1325:, and did not completely cover the back in scutes. Because of their sparse arrangement, it was unlikely that they served a significant role in defense. However, they may have played an important role in nutrient storage for titanosaurs living in highly seasonal climates and for female titanosaurs laying eggs. Osteoderms were present on both large and small species, so they were not solely used by smaller species as protection against predators. New evidence published in 2021 suggests there were indeed some defensive purposes in titanosaur osteoderms; simulated bite marks from both baurusuchid crocodylomorphs and abelisaurids on titanosaurid osteoderms suggest they could be useful for protecting the animals in addition to functioning in mineral storage.
3690:
7119:
5966:
13965:
2405:
13976:
13983:
15377:
17503:
16109:
137:
17344:
17338:
15382:
1924:
1121:
2169:
14839:
907:
3780:
1014:
3555:
17333:
8826:
14831:
17327:
16101:
14851:
13971:
14845:
16117:
109:
8883:
1267:
17491:
5876:
1725:
2075:
strongly procoelous with a prominent ball on distal end of centrum throughout tail; caudal arches on front half of centrum; sternal plates large; preacetabular process of ilium swept outward to become almost horizontal", but stressed that the relationships of titanosaurids to other sauropod groups couldn't be determined due to a lack of cranial material.
6055:) was resolved as a very inclusive clade composed of two distinct branches, one leading to the larger-bodied lognkosaurs and the other to the smaller-bodied saltasaurs. On the lognkosaur branch of Eutitanosauria, there is a branch of lognkosaurs and one of Rinconsauria. Following Calvo, González-Riga and Porfiri (2007), Rinconsauria was defined as
3910:, Curry-Rogers proposed a new phylogenetic analysis that focused on the inter-relationships of Titanosauria and included the most expansive character and taxon list of any study before it. 364 characters were selected from all previous phylogenetic analyses and scored across 29 probable titanosaurs, ranging from the
2074:
by Powell in 1986. McIntosh provided a large diagnosis of the family: "dorsals with irregularly shaped pleurocoels and spines directed strongly backward; transverse processes directed dorsally as well as laterally, very robust in shoulder region; a second dorsosacral, its rib fused to ilium; caudals
1316:
but are now known to have been present in a variety of titanosaurs within the clade
Lithostrotia. The exact arrangement of osteoderms on the body of a titanosaur is not known, but some paleontologists consider it likely that the osteoderms were arranged in two parallel rows on the animal's back, an
12952:
Aureliano, Tito; Nascimento, Carolina S.I.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Ricardi-Branco, Fresia; Ghilardi, Aline M. (February 2021). "Blood parasites and acute osteomyelitis in a non-avian dinosaur (Sauropoda, Titanosauria) from the Upper
Cretaceous Adamantina Formation, Bauru Basin, Southeast Brazil".
914:
Due to the near-global distribution of titanosaurs during the
Cretaceous, titanosaur fossils have been found on every continent, including Antarctica. However, titanosaurs have the least complete fossil record of any major sauropodomorph group. No complete titanosaur skeletons are known, and many
1674:
For much of the 20th century, most known species of titanosaurs were classified in the family
Titanosauridae, which is no longer in widespread use. Titanosauria was first proposed in 1993 as a taxon to encompass titanosaurids and their close relatives. It has been phylogenetically defined as the
2360:
and
Titanosauridae and all of its descendants". Titanosauria resolved including the same two subclades as Bonaparte & Coria (1993), where Andesauridae was monotypic, only including the name genus, and Titanosauridae was all other titanosaurs. Titanosauria was additionally rediagnosed, with
2813:
as the most derived. Titanosauroidea (following
Upchurch 1995), was distinguished by pre- and post-spinal laminae in anterior caudals, a laterally flared ilium, a lateral expansion of the upper femur, and strongly opisthocoelous posterior dorsals. Less inclusive, Titanosauria was diagnosed by
3546:
provided the first significant titanosaur cranial material with associated postcrania. All three genera were resolved in a clade together, although Curry-Rogers & Forster noted that it was possible the group was only resolved because no other titanosaurs had comparable cranial material.
1111:
characteristics. Their spinal column was relatively flexible, likely making them more agile than other sauropods, though at the expense of rearing on their hind legs compared to the
Diplodocoids. One of the most characteristic features shared by most titanosaurs were their procoelous caudal
953:, the tiny vertebra forming the joint between the skull and neck, missing. Only five titanosaur specimens preserve complete, articulated hind feet. This incompleteness is especially significant for giant titanosaurs, which are generally known from disarticulated and fragmentary remains.
3918:
to the large variety of Late
Cretaceous global genera. Proposing her analysis as the basis for a new phylogenetic framework of Titanosauria, Curry-Rogers recommended only using named for clades that were very strongly supported. For the strict consensus, every taxon more derived than
1102:
of titanosaurs are distinctly broader than other sauropods. Their forelimbs were also stocky, and often longer than their hind limbs. Unlike other sauropods, some titanosaurs had no digits, walking only on horseshoe-shaped "stumps" made up of the columnar metacarpal bones. Their
6093:, creating a new analysis of 279 characters drawn from significant previous analyses by Upchurch and Wilson supplemented by other studies. 63 sauropods were included, focusing on non-titanosaurian sauropods, although 14 probable titanosaurs were included. Unique to Mannion
6079:
to preserve the original restricted content, otherwise the entire rinconsaur-lognkosaur branch would be classified within
Aeolosaurini. Lithostrotia, Saltasauridae and Saltasaurinae had their definitions preserved from earlier studies, and included their typical content.
2842:) was resolved, and diagnosed by only a rotation of the tibia so the proximal end is perpendicular to the distal end. More derived clades, while resolved, were only weakly supported, or characterized by reversions of diagnostic traits of larger groups (below and left).
1687:
and all of its descendants. The relationships of species within
Titanosauria remain largely unresolved, and it is considered one of the most poorly-understood areas of dinosaur classification. One of the few areas of agreement is that the majority of titanosaurs except
8929:
Titanosaurs were widespread. In December 2011, Argentine scientists announced titanosaur fossils had been found on Antarctica—meaning that titanosaur fossils have been found on all continents. They are especially numerous in the southern continents (then part of the
5744:, based upon multiple previous studies between 1997 and 2003. The final analysis included 15 titanosaurs and 65 characters, and the typical titanosaur subclades were resolved, Titanosauridae being used over Lithostrotia following Salgado (2003), and the new clade
3897:
was named for a large number of more derived taxa, although Nemegtosauridae was placed in Diplodocoidea following earlier publications of Upchurch. Lithostrotia adopted the distinguishing feature of strongly procoelous caudals, previously used for Titanosauria.
10419:
Navarro, Bruno A.; Ghilardi, Aline M.; Aureliano, Tito; DĂaz, VerĂłnica DĂez; Bandeira, Kamila L. N.; Cattaruzzi, AndrĂ© G. S.; Iori, Fabiano V.; Martine, Ariel M.; Carvalho, Alberto B.; Anelli, Luiz E.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Zaher, Hussam (15 September 2022).
5988:
in 2011, and utilized an updated Wilson matrix, expanded to 289 characters across 41 taxa, including 15 titanosaurs. The primary focus of the analysis was on the basal titanosauriform taxa, but Titanosauria was defined, as the most recent common ancestor of
3706:, Saldago (2003) looked over the potential invalidity of the family Titanosauridae and redefined the internal clades of Titanosauria. Titanosauria was defined as more inclusive than Titanosauroidea, contrasting with earlier used by Upchurch (1995) and Sanz
9451:
Pereira, P. V. L. G. C.; Bandeira, K. L. N.; Vidal, L. S.; Ribeiro, T. B.; Candeiro, C. R. A.; Bergqvist, L. P. (2024). "A new sauropod species from north-western Brazil: biomechanics and the radiation of Titanosauria (Sauropoda: Somphospondyli)".
10061:
González Riga, Bernardo J.; Casal, Gabriel A.; Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Ortiz David, Leonardo D. (2022). "Taphonomy: Overview and New Perspectives Related to the Paleobiology of Giants". In Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Pol, Diego (eds.).
5997:, and all its descendants, although the only autapomorphy of the group recovered was the absence of a prominent ventral process on the scapula. This same matrix and basis of characters was further utilized and expanded for analyses on
11050:
Silva Junior, Julian C. G.; Montefeltro, Felipe C.; Marinho, Thiago S.; Martinelli, AgustĂn G.; Langer, Max C. (1 January 2022). "Finite elements analysis suggests a defensive role for osteoderms in titanosaur dinosaurs (Sauropoda)".
6105:
placing very basal in a large group of Andesauroidea. Titanosauroidea was tentatively retained as the opposite clade of titanosaurs, which included all other traditional titanosaurs, although it was noted because of the invalidity of
8784:
associated with late Cretaceous titanosaurids from India has revealed phytoliths, silicified plant fragments, that offer clues to a broad, unselective plant diet. Besides the plant remains that might have been expected, such as
3821:
as basal within Titanosauridae, but because of the features of caudal vertebrae in these basal taxa, González-Riga recommended revising the diagnosis of the family, instead of changing the content. The situation of caudals in
989:. Fossils from perhaps the largest dinosaur ever found were discovered in 2021 in the Neuquén Province of northwest Patagonia, Argentina. It is believed that they are from a titanosaur. Some of smallest titanosaurs, such as
12132:
Carballido, J.L.; Salgado, L.; Pol, D.; Canudo, J.I.; Garrido, A. (2012). "A new basal rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin; evolution and biogeography of the group".
1321:. Several other arrangements have been proposed, such as a single row along the midline, and it is possible that different species had different arrangements. The osteoderms were certainly far more sparse than those of
9804:
Cerda, Ignacio A.; Paulina Carabajal, Ariana; Salgado, Leonardo; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Moly, Juan J. (January 2012). "The first record of a sauropod dinosaur from Antarctica".
3530:(above and right). Titanosauria was strongly supported, distinguished by up to 20 characters depending on unknown traits in basal taxa. Similarly, Saltasaurinae was characterised by up to 16 traits, and the clade of
10375:
Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Salgado, Leonardo; Canudo, José Ignacio; Garrido, Alberto C. (January 2021). "Report of a giant titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Neuquén Province, Argentina".
915:
species are only known from a few bones. Titanosaur skulls are especially rare. Though fragmentary cranial remains are known for several titanosaur genera, nearly complete skulls have been described for only four:
3931:, and one of Saltasaurinae. Within the recommended results, she only named Titanosauria, Lithostrotia, Saltasauridae, Saltasaurinae and Opisthocoelicaudiinae, because of the weakness of support (below and left).
10097:
Norell, Mark A.; Wiemann, Jasmina; Fabbri, Matteo; Yu, Congyu; Marsicano, Claudia A.; Moore-Nall, Anita; Varricchio, David J.; Pol, Diego; Zelenitsky, Darla K. (17 June 2020). "The first dinosaur egg was soft".
3654:. Wilson & Upchurch (2003) presented a reduced cladogram of Titanosauria, including only the most commonly-analyzed taxa from previous studies, resulting in a tree similar to that of Wilson (2002) but with
956:
Titanosaurs are one of the few groups of dinosaurs for which fossil eggs are known. The fossil site of Auca Mahuevo preserves a titanosaur nesting ground. Some titanosaur eggs have been found containing fossil
10421:
9001:
but are 10-100 times larger, that seemed to have caused the osteomyelitis. The fossil is the first known instance of an aggressive case of osteomyelitis being caused by blood worms in an extinct animal.
11589:
Sanz, J.L.; Powell, J.E.; Le Loeuff, J.; Martinez, R.; Pereda-Suberbiola, X. (1999). "Sauropod remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Laño (Northcentral Spain). Titanosaur phylogenetic relationships".
3772:
respectively. Saltasaurinae and Opisthocoelicaudiinae were retained with their original definitions, but Lithostrotia was considered a synonym of Titanosauridae, and Titanosaurinae was considered a
12702:
Ghilardi, Aline M.; Aureliano, Tito; Duque, Rudah R. C.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Barreto, Alcina M. F.; Chinsamy, Anusuya (1 December 2016). "A new titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil".
5856:, instead of being the basal member of the saltasaur-branch was instead basalmost titanosauroid. Lognkosauria moved to be within rinconsaurs, while Nemegtosauridae was resolved as the sister of
2220:
centered within an anteroposteriorly elongate depression and the presence of two well defined depressions on the posterior face of the neural arch. The entire group was compared favourably with
12234:
1289:
surrounding larger scales. While most titanosaurs were very large animals, many were fairly average in size compared to other giant dinosaurs. Some island-dwelling dwarf titanosaurs, such as
5962:
outside Saltasauridae. While non-titanosaur phylogeny remained identical in every single result, the topology within Titanosauria was very labile and prone to change with minor adjustments.
12546:
Sallam, H.; Gorscak, E.; O'Connor, P.; El-Dawoudi, I.; El-Sayed, S.; Saber, S. (26 June 2017). "New Egyptian sauropod reveals Late Cretaceous dinosaur dispersal between Europe and Africa".
9925:
11107:"Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution"
5844:
and character updates to match, bringing the total to 77 characters and 22 taxa. Significantly contrasting the earlier results, internal relationships of Titanosauria were rearranged.
2793:, with revisions to bring his old work up to date, including the addition of more phylogenetics and the recognition of Titanosauria as a clade name. Using the datamatrix of Sanz
9524:
Gallina, P.A.; González Riga, B.J.; Ortiz David, L.D. (2022). "Time for Giants: Titanosaurs from the Berriasian–Santonian Age". In Otero, A.; Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D. (eds.).
2732:
969:
Titanosauria have the largest range of body size of any sauropod clade, and includes both the largest known sauropods and some of the smallest. One of the largest titanosaurs,
3593:
including two subfamilies, Opisthocoelicaudiinae and Saltasaurinae. Saltasauridae was defined as a node-stem triplet, where everything descended from the common ancestor of
11266:
Bonaparte, J.F.; Coria, R.A. (1993). "Un nuevo y gigantesco sauropodo titanosaurio de la Formacion Rio Limay (Albiano-Cenomaniano) de la Provincia del Neuquen, Argentina".
5928:
sister to Saltasauridae and the other two genera as basal titanosaurs outside Lithostrotia, since Titanosauria, while undefined, was labelled to include all taxa closer to
1663:
due to their shared characteristic of narrow teeth, but this is now known to be the result of convergent evolution. Titanosaurs are now known to be most closely related to
2337:) was still classified as the basalmost family of diplodocoids. Upchurch chose to use Titanosauroidea as a replacement name for Titanosauria due to the recommended use of
12589:
Prasad, Vandana; Strömberg, Caroline A. E.; Alimohammadian, Habib; Sahni, Ashok (18 November 2005). "Dinosaur Coprolites and the Early Evolution of Grasses and Grazers".
12899:"Blood parasites and acute osteomyelitis in a non-avian dinosaur (Sauropoda, Titanosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation, Bauru Basin, Southeast Brazil"
8942:
of a creature around 25 metres (82 ft) long. Remains have also been discovered in New Zealand. One of the largest ever titanosaur footprints was discovered in the
3794:
1944:
described and classified many new genera of South American titanosaurs. Using the family Titanosauridae to include them all, he grouped the genera into Titanosaurinae,
12330:
Poropat, S.F.; Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Hocknull, S.A.; Kear, B.P.; Kundrát, M.; Tischler, T.R.; Sloan, T.; Sinapius, G.H.K.; Elliott, J.A.; Elliott, D.A. (2016).
7109:(2017) published a phylogenetic analysis of Titanosauria including the most taxa of any analysis of the clade. In an updated version of the analysis, with the taxon
2797:(1999) and modifying it to include additional taxa and some character changes, Powell found that titanosaurs formed mostly a single gradual radiation beginning with
6110:, Titanosauroidea should be considered an invalid name as well. While the original analysis didn't focus on titanosaurs, it was utilised during the descriptions of
11922:
Zaher, H.; Pol, D.; Carvalho, A.B.; Nascimento, P.M.; Riccomini, C.; Larson, P.; Juarez-Valieri, R.; Pires-Dominigues, R.; da Silva Jr, N.J.; Campos, D.A. (2011).
1914:
from Argentina. The material between them represented almost all regions of the skeleton, which showed they were derived sauropods Huene interpreted as closest to
9926:
RubĂ©n D. F. MartĂnez, Matthew C. Lamanna, Fernando E. Novas, Ryan C. Ridgely, Gabriel A. Casal, Javier E. MartĂnez, Javier R. Vita and Lawrence M. Witmer (2016).
827:, including genera from all seven continents. The titanosaurs were the last surviving group of long-necked sauropods, with taxa still thriving at the time of the
8864:
impressions. The impressions showed that titanosaurs were covered in a mosaic armour of small bead-like scales. The huge number of individuals gives evidence of
3813:). In both studies, the new taxa formed clades within Titanosauridae, although neither were named, and new diagnostic features were proposed for the family. For
3519:
2826:. Within Titanosauria, Eutitanosauria was characterized by the absence of a hyposphene-hypantrum, no femoral fourth trochanter, and osteoderms. A small clade of
2011:
981:, had a body mass of approximately 900 kilograms (2,000 lb). Even relatively closely related titanosaurs could have very different body sizes, as the small
3830:
the vertebrae regularly changed their articular surfaces, being from procoelous caudals interspersed with amphicoelous, opisthocoelous and biconvex vertebrae.
3601:
was within Saltasauridae, and the subfamilies Saltasaurinae and Opisthocoelicaudiinae were for every taxon on one branch of the saltasaurid tree or the other.
1083:") and all had crests formed by the nasal bones. Their teeth were either somewhat spatulate (spoon-like) or like pegs or pencils, but were always very small.
3883:, a review of Sauropoda included a more expansive Titanosauria for sauropods more derived than brachiosaurids. Titanosauria, defined as everything closer to
949:
and two undescribed specimens from Argentina. A fourth specimen, of an unidentified titanosaur from Brazil, preserves a nearly complete neck, with only the
9209:
Han, F.; Yang, L.; Lou, F.; Sullivan, C.; Xu, X.; Qiu, W.; Liu, H.; Yu, J.; Wu, R.; Ke, Y.; Xu, M.; Hu, J.; Lu, P. (2024). "A new titanosaurian sauropod,
2287:, because of their shared dental anatomy, although he noted that peg-like teeth might have been independently evolved. This was followed up by Upchurch's
12446:
González-Riga, B.J.; Mannion, P.D.; Poropat, S.F.; Ortiz David, L.; Coria, J.P. (2018). "Osteology of the Late Cretaceous Argentinean sauropod dinosaur
3624:-named groups Titanosauridae and Titanosauroidea should be considered invalid as well. Wilson & Upchurch (2003) supported the definition of Salgado
9573:
Santucci, R.M.; Filippi, L.S. (2022). "Last Titans: Titanosaurs From the Campanian–Maastrichtian Age". In Otero, A.; Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D. (eds.).
5906:, with all three forming a clade of derived lithostrotians. Using the matrix of Wilson (2002), following the additions of a few cranial characters and
1949:
1659:. This highly diverse group forms the dominant clade of Cretaceous sauropods. Within Sauropoda, titanosaurs were once classified as close relatives of
1241:
all known from imperfect or disarticulated remains previously associated with a lack of phalanges - may have had phalanges but lost them after death.
12180:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Germany: implications for sauropod ontogeny and phylogenetic relationships of basal Macronaria".
9985:
9664:"A new African Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from the middle Cretaceous Galula Formation (Mtuka Member), Rukwa Rift Basin, Southwestern Tanzania"
9380:
2079:
1953:
12489:"New information on the Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs of Zhejiang Province, China: impact on Laurasian titanosauriform phylogeny and biogeography"
9396:"New information on the Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs of Zhejiang Province, China: impact on Laurasian titanosauriform phylogeny and biogeography"
995:, inhabited Europe, which was largely made up of islands during the Cretaceous, and were likely island dwarfs. Another taxon of tiny titanosaurs,
12765:
Molnar, R. E.; Salisbury, S. W. (2005). "Observations on Cretaceous Sauropods from Australia". In Carpenter, Kenneth; Tidswell, Virginia (eds.).
