1039:
experiments. These experiments help identify the specific amount of a chemical that may cause harm and potential risks of being near or using products that contain certain chemicals. Research projects may range from assessing the effects of toxic pollutants on the environment to evaluating how the human immune system responds to chemical compounds within pharmaceutical drugs. While the basic duties of toxicologists are to determine the effects of chemicals on organisms and their surroundings, specific job duties may vary based on industry and employment. For example, forensic toxicologists may look for toxic substances in a crime scene, whereas aquatic toxicologists may analyze the toxicity level of water bodies.
204:
800:
685:
elucidation of the DNA double helix, and the development of computers. ... Toxicity testing is approaching such a scientific pivot point. It is poised to take advantage of the revolutions in biology and biotechnology. Advances in toxicogenomics, bioinformatics, systems biology, epigenetics, and computational toxicology could transform toxicity testing from a system based on whole-animal testing to one founded primarily on in vitro methods that evaluate changes in biologic processes using cells, cell lines, or cellular components, preferably of human origin." As of 2014 that vision was still unrealized.
1026:(SOT) recommends that undergraduates in postsecondary schools that do not offer a bachelor's degree in toxicology consider attaining a degree in biology or chemistry. Additionally, the SOT advises aspiring toxicologists to take statistics and mathematics courses, as well as gain laboratory experience through lab courses, student research projects and internships. To become Medical Toxicologists, physicians in the United States complete residency training such as in Emergency Medicine, Pediatrics or Internal Medicine, followed by fellowship in Medical Toxicology and eventual certification by the
417:
128:
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4375:
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1022:. Bachelor's degree programs in toxicology cover the chemical makeup of toxins and their effects on biochemistry, physiology and ecology. After introductory life science courses are complete, students typically enroll in labs and apply toxicology principles to research and other studies. Advanced students delve into specific sectors, like the pharmaceutical industry or law enforcement, which apply methods of toxicology in their work. The
922:
86:
45:
4399:
3416:
570:
such effects. Evidence-based toxicology has the potential to address concerns in the toxicological community about the limitations of current approaches to assessing the state of the science. These include concerns related to transparency in decision-making, synthesis of different types of evidence, and the assessment of bias and credibility. Evidence-based toxicology has its roots in the larger movement towards
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tumors, and live longer than the control animals". A few chemicals have no well-defined safe level of exposure. These are treated with special care. Some chemicals are subject to bioaccumulation as they are stored in rather than being excreted from the body; these also receive special consideration.
517:
of a substance. Adverse effects depend on two main factors: i) routes of exposure (oral, inhalation, or dermal) and ii) dose (duration and concentration of exposure). To explore dose, substances are tested in both acute and chronic models. Generally, different sets of experiments are conducted to
1038:
Toxicologists perform many different duties including research in the academic, nonprofit and industrial fields, product safety evaluation, consulting, public service and legal regulation. In order to research and assess the effects of chemicals, toxicologists perform carefully designed studies and
569:
strives to transparently, consistently, and objectively assess available scientific evidence in order to answer questions in toxicology, the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on living organisms and the environment, including the prevention and amelioration of
1047:
The salary for jobs in toxicology is dependent on several factors, including level of schooling, specialization, experience. The U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) notes that jobs for biological scientists, which generally include toxicologists, were expected to increase by 21% between 2008 and
642:
provides information that is not available by other means about how substances function in a living organism. The use of non-human animals for toxicology testing is opposed by some organisations for reasons of animal welfare, and it has been restricted or banned under some circumstances in certain
737:
Most chemicals display a classic dose response curve – at a low dose (below a threshold), no effect is observed. Some show a phenomenon known as sufficient challenge – a small exposure produces animals that "grow more rapidly, have better general appearance and coat quality, have fewer
725:
animal models of human prenatal developmental toxicity, (3) sensitivity improved as more stringent weights of evidence requirements were applied to the animal studies, and (4) statistical analysis of the most potent chemical hits on specific biochemical targets in ToxCast revealed positive and
684:
published a report called "Toxicity
Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy" which opened with a statement: "Change often involves a pivotal event that builds on previous history and opens the door to a new era. Pivotal events in science include the discovery of penicillin, the
676:
can be determined, and chemical structures that are likely to bind to, and interfere with, proteins with essential functions, can be identified. This work requires expert knowledge in molecular modeling and statistics together with expert judgment in chemistry, biology and toxicology.
866:
to aid medical or legal investigation of death, poisoning, and drug use. The primary concern for forensic toxicology is not the legal outcome of the toxicological investigation or the technology utilized, but rather the obtainment and interpretation of results.
741:
Several measures are commonly used to describe toxic dosages according to the degree of effect on an organism or a population, and some are specifically defined by various laws or organizational usage. These include:
464:
is considered "the father" of modern toxicology, based on his rigorous (for the time) approach to understanding the effects of substances on the body. He is credited with the classic toxicology maxim, "
1714:
Schreider J, Barrow C, Birchfield N, Dearfield K, Devlin D, Henry S, et al. (July 2010). "Enhancing the credibility of decisions based on scientific conclusions: transparency is imperative".
2275:
1224:
Mercatelli D, Bortolotti M, Giorgi FM (August 2020). "Transcriptional network inference and master regulator analysis of the response to ribosome-inactivating proteins in leukemia cells".
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2018. The BLS notes that this increase could be due to research and development growth in biotechnology, as well as budget increases for basic and medical research in biological science.
3044:
665:
experiments with other types, or use more simple forms of life when possible. The historical development of alternative testing methods in toxicology has been published by Balls.
729:
In some cases shifts away from animal studies have been mandated by law or regulation; the
European Union (EU) prohibited use of animal testing for cosmetics in 2013.
717:
following chemical exposure. Major findings from the analysis of this ToxCast_STM dataset published in 2020 include: (1) 19% of 1065 chemicals yielded a prediction of
4342:
2560:
Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Carvalho F, Duarte JA, Remião F, Marques A, Santos A, et al. (September 2010). "Collection of biological samples in forensic toxicology".
1279:
2914:
Caito S, Lopes AC, Paoliello MM, Aschner M (2017). "Chapter 16. Toxicology of Lead and Its Damage to
Mammalian Organs". In Astrid S, Helmut S, Sigel RK (eds.).
