011:2013-09-06
3808:, 1973:96.
3588:2017-01-07
3291:2018-11-25
3013:2016-07-19
2951:2016-07-19
2898:2012-11-10
2844:2017-02-22
2733:2012-02-11
2663:References
2636:: linking
2630:. Germany.
2495:. Germany.
2366:Fort Garry
2311:California
2260:plank road
2254:Plank road
2131:Cumberland
2069:New Mexico
2041:See also:
1946:Achaemenid
1934:Royal Road
1860:Great Wall
1715:Vladimirka
1610:Boedromion
1606:Kerameikos
1550:Via Pythia
1543:Roman road
1535:flagstones
1485:metallurgy
1360:Hathersage
1318:escarpment
1282:Canterbury
1266:Winchester
1262:pilgrimage
1254:Canterbury
1222:Harrow Way
1210:Harrow Way
1122:Post Track
1089:) and the
761:post-Roman
721:bridleways
683:See also:
604:Baltic Sea
588:Amber Road
538:Dannevirke
456:Bangladesh
432:Nihonbashi
347:Appian way
343:Edo period
213:Zhang Qian
135:River Brue
127:Post Track
116:Royal Road
114:, and the
112:Amber Road
98:(historic
81:Appian Way
47:Royal Road
4278:Footpaths
4129:The Incas
4006:DesertUSA
3985:August 5,
3927:161162901
3845:Antiquity
3496:20 August
3460:20 August
3334:cite book
3160:Antiquity
3008:0362-4331
2876:"Gokaidō"
2707:Footnotes
2634:Via Maris
2609:Toll road
2549:. Canada.
2507:. Mexico.
2501:, Ireland
2489:, Turkey.
2424:Trail to
2390:Minnesota
2331:fur trade
2307:Manhattan
2276:Northeast
2135:Tennessee
1848:Nerchinsk
1832:Yeniseysk
1641:, Ireland
1576:Ἱερὰ Ὁδός
1539:shoulders
1517:sandstone
1503:in north
1473:neolithic
1452:ley lines
1446:Ley lines
1356:Sheffield
1352:packhorse
1334:Wiltshire
1301:coast to
1297:from the
1270:Hampshire
1226:Stone Age
1188:, England
1186:Guildford
1130:causeways
1099:Stone Age
1095:Neolithic
909:Via Regia
902:network.
872:Thuringia
846:Rennsteig
672:ridgeways
660:watershed
648:Flensburg
632:Silk Road
628:Black Sea
600:North Sea
581:ridgeways
569:geography
197:Silk Road
184:Silk Road
108:Silk Road
55:Herodotus
49:, of the
18:Trackways
3954:41771165
3884:30247663
3759:20559140
3611:Archived
3553:(1948).
3527:(1850).
3446:"Papers"
3234:Page 320
3230:Sketches
3110:London,
3064:i-Medjat
2926:, p. 255
2888:56431036
2786:(2005).
2657:. Israel
2646:Anatolia
2575:: paved
2480:See also
2382:Manitoba
2378:Winnipeg
2335:Manitoba
2303:New York
2284:turnpike
2195:Missouri
2175:Illinois
2085:Hopewell
1862:gate at
1856:Mongolia
1618:Chaidari
1562:Omphalos
1532:basaltic
1408:medieval
1402:area in
1384:Scotland
1374:Scotland
1364:Bideford
1349:Medieval
1303:the Wash
1212:and the
1142:3800s BC
1091:Iron Age
1051:medieval
998:Iron Age
950:Toulouse
915:medieval
888:Eisenach
880:Hörschel
852:ridgeway
833:Lüneburg
821:medieval
794:in 843,
778:and the
715:and the
646:through
639:Hærvejen
602:and the
534:Hærvejen
516:Pakistan
500:Peshawar
496:Calcutta
464:Pakistan
428:highways
412:highways
393:Saikaidō
389:Nankaidō
385:San'indō
381:San'yōdō
379:include
365:and the
306:Kamakura
131:causeway
91:, Italy.
3981:(2): 72
3795:, 1994.
3537:4601837
3429:19 June
3114:, 1990.
2394:Mendota
2343:Alberta
2280:Midwest
2272:Ontario
2171:pioneer
2161:In the
2079:of the
2057:Arizona
2020:portage
2007:to the
2005:Potomac
1984:buffalo
1938:Persian
1891:Achinsk
1852:Kyakhta
1836:Irkutsk
1816:Tobolsk
1782:as the
1746:Siberia
1728:Russian
1624:Ireland
1614:Aegaleo
1604:in the
1594:Eleusis
1501:Knossos
1497:Minoans
1410:times.