11202:
Salgado, L.; Coria, R.A.; Calvo, J.O. (1997). "Evolution of titanosaurid sauropods. I: Phylogenetic analysis based on the postcranial evidence".
11146:
González Riga, Bernardo J.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Otero, Alejandro; Ortiz David, Leonardo D.; Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Ibiricu, Lucio M. (2019).
9928:"A Basal Lithostrotian Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) with a Complete Skull: Implications for the Evolution and Paleobiology of Titanosauria"
9152:"A Basal Lithostrotian Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) with a Complete Skull: Implications for the Evolution and Paleobiology of Titanosauria"
2240:
12997:
1223:(further study is necessary), show that preservation biases may be responsible for the lack of hand phalanges in these taxa. This suggests that
11318:
Calvo, J.O.; González-Riga, B.J.; Porfiri, J.D. (2007). "A new titanosaur sauropod from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina".
8845:
dug holes with their back feet, laid eggs in clutches averaging around 25 eggs each, and buried the nests under dirt and vegetation. The small
5737:
3628:(1997) for Titanosauria, since it was oldest and most similar to the original content of the group when named by Bonaparte & Coria (1993).
2202:
1187:
with fewer claws. However, titanosaurs evolved the manus even further, completely losing the phalanges and heavily modifying the metacarpals.
10467:
ApesteguĂa, Sebastián (10 September 2004). "Bonitasaura salgadoi gen. et sp. nov.: a beaked sauropod from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia".
12850:
Ghilardi, Aline M.; Aureliano, Tito; Duque, Rudah R. C.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Barreto, Alcina M. F.; Chinsamy, Anusuya (1 December 2016).
11608:
Powell, J.E. (2003). "Revision of South American Titanosaurid dinosaurs: palaeobiological, palaeobiogeographical and phylogenetic aspects".
5782:. The only difference in the resulting phylogeny, based on the matrix of the Calvo, González-Riga & Porfiri (2007), was the addition of
5868:
was unstable, but placed in a polytomy with the lognkosaurs and rinconsaurs before being excluded. Saltasaurinae and its relationship with
6035:
to 405 characters and 87 taxa, including 28 titanosaurs (above and right). The definition of Titanosauria was preserved following Salgado
11388:
Lydekker, R. (1888). "Part I. Containing the orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia and Proterosauria".
11148:"An overview of the appendicular skeletal anatomy of South American titanosaurian sauropods, with definition of a newly recognized clade"
2356:, including relationships within Titanosauria. They provided a definition for the clade of "including the most recent common ancestor of
1098:
was slimmer than some sauropods, the pectoral (chest) area was much wider, giving them a uniquely "wide-legged" stance. As a result, the
11681:
Salgado, L. (2003). "Should we abandon the name Titanosauridae? Some comments on the taxonomy of Titanosaurian Sauropods (Dinosauria)".
10162:
Coria, R. A.; Chiappe, L. M. (2007). "Embryonic Skin From Late Cretaceous Sauropods (Dinosauria) of Auca Mahuevo, Patgonia, Argentina".
3612:, and revisited all the material that had been assigned to the genus while reviewing titanosaur inter-relationships. Because they found
2208:, but were still very closely related to the titanosaurids. The taxa that possessed the articulations were united within the new family
13015:
12790:
13067:
9454:
8903:
828:
1018:
2212:, and the two families were grouped together within the new clade Titanosauria. The titanosaurs were diagnosed by possessing small
1215:, including a thumb claw and phalanges on all other digits. This, coupled with the preservation of a single phalanx on digit IV of
898:. Titanosaurs have long been a poorly-known group, and the relationships between titanosaur species are still not well-understood.
12897:
Aureliano, Tito; Nascimento, Carolina S. I.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Ricardi-Branco, Fresia; Ghilardi, Aline M. (1 February 2021).
10816:"Titanosaur Osteoderms from the Upper Cretaceous of Lo Hueco (Spain) and Their Implications on the Armor of Laurasian Titanosaurs"
10295:"Small body size and extreme cortical bone remodeling indicate phyletic dwarfism in Magyarosaurus dacus (Sauropoda: Titanosauria)"
1025:
The heads of titanosaurs are poorly known. However, several different cranial morphologies are apparent. In some species, such as
11703:
González-Riga, B.J. (2003). "A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza Province, Argentina".
8995:
et al. (2021). Examination of the titanosaur's bones revealed what appear to be parasitic blood worms similar to the prehistoric
10205:
Kundrát, Martin; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Manning, Terry W.; Snitting, Daniel; Chiappe, Luis M.; Nudds, John; Ahlberg, Per E. (2020).
17528:
12279:
Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D.; Otero, A.; Cerda, I.A.; Salgado, L.; Garrido, A.C.; Ramezani, J.; CĂşneo, N.R.; Krause, J.R. (2017).
10618:
ApesteguĂa, S. (2005). "Evolution of the Hyposphene-Hypantrum Complex within Sauropoda". In Tidwell, V.; Carpenter, K. (eds.).
9752:
Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D.; Otero, A.; Cerda, I.A.; Salgado, L.; Garrido, A.C.; Ramezani, J.; CĂşneo, N.R.; Krause, J.M. (2017).
3542:
were resolved within Titanosauria for the first time, after being placed in Diplodocoidea by multiple other analyses, because
2750:
as a titanosauroid outside Titanosauria, while Titanosauria was redefined to include only the taxa classified by their study.
12774:
10081:
9590:
9541:
939:. As is the case in most other sauropod groups, there are few titanosaur specimens with complete necks preserving all of the
6168:(2013), but a large clade of Andesauroidea was still resolved with implied weights. Both redescribed Asian taxa, as well as
961:, which even preserve fossil skin. These fossil embryos are among the few titanosaur specimens to preserve complete skulls.
13088:
10293:
Stein, K.; Csiki, Z.; Rogers, K. C.; Weishampel, D. B.; Redelstorff, R.; Carballido, J. L.; Sander, P. M. (30 April 2010).
9327:
5820:
outside the clades of aeolosaurines. Further updates and modifications were then made by Palbo Gallina & ApesteguĂa in
2395:
13016:"Cretaceous Titanosaur Suffered from Blood Parasites and Severe Bone Inflammation | Paleontology | Sci-News.com"
10671:
Poropat, S.F.; Upchurch, P.; Mannion, P.D.; Hocknull, S.A.; Kear, B.P.; Sloan, T.; Sinapius, G.H.K.; Elliot, D.A. (2014).
8975:, a nanoid titanosaur fossil from Brazil suggests that individuals of various genera were susceptible to diseases such as
2742:, utilizing both the names Titanosauria and Titanosauroidea in displaying their results. Similar to Upchurch (1995), Sanz
2275:). United by: caudals with anteriorly-shifted neural spines, extremely robust forearm bones, a prominent concavity on the
1696:, which some researchers consider equivalent to the deprecated Titanosauridae. Lithostrotians include titanosaurs such as
1205:
shows even more reduction of the hand than other titanosaurs, with both carpals and phalanges completely absent. However,
10940:"The internal anatomy of titanosaur osteoderms from the Upper Cretaceous of Spain is compatible with a role in oogenesis"
9150:
MartĂnez, R.D.; Lamanna, M.C.; Novas, F.E.; Ridgely, R.C.; Casal, G.A.; MartĂnez, J.E.; Vita, J.R.; Witmer, L.M. (2016).
1176:
bear similar intermediate "hyposphenal ridges", which suggests they represent a more primitive form of dorsal vertebrae.
12389:"A New Titanosaurian Sauropod from the Hekou Group (Lower Cretaceous) of the Lanzhou-Minhe Basin, Gansu Province, China"
10779:
8951:
1066:. Titanosaurs had small heads, even when compared with other sauropods. The head was also wide, similar to the heads of
17533:
12235:"A new Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid (Dinosauria, Neosauropoda) from northwestern Gondwana (Villa de Leiva, Colombia)"
8892:
3551:
was also nested deeply in Saltasaurinae, though a further investigation of titanosaur interrelationships was proposed.
2816:
1757:, as a new taxon of dinosaur based on two caudals and a femur collected on different occasions at the same location in
1138:
of titanosaurs show multiple derived features among sauropods. Similarly to the Rebbachisauridae, titanosaurs lost the
2214:
17538:
11483:
11353:
11297:
10652:
10627:
10563:
ApesteguĂa, S. (2005). "Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus". Pp. 321–345 in Tidwell, V. and Carpenter, K. (eds.)
7115:
added, Gorscak & O'Connor (2019) got similar results, with slightly different relationships within small clades.
1139:
10938:
Vidal, Daniel; Ortega, Francisco; GascĂł, Francisco; Serrano-MartĂnez, Alejandro; Sanz, JosĂ© Luis (7 February 2017).
11344:
Upchurch, P.; Barrett, P.M.; Dodson, P. (2004). "Sauropoda". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; OsmĂłlska, H. (eds.).
2363:
2114:
1801:
1793:
11840:
gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza, Argentina".
13975:
10881:
Curry Rogers, Kristina; D'Emic, Michael; Rogers, Raymond; Vickaryous, Matthew; Cagan, Amanda (29 November 2011).
3789:, a derived titanosaur possessing unique caudals that significantly change articular surfaces throughout the tail
1254:
is the largest, and also has the most specialized pes: like all titanosaurs, its pes is composed of short, thick
123:
13982:
13964:
10677:
Hocknull et al. 2009 from the mid-Cretaceous of Australia: Implications for Gondwanan titanosauriform dispersal"
9019:
Averianov, A.O.; Lopatin, A.V. (2020). "An unusual new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia".
9066:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the middle Cretaceous Galula Formation, Rukwa Rift Basin, southwestern Tanzania".
5954:
and recovered similar results for everything but Nemegtosauridae, where the family dissolved into a more basal
3744:. Next most inclusive, Salgado revitalised Titanosauridae to include everything descended from the ancestor of
15376:
11731:
gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaurid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina"
8868:
behavior, which, along with their armor, could have helped provide protection against large predators such as
13060:
12800:
2385:, so some diagnostic features couldn't be resolved. Saltasaurinae was defined as the most recent ancestor of
10353:
6164:
were made. No differentiation between continuous and discrete characters was made like performed by Mannion
5800:, defined by the two genera classified within it. A very similar result was also recovered by González-Riga
1978:, united by very distinct dorsals, caudals, and ilia; the new clade Antarctosaurinae was created to include
1258:
of approximately the same lengths; however, metatarsals I and V are notably more robust than in other taxa.
12738:
11627:
Curry-Rogers, K.; Forster, C.A. (2001). "The last of the dinosaur titans: a new sauropod from Madagascar".
11003:
Carrano, Matthew T.; D’Emic, Michael D. (3 February 2015). "Osteoderms of the titanosaur sauropod dinosaur
6071:. Rinconsauria included taxa typically found within Aeolosaurini as well, so Aeolosaurini was redefined as
2094:, named decades previous by Huene, was kept as the oldest of the titanosaurid and given the new genus name
841:, estimated at 37 m (121 ft) long with a weight of 69 tonnes (76 tons), and the comparably-sized
12032:
del Corro, 1975 (Dinosauria: Neosauropoda) from the 'middle' Cretaceous of central Patagonia, Argentina".
11288:
Curry-Rogers, K. (2005). "Titanosauria: a phylogenetic overview". In Curry-Rogers, K.; Wilson, J. (eds.).
1996:
was named for a more basal titanosaurid classified as Titanosauridae indet. along with unnamed specimens,
1966:, united by multiple features of the caudal vertebrae; the new clade Saltasaurinae was created to include
1051:. In some titanosaurs, the skull was especially diplodocid-like due to square-shaped jaws; the titanosaur
12233:
Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D.; Parra-Ruge, M.L.; Bernal, S.P.; Páramo-Fonseca, M.E.; Etayo-Serna, F. (2015).
12028:
Carballido, José L.; Pol, Diego; Cerda, Ignacio; Salgado, Leonardo (10 February 2011). "The osteology of
6172:, previously considered derived titanosaurs related to Saltasauridae, were removed to outside the clade.
2786:
were looked at using their character list, but were considered too incomplete to add to the final study.
136:
16108:
5982:
Also following the 2002 analysis of Wilson, José Carballido and colleagues published a redescription of
3875:, included newly described titanosaurs and other taxa reidentified as titanosaurs. Written by Upchurch,
17481:
10643:
ApesteguĂa, S. (2005). "Evolution of the Titanosaur Metacarpus". In Tidwell, V.; Carpenter, K. (eds.).
2203:
13040:
12898:
12851:
11797:"A new Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem from Gondwana with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur"
9478:
17343:
17337:
9479:"A New Titanosauriform Sauropod with An Unusual Tail from the Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China"
1807:
presacrals, a lack of pleurocoels and open chevrons. Following this, Austro-Hungarian paleontologist
11369:
Lydekker, R. (1877). "Notice of new and other Vertebrata from Indian Tertiary and Secondary rocks".
17380:
13155:
13053:
15381:
12642:"3-D Modelling of Megaloolithid Clutches: Insights about Nest Construction and Dinosaur Behaviour"
9868:"Ten more years of discovery: revisiting the quality of the sauropodomorph dinosaur fossil record"
3858:. Only the three genera and various intermediate specimens were included in Aeolosaurini in their
3689:
3571:, resolving strong support for most groups, and a similar result to Upchurch (1998) although with
2401:, vertically compressed anterior caudals, and a posteriorly shifted anterior caudal neural spine.
10206:
1929:
11764:"Nuevos materiales de Titanosaurios (Sauropoda) en el Cretácico Superior de Mato Grosso, Brazil"
6097:, continuous characters were distinguished in a run of the matrix, which resolved almost all of
3567:
American paleontologist Jeff Wilson presented another revision of overall sauropod phylogeny in
17466:
17439:
17401:
14850:
14838:
14830:
12795:
11924:"A Complete Skull of an Early Cretaceous Sauropod and the Evolution of Advanced Titanosaurians"
9622:
Poropat, S.F.; Kundrát, M.; Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Tischler, T.R.; Elliott, D.A. (2021).
8841:, Argentina and another colony has reportedly been discovered in Spain. Several hundred female
5971:
12640:
Vila, Bernat; Jackson, Frankie D.; Fortuny, Josep; Sellés, Albert G.; Galobart, Àngel (2010).
17461:
17370:
17332:
17061:
13343:
10068:. Springer Earth System Sciences. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 541–582.
9979:
9374:
4136:
2112:
of titanosaurid and non-titanosaurid material because of the presence of both procoelous and
2023:
1986:, more elongate girdle bones, and more robust limb bones; and Argyrosaurinae was created for
1296:
17326:
16100:
14844:
9332:
Lydekker (Dinosauria – Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a 'Gondwanan' distribution"
2309:
instead of the most basal titanosauroid. This result places Titanosauroidea in a group with
1179:
Sauropod hands already are highly derived from other dinosaurs, being reduced into columnar
1148:, one of the most basal titanosaurs, shows a normal hyposphene. The same area is reduced in
17523:
17448:
16116:
13970:
12962:
12910:
12863:
12711:
12653:
12598:
12500:
12400:
12343:
12242:
12189:
12142:
12041:
11935:
11849:
11636:
11530:
11060:
11016:
10951:
10894:
10827:
10731:
10590:
10476:
10385:
10306:
10218:
10171:
10107:
9939:
9879:
9814:
9675:
9407:
9346:
9261:
9222:
9163:
9122:
9075:
9062:
Gorscak, E.; O'Connor, P.M.; Stevens, N.J.; Roberts, E.M. (2014). "The basal titanosaurian
9028:
8980:
8898:
The titanosaurs were the last great group of sauropods, which existed from about 136 to 66
7118:
6143:
6090:
6022:
5976:
5947:
5881:
5821:
5805:
5741:
3907:
3872:
3859:
3605:
3568:
3515:
2790:
2739:
2345:
2288:
2244:
2183:
2083:
2015:
1937:
1844:
1812:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1733:
835:. This group includes some of the largest land animals known to have ever existed, such as
11474:
McIntosh, J.S. (1990). "Sauropoda". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; OsmĂłlska, H. (eds.).
8938:). Australia had titanosaurs around 96 million years ago: fossils have been discovered in
6138:. From these updates, an analysis of 548 characters and 124 taxa was published by Mannion
8:
17507:
14046:
10063:
5041:
1840:
12966:
12914:
12867:
12715:
12657:
12602:
12504:
12404:
12347:
12246:
12193:
12146:
12045:
11939:
11853:
11640:
11534:
11064:
11020:
10955:
10898:
10831:
10735:
10594:
10480:
10389:
10310:
10222:
10175:
10111:
9943:
9883:
9818:
9721:
9679:
9411:
9350:
9265:
9226:
9167:
9126:
9079:
9032:
8910:
of their time. The fossil evidence suggests they replaced the other sauropods, like the
5965:
2369:, centro-parapophyseal laminae, procoelous anterior caudals, and a significantly longer
17101:
14173:
12978:
12934:
12676:
12641:
12622:
12571:
12523:
12488:
12423:
12388:
12364:
12331:
12307:
12280:
12258:
12215:
12158:
12067:
11958:
11923:
11660:
11084:
11032:
10980:
10939:
10858:
10815:
10752:
10719:
10500:
10449:
10401:
10329:
10294:
10260:
10187:
10139:
10035:
10000:
9962:
9927:
9897:
9848:
9778:
9753:
9698:
9663:
9604:
9555:
9506:
9428:
9395:
9362:
9282:
9249:
9248:
Wang, X.; Bandeira, K.L.; Qiu, R.; Jiang, S.; Cheng, X.; Ma, Y.; Kellner, A.W. (2021).
9186:
9151:
9091:
9044:
8415:
6518:
5570:
4232:
3695:
3409:
2873:
2731:
Contributing additional work to the systematics of titanosaurs, Spanish paleontologist
2534:
2404:
2253:
1273:, a titanosaur with osteoderms, depicted with the osteoderms arranged in a pair of rows
1156:
940:
131:
11515:
17237:
16778:
15525:
15166:
14895:
14083:
13035:
12982:
12938:
12926:
12879:
12770:
12681:
12614:
12563:
12528:
12428:
12369:
12312:
12262:
12162:
12107:
12086:
11963:
11818:
11652:
11479:
11390:
Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History)
11349:
11293:
11179:
11088:
11076:
10985:
10967:
10920:
10912:
10863:
10845:
10799:
10757:
10648:
10623:
10603:
10578:
10539:
10522:
10492:
10453:
10441:
10422:"A New Nanoid Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil"
10405:
10334:
10264:
10252:
10244:
10191:
10143:
10131:
10123:
10077:
10040:
10022:
9967:
9905:
9840:
9783:
9703:
9608:
9596:
9586:
9559:
9547:
9537:
9510:
9498:
9433:
9287:
9191:
9048:
8899:
7769:
3527:
3523:
2353:
1519:
1142:, a set of surfaces between vertebrae that prevent additional rotation of the bones.
895:
864:
12281:"A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs"
12219:
12071:
11813:
11796:
11747:
11726:
11036:
10720:"A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot"
10504:
9866:
Cashmore, Daniel D.; Mannion, Philip D.; Upchurch, Paul; Butler, Richard J. (2020).