2147:
2754:
1751:"Toxicology and epidemiology: improving the science with a framework for combining toxicological and epidemiological evidence to establish causal inference"
1847:
de Bruin YB, Eskes C, Langezaal I, Coecke S, Kinsner-Ovaskainen A, Hakkinen PJ (2009). "Testing methods and toxicity assessment (Including alternatives)".
1073:
468:" which translates as, "All things are poisonous and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not poisonous." This is often condensed to: "
726:
negative associations with the STM response, providing insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of the targeted endpoint and its biological domain.
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2272:
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Berg N, De Wever B, Fuchs HW, Gaca M, Krul C, Roggen EL (June 2011). "Toxicology in the 21st century--working our way towards a visionary reality".
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While testing in animal models remains as a method of estimating human effects, there are both ethical and technical concerns with animal testing.
721:, (2) assay performance reached 79%–82% accuracy with high specificity (> 84%) but modest sensitivity (< 67%) when compared with
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to better understand and predict adverse health effects caused by chemicals, such as environmental pollutants and pharmaceuticals. Within the
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2106:
768:
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that the article is lacking scope of the real discipline, both in actual content and in its pointing to more specialized, related articles.
437:, made the first attempt to classify plants according to their toxic and therapeutic effect. A work attributed to the 10th century author
661:" – reduce the number of experiments with animals to the minimum necessary; refine experiments to cause less suffering, and replace
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include the dosage, duration of exposure (whether it is acute or chronic), route of exposure, species, age, sex, and environment.
2866:
4441:
3367:
1027:
6086:
3004:
2987:
Thévenod F, Lee WK (2013). "Toxicology of
Cadmium and Its Damage to Mammalian Organs". In Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel RK (eds.).
2966:
2931:
2620:
2350:"Profiling the ToxCast Library With a Pluripotent Human (H9) Stem Cell Line-Based Biomarker Assay for Developmental Toxicity"
2265:
2238:
2202:
1868:
1515:
1441:
1340:
1315:
780:
TTC = The
Threshold of Toxicological Concern concept has been applied to low-level contaminants, such as the constituents of
777:
TWA = Time-Weighted
Average, the average amount of an agent's concentration over a specified period of time, usually 8 hours
5890:
4533:
4498:
3447:
3085:
1471:
Wennig R (April 2009). "Back to the roots of modern analytical toxicology: Jean
Servais Stas and the Bocarmé murder case".
395:
1506:
Committee on Risk
Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (1994).
774:
STEL = Short-Term
Exposure Limit, the highest concentration permitted for short periods of time, in general 15–30 minutes
673:
493:
became the first person to successfully isolate plant poisons from human tissue. This allowed him to identify the use of
2255:
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478:
is also considered the modern father of toxicology, having given the subject its first formal treatment in 1813 in his
1980:"High-Throughput Video Processing of Heart Rate Responses in Multiple Wild-type Embryonic Zebrafish per Imaging Field"
986:
is a scientist or medical personnel who specializes in the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of
5618:
3884:
3306:
1358:"Taxonomical outlines of bio-diversity of Karnataka in a 14th century Kannada toxicology text Khagendra Mani Darpana"
1170:
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190:
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72:
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951:
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Since the late 1950s, the field of toxicology has sought to reduce or eliminate animal testing under the rubric of "
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2460:"Editorial: Advances and Refinements in the Development and Application of Threshold of Toxicological Concern"
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The classic experimental tool of toxicology is testing on non-human animals. Examples of model organisms are
402:
299:
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3839:
1406:"Paracelsus Dose Response in the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology WILLIAM C KRIEGER / Academic Press Oct01"
681:
17:
2796:
Unterthiner T, Mayr A, Klambauer G, Hochreiter S (March 2015). "Toxicity prediction using deep learning".
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58:
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Adami HO, Berry SC, Breckenridge CB, Smith LL, Swenberg JA, Trichopoulos D, et al. (August 2011).
658:
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research, since some toxins can be used as drugs for killing tumor cells. One prime example of this is
2776:
Unterthiner T, Mayr A, Klambauer G, Steijaert M, Wegner JK, Ceulemans H, et al. (December 2014).
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Krewski D, Acosta D, Andersen M, Anderson H, Bailar JC, Boekelheide K, et al. (February 2010).
5537:
5378:
5192:
4894:
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4194:
3996:
3316:
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3128:
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2148:"Alternative toxicity test methods: reducing, refining and replacing animal use for safety testing"
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571:
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as a poison in the Bocarmé murder case, providing the evidence needed to convict the Belgian Count
466:
Alle Dinge sind Gift und nichts ist ohne Gift; allein die Dosis macht, dass ein Ding kein Gift ist.
291:
154:
2399:"Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects-2010"
1978:
Martin WK, Tennant AH, Conolly RB, Prince K, Stevens JS, DeMarini DM, et al. (January 2019).
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Andresen E, Küpper H (2013). "Cadmium Toxicity in Plants". In Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel RK (eds.).
1800:"Enhancing credibility of chemical safety studies: emerging consensus on key assessment criteria"
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1931:"Advancing toxicology research using in vivo high throughput toxicology with small fish models"
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219:
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Adler S, Basketter D, Creton S, Pelkonen O, van Benthem J, Zuang V, et al. (May 2011).
1006:
To work as a toxicologist one should obtain a degree in toxicology or a related degree like
6005:
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33:
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Zurlinden TJ, Saili KS, Rush N, Kothiya P, Judson RS, Houck KA, et al. (April 2020).
1929:
Planchart A, Mattingly CJ, Allen D, Ceger P, Casey W, Hinton D, et al. (2016-11-01).
1886:"Use of Galleria mellonella as a model organism to study Legionella pneumophila infection"
1624:
Stephens ML, Andersen M, Becker RA, Betts K, Boekelheide K, Carney E, et al. (2013).
8:
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Both large single exposures (acute) and continuous small exposures (chronic) are studied.
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1995:
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Talhout R, Schulz T, Florek E, van Benthem J, Wester P, Opperhuizen A (February 2011).
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2012:
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determine whether a substance causes cancer and to examine other forms of toxicity.
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studied 1,065 chemical and drug substances in their ToxCast program (part of the
514:
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150:
64:
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2785:. Proceedings of the deep learning workshop at NIPS. Vol. 27. pp. 1–9.