1341:England
1330:Norfolk
1307:Norfolk
1274:Farnham
1260:. This
1199:Avebury
1171:wheeled
1162:marshes
1136:, near
1116:England
1047:Hellweg
1029:Hamburg
972:Germany
923:Görlitz
825:Germany
815:of the
788:Germany
774:during
757:Francia
703:Pompeii
664:Jutland
662:of the
656:Hamburg
620:Dnieper
616:Vistula
606:to the
480:Mughals
450:in the
416:railway
292:Sichuan
288:Shaanxi
270:Chinese
254:Sichuan
137:in the
118:of the
83:, near
4303:Trails
4183:
4136:
4033:
3952:
3925:
3919:279950
3917:
3882:
3779:
3757:
3561:
3535:
3386:
3378:
3322:
3263:
3206:
3183:
3049:
3031:p. 106
3006:
2975:
2886:
2800:
2755:Page 9
2329:was a
2325:, the
2323:Canada
2317:Canada
2189:. The
2179:Oregon
2165:, the
2137:, and
2053:Tucson
1966:Turkey
1962:Sardis
1899:Moscow
1871:Tyumen
1864:Kalgan
1824:Kainsk
1812:Tyumen
1804:Kungur
1780:Moscow
1696:Russia
1690:Dublin
1686:Galway
1678:eskers
1659:slighe
1590:Athens
1586:Greece
1554:Delphi
1528:mortar
1525:gypsum
1513:Lebena
1509:Gortyn
1493:Greece
1479:Greece
1400:Mounth
1299:Dorset
1278:Surrey
1272:, via
1230:Seaton
1164:. The
1080:Bronze
1072:German
927:Poland
886:(near
837:Lübeck
819:was a
784:France
772:Franks
691:, and
525:Europe
484:Lahore
283:Shǔdào
280::
278:pinyin
272::
266:Shudao
258:Shudao
237:, the
146:Romans
110:, the
100:trails
4157:. 5.
3950:JSTOR
3923:S2CID
3915:JSTOR
3880:JSTOR
3804:Fox,
3755:JSTOR
3490:(PDF)
3479:(PDF)
2918:" in
2698:" by
2642:Syria
2638:Egypt
2573:Sacbe
2470:Andes
2406:Métis
2262:is a
2125:, to
2081:Adena
2051:near
1958:Syria
1940:king
1887:Tomsk
1879:Ishim
1858:to a
1828:Tomsk
1796:Kazan
1788:Murom
1750:China
1712:, or
1655:Irish
1505:Crete
1440:Dales
1315:chalk
1280:, to
1238:Dover
1234:Devon
1055:lance
1018:Hunte
1010:geest
986:Berne
896:Saale
890:) to
884:Werra
850:is a
831:from
654:) to
596:amber
557:Lieto
555:) at
488:Kabul
460:India
430:from
424:Kyoto
410:Many
373:Kaidō
359:Tokyo
339:Japan
318:Kaidō
313:Japan
290:with
191:China
154:Incas
78:Roman
4181:ISBN
4161:(1).
4134:ISBN
4113:2016
4087:2016
4031:ISBN
3987:2008
3777:ISBN
3619:2018
3559:ISBN
3533:OCLC
3498:2014
3462:2014
3431:2010
3384:ISBN
3376:ISBN
3369:In:
3340:link
3320:ISBN
3261:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3181:ISBN
3047:ISBN
3004:ISSN
2973:ISBN
2884:OCLC
2798:ISBN
2648:and
2577:road
2466:Peru
2430:Inca
2396:and
2356:The
2301:and
2289:The
2278:and
2264:road
2216:The
2185:and
2113:The
2093:Ohio
2087:and
2009:Ohio
1954:Susa
1950:road
1932:The
1893:and
1883:Omsk
1834:and
1820:Tara
1800:Perm
1748:and
1722:The
1672:The
1645:The
1616:and
1548:The
1521:clay
1511:and
1491:and
1465:and
1406:and
1366:and
1347:, a
1324:and
1285:Kent
1258:Kent
1242:Kent
1180:The
1154:lime
1124:and
1120:The
1076:Kulm
1060:The
1014:Hude
976:The
905:The
862:and
842:The
829:salt
805:The
786:and
730:Gaul
618:and
586:The
466:and
446:The
420:Nara
414:and
391:and
330:road
264:The
201:silk
195:The
175:Asia
144:The
125:The
89:Rome
76:The
3907:doi
2583:of
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2321:In
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1960:to
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1704:In
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1422:In
1378:In
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1232:in
1158:fen
1150:ash
1146:oak
1039:in
1012:at
1006:BCE
992:in
960:to
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866:in
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355:Edo
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