9852:
9754:"A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs"
9366:
3826:
also suggested procoelous caudals were no longer diagnostic, because in the tail of
2396:
1990:, bearing a more robust forelimb and hand and more primitive dorsals. The new genus
975:, had a body mass estimated to be 69 tonnes (76 tons), whereas one of the smallest,
17495:
17108:
16953:
16893:
16535:
16427:
16333:
16224:
16026:
16006:
15945:
15064:
14917:
14764:
14481:
14435:
14415:
14359:
13662:
13439:
13419:
12970:
12918:
12871:
12719:
12671:
12661:
12626:
12606:
12575:
12555:
12518:
12508:
12467:
12459:
12418:
12408:
12359:
12351:
12302:
12292:
12250:
12205:
12197:
12150:
12112:
12102:
12057:
12049:
12008:
11998:
11953:
11943:
11902:
11892:
11857:
11808:
11775:
11742:
11664:
11644:
11569:
11538:
11243:
11169:
11159:
11126:
11118:
11068:
11024:
10975:
10959:
10902:
10853:
10835:
10794:
10747:
10739:
10698:
10688:
10598:
10544:
10534:
10484:
10433:
10393:
10324:
10314:
10234:
10226:
10179:
10115:
10069:
10030:
10012:
9957:
9947:
9887:
9830:
9822:
9773:
9765:
9693:
9683:
9639:
9578:
9529:
9490:
9459:
9423:
9415:
9354:
9277:
9269:
9230:
9181:
9171:
9130:
9083:
9036:
8538:
8185:
7980:
7294:
6910:
6559:
6148:
6118:
5908:
5778:
5200:
3753:
2338:
1750:
1425:
1368:
1300:
1282:
1207:
1135:
1126:
1058:
945:
684:
581:
419:
295:
12974:
12922:
12875:
12723:
11861:
11164:
11147:
11106:
11072:
10718:
González-Riga, B.J.; Lamanna, M.C.; David, L.O.; Calvo, J.O.; Coria, J.P. (2016).
10397:
9494:
9234:
9135:
9110:
9095:
9040:
1107:(back bones) were solid (not hollowed-out), which may be a reversal to more basal
17375:
17245:
16978:
16871:
16567:
16547:
16528:
16486:
16413:
16399:
16282:
16033:
15953:
15600:
15136:
15127:
14988:
14980:
14907:
14667:
14545:
14366:
14222:
14053:
13782:
13775:
13767:
13754:
13671:
13217:
13204:
13167:
13140:
13115:
13076:
12827:
12666:
12413:
12254:
12201:
12154:
12053:
11948:
11028:
10840:
10437:
10073:
9952:
9688:
9644:
9623:
9463:
9176:
9087:
8997:
8233:
7569:
7211:
6893:
6859:
6265:
6154:
5999:
5920:
5274:
4198:
3979:
2859:
2510:
2322:
2293:
2248:
2188:
2043:
2004:
1668:
1532:
1447:
1286:
1150:
1032:
1027:
950:
929:
888:
868:
861:
843:
797:
725:
654:
510:
479:
210:
12463:
11987:(Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil"
11122:
2817:
17252:
17167:
17049:
16994:
16944:
16756:
16749:
16695:
16667:
16622:
16595:
16470:
16435:
16377:
16304:
16217:
15981:
15860:
15832:
15811:
15796:
15718:
15691:
15509:
15493:
15459:
15302:
15101:
14973:
14799:
14538:
14517:
14466:
14458:
14310:
14303:
14210:
14109:
14097:
13905:
13877:
13714:
13685:
13678:
13624:
13538:
13524:
13508:
13483:
13313:
12822:
12743:
12332:"New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography"
11437:
Huene, F. von (1929). "Los Saurisquios y Ornitisquios del Cretáceo Argentino".
9628:
provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs"
9273:
8992:
8947:
8931:
8479:
8161:
8062:
7461:
7342:
7101:
6758:
6646:
6098:
5914:
4938:
4925:
4875:
4621:
4319:
4215:
3867:
3810:
3711:
3643:
3259:
2913:
2900:
2751:
2479:
2448:
2410:
2333:
2215:
2038:
2027:
2018:, using Titanosauridae as the group to contain all taxa like previous authors.
1998:
1992:
1904:
1816:
1774:
1747:
1544:
1172:
1053:
714:
643:
409:
337:
258:
12559:
10488:
10230:
10119:
9826:
9582:
9533:
9358:
5768:) was placed as the sister taxon of Aeolosaurini, which together grouped with
1001:, lived a non-insular context in Upper Creaceous Brazil, and is an example of
17517:
17424:
17295:
17280:
17259:
17175:
17135:
17123:
17093:
17042:
17014:
16987:
16908:
16885:
16833:
16764:
16688:
16654:
16643:
16581:
16500:
16463:
16442:
16392:
16370:
16362:
16355:
16348:
16289:
16254:
16231:
16173:
16040:
16019:
15887:
15878:
15867:
15846:
15825:
15803:
15746:
15623:
15560:
15444:
15267:
15243:
15209:
15180:
15173:
15152:
15087:
15080:
15073:
15038:
15029:
14966:
14958:
14951:
14881:
14868:
14785:
14709:
14652:
14631:
14580:
14573:
14566:
14559:
14552:
14509:
14488:
14407:
14384:
14231:
14188:
14090:
14067:
14039:
13870:
13863:
13811:
13707:
13644:
13635:
13517:
13391:
13359:
13327:
13288:
13270:
13249:
12930:
12883:
11080:
10971:
10916:
10849:
10693:
10672:
10445:
10248:
10127:
10026:
9909:
9901:
9600:
9551:
9502:
8976:
8915:
8846:
8813:, which has given rise to speculation that herbivorous dinosaurs and grasses
8794:
8562:
8398:
8358:
8209:
8086:
8017:
7852:
7738:
7690:
7512:
7375:
7252:
7180:
7142:
7136:
7130:
7111:
6927:
6734:
6684:
6542:
6356:
6217:
6160:
6112:
6017:
6005:
5984:
5826:
5788:
5756:
5597:
5583:
5556:
5378:
5152:
5000:
4892:
4658:
4560:
4546:
4481:
4415:
4374:
4292:
4106:
3911:
3889:
3799:
3725:
3651:
3621:
3590:
3433:
3349:
3300:
2968:
2951:
2838:
2832:
2782:
2645:
2631:
2551:
2327:
2317:
2284:
2221:
2129:
2032:
1974:
1945:
1910:
1895:
1835:
1829:
1762:
1664:
1557:
1412:
1291:
1229:
1074:
1043:
991:
977:
943:
in sequence. Only three complete titanosaur necks are known: the holotype of
917:
766:
704:
694:
633:
622:
612:
602:
561:
520:
459:
429:
347:
66:
12610:
10319:
3752:, and to replace the node-stem triplet of Saltasauridae, defined the clades
2364:
2115:
1802:
1794:
1112:
vertebrae, with ball-and-socket articulations between the vertebral centra.
17303:
17273:
17266:
17203:
17144:
17070:
17002:
16960:
16929:
16915:
16900:
16878:
16862:
16796:
16785:
16736:
16717:
16710:
16588:
16574:
16560:
16514:
16507:
16478:
16449:
16385:
16326:
16268:
16261:
16210:
16203:
16166:
16047:
15988:
15974:
15938:
15931:
15917:
15895:
15789:
15781:
15774:
15753:
15725:
15673:
15659:
15645:
15630:
15581:
15502:
15474:
15467:
15286:
15275:
15252:
15234:
15159:
15145:
15052:
15009:
15002:
14944:
14937:
14700:
14615:
14423:
14373:
14345:
14338:
14317:
14289:
14275:
14195:
14139:
14118:
13804:
13692:
13596:
13552:
13545:
13497:
13469:
13430:
13256:
12685:
12618:
12567:
12532:
12472:
12432:
12373:
12316:
12297:
11967:
11822:
11656:
11574:
11557:
11542:
11183:
11131:
10989:
10924:
10867:
10761:
10703:
10496:
10338:
10278:
Wilson, J. A. (2006). "An overview of titanosaur evolution and phylogeny".
10256:
10207:"Specialized Craniofacial Anatomy of a Titanosaurian Embryo from Argentina"
10135:
10044:
9971:
9844:
9787:
9769:
9707:
9437:
9291:
9250:"The first dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous Hami Pterosaur Fauna, China"
9195:
8814:
8455:
8341:
8250:
7893:
7648:
7607:
7545:
7495:
7474:
7392:
7148:
7124:
6985:
6951:
6879:
6701:
6413:
6339:
6301:
6287:
6124:
6011:
5894:
5797:
5750:
5745:
5484:
5460:
5405:
5391:
5250:
5233:
5183:
5138:
5125:
4976:
4962:
4844:
4464:
4440:
4350:
4305:
4027:
3894:
3880:
3876:
3835:
3805:
3785:
3773:
3638:
3629:
3617:
3578:
3560:
3510:
3283:
3235:
3096:
3050:
2803:
2776:
2763:
2462:
2377:. Titanosauridae was less strongly defined because of the polytomy between
2311:
2280:
2259:
2232:
2226:
2209:
2125:
2096:
1941:
1916:
1820:
1808:
1787:
1693:
1660:
1506:
1462:
1402:
1250:
1189:
1068:
1048:
1037:
986:
982:
935:
923:
883:
877:
849:
786:
776:
746:
735:
571:
550:
490:
469:
399:
389:
327:
304:
12951:
12896:
12013:
11897:
11876:
11780:
11763:
11456:
Powell, J.E. (1986). "Revision de los Titanosauridos de America del Sur".
1923:
17433:
17288:
17196:
17182:
17078:
16967:
16922:
16819:
16812:
16805:
16771:
16703:
16681:
16602:
16493:
16188:
15995:
15960:
15853:
15818:
15760:
15739:
15732:
15704:
15637:
15609:
15574:
15567:
15553:
15452:
15437:
15338:
15260:
15223:
15094:
15045:
14806:
14682:
14645:
14638:
14607:
14591:
14531:
14495:
14473:
14393:
14352:
14296:
14268:
14254:
14202:
14155:
14075:
14060:
14032:
13898:
13856:
13842:
13822:
13796:
13742:
13735:
13651:
13617:
13603:
13446:
13384:
13320:
13297:
13263:
13235:
11877:"Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of the titanosaurian sauropod
10549:
8984:
8943:
8887:
8870:
8842:
8586:
8496:
8103:
8038:
8004:
7876:
7793:
7714:
7325:
6968:
6782:
6494:
6446:
6396:
6031:
5840:
5736:
Another form of composite matrix was created by Calvo, González-Riga and
5614:
5543:
5291:
5101:
5024:
4675:
4174:
4084:
4010:
3450:
3363:
3206:
3026:
3002:
2934:
2662:
2618:
2594:
2283:, and a less robust pubis; Upchurch considered the clade sister taxon to
2271:
2265:
1968:
1962:
1890:
1677:
1644:
1390:
1345:
1322:
1312:
1248:(feet), only being complete in five definitive titanosaurs. Among these,
1162:
1120:
1062:
971:
837:
756:
368:
118:
41:
12513:
11907:
11174:
11049:
10577:
Day, J.J.; Norman, D.B.; Gale, A.S.; Upchurch, P.; Powell, H.P. (2004).
10239:
10017:
9575:
South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Record, Diversity and Evolution
9526:
South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Record, Diversity and Evolution
9419:
1843:
provided a significant revision of Titanosauridae the following year in
1839:
because they all had strongly procoelous caudals. German paleontologist
1815:, and provided a short classification of Sauropoda, where he placed the
17189:
17116:
17085:
16847:
16674:
16521:
16456:
16420:
16406:
16341:
16312:
16275:
16238:
16181:
15767:
15711:
15666:
15616:
15588:
15546:
15482:
15430:
15412:
15399:
15323:
15316:
15309:
15295:
15202:
15195:
15188:
15108:
15020:
14995:
14725:
14675:
14659:
14623:
14524:
14400:
14324:
14238:
14181:
14132:
13884:
13700:
13589:
13453:
13412:
13377:
13106:
12998:"Gruesome 'Blood Worms' Invaded a Dinosaur's Leg Bone, Fossil Suggests"
12210:
12117:
12062:
11795:
Calvo, J.O.; Porfiri, J.D.; González-Riga, B.J.; Kellner, A.W. (2007).
11460:. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman Facultad de Ciencas Naturales: 1–340.
10907:
10882:
10354:"Massive new dinosaur might be the largest creature to ever roam Earth"
9892:
9867:
9835:
8979:
and parasite infestations. The specimen hails from the late cretaceous
8939:
8923:
8911:
8793:, discoveries published in 2005 revealed an unexpectedly wide range of
8603:
8310:
7810:
7235:
6248:
6193:
6134:
5852:
in a clade of the basalmost titanosaurs outside Titanosauroidea, where
5429:
4827:
4584:
4067:
3962:
3736:, and also it's opposite Titanosauroidea as every titanosaur closer to
2759:
2435:
2370:
2176:
2168:
2054:
2046:. Titanosauridae included many previously named genera, plus taxa like
1880:
1871:
1848:
1683:
1492:
1318:
1255:
1180:
1144:
1108:
1091:
1080:
832:
674:
664:
592:
530:
500:
439:
358:
242:
194:
86:
51:
28:
12445:
12355:
12176:
Carballido, J.L.; Sander, M.P. (2014). "Postcranial axial skeleton of
12003:
11982:
11248:
11227:
10963:
10880:
10743:
8955:
3793:
Following the clade definitions proposed in previous Salgado studies,
3779:
3702:
At the same time as Wilson & Upchurch redescribing the species of
2186:
concluded that a new clade of derived sauropods was necessary because
1013:
906:
17152:
17034:
16840:
16319:
16297:
16246:
15967:
15924:
15910:
15652:
15345:
15331:
15216:
14930:
14778:
14771:
14502:
14451:
14014:
14001:
13916:
13891:
13849:
13728:
13568:
13335:
13277:
11762:
Franco-Rosas, A.C.; Salgado, L.; Rosas, C.F.; Carvalho, I.S. (2004).
11648:
10883:"Sauropod dinosaur osteoderms from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar"
10183:
10060:
9624:"Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur
8907:
8838:
8825:
8798:
8781:
7631:
6470:
6085:
5934:
5501:
4398:
4150:
3720:
3573:
3380:
3074:
2809:
2789:
Argentinian paleontologist Jaime Powell published his 1986 thesis in
2087:
2078:
A brief review of putative titanosaurids from Europe was authored by
2048:
1983:
1851:
1728:
1653:
1307:
1184:
910:
Excavation of titanosaur fossils at the Lo Hueco fossil site in Spain
854:
821:
540:
449:
226:
148:
91:
35:
17395:
11232:(Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms"
11145:
10814:
Vidal, Daniel; Ortega, Francisco; Sanz, José Luis (13 August 2014).
3554:
2279:
for articulation with the humerus, a laterally flared and flattened
1854:, and named multiple new genera. Huene included multiple species of
1079:
though somewhat more elongated. Titanosaurian nostrils were large ("
17418:
17160:
16826:
16636:
15839:
15680:
15539:
14792:
14282:
14125:
13835:
13610:
13582:
13490:
13405:
13398:
13305:
13242:
13124:
13100:
12545:
11405:
Contributions to a knowledge of the fossil vertebrates of Argentina
8971:
8935:
8919:
8850:
3862:
paper, with the tribe being considered to be within Saltasaurinae.
2109:
1770:
1656:
1104:
1002:
997:
824:
181:
168:
108:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
13045:
12588:
11478:(1st ed.). University of California Press. pp. 345–402.
11348:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 259–322.
9803:
8946:
in 2016. One of the oldest remains of this group was described by
3797:
published two papers in 2003 describing new taxa in Titanosauria:
2104:
was removed from the family and placed in undetermined Sauropoda.
17453:
16196:
14600:
14444:
14331:
13789:
9061:
8882:
8802:
8790:
2823:
2374:
1867:
1859:
1266:
1099:
1086:
Titanosaur necks were of average length for sauropods, and their
958:
379:
96:
71:
11794:
11761:
10937:
3724:. In order to create additional stability, Saldago also defined
16725:
15903:
13721:
13094:
12849:
12701:
12085:
Carballido, J.L.; Rauhut, O.W.M.; Pol, D.; Salgado, L. (2011).
10579:"A Middle Jurassic dinosaur trackway site from Oxfordshire, UK"
9523:
9477:
Mo, Jinyou; Ma, Feimin; Yu, Yilun; Xu, Xing (9 December 2022).
9213:
gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous of southern China".
8959:
8857:
8854:
8810:
6799:
5875:
1863:
1724:
1281:, it has been determined that the skin of many titanosaurs was
1278:
1194:
1095:
158:
12329:
11226:
Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Barnes, R.N.; Mateus, O. (2013).
10717:
10670:
10523:"Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis"
10001:"Almost all known sauropod necks are incomplete and distorted"
2291:
study on sauropod phylogenetics, which additionally recovered
2030:, following its original description and not later works, and
12232:
12091:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia"
11835:
11228:"Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur
9865:
9621:
9325:
8786:
2754:
was proposed as a name for the titanosaurs more derived than
2133:
1758:
892:
872:
12823:"Giant footprint could shed light on titanosaurus behaviour"
11105:
Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Schwarz, D.; Wings, O. (2019).
10418:
10374:
5808:
in a phylogenetic analysis based partially on that of Calvo
3838:, a clade named the following year by Aldirene Franco-Rosas
3581:. More internal clades were resolved for Titanosauria, with
2822:, prominent procoelous anterior caudals, and a ridge on the
17027:
13531:
11836:
González-Riga, B.J.; Previtera, E.; Pirrone, C.A. (2009). "
11588:
11523:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
11407:. Vol. 2. Anales del Museo de La Plata. pp. 1–14.
11403:
Lydekker, R. (1893). "Part I. The dinosaurs of Patagonia".
11225:
11104:
10780:"The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs"
10204:
9450:
9149:
9111:"Review of Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs from Central Asia"
8962:, representing a 136-million-year-old subadult individual.
8865:
8861:
8834:
8806:
5924:, remained the same as originally found by Wilson but with
3893:, included a very large variety of taxa, and the new clade
3526:, who additionally provided a new phylogenetic analysis of
2276:
1761:. While it was later given a position as a sauropod within
1245:
1087:
12131:
12084:
11921:
10292:
14689:
12027:
11981:
Wilson, J.A.; Pol, D.; Carvalho, A.B.; Zaher, H. (2016).
11317:
10282:. Salas de los Infantes, Burgos, Spain. pp. 169–190.
8829:
Diagram showing titanosaur nest excavation and egg laying
5888:
Nemegtosauridae was additionally revised by Hussam Zaher
5776:
published another paper, describing the basal titanosaur
12758:
12639:
12487:
Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Jin, X.; Zheng, W. (2019).
10280:
Actas de las III Jornadas sobre Dinosaurios y su Entorno
9394:
Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Jin, X.; Zheng, W. (2019).
12486:
12278:
9758:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
9751:
9393:
1211:, while lacking carpals, preserves a manual formula of
891:
and relatives, titanosaurs make up the larger sauropod
12852:"A new titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil"
11980:
11558:"The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs"
11392:. British Museum of Natural History. pp. 134–136.
10777:
2156:
by Huene were also moved into the same species again,
1671:; together they form a clade named Titanosauriformes.
1130:, the only titanosaur known to have multiple phalanges
17479:
17360:
11343:
10576:
10096:
2393:
and its descendants, and diagnosed by short cervical
1675:
clade composed of the most recent common ancestor of
1154:
to only two ridges, and is fully absent in taxa like
12450:: implications for basal titanosaur relationships".
9247:
5772:
as sister to Saltasauridae. In the same year, Calvo
3923:
was in an unresolved polytomy except for a clade of
2200:
were distinct from Titanosauridae as they possessed
2086:, and covered the supposed genera known so far. The
793:
782:
772:
762:
752:
742:
731:
721:
710:
700:
690:
680:
670:
660:
650:
639:
629:
618:
608:
598:
588:
577:
567:
557:
546:
536:
526:
516:
506:
496:
486:
475:
465:
455:
445:
435:
425:
415:
405:
395:
385:
375:
364:
354:
343:
333:
323:
301:
292:
11626:
10157:
10155:
10153:
10056:
10054:
9661:
3604:Wilson and Paul Upchurch followed this study up in
1982:, distinguished by large size, a different form of
1201:show a reduction of phalanges to one or two bones.