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describes various toxic substances and poisonous recipes that can be made using
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2003:
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Hoffmann S, Hartung T (September 2006). "Toward an evidence-based toxicology".
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PEL = Permissible Exposure Limit, the highest concentration permitted under US
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239:
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2714:
2415:
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2212:
1642:
1626:"Evidence-based toxicology for the 21st century: opportunities and challenges"
1625:
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820:
is the discipline that can be practiced not only by physicians but also other
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is the discipline that makes use of toxicology and other disciplines such as
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2918:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 17. de Gruyter. pp. 501–534.
2722:
2679:
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2383:
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1964:
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2991:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 415–490.
2953:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 395–413.
803:
Brochure illustrating the work of the CDC Division of Laboratory Sciences
757:
NOEL = No-Observed-Effect-Level, the highest dose known to show no effect
701:
430:
3549:
2091:
1815:
1682:
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Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews
1177:
841:
714:
626:), which allow for the study of toxicology in a lower order vertebrate
461:
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270:
is of high significance in toxicology. Factors that influence chemical
5603:
2179:
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique: Is It Relevant Today?
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5930:
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5855:
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4221:
4130:
4117:
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3240:
2052:
1667:"Evidence from Toxicology: The Most Essential Science for Prevention"
1159:
1011:
811:
704:
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4211:
4144:
4134:
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3726:
3470:
3235:
2802:
2603:
Reisfeld B, Mayeno AN (2012). "What is Computational Toxicology?".
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status (MD or DO degree plus specialty education and experience).
672:
testing method; using computer models of chemicals and proteins,
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4347:
4256:
3973:
3618:
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2775:
2515:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1884:
Harding CR, Schroeder GN, Collins JW, Frankel G (November 2013).
1007:
837:
709:
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regions, such as the testing of cosmetics in the European Union.
628:
584:
450:
446:
268:
relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism
255:
223:
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is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to
5730:
4419:
4343:
4139:
4100:
3488:
3194:
3053:
2293:"Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy"
1432:
The dose makes the poison: a plain-language guide to toxicology
995:
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279:
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4357:
4353:
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2607:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 929. pp. 3–7.
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Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy
991:
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259:
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1846:
1458:"Biography of Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853)"
5247:
4865:
4758:
4754:
4556:
2646:"A toxicology for the 21st century--mapping the road ahead"
1748:
1623:
792:"Clinical toxicology" redirects here. For the journal, see
434:
355:
349:
4931:
2913:
1977:
1223:
882:
project, the best predictive models were identified to be
352:
343:
325:
5205:
2439:
2347:
2253:
334:
5007:
1331:
Levey M (2017). Arnold E, Flood FB, Necipoğlu G (eds.).
5165:
1217:
870:
Computational toxicology is a discipline that develops
713:
developmental intoxicants based on changes in cellular
294:. Toxicology is currently contributing to the field of
4627:
1436:(2nd ed.). New York, N.Y: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
433:, a Greek physician in the court of the Roman emperor
3462:
2692:
2457:
2194:
The history of alternative test methods in toxicology
453:
poetic work attributed to the Jain prince Mangarasa,
340:
331:
328:
319:
2779:
Deep learning as an opportunity in virtual screening
2107:"E.U. Bans Cosmetics With Animal-Tested Ingredients"
754:, a dose that will kill 50% of an exposed population
346:
322:
4589:
2228:
1664:
764:, the highest dose known to show no adverse effects
337:
1537:. United States Environmental Protection Agencies.
1429:
668:Computer modeling is an example of an alternative
2502:
6104:
2190:
1074:Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study
2789:
2769:
2737:"Toxicology in the 21st century Data Challenge"
1547:
27:Study of substances harmful to living organisms
2948:
2755:"NCATS Announces Tox21 Data Challenge Winners"
2602:
5619:
5263:
5070:
4435:
3816:
3448:
3079:
2823:Journal of the American College of Toxicology
2231:Risk assessment of chemicals: An introduction
2090:. Society of Toxicology. 2014. Archived from
2082:
2080:
1362:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine
911:
828:in clinical toxicology: physician extenders (
732:
690:United States Environmental Protection Agency
135:The examples and perspective in this article
2819:"Occupational Toxicology: NIOSH Perspective"
2596:
2458:Patlewicz G, Worth A, Yang C, Zhu T (2022).
1797:
2986:
2916:Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health
2686:
2637:
1665:Mandrioli D, Silbergeld EK (January 2016).
1510:. The National Academic Press. p. 56.
1333:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
1274:
950:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
594:(testing on isolated cells or tissues), or
73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5626:
5612:
5270:
5256:
4442:
4428:
3455:
3441:
3086:
3072:
2077:
2037:"The C. elegans model in toxicity testing"
1617:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
521:Factors that influence chemical toxicity:
472:" or in Latin "Sola dosis facit venenum".
95:needs attention from an expert in medicine
6092:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
5043:
4511:
4466:
2834:
2801:
2747:
2669:
2536:
2526:
2485:
2475:
2414:
2373:
2324:
2060:
2011:
1954:
1905:
1823:
1774:
1690:
1658:
1641:
1381:
1355:
970:Learn how and when to remove this message
603:
191:Learn how and when to remove this message
173:Learn how and when to remove this message
5330:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
3043:) is being considered for deletion. See
2445:
2233:. New York: Springer. pp. 451–479.
1508:Science and judgement in risk assessment
1427:
1204:
798:
536:Ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption
415:
202:
5633:
4970:
4678:
2816:
2643:
2153:. Society of Toxicology. Archived from
1602:. Society of Toxicology. Archived from
1412:
1305:
1281:Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
290:as part of the larger movement towards
14:
6105:
4803:
4733:
3368:List of extremely hazardous substances
2989:Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality
2951:Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality
2511:"Hazardous compounds in tobacco smoke"
2104:
2088:"The importance of animal in research"
1791:
1541:
1470:
1028:American College of Medical Toxicology
582:Toxicity experiments may be conducted
457:, describes several poisonous plants.
105:may be able to help recruit an expert.
6087:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
5607:
5251:
4423:
3436:
3067:
2729:
2224:
2222:
2191:Balls M, Combes RD, Worth AP (2019).