17229:
12387:Li, L.G.; Li, D.Q.; You, H.L.; Dodson, P. (2014).
11724:
9208:
1956:and Titanosauridae indet. Titanosaurinae included
315:Titanosaurs of uncertain affinity and basal genera
11874:
11591:Estudios del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava
11201:
9747:
9745:
9743:
3534:and related taxa possessed four unique features.
2361:eye-shaped pleurocoels, forked infradiapophyseal
2014:provided a synopsis of sauropod relationships in
1692:and some other basal species form a clade called
17515:
14756:
12791:"Bone discovery confirms big dinosaur roamed NZ"
12175:
11516:"The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs"
11499:Le Loeuff, J. (1993). "European titanosaurids".
11283:
11281:
11139:
10150:
10051:
9018:
3732:, as every titanosaur closer to that genus than
3642:and all more derived titanosaurs, and the clade
12764:
12274:
12272:
10874:
10813:
10299:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9921:
9919:
9572:
8849:, about 11–12 centimetres (4.3–4.7 in) in
1310:. Osteoderms were first confirmed in the genus
1244:Titanosaurs have a poor fossil record of their
13215:
13139:
12769:. Indiana University Press. pp. 454–465.
12739:"Bones reveal Queensland's prehistoric titans"
11265:
11261:
11259:
10647:. Indiana University Press. pp. 321–345.
10622:. Indiana University Press. pp. 248–267.
10557:
10460:
9740:
3901:
3686:placed as the next most derived titanosaurid.
3608:with a significant revision of the type genus
1819:(a reranking of Lydekker's Titanosauridae) in
13061:
12767:Thunder Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs
12386:
12087:"Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of
12078:
11702:
11698:
11696:
11620:
11469:
11467:
11418:Nopcsa, F. (1928). "The genera of reptiles".
11339:
11337:
11335:
11333:
11292:. Indiana University Press. pp. 50–103.
11278:
11002:
10645:Thunder Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs
10636:
10620:Thunder Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs
10565:Thunder-Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs
9108:
1643:Phylogenetic position of Titanosauria within
14879:
12269:
12226:
12169:
12125:
12021:
11676:
11674:
11287:
11221:
11219:
11217:
11197:
11195:
11193:
11100:
11098:
10773:
10771:
10666:
10664:
10611:
10161:
9984:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9916:
9859:
9799:
9797:
9657:
9655:
9566:
9379:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9102:
9012:
1090:were whip-like though not as long as in the
16146:
11313:
11311:
11309:
11256:
10996:
10570:
10516:
10514:
10198:
9615:
9517:
9321:
9143:
6021:, before being expanded upon once again in
3650:1999) was considered a possible synonym of
2152:. The variety of Romanian fossils named as
1005:resultant from other ecological pressures.
13068:
13054:
12539:
12480:
12439:
11829:
11720:
11718:
11693:
11601:
11549:
11507:
11464:
11396:
11381:
11362:
11330:
11320:Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro
10711:
10642:
10617:
10466:
10271:
10090:
9992:
9387:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9055:
8837:ground was discovered in Auca Mahuevo, in
6083:Philip Mannion and colleagues redescribed
3674:were united within Opisthocoelicaudiinae,
3577:closest to titanosaurs instead of outside
107:
15410:
13020:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com
12675:
12665:
12522:
12512:
12471:
12452:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
12422:
12412:
12363:
12323:
12306:
12296:
12209:
12116:
12106:
12095:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
12061:
12012:
12002:
11991:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
11957:
11947:
11906:
11896:
11868:
11812:
11779:
11746:
11725:Calvo, J.O.; González-Riga, B.J. (2003).
11671:
11573:
11562:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
11498:
11371:Records of the Geological Survey of India
11290:The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology
11247:
11236:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
11214:
11190:
11173:
11163:
11130:
11111:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
11095:
10979:
10931:
10906:
10857:
10839:
10807:
10798:
10787:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
10768:
10751:
10702:
10692:
10661:
10602:
10567:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
10548:
10538:
10527:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
10328:
10318:
10286:
10238:
10034:
10016:
9961:
9951:
9891:
9834:
9794:
9777:
9697:
9687:
9652:
9643:
9632:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
9455:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
9427:
9281:
9202:
9185:
9175:
9134:
2062:included the species previously known as
816:(or titanosaurians; members of the group
14012:
12995:
12730:
11974:
11801:Anais da Academia Brasileira de CiĂŞncias
11788:
11755:
11555:
11513:
11492:
11473:
11449:
11411:
11402:
11387:
11368:
11306:
11152:Anais da Academia Brasileira de CiĂŞncias
10511:
9476:
8881:
8824:
7117:
5964:
5874:
5864:, and the rinconsaur-lognkosaur branch.
3778:
3688:
3553:
2403:
2239:Overlooking the naming of Titanosauria,
2167:
1922:
1920:of the various non-titanosaurid genera.
1737:, the name-bearing genus of Titanosauria
1723:
1285:with a small mosaic of small, bead-like
1265:
1193:is the only titanosaur known to possess
1119:
1017:Unnamed titanosaur from Japan labelled "
1012:
905:
12736:
11915:
11715:
11680:
11430:
10065:South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs
9298:
9241:
7134:(right), and femora of (left to right)
5938:. Following a revision of the skull of
2555:(="Titanosaurinae indet. DGM Serie B")
17516:
11875:Gallina, P.A.; ApesteguĂa, S. (2011).
11607:
11582:
11455:
11417:
10520:
10277:
9999:Taylor, Michael P. (24 January 2022).
9998:
9326:Wilson, J.A. and Upchurch, P. (2003).
17400:
17399:
17359:
16133:
15397:
14866:
13999:
13202:
13087:
13049:
12697:
12695:
11436:
10351:
9444:
8950:et al. (2016). It was found from the
8904:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
2257:and the more derived Titanosauridae (
2163:
1847:, where he reviewed the dinosaurs of
1317:arrangement similar to the plates of
985:were closely related to the gigantic
12380:
11610:Records of the Queen Victoria Museum
9722:"Giant dinosaur slims down... a bit"
9109:Averianov, A.O.; Sues, H.D. (2017).
3934:
2845:
2301:within Titanosauroidea and resolved
2182:José Bonaparte and Rodolfo Coria in
13203:
13075:
12182:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
11768:Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia
10673:"Revision of the sauropod dinosaur
9339:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
9215:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
9021:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
8987:, and was described in the journal
3589:united within Nemegtosauridae, and
2175:dorsal and sauropod paleontologist
1940:thesis, Argentinian paleontologist
13:
12692:
12285:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
12239:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
12034:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
11009:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
10826:(8). Peter Dodson (ed.): –102488.
9662:Gorscak, E.; O'Connor, P. (2019).
9068:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
8918:, which died out between the late
8893:American Museum of Natural History
6063:, and Lognkosauria was defined as
3776:clade of unrelated titanosaurids.
2801:as the most basal titanosaur, and
2352:published a phylogenetic study on
2204:hyposphene-hypantrum articulations
2128:, but left within Titanosauridae.
2090:(middle Early Cretaceous) species
1140:hyposphene-hypantrum articulations
1115:
14:
17550:
17361:Topics in sauropodomorph research
14867:
13030:
11683:Revista Española de PaleontologĂa
8965:
5950:) rescored the analysis of Zaher
3177:Curry-Rogers & Forster (2001)
2836:and the "PeirĂłpolis titanosaur" (
2738:published an additional study in
1328:
1277:From skin impressions found with
1213:2–1–1–1–1
17501:
17489:
17342:
17336:
17331:
17325:
16134:
16115:
16107:
16099:
15380:
15375:
14849:
14843:
14837:
14829:
13981:
13974:
13969:
13963:
12996:Baraniuk, Chris (January 2021).
12108:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00723.x
10800:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x
10604:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00366.x
10540:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x
8891:skeleton cast on display at the
3842:containing everything closer to
1719:
1008:
901:
860:The group's name alludes to the
135:
39:
13008:
12989:
12945:
12890:
12843:
12815:
12783:
12633:
12582:
11814:10.1590/S0001-37652007000300013
11748:10.4067/S0716-02082003000200011
11043:
10412:
10368:
10345:
9714:
9470:
8981:São José do Rio Preto Formation
8771:
6101:within Titanosauria because of
5892:(2011) with the description of
3558:Mounted skeleton of a juvenile
2160:as originally named by Nopcsa.
124:Field Museum of Natural History
15398:
12799:. 24 June 2008. Archived from
9577:. Springer. pp. 341–391.
9528:. Springer. pp. 299–340.
6158:, and additional revisions of
3212:Antarctosaurus septentrionalis
1652:Titanosaurs are classified as
1295:, were probably the result of
964:
1:
17529:Valanginian first appearances
14000:
12975:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104672
12923:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104672
12876:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.07.001
12724:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.07.001
11983:"The skull of the titanosaur
11885:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
11862:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.06.006
11165:10.1590/0001-3765201920180374
11073:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105031
10398:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104754
9495:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105449
9235:10.1080/14772019.2023.2293038
9136:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.09.006
9041:10.1080/14772019.2020.1716402
9005:
3817:, the new genus grouped with
1261:
1057:is especially similar to the
1047:, the head resembled that of
1031:, the head resembled that of
12737:Roberts, Greg (3 May 2007).
12667:10.1371/journal.pone.0010362
12414:10.1371/journal.pone.0085979
12255:10.1080/02724634.2015.980505
12202:10.1080/14772019.2013.764935
12155:10.1080/08912963.2012.672416
12054:10.1080/02724634.2011.539651
11949:10.1371/journal.pone.0016663
11439:Anales del Museo de la Plata
11029:10.1080/02724634.2014.901334
10841:10.1371/journal.pone.0102488
10438:10.5710/AMGH.25.08.2022.3477
10074:10.1007/978-3-030-95959-3_15
9953:10.1371/journal.pone.0151661
9689:10.1371/journal.pone.0211412
9177:10.1371/journal.pone.0151661
9088:10.1080/02724634.2014.845568
6047:. Eutitanosauria (closer to
5969:Mounted replica skeleton of
5760:. The new clade (defined as
2758:, and noted the presence of
2408:Mounted rearing skeleton of
2148:being declared dubious like
7:
10778:D'Emic, Michael D. (2012).
6009:and related rebbachisaurs,
3902:New phylogenetic frameworks
2972:(="PeirĂłpolis titanosaur")
2814:horizontally facing dorsal
1811:reviewed reptile genera in
1746:was first named by British
279:Bonaparte & Coria, 1993
10:
17555:
12493:Royal Society Open Science
11735:Revista GeolĂłgica de Chile
9645:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173
9464:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae054
9400:Royal Society Open Science
9274:10.1038/s41598-021-94273-7
8820:
8805:), including ancestors of
6029:during the description of
3682:formed Saltasaurinae, and
1823:, and included the genera
820:) were a diverse group of
16:Extinct clade of dinosaurs
17534:Maastrichtian extinctions
17408:
17366:
17355:
17323:
17225:
17134:
17060:
17022:
17013:
16977:
16943:
16861:
16795:
16744:
16735:
16662:
16653:
16631:
16620:
16555:
16546:
16161:
16157:
16142:
16129:
16096:
16062:
16014:
16005:
15877:
15699:
15690:
15599:
15534:
15523:
15492:
15425:
15421:
15406:
15393:
15373:
15285:
15242:
15233:
15135:
15126:
15063:
15028:
15019:
14925:
14916:
14905:
14890:
14875:
14862:
14826:
14752:
14724:
14708:
14699:
14590:
14434:
14383:
14263:
14252:
14221:
14168:
14164:
14153:
14108:
14027:
14023:
14008:
13995:
13961:
13915:
13830:
13821:
13762:
13753:
13661:
13634:
13577:
13566:
13507:
13478:
13467:
13429:
13372:
13368:
13357:
13287:
13230:
13226:
13211:
13198:
13166:
13148:
13135:
13083:
12560:10.1038/s41559-017-0455-5
12464:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx103
12089:Tehuelchesaurus benitezii
11838:Malarguesaurus florenciae
11123:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly068
10675:Diamantinasaurus matildae
10489:10.1007/s00114-004-0560-6
10231:10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.091
10120:10.1038/s41586-020-2412-8
9827:10.1007/s00114-011-0869-x
9626:Diamantinasaurus matildae
9583:10.1007/978-3-030-95959-3
9534:10.1007/978-3-030-95959-3
9359:10.1017/S1477201903001044
8600:
8583:
8576:
8559:
8552:
8535:
8528:
8493:
8476:
8469:
8452:
8445:
8438:
8412:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8355:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8307:
8300:
8247:
8230:
8223:
8206:
8199:
8182:
8175:
8158:
8151:
8144:
8100:
8083:
8076:
8059:
8052:
8035:
8028:
8021:
8001:
7994:
7977:
7970:
7890:
7873:
7866:
7849:
7842:
7807:
7790:
7783:
7766:
7759:
7752:
7735:
7728:
7711:
7704:
7687:
7680:
7645:
7628:
7621:
7604:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7566:
7559:
7542:
7535:
7509:
7492:
7485:
7478:
7458:
7451:
7389:
7372:
7365:
7339:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7291:
7284:
7249:
7232:
7225:
7208:
7201:
7194:
7177:
7170:
7163:
6982:
6965:
6948:
6941:
6924:
6907:
6890:
6883:
6873:
6856:
6849:
6796:
6779:
6772:
6755:
6748:
6731:
6724:
6698:
6681:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6643:
6636:
6556:
6539:
6532:
6515:
6508:
6491:
6484:
6467:
6460:
6443:
6436:
6410:
6393:
6386:
6379:
6353:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6298:
6291:
6262:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6214:
6207:
6190:
6183:
5898:, which nested closer to
5611:
5594:
5587:
5567:
5560:
5540:
5533:
5498:
5481:
5474:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5426:
5419:
5402:
5395:
5375:
5368:
5288:
5271:
5264:
5247:
5230:
5223:
5197:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5149:
5142:
5122:
5115:
5098:
5091:
5038:
5021:
5014:
4997:
4990:
4973:
4966:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4922:
4915:
4889:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4841:
4824:
4817:
4672:
4655:
4648:
4635:
4618:
4611:
4598:
4581:
4574:
4557:
4550:
4540:
4478:
4461:
4454:
4437:
4430:
4412:
4395:
4388:
4371:
4364:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4316:
4309:
4289:
4282:
4229:
4212:
4195:
4188:
4171:
4164:
4147:
4140:
4130:
4117:
4110:
4081:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4024:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3976:
3959:
3952:
3447:
3430:
3423:
3406:
3399:
3377:
3360:
3353:
3297:
3280:
3273:
3256:
3249:
3232:
3225:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3093:
3071:
3064:
3047:
3040:
3023:
3016:
2999:
2992:
2965:
2948:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2897:
2890:
2870:
2863:
2659:
2642:
2635:
2615:
2608:
2591:
2584:
2548:
2531:
2524:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2476:
2459:
2452:
2432:
2425:
2120:caudals. Huene's species
1570:
1555:
1548:
1530:
1523:
1503:
1496:
1460:
1445:
1438:
1423:
1416:
1406:
1388:
1381:
1366:
1359:
1342:
289:
284:
132:Scientific classification
130:
115:
106:
23:
17539:Dinosaur unranked clades
17381:List of sauropod species
11005:Alamosaurus sanjuanensis
10694:10.1016/j.gr.2014.03.014
8906:, and were the dominant
8877:
5958:outside Lithostrota and
5824:, with the additions of
3636:2004) was defined to be
2132:fossils from France and
13041:Encyclopædia Britannica
12611:10.1126/science.1118806
12448:Mendozasaurus neguyelap
11729:Rinconsaurus caudamirus
11503:. Spécial (7): 105–117.
10320:10.1073/pnas.1000781107
10164:Journal of Paleontology
9211:Gandititan cavocaudatus
8952:Valley of the Dinosaurs
8776:
6146:for a redescription of
6073:Aeolosaurus rionegrinus
5786:as the sister taxon to
3710:(1999), as all taxa in
1930:Neuquensaurus australis
12796:The New Zealand Herald
12298:10.1098/rspb.2017.1219
12030:Chubutisaurus insignis
11575:10.1006/zjls.1997.0138
11543:10.1098/rstb.1995.0125
11501:Revue de Paléobiologie
11158:(suppl 2): e20180374.
9770:10.1098/rspb.2017.1219
8895:
8830:
7152:
7099:In the description of
5979:
5972:Futalognkosaurus dukei
5885:
3865:The second edition of
3795:Bernardo González-Riga
3790:
3756:and Eutitanosauria as
3699:
3564:
2414:
2179:
2122:Titanosaurus lydekkeri
2092:Titanosaurus valdensis
2064:Titanosaurus australis
1933:
1781:, which included only
1738:
1274:
1131:
1022:
911:
17462:Paleobiology Database
17371:Sauropod neck posture
17062:Opisthocoelicaudiinae
12241:. e980505 (5): 1–12.
11898:10.4202/app.2010.0011
11781:10.4072/rbp.2004.3.04
11556:Upchurch, P. (1998).
11514:Upchurch, P. (1995).
11230:Lusotitan atalaiensis
10887:Nature Communications
10521:Wilson, J.A. (2002).
10352:Baker, Harry (2021).
9064:Rukwatitan bisepultus
8885:
8833:A large titanosaurid
8828:
7121:
5995:Saltasaurus loricatus
5968:
5878:
4419:(="Brazil Series B")
4137:Opisthocoelicaudiinae
3834:was then included in
3782:
3693:Holotype skeleton of
3692:
3620:, they proposed that
3557:
3520:Kristina Curry-Rogers
3386:Titanosaurus colberti
3080:Titanosaurus colberti
2407:
2171:
2024:Opisthocoelicaudiinae
2012:John Stanton McIntosh
1926:
1727:
1306:Some titanosaurs had
1297:allopatric speciation
1269:
1123:
1035:. In others, such as
1016:
909:
12178:Europasaurus holgeri
11985:Tapuiasaurus macedoi
11879:Bonitasaura salgadoi
10217:(21): 4263–4269.e2.
5977:Royal Ontario Museum
5882:Tapuiasaurus macedoi
4119:"Santa Rosa indet."
3783:Life restoration of
2815:
2394:
2362:
2213:
2201:
2113:
1800:
1792:
1743:Titanosaurus indicus
1734:Titanosaurus indicus
1100:fossilized trackways
887:. Together with the
17230:Dubious titanosaurs
14047:Chinshakiangosaurus
13002:Scientific American
12967:2021CrRes.11804672A
12955:Cretaceous Research
12915:2021CrRes.11804672A
12903:Cretaceous Research
12868:2016CrRes..67...16G
12856:Cretaceous Research
12716:2016CrRes..67...16G
12704:Cretaceous Research
12658:2010PLoSO...510362V
12603:2005Sci...310.1177P
12597:(5751): 1177–1180.
12514:10.1098/rsos.191057
12505:2019RSOS....691057M
12405:2014PLoSO...985979L
12348:2016NatSR...634467P
12247:2015JVPal..35E0505C
12194:2014JSPal..12..335C
12147:2012HBio...24..631C
12046:2011JVPal..31...93C
11940:2011PLoSO...616663Z
11854:2009CrRes..30..135G
11842:Cretaceous Research
11641:2001Natur.412..530C
11535:1995RSPTB.349..365U
11065:2022CrRes.12905031S
11053:Cretaceous Research
11021:2015JVPal..35E1334C
10956:2017NatSR...742035V
10899:2011NatCo...2..564C
10832:2014PLoSO...9j2488V
10736:2016NatSR...619165G
10595:2004Palgy..47..319D
10481:2004NW.....91..493A
10469:Naturwissenschaften
10390:2021CrRes.12204754O
10378:Cretaceous Research
10311:2010PNAS..107.9258S
10223:2020CBio...30E4263K
10176:2007JPal...81.1528C
10112:2020Natur.583..406N
10018:10.7717/peerj.12810
9944:2016PLoSO..1151661M
9884:2020Palgy..63..951C
9819:2012NW.....99...83C
9807:Naturwissenschaften
9680:2019PLoSO..1411412G
9483:Cretaceous Research
9420:10.1098/rsos.191057
9412:2019RSOS....691057M
9351:2003JSPal...1..125W
9266:2021NatSR..1114962W
9227:2024JSPal..2293038H
9168:2016PLoSO..1151661M
9127:2017CrRes..69..184A
9115:Cretaceous Research
9080:2014JVPal..34.1133G
9033:2020JSPal..18.1009A
8989:Cretaceous Research
6132:, and redescribing
5991:Andesaurus delgadoi
5872:remained the same.
5042:Aeolosaurus maximus
4637:"Malagasy Taxon B"
3940:Curry-Rogers (2005)
2358:Andesaurus delgadoi
2348:, Leonardo Salgado
2100:. The French taxon
2070:, which were named
2042:were placed within
1841:Friedrich von Huene
1769:, he named the new
126:, Chicago, IL
17102:Opisthocoelicaudia
14174:Archaeodontosaurus
12336:Scientific Reports
12291:(1860): 20171219.
12135:Historical Biology
10944:Scientific Reports
10908:10.1038/ncomms1578
10724:Scientific Reports
9893:10.1111/pala.12496
9764:(1860): 20171219.
9254:Scientific Reports
8896:
8831:
8416:Opisthocoelicaudia
7153:
6519:Opisthocoelicaudia
6128:, an osteology of
5980:
5886:
5870:Opisthocoelicaudia
5571:Opisthocoelicaudia
4600:"Jabalpur indet."
4233:Opisthocoelicaudia
3856:Opisthocoelicaudia
3791:
3700:
3696:Opisthocoelicaudia
3672:Opisthocoelicaudia
3595:Opisthocoelicaudia
3565:
3549:Opisthocoelicaudia
3410:Opisthocoelicaudia
2874:Opisthocoelicaudia
2748:Opisthocoelicaudia
2535:Opisthocoelicaudia
2415:
2303:Opisthocoelicaudia
2254:Opisthocoelicaudia
2180:
2164:Titanosauria named
2136:were removed from
2020:Opisthocoelicaudia
1972:and the new genus
1960:and the new genus
1934:
1927:Skeletal mount of
1739:
1275:
1221:Opisthocoelicaudia
1203:Opisthoeoclicaudia
1197:. Other taxa like
1157:Opisthocoelicaudia
1132:
1023:
941:cervical vertebrae
912:
875:(now considered a
831:at the end of the
122:on display at the
17477:
17476:
17402:Taxon identifiers
17393:
17392:
17389:
17388:
17351:
17350:
17321:
17320:
17317:
17316:
17313:
17312:
17238:Bruhathkayosaurus
17221:
17220:
17217:
17216:
17213:
17212:
16939:
16938:
16857:
16856:
16779:Panamericansaurus
16616:
16615:
16612:
16611:
16125:
16124:
16094:
16093:
16090:
16089:
16086:
16085:
16082:
16081:
16058:
16057:
15526:Titanosauriformes
15519:
15518:
15389:
15388:
15371:
15370:
15367:
15366:
15363:
15362:
15359:
15358:
15355:
15354:
15167:Brachytrachelopan
15122:
15121:
15118:
15117:
14896:Haplocanthosaurus
14858:
14857:
14824:
14823:
14820:
14819:
14816:
14815:
14757:Dubious sauropods
14748:
14747:
14744:
14743:
14740:
14739:
14248:
14247:
14149:
14148:
14084:Protognathosaurus
13991:
13990:
13959:
13958:
13955:
13954:
13951:
13950:
13947:
13946:
13943:
13942:
13939:
13938:
13935:
13934:
13562:
13561:
13463:
13462:
13353:
13352:
13194:
13193:
13190:
13189:
13186:
13185:
12776:978-0-253-34542-4
12356:10.1038/srep34467
12004:10.1111/zoj.12420
11635:(6846): 530–534.
11529:(1330): 365–390.
11249:10.1111/zoj.12029
10964:10.1038/srep42035
10744:10.1038/srep19165
10681:Gondwana Research
10356:. LiveScience.com
10305:(20): 9258–9263.
10106:(7816): 406–410.
10083:978-3-030-95958-6
9592:978-3-030-95958-6
9543:978-3-030-95958-6
9027:(12): 1009–1032.
8900:million years ago
8768:
8767:
8759:
8758:
8750:
8749:
8741:
8740:
8732:
8731:
8723:
8722:
8714:
8713:
8705:
8704:
8696:
8695:
8687:
8686:
8678:
8677:
8669:
8668:
8660:
8659:
8651:
8650:
8642:
8641:
8633:
8632:
8624:
8623:
8615:
8614:
8517:
8516:
8508:
8507:
8427:
8426:
8370:
8369:
8289:
8288:
8280:
8279:
8271:
8270:
8262:
8261:
8133:
8132:
8124:
8123:
8115:
8114:
7959:
7958:
7950:
7949:
7941:
7940:
7932:
7931:
7923:
7922:
7914:
7913:
7905:
7904:
7831:
7830:
7822:
7821:
7770:Panamericansaurus
7669:
7668:
7660:
7659:
7524:
7523:
7440:
7439:
7431:
7430:
7422:
7421:
7413:
7412:
7404:
7403:
7354:
7353:
7273:
7272:
7264:
7263:
7096:
7095:
7087:
7086:
7078:
7077:
7069:
7068:
7060:
7059:
7051:
7050:
7042:
7041:
7033:
7032:
7024:
7023:
7015:
7014:
7006:
7005:
6997:
6996:
6838:
6837:
6829:
6828:
6820:
6819:
6811:
6810:
6713:
6712:
6625:
6624:
6616:
6615:
6607:
6606:
6598:
6597:
6589:
6588:
6580:
6579:
6571:
6570:
6425:
6424:
6368:
6367:
6277:
6276:
5812:(2007), although
5792:in a clade Calvo
5748:for the clade of
5733:
5732:
5725:
5724:
5716:
5715:
5707:
5706:
5698:
5697:
5689:
5688:
5680:
5679:
5671:
5670:
5662:
5661:
5653:
5652:
5644:
5643:
5635:
5634:
5626:
5625:
5522:
5521:
5513:
5512:
5357:
5356:
5348:
5347:
5339:
5338:
5330:
5329:
5321:
5320:
5312:
5311:
5303:
5302:
5212:
5211:
5080:
5079:
5071:
5070:
5062:
5061:
5053:
5052:
4904:
4903:
4795:
4794:
4786:
4785:
4777:
4776:
4768:
4767:
4759:
4758:
4750:
4749:
4741:
4740:
4732:
4731:
4723:
4722:
4714:
4713:
4705:
4704:
4696:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4529:
4528:
4520:
4519:
4511:
4510:
4502:
4501:
4493:
4492:
4271:
4270:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4252:
4244:
4243:
4096:
4095:
4039:
4038:
3528:Titanosauriformes
3524:Catherine Forster
3514:was described in
3506:
3505:
3498:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3470:
3462:
3461:
3339:
3338:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3311:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3107:
2981:
2980:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2354:Titanosauriformes
2305:as the sister of
2108:was considered a
1777:for the genus in
1650:
1649:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1520:Titanosauriformes
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
896:Titanosauriformes
811:
810:
806:
805:
280:
17546:
17506:
17505:
17504:
17494:
17493:
17492:
17485:
17470:
17469:
17457:
17456:
17444:
17443:
17442:
17429:
17428:
17427:
17397:
17396:
17357:
17356:
17346:
17340:
17335:
17329:
17227:
17226:
17109:Pellegrinisaurus
17020:
17019:
16975:
16974:
16954:Bustingorrytitan
16894:Futalognkosaurus
16742:
16741:
16660:
16659:
16629:
16628:
16553:
16552:
16536:Diamantinasauria
16428:Pellegrinisaurus
16334:Jiangshanosaurus
16225:Baotianmansaurus
16159:
16158:
16155:
16154:
16144:
16143:
16131:
16130:
16120:
16119:
16112:
16111:
16104:
16103:
16027:Diamantinasaurus
16012:
16011:
16007:Diamantinasauria
15946:Jiangshanosaurus
15697:
15696:
15532:
15531:
15423:
15422:
15419:
15418:
15408:
15407:
15395:
15394:
15384:
15379:
15240:
15239:
15133:
15132:
15065:Rebbachisaurinae
15026:
15025:
14923:
14922:
14918:Rebbachisauridae
14914:
14913:
14888:
14887:
14877:
14876:
14864:
14863:
14853:
14847:
14842:
14841:
14834:
14833:
14765:Bothriospondylus
14754:
14753:
14706:
14705:
14482:Eomamenchisaurus
14436:Mamenchisauridae
14416:Lapparentosaurus
14360:Spinophorosaurus
14261:
14260:
14166:
14165:
14162:
14161:
14025:
14024:
14021:
14020:
14010:
14009:
13997:
13996:
13986:
13985:
13978:
13973:
13967:
13828:
13827:
13760:
13759:
13663:Massospondylidae
13575:
13574:
13505:
13504:
13476:
13475:
13440:Jaklapallisaurus
13420:Thecodontosaurus
13370:
13369:
13366:
13365:
13228:
13227:
13224:
13223:
13213:
13212:
13200:
13199:
13146:
13145:
13137:
13136:
13130:
13129:
13085:
13084:
13070:
13063:
13056:
13047:
13046:
13024:
13023:
13012:
13006:
13005:
12993:
12987:
12986:
12949:
12943:
12942:
12894:
12888:
12887:
12847:
12841:
12840:
12838:
12836:
12831:. 5 October 2016
12819:
12813:
12812:
12810:
12808:
12787:
12781:
12780:
12762:
12756:
12755:
12753:
12751:
12734:
12728:
12727:
12699:
12690:
12689:
12679:
12669:
12637:
12631:
12630:
12586:
12580:
12579:
12543:
12537:
12536:
12526:
12516:
12484:
12478:
12477:
12475:
12443:
12437:
12436:
12426:
12416:
12384:
12378:
12377:
12367:
12327:
12321:
12320:
12310:
12300:
12276:
12267:
12266:
12230:
12224:
12223:
12213:
12173:
12167:
12166:
12129:
12123:
12122:
12120:
12110:
12082:
12076:
12075:
12065:
12025:
12019:
12018:
12016:
12006:
11978:
11972:
11971:
11961:
11951:
11919:
11913:
11912:
11910:
11900:
11872:
11866:
11865:
11833:
11827:
11826:
11816:
11792:
11786:
11785:
11783:
11759:
11753:
11752:
11750:
11722:
11713:
11712:
11700:
11691:
11690:
11678:
11669:
11668:
11649:10.1038/35087566
11624:
11618:
11617:
11605:
11599:
11598:
11586:
11580:
11579:
11577:
11553:
11547:
11546:
11520:
11511:
11505:
11504:
11496:
11490:
11489:
11471:
11462:
11461:
11453:
11447:
11446:
11434:
11428:
11427:
11415:
11409:
11408:
11400:
11394:
11393:
11385:
11379:
11378:
11366:
11360:
11359:
11341:
11328:
11327:
11315:
11304:
11303:
11285:
11276:
11275:
11263:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11223:
11212:
11211:
11199:
11188:
11187:
11177:
11167:
11143:
11137:
11136:
11134:
11102:
11093:
11092:
11047:
11041:
11040:
11007:Gilmore, 1922".
11000:
10994:
10993:
10983:
10935:
10929:
10928:
10910:
10878:
10872:
10871:
10861:
10843:
10811:
10805:
10804:
10802:
10784:
10775:
10766:
10765:
10755:
10715:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10696:
10668:
10659:
10658:
10640:
10634:
10633:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10574:
10568:
10561:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10542:
10518:
10509:
10508:
10464:
10458:
10457:
10416:
10410:
10409:
10372:
10366:
10365:
10363:
10361:
10349:
10343:
10342:
10332:
10322:
10290:
10284:
10283:
10275:
10269:
10268:
10242:
10202:
10196:
10195:
10184:10.1666/05-150.1
10170:(6): 1528–1532.
10159:
10148:
10147:
10094:
10088:
10087:
10058:
10049:
10048:
10038:
10020:
9996:
9990:
9989:
9983:
9975:
9965:
9955:
9923:
9914:
9913:
9895:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9838:
9801:
9792:
9791:
9781:
9749:
9738:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9728:. 10 August 2017
9718:
9712:
9711:
9701:
9691:
9659:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9619:
9613:
9612:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9521:
9515:
9514:
9474:
9468:
9467:
9448:
9442:
9441:
9431:
9391:
9385:
9384:
9378:
9370:
9336:
9323:
9296:
9295:
9285:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9206:
9200:
9199:
9189:
9179:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9074:(5): 1133–1154.
9059:
9053:
9052:
9016:
8860:, complete with
8579:
8578:
8555:
8554:
8539:Pellegrinisaurus
8531:
8530:
8472:
8471:
8448:
8447:
8441:
8440:
8391:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8334:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8303:
8302:
8226:
8225:
8202:
8201:
8186:Futalognkosaurus
8178:
8177:
8154:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8079:
8078:
8055:
8054:
8031:
8030:
8024:
8023:
7997:
7996:
7981:Diamantinasaurus
7973:
7972:
7869:
7868:
7845:
7844:
7786:
7785:
7762:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7731:
7730:
7707:
7706:
7683:
7682:
7624:
7623:
7600:
7599:
7593:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7562:
7561:
7538:
7537:
7488:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7454:
7453:
7368:
7367:
7318:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7295:Jiangshanosaurus
7287:
7286:
7228:
7227:
7204:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7173:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7156:
7155:
6944:
6943:
6911:Futalognkosaurus
6886:
6885:
6876:
6875:
6852:
6851:
6775:
6774:
6751:
6750:
6727:
6726:
6677:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6639:
6638:
6560:Diamantinasaurus
6535:
6534:
6511:
6510:
6487:
6486:
6463:
6462:
6439:
6438:
6389:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6332:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6294:
6293:
6241:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6210:
6209:
6186:
6185:
6176:
6175:
6149:Jiangshanosaurus
6119:Diamantinasaurus
6069:Futalognkosaurus
5926:Diamantinasaurus
5909:Diamantinasaurus
5816:was nested with
5784:Futalognkosaurus
5779:Futalognkosaurus
5590:
5589:
5563:
5562:
5536:
5535:
5477:
5476:
5453:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5422:
5421:
5398:
5397:
5371:
5370:
5267:
5266:
5226:
5225:
5201:Futalognkosaurus
5176:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5145:
5144:
5118:
5117:
5094:
5093:
5017:
5016:
4993:
4992:
4969:
4968:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4918:
4917:
4868:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4820:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4651:
4650:
4614:
4613:
4577:
4576:
4553:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4457:
4456:
4433:
4432:
4391:
4390:
4367:
4366:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4312:
4311:
4285:
4284:
4191:
4190:
4167:
4166:
4143:
4142:
4133:
4132:
4113:
4112:
4060:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4003:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3955:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3935:
3754:Epachthosaurinae
3426:
3425:
3402:
3401:
3356:
3355:
3276:
3275:
3252:
3251:
3228:
3227:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3067:
3066:
3043:
3042:
3019:
3018:
2995:
2994:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2893:
2892:
2866:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2819:
2638:
2637:
2611:
2610:
2587:
2586:
2527:
2526:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2455:
2454:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2398:
2366:
2339:Linnean taxonomy
2247:named the clade
2217:
2205:
2117:
1950:Antarctosaurinae
1804:
1796:
1751:Richard Lydekker
1551:
1550:
1526:
1525:
1499:
1498:
1441:
1440:
1426:Rebbachisauridae
1419:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1384:
1383:
1369:Mamenchisauridae
1362:
1361:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1301:insular dwarfism
1219:and potentially
1214:
1208:Diamantinasaurus
1136:dorsal vertebrae
1127:Diamantinasaurus
946:Futalognkosaurus
829:extinction event
795:
784:
774:
764:
754:
744:
733:
723:
712:
702:
692:
685:Pellegrinisaurus
682:
672:
662:
652:
641:
631:
620:
610:
600:
590:
582:Jiangshanosaurus
579:
569:
559:
548:
538:
528:
518:
508:
498:
488:
477:
467:
457:
447:
437:
427:
420:Baotianmansaurus
417:
407:
397:
387:
377:
366:
356:
345:
335:
325:
311:
310:
303:
296:Diamantinasauria
294:
278:
273:
257:
241:
225:
209:
140:
139:
111:
101:
38:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
17554:
17553:
17549:
17548:
17547:
17545:
17544:
17543:
17514:
17513:
17512:
17502:
17500:
17490:
17488:
17480:
17478:
17473:
17465:
17460:
17452:
17447:
17438:
17437:
17432:
17423:
17422:
17417:
17404:
17394:
17385:
17376:Sauropod hiatus
17362:
17347:
17309:
17246:Campylodoniscus
17209:
17130:
17056:
17009:
16979:Nemegtosauridae
16973:
16935:
16872:Argentinosaurus
16853:
16791:
16731:
16649:
16625:
16608:
16568:Atsinganosaurus
16548:Lirainosaurinae
16542:
16529:Xianshanosaurus
16414:Normanniasaurus
16400:Narambuenatitan
16283:Dongyangosaurus
16151:
16138:
16121:
16114:
16106:
16098:
16078:
16054:
16034:Sarmientosaurus
16001:
15954:Phuwiangosaurus
15873:
15686:
15601:Brachiosauridae
15595:
15528:
15515:
15488:
15415:
15402:
15385:
15351:
15281:
15229:
15137:Dicraeosauridae
15128:Flagellicaudata
15114:
15059:
15015:
14989:Nopcsaspondylus
14981:Maraapunisaurus
14910:
14908:Diplodocimorpha
14901:
14884:
14871:
14854:
14836:
14828:
14812:
14736:
14720:
14695:
14668:Tehuelchesaurus
14586:
14546:Tienshanosaurus
14430:
14379:
14367:Tehuelchesaurus
14257:
14244:
14223:Vulcanodontidae
14217:
14158:
14145:
14104:
14054:Gongxianosaurus
14017:
14004:
13987:
13980:
13931:
13911:
13817:
13776:Jingshanosaurus
13768:Chuxiongosaurus
13755:Sauropodiformes
13749:
13672:Adeopapposaurus
13657:
13630:
13571:
13558:
13503:
13472:
13459:
13425:
13362:
13349:
13283:
13220:
13218:Sauropodomorpha
13207:
13205:Sauropodomorpha
13182:
13168:Sauropodomorpha
13162:
13156:Avemetatarsalia
13141:Avemetatarsalia
13131:
13116:Avemetatarsalia
13090:
13089:
13079:
13077:Sauropodomorpha
13074:
13033:
13028:
13027:
13014:
13013:
13009:
12994:
12990:
12950:
12946:
12895:
12891:
12848:
12844:
12834:
12832:
12828:BBC News Online
12821:
12820:
12816:
12806:
12804:
12789:
12788:
12784:
12777:
12763:
12759:
12749:
12747:
12735:
12731:
12700:
12693:
12638:
12634:
12587:
12583:
12544:
12540:
12485:
12481:
12444:
12440:
12385:
12381:
12328:
12324:
12277:
12270:
12231:
12227:
12174:
12170:
12130:
12126:
12083:
12079:
12026:
12022:
11979:
11975:
11920:
11916:
11873:
11869:
11834:
11830:
11793:
11789:
11760:
11756:
11723:
11716:
11701:
11694:
11679:
11672:
11625:
11621:
11606:
11602:
11587:
11583:
11554:
11550:
11518:
11512:
11508:
11497:
11493:
11486:
11472:
11465:
11454:
11450:
11435:
11431:
11420:Palaeobiologica
11416:
11412:
11401:
11397:
11386:
11382:
11367:
11363:
11356:
11342:
11331:
11316:
11307:
11300:
11286:
11279:
11264:
11257:
11224:
11215:
11200:
11191:
11144:
11140:
11103:
11096:
11048:
11044:
11001:
10997:
10936:
10932:
10879:
10875:
10812:
10808:
10782:
10776:
10769:
10716:
10712:
10687:(3): 995–1033.