1742:
1529:
1527:
1330:
894:, which can reach the performance of
4858:
4386:
3403:
2229:van Leeuwen CJ, Vermeire TG (2007).
2034:
1460:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
948:adding citations to reliable sources
915:
904:is the application of toxicology to
121:
79:
38:
4398:
3415:
1849:Information Resources in Toxicology
1592:
1550:Human & Experimental Toxicology
1310:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 10.
646:
504:
24:
5228:Minimum bactericidal concentration
2906:
2810:
2254:National Research Council (2007).
2219:
2140:
2134:"Existing Non-animal Alternatives"
1861:10.1016/B978-0-12-373593-5.00060-4
1840:
1798:Conrad JW, Becker RA (June 2011).
1535:"Human Health Toxicity Assessment"
1524:
1268:
577:
25:
6124:
3307:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
3047:to help reach a consensus. ›
3026:
2891:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
2562:Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods
1890:Journal of Visualized Experiments
1804:Environmental Health Perspectives
1671:Environmental Health Perspectives
1284:, Merriam-Webster, archived from
1171:Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods
618:which can replace small mammals,
460:The 16th-century Swiss physician
238:, that involves the study of the
207:A toxicologist working in a lab (
54:This article has multiple issues.
5588:
5587:
5548:List of pharmaceutical companies
5218:Minimum inhibitory concentration
4449:
4397:
4385:
4374:
4373:
3414:
3402:
3391:
3390:
920:
810:is the discipline that requires
762:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level
674:structure-activity relationships
315:
126:
84:
43:
32:For the scientific journal, see
5568:Pharmacies in the United States
5158:WHO list of essential medicines
4651:Non-specific effect of vaccines
2881:
2859:
2553:
2451:
2390:
2341:
2284:
2247:
2184:
2171:
2136:. AltTox.org. 8 September 2011.
2126:
2098:
2028:
1971:
1922:
1877:
1707:
1600:"How do you define toxicology?"
1499:
1464:
1356:Bhat S, Udupa K (August 2013).
1308:A Textbook of Modern Toxicology
1205:Schrager TF (October 4, 2006).
1042:
1001:
62:or discuss these issues on the
5213:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
3378:Occupational safety and health
3282:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
3093:
1450:
1398:
1349:
1324:
1299:
1198:
880:Toxicology in the 21st Century
501:of killing his brother-in-law.
390:, which in turn come from the
300:ribosome-inactivating proteins
13:
1:
5138:Functional analog (chemistry)
3032:
1374:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60134-3
1368:(8): 668–72, discussion 672.
1192:
372:
302:, tested in the treatment of
5277:
4691:Hill equation (biochemistry)
2997:10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_14
2959:10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_13
2574:10.3109/15376516.2010.497976
2317:10.1080/10937404.2010.483176
2260:. National Academies Press.
2181:Altex 27, Special Issue 2010
682:National Academy of Sciences
600:(in a computer simulation).
588:(using the whole animal) or
7:
5543:Pharmacy benefit management
2869:. American Chemical Society
2817:Johnson BL (January 1983).
2613:10.1007/978-1-62703-050-2_1
2105:Kanter J (March 11, 2013).
1335:. Wiley. pp. 525–526.
1051:
846:allied health professionals
694:CompTox Chemicals Dashboard
499:Hippolyte Visart de Bocarmé
378:, from the combining forms
149:, discuss the issue on the
97:. The specific problem is:
10:
6129:
5206:Antimicrobial pharmacology
4686:Dose–response relationship
4616:Desensitization (medicine)
4126:Arthropod bites and stings
3745:Nitrogen dioxide poisoning
2197:. London: Academic Press.
2004:10.1038/s41598-018-35949-5
1570:10.1191/0960327106het648oa
912:Toxicology as a profession
791:
733:Dose response complexities
559:Individual characteristics
513:assessment is to identify
411:
286:. There is a movement for
31:
6074:
5641:
5583:
5518:
5455:
5412:
5338:
5285:
5128:Coinduction (anesthetics)
5121:
4922:
4794:
4580:
4457:
4369:
4341:
4337:
4301:
4245:
4193:
4116:
4032:
3968:
3961:
3920:
3893:
3885:Tricyclic antidepressants
3825:
3807:
3753:
3725:
3695:
3686:
3649:
3631:
3611:
3568:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3484:
3386:
3340:
3327:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
3274:
3223:
3157:
3101:
2924:10.1515/9783110434330-016
2836:10.3109/10915818309140666
2715:10.1016/j.tiv.2011.02.008
2416:10.1007/s00204-011-0693-2
1643:10.14573/altex.2013.1.074
1473:Drug Testing and Analysis
1246:10.1016/j.tox.2020.152531
1155:Risk Information Exchange
1033:
680:In 2007 the American NGO
567:evidence-based toxicology
470:The dose makes the poison
288:evidence-based toxicology
5538:Investigational New Drug
5379:Pharmaceutical chemistry
5325:Pharmacological activity
5193:Multiple drug resistance
5166:Tolerance and resistance
4534:Physiological antagonist
3317:Consumption of Tide Pods
3302:Niigata Minamata disease
3129:Environmental toxicology
3045:templates for discussion
2605:Computational Toxicology
2477:10.3389/ftox.2022.882321
2035:Hunt PR (January 2017).
1095:Environmental toxicology
787:
707:-based assay to predict
572:evidence-based practices
292:evidence-based practices
5520:Pharmaceutical industry
5339:Pharmaceutical sciences
4944:Neuropsychopharmacology
4706:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
4701:Del Castillo Katz model
4628:Other effects of ligand
4611:Receptor (biochemistry)
4529:Irreversible antagonist
4324:List of types of poison
3880:Serotonergic substances
3165:Acceptable daily intake
3119:Occupational toxicology
3020:(subscription required)
2982:(subscription required)
2889:"Biological Scientists"
2464:Frontiers in Toxicology
1187:(2013 documentary film)
1145:Occupational toxicology
1064:Automatism (toxicology)
902:Occupational toxicology
892:Support Vector Machines
5701:Biological engineering
5080:Classical pharmacology
4841:Plasma protein binding
4816:Volume of distribution
4524:Competitive antagonist
3612:Other non-toxic metals
3322:Visakhapatnam gas leak
3266:Whole bowel irrigation
2650:Toxicological Sciences
2644:Hartung T (May 2009).