10669:
10662:
10655:
10641:
10637:
10630:
10616:
10612:
10575:
10571:
10562:
10558:
10519:
10512:
10475:(10): 493–497.
10465:
10461:
10417:
10413:
10373:
10369:
10359:
10357:
10350:
10346:
10291:
10287:
10276:
10272:
10211:Current Biology
10203:
10199:
10160:
10151:
10095:
10091:
10084:
10059:
10052:
9997:
9993:
9977:
9976:
9938:(4): e0151661.
9924:
9917:
9864:
9860:
9802:
9795:
9750:
9741:
9731:
9729:
9720:
9719:
9715:
9674:(2): e0211412.
9660:
9653:
9620:
9616:
9593:
9571:
9567:
9544:
9522:
9518:
9475:
9471:
9449:
9445:
9392:
9388:
9372:
9371:
9334:
9328:"A revision of
9324:
9299:
9246:
9242:
9207:
9203:
9162:(4): e0151661.
9148:
9144:
9107:
9103:
9060:
9056:
9017:
9013:
9008:
8998:Paleoleishmania
8968:
8880:
8823:
8782:Fossilized dung
8779:
8774:
8769:
8760:
8751:
8742:
8733:
8724:
8715:
8706:
8697:
8688:
8679:
8670:
8661:
8652:
8643:
8634:
8625:
8616:
8518:
8509:
8428:
8371:
8290:
8281:
8272:
8263:
8234:Atsinganosaurus
8134:
8125:
8116:
7960:
7951:
7942:
7933:
7924:
7915:
7906:
7832:
7823:
7670:
7661:
7570:Normanniasaurus
7525:
7441:
7432:
7423:
7414:
7405:
7355:
7274:
7265:
7212:Argentinosaurus
7097:
7088:
7079:
7070:
7061:
7052:
7043:
7034:
7025:
7016:
7007:
6998:
6894:Argentinosaurus
6860:Normanniasaurus
6839:
6830:
6821:
6812:
6714:
6626:
6617:
6608:
6599:
6590:
6581:
6572:
6426:
6369:
6278:
6266:Xianshanosaurus
6155:Dongyangosaurus
6000:Tehuelchesaurus
5921:Phuwiangosaurus
5734:
5726:
5717:
5708:
5699:
5690:
5681:
5672:
5663:
5654:
5645:
5636:
5627:
5523:
5514:
5358:
5349:
5340:
5331:
5322:
5313:
5304:
5275:Argentinosaurus
5213:
5081:
5072:
5063:
5054:
4905:
4796:
4787:
4778:
4769:
4760:
4751:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4715:
4706:
4697:
4688:
4530:
4521:
4512:
4503:
4494:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4245:
4199:Argentinosaurus
4097:
4040:
3980:Phuwiangosaurus
3904:
3871:, published in
3507:
3499:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3109:
2982:
2860:Titanosauroidea
2821:
2766:of this clade.
2729:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2574:
2565:
2511:Argentinosaurus
2400:
2397:prezygapophyses
2368:
2323:Nemegtosauridae
2294:Phuwiangosaurus
2249:Titanosauroidea
2219:
2207:
2189:Argentinosaurus
2173:Argentinosaurus
2166:
2119:
2044:Dicraeosaurinae
2005:Campylodoniscus
1874:and Argentina,
1806:
1798:
1765:by Lydekker in
1722:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1533:Brachiosauridae
1483:
1474:
1448:Dicraeosauridae
1331:
1264:
1212:
1168:Argentinosaurus
1151:Argentinosaurus
1118:
1116:Torso and limbs
1028:Sarmientosaurus
1011:
967:
930:Sarmientosaurus
904:
871:, via the type
869:Greek mythology
844:Argentinosaurus
807:
798:Xianshanosaurus
655:Narambuenatitan
511:Dongyangosaurus
480:Campylodoniscus
316:
277:
271:
255:
239:
223:
211:Sauropodomorpha
207:
134:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
32:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17552:
17542:
17541:
17536:
17531:
17526:
17511:
17510:
17498:
17475:
17474:
17472:
17471:
17458:
17445:
17430:
17414:
17412:
17406:
17405:
17391:
17390:
17387:
17386:
17384:
17383:
17378:
17373:
17367:
17364:
17363:
17353:
17352:
17349:
17348:
17324:
17322:
17319:
17318:
17315:
17314:
17311:
17310:
17308:
17307:
17300:
17292:
17285:
17277:
17270:
17263:
17256:
17253:Clasmodosaurus
17249:
17242:
17233:
17231:
17223:
17222:
17219:
17218:
17215:
17214:
17211:
17210:
17208:
17207:
17200:
17193:
17186:
17179:
17172:
17168:Maxakalisaurus
17164:
17157:
17149:
17140:
17138:
17132:
17131:
17129:
17128:
17120:
17113:
17105:
17098:
17090:
17082:
17075:
17066:
17064:
17058:
17057:
17055:
17054:
17050:Quaesitosaurus
17046:
17039:
17031:
17023:
17017:
17011:
17010:
17008:
17007:
16999:
16995:Quaesitosaurus
16991:
16983:
16981:
16972:
16971:
16964:
16957:
16949:
16947:
16945:Saltasauroidea
16941:
16940:
16937:
16936:
16934:
16933:
16926:
16919:
16912:
16905:
16897:
16890:
16882:
16875:
16867:
16865:
16859:
16858:
16855:
16854:
16852:
16851:
16844:
16837:
16830:
16823:
16816:
16809:
16801:
16799:
16793:
16792:
16790:
16789:
16782:
16775:
16768:
16761:
16757:Maxakalisaurus
16753:
16750:Adamantisaurus
16745:
16739:
16733:
16732:
16730:
16729:
16722:
16714:
16707:
16700:
16696:Epachthosaurus
16692:
16685:
16678:
16671:
16668:Antarctosaurus
16663:
16657:
16651:
16650:
16648:
16647:
16640:
16632:
16626:
16623:Eutitanosauria
16621:
16618:
16617:
16614:
16613:
16610:
16609:
16607:
16606:
16599:
16596:Mansourasaurus
16592:
16585:
16578:
16571:
16564:
16556:
16550:
16544:
16543:
16541:
16540:
16532:
16525:
16518:
16511:
16504:
16497:
16490:
16483:
16475:
16471:Tastavinsaurus
16467:
16460:
16453:
16446:
16439:
16436:Petrobrasaurus
16432:
16424:
16417:
16410:
16403:
16396:
16389:
16382:
16378:Malarguesaurus
16374:
16367:
16359:
16352:
16345:
16338:
16330:
16323:
16316:
16309:
16305:Epachthosaurus
16301:
16294:
16286:
16279:
16272:
16265:
16258:
16251:
16243:
16235:
16228:
16221:
16218:Austroposeidon
16214:
16207:
16200:
16193:
16185:
16178:
16170:
16162:
16152:
16147:
16140:
16139:
16127:
16126:
16123:
16122:
16097:
16095:
16092:
16091:
16088:
16087:
16084:
16083:
16080:
16079:
16077:
16076:
16075:
16074:
16068:
16066:
16060:
16059:
16056:
16055:
16053:
16052:
16044:
16037:
16030:
16023:
16015:
16009:
16003:
16002:
16000:
15999:
15992:
15985:
15982:Tangvayosaurus
15978:
15971:
15964:
15957:
15950:
15942:
15935:
15928:
15921:
15914:
15907:
15900:
15892:
15883:
15881:
15875:
15874:
15872:
15871:
15864:
15861:Tastavinsaurus
15857:
15850:
15843:
15836:
15833:Pukyongosaurus
15829:
15822:
15815:
15812:Liubangosaurus
15808:
15800:
15797:Liaoningotitan
15793:
15786:
15778:
15771:
15764:
15757:
15750:
15743:
15736:
15729:
15722:
15719:Astrophocaudia
15715:
15708:
15700:
15694:
15692:Somphospondyli
15688:
15687:
15685:
15684:
15677:
15670:
15663:
15656:
15649:
15642:
15634:
15627:
15620:
15613:
15605:
15603:
15597:
15596:
15594:
15593:
15585:
15578:
15571:
15564:
15557:
15550:
15543:
15535:
15529:
15524:
15521:
15520:
15517:
15516:
15514:
15513:
15510:Lourinhasaurus
15506:
15498:
15496:
15494:Camarasauridae
15490:
15489:
15487:
15486:
15479:
15471:
15464:
15460:Dashanpusaurus
15456:
15449:
15441:
15434:
15426:
15416:
15411:
15404:
15403:
15391:
15390:
15387:
15386:
15374:
15372:
15369:
15368:
15365:
15364:
15361:
15360:
15357:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15350:
15349:
15342:
15335:
15328:
15320:
15313:
15306:
15303:Dinheirosaurus
15299:
15291:
15289:
15283:
15282:
15280:
15279:
15272:
15264:
15257:
15248:
15246:
15237:
15231:
15230:
15228:
15227:
15220:
15213:
15206:
15199:
15192:
15185:
15177:
15170:
15163:
15156:
15149:
15141:
15139:
15130:
15124:
15123:
15120:
15119:
15116:
15115:
15113:
15112:
15105:
15102:Rebbachisaurus
15098:
15091:
15084:
15077:
15069:
15067:
15061:
15060:
15058:
15057:
15049:
15042:
15034:
15032:
15023:
15017:
15016:
15014:
15013:
15006:
14999:
14992:
14985:
14977:
14974:Lavocatisaurus
14970:
14963:
14955:
14948:
14941:
14934:
14926:
14920:
14911:
14906:
14903:
14902:
14900:
14899:
14891:
14885:
14880:
14873:
14872:
14860:
14859:
14856:
14855:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14821:
14818:
14817:
14814:
14813:
14811:
14810:
14803:
14800:Qinlingosaurus
14796:
14789:
14782:
14775:
14768:
14760:
14758:
14750:
14749:
14746:
14745:
14742:
14741:
14738:
14737:
14735:
14734:
14733:(see below ↓ )
14730:
14728:
14722:
14721:
14719:
14718:
14717:(see below ↓ )
14714:
14712:
14703:
14697:
14696:
14694:
14693:
14686:
14679:
14672:
14664:
14656:
14649:
14642:
14635:
14628:
14620:
14612:
14604:
14596:
14594:
14588:
14587:
14585:
14584:
14577:
14570:
14563:
14556:
14549:
14542:
14539:Rhomaleopakhus
14535:
14528:
14521:
14518:Mamenchisaurus
14514:
14506:
14499:
14492:
14485:
14478:
14470:
14467:Chuanjiesaurus
14463:
14459:Cetiosauriscus
14455:
14448:
14440:
14438:
14432:
14431:
14429:
14428:
14420:
14412:
14404:
14397:
14389:
14387:
14381:
14380:
14378:
14377:
14370:
14363:
14356:
14349:
14342:
14335:
14328:
14321:
14314:
14311:Dashanpusaurus
14307:
14304:Cetiosauriscus
14300:
14293:
14286:
14279:
14272:
14264:
14258:
14253:
14250:
14249:
14246:
14245:
14243:
14242:
14235:
14227:
14225:
14219:
14218:
14216:
14215:
14211:Zizhongosaurus
14207:
14199:
14192:
14185:
14178:
14169:
14159:
14154:
14151:
14150:
14147:
14146:
14144:
14143:
14136:
14129:
14122:
14114:
14112:
14110:Lessemsauridae
14106:
14105:
14103:
14102:
14098:Tuebingosaurus
14094:
14087:
14080:
14072:
14064:
14057:
14050:
14043:
14036:
14028:
14018:
14013:
14006:
14005:
13993:
13992:
13989:
13988:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13956:
13953:
13952:
13949:
13948:
13945:
13944:
13941:
13940:
13937:
13936:
13933:
13932:
13930:
13929:
13928:
13927:
13921:
13919:
13913:
13912:
13910:
13909:
13906:Sefapanosaurus
13902:
13895:
13888:
13881:
13878:Melanorosaurus
13874:
13867:
13860:
13853:
13846:
13839:
13831:
13825:
13819:
13818:
13816:
13815:
13808:
13801:
13793:
13786:
13779:
13772:
13763:
13757:
13751:
13750:
13748:
13747:
13739:
13732:
13725:
13718:
13715:Massospondylus
13711:
13704:
13697:
13689:
13686:Glacialisaurus
13682:
13679:Coloradisaurus
13675:
13667:
13665:
13659:
13658:
13656:
13655:
13648:
13640:
13638:
13632:
13631:
13629:
13628:
13625:Tuebingosaurus
13621:
13614:
13607:
13600:
13593:
13586:
13578:
13572:
13567:
13564:
13563:
13560:
13559:
13557:
13556:
13549:
13542:
13539:Pachysauriscus
13535:
13528:
13525:Gresslyosaurus
13521:
13513:
13511:
13509:Plateosauridae
13502:
13501:
13494:
13487:
13484:Plateosauravus
13479:
13473:
13468:
13465:
13464:
13461:
13460:
13458:
13457:
13450:
13443:
13435:
13433:
13427:
13426:
13424:
13423:
13416:
13409:
13402:
13395:
13388:
13381:
13373:
13363:
13358:
13355:
13354:
13351:
13350:
13348:
13347:
13340:
13332:
13324:
13317:
13314:Chromogisaurus
13310:
13302:
13293:
13291:
13285:
13284:
13282:
13281:
13274:
13267:
13260:
13253:
13246:
13239:
13231:
13221:
13216:
13209:
13208:
13196:
13195:
13192:
13191:
13188:
13187:
13184:
13183:
13181:
13180:
13179:
13178:
13172:
13170:
13164:
13163:
13161:
13160:
13159:
13158:
13149:
13143:
13133:
13132:
13128:
13127:
13118:
13109:
13103:
13097:
13081:
13080:
13073:
13072:
13065:
13058:
13050:
13032:
13031:External links
13029:
13026:
13025:
13007:
12988:
12944:
12889:
12842:
12814:
12803:on 3 June 2020
12782:
12775:
12757:
12744:The Australian
12729:
12691:
12632:
12581:
12554:(3): 445–451.
12538:
12479:
12458:(1): 136–181.
12438:
12379:
12322:
12268:
12225:
12188:(3): 335–387.
12168:
12141:(6): 631–654.
12124:
12101:(2): 605–662.
12077:
12020:
12014:2027.42/134419
11997:(3): 611–662.
11973:
11914:
11867:
11848:(1): 135–148.
11828:
11807:(3): 529–541.
11787:
11774:(3): 329–336.
11754:
11741:(2): 333–353.
11714:
11692:
11670:
11619:
11600:
11581:
11548:
11506:
11491:
11484:
11476:The Dinosauria
11463:
11448:
11429:
11410:
11395:
11380:
11361:
11354:
11346:The Dinosauria
11329:
11305:
11298:
11277:
11255:
11213:
11189:
11138:
11117:(3): 784–909.
11094:
11042:
11015:(1): e901334.
10995:
10930:
10873:
10806:
10793:(3): 624–671.
10767:
10710:
10660:
10653:
10635:
10628:
10610:
10589:(2): 319–348.
10569:
10556:
10533:(2): 215–275.
10510:
10459:
10411:
10367:
10344:
10285:
10270:
10197:
10149:
10089:
10082:
10050:
9991:
9915:
9878:(6): 951–978.
9858:
9793:
9739:
9713:
9651:
9638:(2): 610–674.
9614:
9591:
9565:
9542:
9516:
9469:
9443:
9386:
9345:(3): 125–160.
9297:
9240:
9221:(1). 2293038.