2403:Archives of Toxicology
2366:10.1093/toxsci/kfaa014
2354:Toxicological Sciences
1947:10.14573/altex.1601281
1755:Toxicological Sciences
1716:Toxicological Sciences
1130:Indicative limit value
804:
719:developmental toxicity
700:modelling and a human
635:Caenorhabditis elegans
455:Khagendra Mani Darpana
427:
212:
5786:Developmental biology
5761:Computational biology
5741:Cellular microbiology
5495:Pharmacist prescriber
5480:Consultant pharmacist
5188:Antibiotic resistance
4980:Clinical pharmacology
4499:Physiological agonist
4459:Ligand (biochemistry)
3992:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
3287:2007 pet food recalls
3059:Society of Toxicology
2867:"Toxicology Overview"
2662:10.1093/toxsci/kfp059
2528:10.3390/ijerph8020613
1767:10.1093/toxsci/kfr113
1728:10.1093/toxsci/kfq102
1135:Modes of toxic action
1069:Certain safety factor
1024:Society of Toxicology
876:computer-based models
802:
419:
408:, "subject matter").
365:neoclassical compound
206:
6006:Reproductive biology
5891:Mathematical biology
5816:Evolutionary biology
5766:Conservation biology
5563:Pharmacies of Norway
5500:Pharmacy informatics
5394:Pharmacoepidemiology
5303:Prehistoric medicine
5085:Reverse pharmacology
4995:Pharmacoepidemiology
4836:Biological half-life
4716:Ligand binding assay
4590:Activity at receptor
4484:Irreversible agonist
3185:Fixed-dose procedure
1855:. pp. 497–514.
1428:Ottoboni MA (1991).
1207:"What is Toxicology"
1090:Environmental health
1076:(CHEERS) (in the US)
944:improve this section
884:Deep Neural Networks
856:analytical chemistry
830:physician assistants
822:health professionals
638:. As of 2014, such
484:Toxicologie générale
250:and the practice of
155:create a new article
147:improve this article
137:may not represent a
103:WikiProject Medicine
34:Toxicology (journal)
5791:Ecological genetics
5635:Branches of biology
5510:Veterinary pharmacy
5442:Pharmacy technician
5404:Pharmacocybernetics
5298:History of pharmacy
5133:Combination therapy
5021:Pharmacoinformatics
4990:Medicinal chemistry
4596:Mechanism of action
4362:foodborne illnesses
4319:Lists of poisonings
4002:Shellfish poisoning
3710:Aluminium phosphide
3144:In vitro toxicology
3134:Forensic toxicology
2707:2011ToxVi..25..874B
2695:Toxicology in Vitro
2309:2010JTEHB..13...51K
1996:2019NatSR...9..145M
1816:10.1289/ehp.1002737
1683:10.1289/ehp.1509880
1562:2006HETox..25..497H
1238:2020Toxgy.44152531M
1184:Unacceptable Levels
1125:In vitro toxicology
1115:Forensic toxicology
852:Forensic toxicology
834:nurse practitioners
818:Clinical toxicology
794:Clinical Toxicology
670:in vitro toxicology
614:Galleria mellonella
401:, "poisonous", and
244:chemical substances
222:, overlapping with
6082:History of biology
6016:Structural biology
6001:Relational biology
5826:Generative biology
5821:Freshwater biology
5505:Specialty pharmacy
5468:Community pharmacy
5437:Pharmacy residency
5103:Immunopharmacology
5053:Pharmacotoxicology
4954:Psychopharmacology
4746:Intrinsic activity
4646:Pleiotropy (drugs)
4567:Agonist-antagonist
4479:Endogenous agonist
4314:EPA list of hazard
4096:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
3840:Anticholinesterase
3348:Biological warfare
3332:List of poisonings
3139:Medical toxicology
3109:Aquatic toxicology
2741:www.tripod.nih.gov
2278:2020-02-15 at the
2177:Alan M. Goldberg.
2112:The New York Times
1984:Scientific Reports
1306:Hodgson E (2010).
1213:on March 10, 2007.
1059:Aquatic toxicology
908:in the workplace.
864:clinical chemistry
808:Medical toxicology
805:
752:Median lethal dose
565:The discipline of
533:Route of exposure
480:Traité des poisons
449:. A 14th century
428:
213:
6100:
6099:
6021:Synthetic biology
5901:Molecular biology
5756:Cognitive biology
5601:
5600:
5558:Pharmacy in China
5485:Hospital pharmacy
5463:Clinical pharmacy
5399:Pharmacovigilance
5315:Prescription drug
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5201:
5200:
5098:Photopharmacology
5093:
5092:
5066:
5065:
5039:
5038:
5003:
5002:
4966:
4965:
4959:Electrophysiology
4949:Neuropharmacology
4904:
4903:
4854:
4853:
4790:
4789:
4777:Therapeutic index
4729:
4728:
4674:
4673:
4623:
4622:
4552:
4551:
4507:
4506:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4297:
4296:
4279:Poisonous animals
3957:
3956:
3922:Vitamin poisoning
3916:
3915:
3803:
3802:
3682:
3681:
3627:
3626:
3430:
3429:
3246:Chelation therapy
3006:978-94-007-5178-1
2968:978-94-007-5178-1
2933:978-3-11-043433-0
2759:www.ncats.nih.gov
2622:978-1-62703-049-6
2448:, pp. 83–85.
2267:978-0-309-15173-3
2240:978-1-4020-6102-8
2204:978-0-12-813698-0
1870:978-0-12-373593-5
1517:978-0-309-07490-2
1443:978-0-442-00660-0
1342:978-1-119-06857-0
1317:978-0-470-46206-5
1120:History of poison
1100:Enzyme inhibition
994:; especially the
980:
979:
972:
371:, first attested
201:
200:
193:
183:
182:
175:
157:, as appropriate.
120:
119:
77:
16:(Redirected from
6120:
5746:Chemical biology
5628:
5621:
5614:
5605:
5604:
5591:
5590:
5553:Medication costs
5528:Drug development
5490:Nuclear pharmacy
5367:Pharmacogenomics
5355:Pharmacodynamics
5351:Pharmacokinetics
5272:
5265:
5258:
5249:
5248:
5203:
5202:
5163:
5162:
5143:Polypharmacology
5068:
5067:
5041:
5040:
5031:Pharmacogenomics
5026:Pharmacogenetics
5005:
5004:
4968:
4967:
4929:
4928:
4856:
4855:
4826:Rate of infusion
4801:
4800:
4796:Pharmacokinetics
4731:
4730:
4676:
4675:
4625:
4624:
4587:
4586:
4582:Pharmacodynamics
4562:Neurotransmitter
4544:Enzyme inhibitor
4509:
4508:
4464:
4463:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4401:
4400:
4389:
4388:
4377:
4376:
4350:, which is rare.
4339:
4338:
4274:Venomous animals
3966:
3965:
3823:
3822:
3814:
3813:
3715:Organophosphates
3693:
3692:
3570:Dietary minerals
3518:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3418:
3417:
3406:
3405:
3394:
3393:
3297:Minamata disease
3231:Activated carbon
3180:Biomagnification
3124:Entomotoxicology
3088:
3081:
3074:
3065:
3064:
3021:
3018:
2983:
2980:
2945:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2838:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2761:. Archived from
2751:
2745:
2744:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2600:
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2557:
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2550:
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2530:
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2500:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2455:
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2443:
2437:
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2388:
2387:
2377:
2345:
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2338:
2328:
2288:
2282:
2271:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2226:
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2216:
2188:
2182:
2175:
2169:
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2166:
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2152:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2130:
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2123:
2121:
2119:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2053:10.1002/jat.3357
2041:J. Appl. Toxicol
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1746:
1740:
1739:
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1705:
1704:
1694:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1545:
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1538:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1425:
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1395:
1385:
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1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1209:. Archived from
1202:
1105:Exposure science
1085:Entomotoxicology
975:
968:
964:
961:
955:
924:
916:
906:chemical hazards
505:Basic principles
377:
374:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
218:is a scientific
196:
189:
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115:
112:
106:
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80:
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6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6070:
6031:Systems biology
5996:Quantum biology
5637:
5632:
5602:
5597:
5579:
5514:
5451:
5447:Pharmacy school
5408:
5360:Pharmacometrics
5334:
5281:
5276:
5246:
5237:
5197:
5183:Drug resistance
5161:
5117:
5089:
5062:
5058:Neurotoxicology
5035:
4999:
4962:
4924:
4918:
4900:
4850:
4846:Bioavailability
4831:Onset of action
4786:
4725:
4670:
4619:
4576:
4548:
4539:Inverse agonist
4503:
4489:Partial agonist
4453:
4448:
4418:
4409:
4365:
4351:
4333:
4293:
4241:
4189:
4112:
4028:
3953:
3948:
3912:
3889:
3855:Benzodiazepines
3799:
3785:Carbon monoxide
3773:Ethylene glycol
3749:
3721:
3678:
3645:
3623:
3607:
3564:
3498:
3480:
3461:
3431:
3426:
3382:
3336:
3312:Seveso disaster
3292:Bhopal disaster
3270:
3219:
3175:Bioaccumulation
3153:
3097:
3092:
3048:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3007:
2981:
2969:
2934:
2909:
2907:Further reading
2904:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2815:
2811:
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2790:
2782:
2774:
2770:
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2748:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2691:
2687:
2642:
2638:
2623:
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2597:
2558:
2554:
2507:
2503:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2395:
2391:
2346:
2342:
2303:(2–4): 51–138.
2289:
2285:
2280:Wayback Machine
2268:
2252:
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2227:
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2205:
2189:
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1972:
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1325:
1318:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1276:Merriam-Webster
1273:
1269:
1222:
1218:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1004:
976:
965:
959:
956:
941:
925:
914:
826:master's degree
797:
790:
749:
735:
652:
609:
580:
578:Testing methods
515:adverse effects
507:
443:Book on Poisons
414:
375:
318:
314:
278:are experts on
240:adverse effects
197:
186:
185:
184:
179:
168:
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159:
144:
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127:
116:
110:
107:
101:
89:
85:
48:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6126:
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6098:
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6084:
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5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5886:Marine biology
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
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5808:
5803:
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5778:
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5768:
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5713:
5708:
5703:
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5696:Bioinformatics
5693:
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5668:
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5578:
5577:
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5575:
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5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5533:Drug discovery
5530:
5524:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5456:Practice areas
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5432:Pharmaconomist
5429:
5428:
5427:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
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5364:
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5342:
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5336:
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5307:
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5295:
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5287:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5223:Bacteriostatic
5220:
5215:
5209:
5207:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5173:Drug tolerance
5169:
5167:
5160:
5155:
5153:Lists of drugs
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5118:
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5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
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5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5072:Drug discovery
5064:
5063:
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5055:
5049:
5047:
5037:
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5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
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5000:
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4987:
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4963:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
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4920:
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4917:
4916:
4914:Bioequivalence
4911:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4862:
4860:
4852:
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4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4748:
4743:
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4727:
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4723:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4658:
4656:Adverse effect
4653:
4648:
4643:
4631:
4629:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4601:Mode of action
4598:
4593:
4591:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4550:
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4455:
4454:
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4408:
4407:
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4332:
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4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4289:Mycotoxicology
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4249:
4247:
4246:Related topics
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4185:Tick paralysis
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4152:Scorpion venom
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4039:
4037:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3994:
3989:
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3976:
3963:
3959:
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3955:
3954:
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3932:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3895:Cardiovascular
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3820:
3818:Drug overdoses
3811:
3809:Pharmaceutical
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
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3701:
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3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
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3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3341:Related topics
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Gastric lavage
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:Toxicity class
3202:
3200:Toxic capacity
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3170:Acute toxicity
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3149:Toxicogenomics
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3028:
3027:External links
3025:
3023:
3022:
3005:
2984:
2967:
2946:
2932:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2880:
2858:
2809:
2788:
2768:
2765:on 2015-02-28.
2746:
2728:
2701:(4): 874–881.
2685:
2636:
2621:
2595:
2568:(7): 363–414.
2552:
2521:(2): 613–628.
2501:
2450:
2438:
2409:(5): 367–485.
2389:
2360:(2): 189–209.
2340:
2283:
2266:
2246:
2239:
2218:
2203:
2183:
2170:
2139:
2125:
2097:
2094:on 2014-12-07.