9201:
9142:
9101:
9054:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9004:
8967:
8966:Paleopathology
8964:
8932:supercontinent
8916:brachiosaurids
8879:
8876:
8822:
8819:
8795:monocotyledons
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8766:
8765:
8762:
8761:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8748:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8730:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8721:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8712:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8676:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8667:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8658:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8649:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8640:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8631:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8622:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8613:
8612:
8609:
8608:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8582:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8558:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8547:
8544:
8543:
8534:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8515:
8514:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8480:Mansourasaurus
8475:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8451:
8446:
8444:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8430:
8429:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8394:
8389:
8387:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8368:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8337:
8332:
8330:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8306:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8287:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8278:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8269:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8229:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8205:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8181:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8167:
8166:
8162:Epachthosaurus
8157:
8152:
8150:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8131:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8113:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8082:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8063:Maxakalisaurus
8058:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8034:
8029:
8027:
8022:
8020:
8014:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8000:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7976:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7948:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7939:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7930:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7872:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7848:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7820:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7789:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7765:
7760:
7758:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7744:
7743:
7734:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7710:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7686:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7627:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7603:
7598:
7596:
7591:
7589:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7565:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7541:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7491:
7486:
7484:
7479:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7462:Tastavinsaurus
7457:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7371:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7343:Malarguesaurus
7338:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7321:
7316:
7314:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7290:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7231:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7207:
7202:
7200:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7176:
7171:
7169:
7164:
7162:
7154:
7102:Mansourasaurus
7094:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7040:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7013:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7004:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6947:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6889:
6884:
6882:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6855:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6778:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6759:Antarctosaurus
6754:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6730:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6680:
6675:
6673:
6668:
6666:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6647:Epachthosaurus
6642:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6538:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6514:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6490:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6466:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6442:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6392:
6387:
6385:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6335:
6330:
6328:
6323:
6321:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6297:
6292:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6244:
6239:
6237:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6213:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6189:
6184:
6182:
6174:
6099:Somphospondyli
6053:Epachthosaurus
6025:by Carballido
5915:Tangvayosaurus
5866:Antarctosaurus
5832:Antarctosaurus
5814:Epachthosaurus
5731:
5730:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5593:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5566:
5561:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5539:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5480:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5456:
5451:
5449:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5425:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5401:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5179:
5174:
5172:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5148:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5020:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5005:
4996:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4972:
4967:
4965:
4957:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4926:Epachthosaurus
4921:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4876:Malarguesaurus
4871:
4866:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4808:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4622:Quaesitosaurus
4617:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4394:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4346:
4341:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4320:Epachthosaurus
4315:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4216:Antarctosaurus
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3933:
3903:
3900:
3868:The Dinosauria
3811:Jorge O. Calvo
3770:Epachthosaurus
3758:Epachthosaurus
3746:Epachthosaurus
3712:Somphospondyli
3664:Epachthosaurus
3644:Eutitanosauria
3540:Quaesitosaurus
3504:
3503:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:Quaesitosaurus
3255:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2914:Eutitanosauria
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2901:Epachthosaurus
2896:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2844:
2824:sternal plates
2799:Epachthosaurus
2762:as a probable
2756:Epachthosaurus
2752:Eutitanosauria
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:Epachthosaurus
2475:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2449:Titanosauridae
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2411:Epachthosaurus
2383:Epachthosaurus
2334:Quaesitosaurus
2198:Epachthosaurus
2165:
2162:
2124:was left as a
2080:Jean Le Loeuff
2039:Quaesitosaurus
2028:Camarasauridae
2022:was placed in
1999:Clasmodosaurus
1993:Epachthosaurus
1980:Antarctosaurus
1954:Argyrosaurinae
1905:Antarctosaurus
1888:from England,
1817:Titanosaurinae
1803:opisthocoelous
1775:Titanosauridae
1748:paleontologist
1721:
1718:
1669:brachiosaurids
1648:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1545:Somphospondyli
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1329:Classification
1327:
1263:
1260:
1239:Rapetosaurus -
1217:Epachthosaurus
1199:Epachthosaurus
1173:Epachthosaurus
1117:
1114:
1059:rebbachisaurid
1054:Antarctosaurus
1033:brachiosaurids
1010:
1007:
966:
963:
903:
900:
889:brachiosaurids
809:
808:
804:
803:
802:
801:
791:
780:
770:
760:
750:
740:
729:
719:
715:Tastavinsaurus
708:
698:
688:
678:
668:
658:
648:
644:Malarguesaurus
637:
627:
616:
606:
596:
586:
575:
565:
555:
544:
534:
524:
514:
504:
494:
484:
473:
463:
453:
443:
433:
423:
413:
410:Austroposeidon
403:
393:
383:
373:
362:
352:
341:
338:Adamantisaurus
331:
318:
317:
314:
309:
308:
307:
299:
287:
286:
282:
281:
269:
262:
261:
259:Somphospondyli
253:
246:
245:
237:
230:
229:
221:
214:
213:
205:
198:
197:
192:
185:
184:
179:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17551:
17540:
17537:
17535:
17532:
17530:
17527:
17525:
17522:
17521:
17519:
17509:
17499:
17497:
17487:
17486:
17483:
17468:
17463:
17459:
17455:
17450:
17446:
17441:
17435:
17431:
17426:
17420:
17416:
17415:
17413:
17411:
17407:
17403:
17398:
17382:
17379:
17377:
17374:
17372:
17369:
17368:
17365:
17358:
17354:
17345:
17341:
17339:
17334:
17328:
17306:
17305:
17301:
17298:
17297:
17296:Mongolosaurus
17293:
17291:
17290:
17286:
17283:
17282:
17281:Macrurosaurus
17278:
17276:
17275:
17271:
17269:
17268:
17264:
17262:
17261:
17260:Hypselosaurus
17257:
17255:
17254:
17250:
17248:
17247:
17243:
17240:
17239:
17235:
17234:
17232:
17228:
17224:
17206:
17205:
17201:
17199:
17198:
17194:
17192:
17191:
17187:
17185:
17184:
17180:
17178:
17177:
17176:Neuquensaurus
17173:
17170:
17169:
17165:
17163:
17162:
17158:
17155:
17154:
17150:
17147:
17146:
17142:
17141:
17139:
17137:
17136:Saltasaurinae
17133:
17126:
17125:
17124:Zhuchengtitan
17121:
17119:
17118:
17114:
17111:
17110:
17106:
17104:
17103:
17099:
17096:
17095:
17094:Dreadnoughtus
17091:
17088:
17087:
17083:
17081:
17080:
17076:
17073:
17072:
17068:
17067:
17065:
17063:
17059:
17052:
17051:
17047:
17045:
17044:
17043:Qingxiusaurus
17040:
17037:
17036:
17032:
17030:
17029:
17025:
17024:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17015:Saltasauridae
17012:
17005:
17004:
17000:
16997:
16996:
16992:
16990:
16989:
16988:Nemegtosaurus
16985:
16984:
16982:
16980:
16976:
16970:
16969:
16965:
16963:
16962:
16958:
16956:
16955:
16951:
16950:
16948:
16946:
16942:
16932:
16931:
16927:
16925:
16924:
16920:
16918:
16917:
16913:
16911:
16910:
16909:Mendozasaurus
16906:
16903:
16902:
16898:
16896:
16895:
16891:
16888:
16887:
16886:Dzharatitanis
16883:
16881:
16880:
16876:
16874:
16873:
16869:
16868:
16866:
16864:
16860:
16850:
16849:
16845:
16843:
16842:
16838:
16836:
16835:
16834:Gondwanatitan
16831:
16829:
16828:
16824:
16822:
16821:
16817:
16815:
16814:
16810:
16808:
16807:
16803:
16802:
16800:
16798:
16794:
16788:
16787:
16783:
16781:
16780:
16776:
16774:
16773:
16769:
16767:
16766:
16765:Muyelensaurus
16762:
16759:
16758:
16754:
16752:
16751:
16747:
16746:
16743:
16740:
16738:
16734:
16728:
16727:
16723:
16720:
16719:
16715:
16713:
16712:
16708:
16706:
16705:
16701:
16698:
16697:
16693:
16691:
16690:
16689:Chucarosaurus
16686:
16684:
16683:
16679:
16677:
16676:
16672:
16670:
16669:
16665:
16664:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16655:Colossosauria
16652:
16646:
16645:
16644:Menucocelsior
16641:
16639:
16638:
16634:
16633:
16630:
16627:
16624:
16619:
16605:
16604:
16600:
16598:
16597:
16593:
16591:
16590:
16586:
16584:
16583:
16582:Lirainosaurus
16579:
16577:
16576:
16572:
16570:
16569:
16565:
16563:
16562:
16558:
16557:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16545:
16538:
16537:
16533:
16531:
16530:
16526:
16524:
16523:
16519:
16517:
16516:
16512:
16510:
16509:
16505:
16503:
16502:
16501:Trigonosaurus
16498:
16496:
16495:
16491:
16489:
16488:
16484:
16481:
16480:
16476:
16473:
16472:
16468:
16466:
16465:
16464:Ruyangosaurus
16461:
16459:
16458:
16454:
16452:
16451:
16447:
16445:
16444:
16443:Pitekunsaurus
16440:
16438:
16437:
16433:
16430:
16429:
16425:
16423:
16422:
16418:
16416:
16415:
16411:
16409:
16408:
16404:
16402:
16401:
16397:
16395:
16394:
16393:Mnyamawamtuka
16390:
16388:
16387:
16383:
16380:
16379:
16375:
16373:
16372:
16371:Magyarosaurus
16368:
16365:
16364:
16363:Ligabuesaurus
16360:
16358:
16357:
16356:Laplatasaurus
16353:
16351:
16350:
16349:Karongasaurus
16346:
16344:
16343:
16339:
16336:
16335:
16331:
16329:
16328:
16324:
16322:
16321:
16317:
16315:
16314:
16310:
16307:
16306:
16302:
16300:
16299:
16295:
16292:
16291:
16290:Dreadnoughtus
16287:
16285:
16284:
16280:
16278:
16277:
16273:
16271:
16270:
16266:
16264:
16263:
16259:
16257:
16256:
16255:Borealosaurus
16252:
16249:
16248:
16244:
16241:
16240:
16236:
16234:
16233:
16232:Barrosasaurus
16229:
16227:
16226:
16222:
16220:
16219:
16215:
16213:
16212:
16208:
16206:
16205:
16201:
16199:
16198:
16194:
16191:
16190:
16186:
16184:
16183:
16179:
16176:
16175:
16174:Aegyptosaurus
16171:
16169:
16168:
16164:
16163:
16160:
16156:
16153:
16150:
16145:
16141:
16137:
16132:
16128:
16118:
16113:
16110:
16102:
16072:
16071:
16070:
16069:
16067:
16065:
16061:
16050:
16049:
16045:
16043:
16042:
16041:Savannasaurus
16038:
16036:
16035:
16031:
16029:
16028:
16024:
16022:
16021:
16020:Australotitan
16017:
16016:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16004:
15998:
15997:
15993:
15991:
15990:
15986:
15984:
15983:
15979:
15977:
15976:
15972:
15970:
15969:
15965:
15963:
15962:
15958:
15956:
15955:
15951:
15948:
15947:
15943:
15941:
15940:
15936:
15934:
15933:
15929:
15927:
15926:
15922:
15920:
15919:
15915:
15913:
15912:
15908:
15906:
15905:
15901:
15898:
15897:
15893:
15890:
15889:
15888:Australodocus
15885:
15884:
15882:
15880:
15879:Euhelopodidae
15876:
15870:
15869:
15868:Triunfosaurus
15865:
15863:
15862:
15858:
15856:
15855:
15851:
15849:
15848:
15847:Sauroposeidon
15844:
15842:
15841:
15837:
15835:
15834:
15830:
15828:
15827:
15826:Padillasaurus
15823:
15821:
15820:
15816:
15814:
15813:
15809:
15806:
15805:
15804:Ligabuesaurus
15801:
15799:
15798:
15794:
15792:
15791:
15787:
15784:
15783:
15779:
15777:
15776:
15772:
15770:
15769:
15765:
15763:
15762:
15758:
15756:
15755:
15751:
15749:
15748:
15747:Chubutisaurus
15744:
15742:
15741:
15737:
15735:
15734:
15730:
15728:
15727:
15723:
15721:
15720:
15716:
15714:
15713:
15709:
15707:
15706:
15702:
15701:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15689:
15683:
15682:
15678:
15676:
15675:
15671:
15669:
15668:
15664:
15662:
15661:
15657:
15655:
15654:
15650:
15648:
15647:
15643:
15640:
15639:
15635:
15633:
15632:
15628:
15626:
15625:
15624:Brachiosaurus
15621:
15619:
15618:
15614:
15612:
15611:
15607:
15606:
15604:
15602:
15598:
15591:
15590:
15586:
15584:
15583:
15579:
15577:
15576:
15572:
15570:
15569:
15565:
15563:
15562:
15561:Fushanosaurus
15558:
15556:
15555:
15551:
15549:
15548:
15544:
15542:
15541:
15537:
15536:
15533:
15530:
15527:
15522:
15512:
15511:
15507:
15505:
15504:
15500:
15499:
15497:
15495:
15491:
15485:
15484:
15480:
15477:
15476:
15472:
15470:
15469:
15465:
15462:
15461:
15457:
15455:
15454:
15450:
15447:
15446:
15445:Bashunosaurus
15442:
15440:
15439:
15435:
15433:
15432:
15428:
15427:
15424:
15420:
15417:
15414:
15409:
15405:
15401:
15396:
15392:
15383:
15378:
15348:
15347:
15343:
15341:
15340:
15336:
15334:
15333:
15329:
15326:
15325:
15321:
15319:
15318:
15314:
15312:
15311:
15307:
15305:
15304:
15300:
15298:
15297:
15293:
15292:
15290:
15288:
15284:
15278:
15277:
15273:
15270:
15269:
15268:Atlantosaurus
15265:
15263:
15262:
15258:
15255:
15254:
15250:
15249:
15247:
15245:
15244:Apatosaurinae
15241:
15238:
15236:
15232:
15226:
15225:
15221:
15219:
15218:
15214:
15212:
15211:
15210:Smitanosaurus
15207:
15205:
15204:
15200:
15198:
15197:
15193:
15191:
15190:
15186:
15183:
15182:
15181:Dyslocosaurus
15178:
15176:
15175:
15174:Dicraeosaurus
15171:
15169:
15168:
15164:
15162:
15161:
15157:
15155:
15154:
15153:Amargatitanis
15150:
15148:
15147:
15143:
15142:
15140:
15138:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15125:
15111:
15110:
15106:
15104:
15103:
15099:
15097:
15096:
15092:
15090:
15089:
15088:Katepensaurus
15085:
15083:
15082:
15081:Itapeuasaurus
15078:
15076:
15075:
15074:Demandasaurus
15071:
15070:
15068:
15066:
15062:
15055:
15054:
15050:
15048:
15047:
15043:
15041:
15040:
15039:Cathartesaura
15036:
15035:
15033:
15031:
15030:Limaysaurinae
15027:
15024:
15022:
15018:
15012:
15011:
15007:
15005:
15004:
15000:
14998:
14997:
14993:
14991:
14990:
14986:
14983:
14982:
14978:
14976:
14975:
14971:
14969:
14968:
14967:Histriasaurus
14964:
14961:
14960:
14959:Dzharatitanis
14956:
14954:
14953:
14952:Comahuesaurus
14949:
14947:
14946:
14942:
14940:
14939:
14935:
14933:
14932:
14928:
14927:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14915:
14912:
14909:
14904:
14898:
14897:
14893:
14892:
14889:
14886:
14883:
14882:Diplodocoidea
14878:
14874:
14870:
14869:Diplodocoidea
14865:
14861:
14852:
14848:
14846:
14840:
14832:
14809:
14808:
14804:
14802:
14801:
14797:
14795:
14794:
14790:
14788:
14787:
14786:Gigantosaurus
14783:
14781:
14780:
14776:
14774:
14773:
14769:
14767:
14766:
14762:
14761:
14759:
14755:
14751:
14732:
14731:
14729:
14727:
14723:
14716:
14715:
14713:
14711:
14710:Diplodocoidea
14707:
14704:
14702:
14698:
14692:
14691:
14687:
14685:
14684:
14680:
14678:
14677:
14673:
14670:
14669:
14665:
14662:
14661:
14657:
14655:
14654:
14653:Narindasaurus
14650:
14648:
14647:
14643:
14641:
14640:
14636:
14634:
14633:
14632:Losillasaurus
14629:
14626:
14625:
14621:
14618:
14617:
14613:
14610:
14609:
14605:
14603:
14602:
14598:
14597:
14595:
14593:
14589:
14583:
14582:
14581:Zigongosaurus
14578:
14576:
14575:
14574:Yuanmousaurus
14571:
14569:
14568:
14567:Xinjiangtitan
14564:
14562:
14561:
14560:Wamweracaudia
14557:
14555:
14554:
14553:Tonganosaurus
14550:
14548:
14547:
14543:
14541:
14540:
14536:
14534:
14533:
14529:
14527:
14526:
14522:
14520:
14519:
14515:
14512:
14511:
14510:Klamelisaurus
14507:
14505:
14504:
14500:
14498:
14497:
14493:
14491:
14490:
14489:Huangshanlong
14486:
14484:
14483:
14479:
14476:
14475:
14471:
14469:
14468:
14464:
14461:
14460:
14456:
14454:
14453:
14449:
14447:
14446:
14442:
14441:
14439:
14437:
14433:
14426:
14425:
14421:
14418:
14417:
14413:
14410:
14409:
14408:Ferganasaurus
14405:
14403:
14402:
14398:
14396:
14395:
14391:
14390:
14388:
14386:
14385:Cetiosauridae
14382:
14376:
14375:
14371:
14369:
14368:
14364:
14362:
14361:
14357:
14355:
14354:
14350:
14348:
14347:
14343:
14341:
14340:
14336:
14334:
14333:
14329:
14327:
14326:
14322:
14320:
14319:
14315:
14313:
14312:
14308:
14306:
14305:
14301:
14299:
14298:
14294:
14292:
14291:
14287:
14285:
14284:
14280:
14278:
14277:
14273:
14271:
14270:
14266:
14265:
14262:
14259:
14256:
14251:
14241:
14240:
14236:
14234:
14233:
14232:Tazoudasaurus
14229:
14228:
14226:
14224:
14220:
14213:
14212:
14208:
14205:
14204:
14200:
14198:
14197:
14193:
14191:
14190:
14189:Ohmdenosaurus
14186:
14184:
14183:
14179:
14176:
14175:
14171:
14170:
14167:
14163:
14160:
14157:
14152:
14142:
14141:
14137:
14135:
14134:
14130:
14128:
14127:
14123:
14121:
14120:
14116:
14115:
14113:
14111:
14107:
14100:
14099:
14095:
14093:
14092:
14091:Schleitheimia
14088:
14086:
14085:
14081:
14078:
14077:
14073:
14070:
14069:
14068:Leonerasaurus
14065:
14063:
14062:
14058:
14056:
14055:
14051:
14049:
14048:
14044:
14042:
14041:
14040:Blikanasaurus
14037:
14035:
14034:
14030:
14029:
14026:
14022:
14019:
14016:
14011:
14007:
14003:
13998:
13994:
13984:
13979:
13977:
13972:
13966:
13925:
13924:
13923:
13922:
13920:
13918:
13914:
13908:
13907:
13903:
13901:
13900:
13896:
13894:
13893:
13889:
13887:
13886:
13882:
13880:
13879:
13875:
13873:
13872:
13871:Leonerasaurus
13868:
13866:
13865:
13864:Lamplughsaura
13861:
13859:
13858:
13854:
13852:
13851:
13847:
13845:
13844:
13840:
13838:
13837:
13833:
13832:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13820:
13814:
13813:
13812:Yunnanosaurus
13809:
13807:
13806:
13802:
13799:
13798:
13794:
13792:
13791:
13787:
13785:
13784:
13780:
13778:
13777:
13773:
13770:
13769:
13765:
13764:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13752:
13745:
13744:
13740:
13738:
13737:
13733:
13731:
13730:
13726:
13724:
13723:
13719:
13717:
13716:
13712:
13710:
13709:
13708:Lufengosaurus
13705:
13703:
13702:
13698:
13695:
13694:
13690:
13688:
13687:
13683:
13681:
13680:
13676:
13674:
13673:
13669:
13668:
13666:
13664:
13660:
13654:
13653:
13649:
13647:
13646:
13645:Eucnemesaurus
13642:
13641:
13639:
13637:
13636:Riojasauridae
13633:
13627:
13626:
13622:
13620:
13619:
13615:
13613:
13612:
13608:
13606:
13605:
13601:
13599:
13598:
13594:
13592:
13591:
13587:
13585:
13584:
13580:
13579:
13576:
13573:
13570:
13565:
13555:
13554:
13550:
13548:
13547:
13543:
13541:
13540:
13536:
13534:
13533:
13529:
13527:
13526:
13522:
13520:
13519:
13518:Euskelosaurus
13515:
13514:
13512:
13510:
13506:
13500:
13499:
13495:
13493:
13492:
13488:
13486:
13485:
13481:
13480:
13477:
13474:
13471:
13466:
13456:
13455:
13451:
13449:
13448:
13444:
13442:
13441:
13437:
13436:
13434:
13432:
13428:
13422:
13421:
13417:
13415:
13414:
13410:
13408:
13407:
13403:
13401:
13400:
13396:
13394:
13393:
13392:Bagualosaurus
13389:
13387:
13386:
13382:
13380:
13379:
13375:
13374:
13371:
13367:
13364:
13361:
13360:Bagualosauria
13356:
13346:
13345:
13341:
13338:
13337:
13333:
13330:
13329:
13328:Pampadromaeus
13325:
13323:
13322:
13318:
13316:
13315:
13311:
13308:
13307:
13303:
13300:
13299:
13295:
13294:
13292:
13290:
13289:Saturnaliidae
13286:
13280:
13279:
13275:
13273:
13272:
13271:Pampadromaeus
13268:
13266:
13265:
13261:
13259:
13258:
13254:
13252:
13251:
13250:Gigantoscelus
13247:
13245:
13244:
13240:
13238:
13237:
13233:
13232:
13229:
13225:
13222:
13219:
13214:
13210:
13206:
13201:
13197:
13176:
13175:
13174:
13173:
13171:
13169:
13165:
13157:
13153:
13152:
13151:
13150:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13138:
13134:
13126:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13104:
13102:
13098:
13096:
13092:
13091:
13086:
13082:
13078:
13071:
13066:
13064:
13059:
13057:
13052:
13051:
13048:
13044:
13043:
13042:
13037:
13021:
13017:
13011:
13003:
12999:
12992:
12984:
12980:
12976:
12972:
12968:
12964:
12960:
12956:
12948:
12940:
12936:
12932:
12928:
12924:
12920:
12916:
12912:
12908:
12904:
12900:
12893:
12885:
12881:
12877:
12873:
12869:
12865:
12861:
12857:
12853:
12846:
12830:
12829:
12824:
12818:
12802:
12798:
12797:
12792:
12786:
12778:
12772:
12768:
12761:
12746:
12745:
12740:
12733:
12725:
12721:
12717:
12713:
12709:
12705:
12698:
12696:
12687:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12659:
12655:
12652:(5): e10362.
12651:
12647:
12643:
12636:
12628:
12624:
12620:
12616:
12612:
12608:
12604:
12600:
12596:
12592:
12585:
12577:
12573:
12569:
12565:
12561:
12557:
12553:
12549:
12542:
12534:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12510:
12506:
12502:
12499:(8): 191057.
12498:
12494:
12490:
12483:
12474:
12473:10044/1/53967
12469:
12465:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12449:
12442:
12434:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12399:(1): e85979.