2076:
2027:
1970:
1941:(4): 435–452.
1921:
1892:(81): e50964.
1876:
1869:
1853:Academic Press
1839:
1810:(6): 757–764.
1790:
1761:(2): 223–234.
1741:
1706:
1657:
1616:
1591:
1556:(9): 497–513.
1540:
1523:
1516:
1498:
1485:10.1002/dta.32
1479:(4): 153–155.
1463:
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731:
651:
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640:animal testing
608:
607:model organism
602:
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541:Other factors
539:
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506:
503:
482:, also called
476:Mathieu Orfila
425:Mathieu Orfila
413:
410:
199:
198:
181:
180:
141:of the subject
139:worldwide view
134:
132:
125:
118:
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92:
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52:
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5966:Phylogenetics
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5861:Human biology
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5751:Chronobiology
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5726:Biotechnology
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5389:Pharmacognosy
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5384:Pharmaceutics
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5179:
5178:Tachyphylaxis
5176:
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5159:
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5149:
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5016:
5014:
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4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
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4978:
4977:
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4973:
4969:
4960:
4957:
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4952:
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4699:
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4694:
4692:
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4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4666:
4665:Neurotoxicity
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:Selectivity (
4633:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4572:Pharmacophore
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
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4312:
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4304:
4302:Miscellaneous
4300:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:Deadly fungus
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
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4166:
4165:
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4157:Charybdotoxin
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4146:
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4141:
4138:
4137:
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4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4048:Batrachotoxin
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4031:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
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4008:
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4004:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
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3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3945:Megavitamin-B
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
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3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
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3853:
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3848:
3846:
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3821:
3819:
3815:
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3806:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
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3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3759:
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3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
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3730:
3728:
3724:
3716:
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3708:
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3706:
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3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Sulfuric acid
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
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3636:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3617:
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3558:
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3543:
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3533:
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3464:
3463:
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3453:
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3439:
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3399:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Hazard symbol
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:Hemoperfusion
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
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3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:Ecotoxicology
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3030:
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3012:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2890:
2884:
2868:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2446:Ottoboni 1991
2442:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2160:on 2016-03-04
2156:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1898:10.3791/50964
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1636:(1): 74–103.
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1606:on 2013-06-05
1605:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1288:on 2020-05-25
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Ecotoxicology
1078:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
974:
971:
963:
953:
949:
945:
939:
938:
934:
929:This section
927:
923:
918:
917:
909:
907:
903:
899:
898:experiments.
897:
893:
889:
888:Random Forest
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
809:
801:
795:
783:
782:tobacco smoke
779:
776:
773:
770:
766:
763:
759:
756:
753:
745:
744:
743:
739:
730:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:
706:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
683:
678:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
655:
649:
644:
641:
637:
636:
631:
630:
625:
621:
617:
615:
606:
601:
599:
598:
593:
592:
587:
586:
575:
573:
568:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
542:
540:
535:
534:
532:
527:
526:
524:
523:
522:
519:
516:
512:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Ibn Wahshiyya
436:
432:
426:
422:
418:
409:
407:
404:
400:
397:
393:
392:Ancient Greek
389:
388:
383:
382:
370:
366:
360:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Toxicologists
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:exposures to
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
210:
209:United States
205:
195:
192:
177:
174:
166:
156:
152:
148:
142:
140:
133:
124:
123:
114:
104:
100:
96:
93:This article
91:
82:
81:
76:
74:
67:
66:
61:
60:
55:
50:
41:
40:
35:
30:
19:
6045:
6011:Sociobiology
5991:Protistology
5956:Photobiology
5951:Pharmacology
5941:Parasitology
5936:Paleontology
5916:Neuroscience
5896:Microbiology
5806:Epidemiology
5776:Cytogenetics
5736:Cell biology
5716:Biosemiotics
5706:Biomechanics
5686:Biogeography
5681:Biochemistry
5676:Bacteriology
5671:Astrobiology
5371:
5346:Pharmacology
5148:Chemotherapy
5108:Cell biology
5044:
5009:Biochemistry
4933:Neuroscience
4881:Distribution
4811:Loading dose
4494:Superagonist
4451:Pharmacology
4402:
4390:
4378:
4173:Latrodectism
4164:spider venom
3987:Haff disease
3908:Dipyridamole
3850:Barbiturates
3760:
3522:Toxic metals
3419:
3407:
3395:
3256:Hemodialysis
3094:
3038:
2988:
2950:
2915:
2893:. Retrieved
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2861:
2829:(1): 43–50.
2826:
2822:
2812:
2791:
2778:
2771:
2763:the original
2758:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2656:(1): 18–23.
2653:
2649:
2639:
2604:
2598:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2441:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2256:
2249:
2230:
2193:
2186:
2173:
2162:. Retrieved
2155:the original
2142:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:
2092:the original
2047:(1): 50–59.
2044:
2040:
2030:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1889:
1879:
1848:
1842:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1604:the original
1594:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1507:
1501:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1452:
1431:
1400:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1307:
1301:
1290:, retrieved
1286:the original
1280:
1270:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1211:the original
1200:
1182:
1169:
1046:
1043:Compensation
1037:
1020:biochemistry
1016:pharmacology
1005:
1002:Requirements
984:toxicologist
983:
981:
966:
957:
942:Please help
930:
900:
879:
872:mathematical
869:
860:pharmacology
850:
816:
806:
740:
736:
728:
722:
708:
697:
687:
679:
667:
662:
656:
653:
647:
633:
627:
623:
612:
610:
604:
595:
589:
583:
581:
564:
520:
509:The goal of
508:
488:
483:
479:
474:
465:
459:
454:
442:
429:
405:
398:
385:
379:
310:
308:
275:
232:pharmacology
215:
214:
187:
169:
160:
136:
108:
98:
94:
70:
63:
57:
56:Please help
53:
29:
18:Toxicologist
6061:Xenobiology
6056:Virophysics
6026:Systematics
5981:Primatology
5926:Ornithology
5866:Ichthyology
5851:Herpetology
5846:Gerontology
5811:Epigenetics
5771:Cryobiology
5661:Agrostology
5651:Aerobiology
5646:Abiogenesis
5413:Professions
5293:Compounding
5233:Bactericide
4909:Compartment
4720:Patch clamp
4696:Schild plot
4404:WikiProject
4217:Fish toxins
4178:Loxoscelism
4091:Snake venom
4063:Physalaemin
4035:vertebrates
3875:Paracetamol
3421:WikiProject
3358:Food safety
3190:Lethal dose
3033:‹ The
2273:Lay summary
2118:October 26,
1677:(1): 6–11.
998:of people.
842:pharmacists
771:regulations
702:pluripotent
624:Danio rerio
556:Environment
441:called the
431:Dioscorides
376: 1799
6113:Toxicology
6046:Toxicology
6041:Teratology
5986:Proteomics
5971:Physiology
5911:Neontology
5876:Lipidology
5871:Immunology
5841:Geobiology
5801:Embryology
5781:Dendrology
5711:Biophysics
5691:Biogeology
5420:Pharmacist
5372:Toxicology
5310:Medication
5113:Physiology
5045:Toxicology
4937:psychology
4886:Metabolism
4876:Absorption
4870:Liberation
4712:Organ bath
4640:Functional
4519:Antagonist
4512:Inhibitory
4467:Excitatory
4352:including
4309:Antibiotic
4237:Strychnine
4207:Cinchonism
4169:Latrotoxin
4118:Arthropods
4106:Batroxobin
4017:Neurotoxic
4012:Diarrhetic
3962:Biological
3705:Pesticides
3697:Phosphorus
3633:Metalloids
3353:Carcinogen
3224:Treatments
3095:Toxicology
3050:Toxicology
2803:1503.01445
2470:: 882321.
2213:1057893426
2164:2014-12-05
1990:(1): 145.
1722:(1): 5–7.
1610:2017-06-17
1292:2017-07-28
1232:: 152531.
1226:Toxicology
1193:References
1178:Toxinology
746:LD50 or LD
715:metabolism
462:Paracelsus
421:Lithograph
311:toxicology
252:diagnosing
246:on living
220:discipline
216:Toxicology
59:improve it
5961:Phycology
5946:Pathology
5931:Osteology
5921:Nutrition
5881:Mammalogy
5856:Histology
4895:Clearance
4891:Excretion
4710:Methods (
4329:Pollution
4269:Cnidocyte
4222:Lathyrism
4135:Bee venom
4131:Bee sting
4075:Coturnism
4058:Bufotenin
4043:Amphibian
4022:Paralytic
3997:Scombroid
3982:Ciguatera
3940:Vitamin E
3935:Vitamin D
3930:Vitamin A
3651:Nonmetals
3598:Manganese
3530:Beryllium
3504:Inorganic
3466:Poisoning
3275:Incidents
3241:Cathartic
2845:0730-0913
1262:220255474
1174:(journal)
1160:Pollution
1012:chemistry
996:poisoning
960:June 2014
931:does not
812:physician
705:stem cell
698:in silica
620:Zebrafish
597:in silico
491:Jean Stas
489:In 1850,
369:Neo-Latin
309:The word
284:poisoning
264:toxicants
248:organisms
228:chemistry
163:July 2012
151:talk page
111:June 2014
65:talk page
6107:Category
6075:See also
6051:Virology
6036:Taxonomy
5976:Pomology
5906:Mycology
5836:Genomics
5831:Genetics
5656:Agronomy
5593:Category
5320:Pharmacy
5279:Pharmacy
5013:genetics
4985:Pharmacy
4972:Medicine
4782:Affinity
4741:Efficacy
4679:Analysis
4661:Toxicity
4380:Category
4232:Mushroom
4212:Ergotism
4197: /
4171: /
4145:Melittin
4133: /
4089: /
4053:Bombesin
3972: /
3949:syndrome
3778:Methanol
3740:Nicotine
3727:Nitrogen
3674:Fluoride
3669:Chlorine
3664:Selenium
3578:Chromium
3555:Thallium
3476:Overdose
3471:Toxicity
3397:Category
3236:Antidote
3158:Concepts
3035:template
3015:23430781
2977:23430780
2942:28731309
2853:84847131
2723:21338664
2680:19357069
2631:23007423
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2582:20615091
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2496:35573274
2433:28569258
2425:21533817
2384:32073639
2335:20574894
2276:Archived
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2022:30644404
1965:27328013
1916:24299965
1834:21163723
1785:21561883
1736:20363830
1701:26091173
1652:23338808
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1578:17017003
1493:20355192
1392:23905027
1254:32593706
1150:Overdose
1110:Exposome
1052:See also
1030:(ACMT).
896:in vitro
760:NOAEL =
696:) using
659:Three Rs
648:In vitro
591:in vitro
511:toxicity
495:nicotine
304:leukemia
272:toxicity
256:treating
236:medicine
145:You may
6066:Zoology
5796:Ecology
5666:Anatomy
5573:History
5286:General
4923:Related
4866:(L)ADME
4820:Initial
4804:Metrics
4751:Potency
4734:Metrics
4636:Binding
4606:Binding
4474:Agonist
4392:Commons
4348:argyria
4257:Stinger
4227:Locoism
4007:Amnesic
3974:Seafood
3903:Digoxin
3870:Opioids
3865:Lithium
3860:Cocaine
3845:Aspirin
3835:Alcohol
3827:Nervous
3795:Toluene
3768:Ethanol
3762:alcohol
3735:Cyanide
3688:Organic
3641:Arsenic
3545:Mercury
3535:Cadmium
3494:History
3409:Commons
3373:Mutagen
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2703:Bibcode
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2326:4410863
2305:Bibcode
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1992:Bibcode
1956:5270630
1907:3923569
1825:3114808
1776:3155086
1692:4710610
1558:Bibcode
1383:3703563
1234:Bibcode
1008:biology
952:removed
937:sources
824:with a
723:in vivo
710:in vivo
663:in vivo
650:methods
629:in vivo
605:In vivo
585:in vivo
544:Species
525:Dosage
451:Kannada
412:History
399:toxikos
396:τοξικός
381:toxico-
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280:poisons
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5731:Botany
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4925:fields
4358:toxins
4354:venoms
4344:Silver
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3790:Oxygen
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3215:Venom
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2849:S2CID
2798:arXiv
2783:(PDF)
2586:S2CID
2429:S2CID
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2209:OCLC
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2120:2018
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