12398:
12394:
12390:
12383:
12375:
12371:
12366:
12361:
12357:
12353:
12349:
12345:
12341:
12337:
12333:
12326:
12318:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12290:
12286:
12282:
12275:
12273:
12264:
12260:
12256:
12252:
12248:
12244:
12240:
12236:
12229:
12221:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12203:
12199:
12195:
12191:
12187:
12183:
12179:
12172:
12164:
12160:
12156:
12152:
12148:
12144:
12140:
12136:
12128:
12119:
12114:
12109:
12104:
12100:
12096:
12092:
12090:
12081:
12073:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12055:
12051:
12047:
12043:
12040:(1): 93–110.
12039:
12035:
12031:
12024:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11996:
11992:
11988:
11986:
11977:
11969:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11941:
11937:
11934:(2): e16663.
11933:
11929:
11925:
11918:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11890:
11886:
11882:
11880:
11871:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11851:
11847:
11843:
11839:
11832:
11824:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11806:
11802:
11798:
11791:
11782:
11777:
11773:
11769:
11765:
11758:
11749:
11744:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11730:
11721:
11719:
11711:(2): 155–172.
11710:
11706:
11699:
11697:
11688:
11684:
11677:
11675:
11666:
11662:
11658:
11654:
11650:
11646:
11642:
11638:
11634:
11630:
11623:
11615:
11611:
11604:
11597:(1): 235–255.
11596:
11592:
11585:
11576:
11571:
11568:(1): 43–103.
11567:
11563:
11559:
11552:
11544:
11540:
11536:
11532:
11528:
11524:
11517:
11510:
11502:
11495:
11487:
11485:0-520-06726-6
11481:
11477:
11470:
11468:
11459:
11452:
11444:
11440:
11433:
11425:
11421:
11414:
11406:
11399:
11391:
11384:
11376:
11372:
11365:
11357:
11355:0-520-24209-2
11351:
11347:
11340:
11338:
11336:
11334:
11326:(4): 485–504.
11325:
11321:
11314:
11312:
11310:
11301:
11299:0-520-24623-3
11295:
11291:
11284:
11282:
11274:(3): 271–282.
11273:
11269:
11262:
11260:
11250:
11245:
11241:
11237:
11233:
11231:
11222:
11220:
11218:
11209:
11205:
11198:
11196:
11194:
11185:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11157:
11153:
11149:
11142:
11133:
11132:10044/1/64080
11128:
11124:
11120:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11101:
11099:
11090:
11086:
11082:
11078:
11074:
11070:
11066:
11062:
11058:
11054:
11046:
11038:
11034:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11006:
10999:
10991:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10973:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10934:
10926:
10922:
10918:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10900:
10896:
10892:
10888:
10884:
10877:
10869:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10851:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10833:
10829:
10825:
10821:
10817:
10810:
10801:
10796:
10792:
10788:
10781:
10774:
10772:
10763:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10714:
10705:
10704:10044/1/27497
10700:
10695:
10690:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10676:
10667:
10665:
10656:
10654:0-253-34542-1
10650:
10646:
10639:
10631:
10629:0-253-34542-1
10625:
10621:
10614:
10605:
10600:
10596:
10592:
10588:
10584:
10583:Palaeontology
10580:
10573:
10566:
10560:
10551:
10550:2027.42/73066
10546:
10541:
10536:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10517:
10515:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10486:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10470:
10463:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10443:
10439:
10435:
10431:
10427:
10423:
10415:
10407:
10403:
10399:
10395:
10391:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10371:
10355:
10348:
10340:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10300:
10296:
10289:
10281:
10274:
10266:
10262:
10258:
10254:
10250:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10201:
10193:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10173:
10169:
10165:
10158:
10156:
10154:
10145:
10141:
10137:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10093:
10085:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10066:
10057:
10055:
10046:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10028:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9995:
9987:
9981:
9973:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9922:
9920:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9873:
9872:Palaeontology
9869:
9862:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9800:
9798:
9789:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9759:
9755:
9748:
9746:
9744:
9727:
9723:
9717:
9709:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9665:
9658:
9656:
9646:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9627:
9618:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9569:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9539:
9535:
9531:
9527:
9520:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9492:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9473:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9456:
9447:
9439:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9409:
9406:(8): 191057.
9405:
9401:
9397:
9390:
9382:
9376:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9333:
9331:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9293:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9244:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9205:
9197:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9161:
9157:
9153:
9146:
9137:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9105:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9058:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9015:
9011:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8977:osteomyelitis
8974:
8973:
8963:
8961:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8927:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8902:, before the
8901:
8894:
8890:
8889:
8884:
8875:
8873:
8872:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8827:
8818:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8801:and grasses (
8800:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8783:
8764:
8763:
8755:
8754:
8746:
8745:
8737:
8736:
8728:
8727:
8719:
8718:
8710:
8709:
8701:
8700:
8692:
8691:
8683:
8682:
8674:
8673:
8665:
8664:
8656:
8655:
8647:
8646:
8638:
8637:
8629:
8628:
8620:
8619:
8611:
8610:
8607:
8606:
8605:
8598:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8581:
8580:
8574:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8566:
8565:
8564:
8563:Dreadnoughtus
8557:
8556:
8550:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8533:
8532:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8513:
8512:
8504:
8503:
8500:
8499:
8498:
8491:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8481:
8474:
8473:
8467:
8466:
8463:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8450:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8436:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8423:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8417:
8410:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8399:Lirainosaurus
8393:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8379:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8366:
8365:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8359:Nemegtosaurus
8353:
8352:
8349:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8343:
8336:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8305:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8285:
8284:
8276:
8275:
8267:
8266:
8258:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8228:
8227:
8221:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8210:Mendozasaurus
8204:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8180:
8179:
8173:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8156:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8129:
8128:
8120:
8119:
8111:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8105:
8098:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8087:Neuquensaurus
8081:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8057:
8056:
8050:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8033:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8019:
8018:Saltasauridae
8016:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8006:
7999:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7975:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7955:
7954:
7946:
7945:
7937:
7936:
7928:
7927:
7919:
7918:
7910:
7909:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7888:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7871:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7853:Trigonosaurus
7847:
7846:
7840:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7827:
7826:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7788:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7764:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7739:Gondwanatitan
7733:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7709:
7708:
7702:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7691:Muyelensaurus
7685:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7665:
7664:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7643:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7626:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7602:
7601:
7595:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7564:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7540:
7539:
7533:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7513:Mnyamawamtuka
7507:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7490:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7456:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7436:
7435:
7427:
7426:
7418:
7417:
7409:
7408:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7387:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7376:Chubutisaurus
7370:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7320:
7319:
7313:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7289:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7269:
7268:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7253:Ligabuesaurus
7247:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7230:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7206:
7205:
7199:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7181:Karongasaurus
7175:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7144:
7143:Lirainosaurus
7139:
7138:
7137:Magyarosaurus
7133:
7132:
7131:Magyarosaurus
7127:
7126:
7120:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7112:Mnyamawamtuka
7108:
7104:
7103:
7092:
7091:
7083:
7082:
7074:
7073:
7065:
7064:
7056:
7055:
7047:
7046:
7038:
7037:
7029:
7028:
7020:
7019:
7011:
7010:
7002:
7001:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6980:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6946:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6928:Mendozasaurus
6922:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6888:
6887:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6854:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6834:
6833:
6825:
6824:
6816:
6815:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6777:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6753:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6735:Pitekunsaurus
6729:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6685:Muyelensaurus
6679:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6641:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6621:
6620:
6612:
6611:
6603:
6602:
6594:
6593:
6585:
6584:
6576:
6575:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6543:Savannasaurus
6537:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6513:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6489:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6465:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6441:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6391:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6357:Nemegtosaurus
6351:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6334:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6296:
6295:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6243:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6218:Ruyangosaurus
6212:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6188:
6187:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6161:Ruyangosaurus
6157:
6156:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6130:Mendozasaurus
6127:
6126:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6114:
6113:Savannasaurus
6109:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6081:
6078:
6077:Gondwanatitan
6074:
6070:
6066:
6065:Mendozasaurus
6062:
6058:
6057:Muyelensaurus
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6018:Padillasaurus
6014:
6013:
6008:
6007:
6006:Comahuesaurus
6002:
6001:
5996:
5992:
5987:
5986:
5985:Chubutisaurus
5978:
5974:
5973:
5967:
5963:
5961:
5960:Nemegtosaurus
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5904:Nemegtosaurus
5901:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5884:
5883:
5877:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5862:Gondwanatitan
5859:
5855:
5854:Lirainosaurus
5851:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5836:Nemegtosaurus
5833:
5829:
5828:
5827:Ligabuesaurus
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5789:Mendozasaurus
5785:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5766:Muyelensaurus
5763:
5759:
5758:
5757:Muyelensaurus
5753:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5729:
5721:
5720:
5712:
5711:
5703:
5702:
5694:
5693:
5685:
5684:
5676:
5675:
5667:
5666:
5658:
5657:
5649:
5648:
5640:
5639:
5631:
5630:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5598:Neuquensaurus
5592:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5565:
5564:
5558:
5557:Saltasauridae
5555:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5538:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5518:
5517:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5479:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5455:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5400:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5379:Dreadnoughtus
5373:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5343:
5335:
5334:
5326:
5325:
5317:
5316:
5308:
5307:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5228:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5153:Mendozasaurus
5147:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5120:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5076:
5075:
5067:
5066:
5058:
5057:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5002:
5001:Muyelensaurus
4995:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4893:Ruyangosaurus
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4781:
4773:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4755:
4754:
4746:
4745:
4737:
4736:
4728:
4727:
4719:
4718:
4710:
4709:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4659:Neuquensaurus
4653:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4616:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4579:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4561:Lirainosaurus
4555:
4554:
4548:
4547:Saltasaurinae
4545:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4524:
4516:
4515:
4507:
4506:
4498:
4497:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4482:Nemegtosaurus
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4416:Trigonosaurus
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4375:Magyarosaurus
4369:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4293:Aegyptosaurus
4287:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4267:
4266:
4258:
4257:
4249:
4248:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4108:
4107:Saltasauridae
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4005:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3929:Nemegtosaurus
3926:
3922:
3921:Brachiosaurus
3917:
3913:
3912:Late Jurassic
3909:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3890:Brachiosaurus
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3848:Gondwanatitan
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3815:Mendozasaurus
3812:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3800:Mendozasaurus
3796:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3726:Andesauroidea
3723:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3676:Neuquensaurus
3673:
3669:
3665:
3662:excluded and
3661:
3660:Nemegtosaurus
3657:
3653:
3652:Saltasauridae
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:Saltasauridae
3588:
3584:
3583:Nemegtosaurus
3580:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3536:Nemegtosaurus
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3475:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3434:Neuquensaurus
3428:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3350:Saltasaurinae
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3301:Nemegtosaurus
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2969:Trigonosaurus
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2952:Lirainosaurus
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2851:Powell (2003)
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2839:Trigonosaurus
2835:
2834:
2833:Lirainosaurus
2829:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2783:Magyarosaurus
2779:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:Neuquensaurus
2640:
2639:
2633:
2632:Saltasaurinae
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2552:Trigonosaurus
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2387:Neuquensaurus
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:Nemegtosaurus
2324:
2320:
2319:
2318:Brachiosaurus
2314:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2285:Diplodocoidea
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2251:, to include
2250:
2246:
2242:
2241:Paul Upchurch
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:Magyarosaurus
2151:
2147:
2146:Hypselosaurus
2143:
2139:
2138:Hypselosaurus
2135:
2131:
2130:Maastrichtian
2127:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2106:Macrurosaurus
2103:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2072:Neuquensaurus
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2033:Nemegtosaurus
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:Neuquensaurus
1971:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:Saltasaurinae
1943:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1911:Laplatasaurus
1907:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1896:United States
1893:
1892:
1887:
1886:Macrurosaurus
1884:from France,
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:Hypselosaurus
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1836:Macrurosaurus
1832:
1831:
1830:Hypselosaurus
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:Cetiosauridae
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1720:Early history
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:Euhelopodidae
1553:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1413:Diplodocoidea
1411:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1292:Magyarosaurus
1288:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1230:Neuquensaurus
1226:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1075:Brachiosaurus
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1044:Nemegtosaurus
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1015:
1009:Head and neck
1006:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
992:Magyarosaurus
988:
984:
980:
979:
978:Magyarosaurus
974:
973:
962:
960:
954:
952:
948:
947:
942:
938:
937:
932:
931:
926:
925:
920:
919:
918:Nemegtosaurus
908:
902:Fossil record
899:
897:
894:
890:
886:
885:
881:
879:
874:
870:
866:
863:
858:
856:
852:
851:
846:
845:
840:
839:
834:
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
800:
799:
792:
789:
788:
781:
779:
778:
771:
769:
768:
767:Trigonosaurus
761:
759:
758:
751:
749:
748:
741:
738:
737:
730:
728:
727:
720:
717:
716:
709:
707:
706:
705:Ruyangosaurus
699:
697:
696:
695:Pitekunsaurus
689:
687:
686:
679:
677:
676:
669:
667:
666:
659:
657:
656:
649:
646:
645:
638:
636:
635:
634:Macrurosaurus
628:
625:
624:
623:Ligabuesaurus
617:
615:
614:
613:Laplatasaurus
607:
605:
604:
603:Karongasaurus
597:
595:
594:
587:
584:
583:
576:
574:
573:
566:
564:
563:
562:Hypselosaurus
556:
553:
552:
545:
543:
542:
535:
533:
532:
525:
523:
522:
521:Dreadnoughtus
515:
513:
512:
505:
503:
502:
495:
493:
492:
485:
482:
481:
474:
472:
471:
464:
462:
461:
460:Borealosaurus
454:
452:
451:
444:
442:
441:
434:
432:
431:
430:Barrosasaurus
424:
422:
421:
414:
412:
411:
404:
402:
401:
394:
392:
391:
384:
382:
381:
374:
371:
370:
363:
361:
360:
353:
350:
349:
348:Aegyptosaurus
342:
340:
339:
332:
330:
329:
322:
321:
320:
319:
313:
312:
306:
300:
297:
291:
290:
288:
283:
276:
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
254:
251:
248:
247:
244:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
30:
22:
19:
17508:Paleontology
17440:Titanosauria
17410:Titanosauria
17409:
17330:
17304:Titanosaurus
17302:
17294:
17287:
17279:
17274:Loricosaurus
17272:
17267:Iuticosaurus
17265:
17258:
17251:
17244:
17236:
17204:Yamanasaurus
17202:
17195:
17188:
17181:
17174:
17166:
17159:
17151:
17145:Abditosaurus
17143:
17122:
17115:
17107:
17100:
17092:
17084:
17077:
17071:Abditosaurus
17069:
17048:
17041:
17033:
17026:
17003:Tapuiasaurus
17001:
16993:
16986:
16966:
16961:Titanomachya
16959:
16952:
16930:Puertasaurus
16928:
16921:
16916:Notocolossus
16914:
16907:
16901:Jiangxititan
16899:
16892:
16884:
16879:Drusilasaura
16877:
16870:
16863:Lognkosauria
16846:
16839:
16832:
16825:
16818:
16811:
16804:
16797:Aeolosaurini
16786:Rinconsaurus
16784:
16777:
16770:
16763:
16755:
16748:
16737:Rinconsauria
16724:
16718:Tengrisaurus
16716:
16711:Quetecsaurus
16709:
16702:
16694:
16687:
16680:
16673:
16666:
16642:
16635:
16601:
16594:
16589:Lohuecotitan
16587:
16580:
16575:Garrigatitan
16573:
16566:
16561:Ampelosaurus
16559:
16534:
16527:
16520:
16515:Uberabatitan
16513:
16508:Sonidosaurus
16506:
16499:
16492:
16485:
16479:Tengrisaurus
16477:
16469:
16462:
16455:
16450:Rapetosaurus
16448:
16441:
16434:
16426:
16419:
16412:
16405:
16398:
16391:
16386:Malawisaurus
16384:
16376:
16369:
16361:
16354:
16347:
16340:
16332:
16327:Huabeisaurus
16325:
16318:
16311:
16303:
16296:
16288:
16281:
16274:
16269:Choconsaurus
16267:
16262:Brasilotitan
16260:
16253:
16245:
16237:
16230:
16223:
16216:
16211:Atacamatitan
16209:
16204:Argyrosaurus
16202:
16195:
16187:
16180:
16172:
16167:Abdarainurus
16165:
16149:Titanosauria
16148:
16136:Titanosauria
16135:
16105:
16064:Titanosauria
16063:
16048:Wintonotitan
16046:
16039:
16032:
16025:
16018:
15994:
15989:Yongjinglong
15987:
15980:
15975:Tambatitanis
15973:
15966:
15959:
15952:
15944:
15939:Huanghetitan
15937:
15932:Huabeisaurus
15930:
15923:
15918:Gannansaurus
15916:
15909:
15902:
15896:Chiayusaurus
15894:
15886:
15866:
15859:
15852:
15845:
15838:
15831:
15824:
15817:
15810:
15802:
15795:
15790:Jiutaisaurus
15788:
15782:Jiangxititan
15780:
15775:Garumbatitan
15773:
15766:
15759:
15754:Dongbeititan
15752:
15745:
15738:
15731:
15726:Austrosaurus
15724:
15717:
15710:
15703:
15679:
15674:Venenosaurus
15672:
15665:
15660:Sonorasaurus
15658:
15651:
15646:Giraffatitan
15644:
15636:
15631:Cedarosaurus
15629:
15622:
15615:
15608:
15587:
15582:Pelorosaurus
15580:
15573:
15566:
15559:
15552:
15545:
15538:
15508:
15503:Camarasaurus
15501:
15481:
15475:Haestasaurus
15473:
15468:Europasaurus
15466:
15458:
15451:
15443:
15436:
15429:
15344:
15337:
15330:
15322:
15315:
15308:
15301:
15294:
15287:Diplodocinae
15276:Brontosaurus
15274:
15266:
15259:
15253:Amphicoelias
15251:
15235:Diplodocidae
15222:
15215:
15208:
15201:
15194:
15187:
15179:
15172:
15165:
15160:Bajadasaurus
15158:
15151:
15146:Amargasaurus
15144:
15107:
15100:
15093:
15086:
15079:
15072:
15053:Rayososaurus
15051:
15044:
15037:
15010:Zapalasaurus
15008:
15003:Xenoposeidon
15001:
14994:
14987:
14979:
14972:
14965:
14957:
14950:
14945:Campananeyen
14943:
14938:Amazonsaurus
14936:
14929:
14894:
14835:
14805:
14798:
14791:
14784:
14777:
14770:
14763:
14701:Neosauropoda
14688:
14681:
14674:
14666:
14658:
14651:
14644:
14637:
14630:
14622:
14616:Haestasaurus
14614:
14606:
14599:
14579:
14572:
14565:
14558:
14551:
14544:
14537:
14530:
14523:
14516:
14508:
14501:
14494:
14487:
14480:
14472:
14465:
14457:
14450:
14443:
14424:Patagosaurus
14422:
14414:
14406:
14399:
14392:
14374:Volkheimeria
14372:
14365:
14358:
14351:
14346:Perijasaurus
14344:
14339:Nebulasaurus
14337:
14330:
14323:
14318:Dystrophaeus
14316:
14309:
14302:
14295:
14290:Barapasaurus
14288:
14281:
14276:Asiatosaurus
14274:
14267:
14237:
14230:
14209:
14201:
14196:Rhoetosaurus
14194:
14187:
14180:
14172:
14140:Lessemsaurus
14138:
14131:
14124:
14119:Antetonitrus
14117:
14096:
14089:
14082:
14074:
14066:
14059:
14052:
14045:
14038:
14031:
13968:
13904:
13897:
13890:
13883:
13876:
13869:
13862:
13855:
13848:
13841:
13834:
13810:
13805:Yizhousaurus
13803:
13795:
13788:
13781:
13774:
13766:
13741:
13734:
13727:
13720:
13713:
13706:
13699:
13693:Ignavusaurus
13691:
13684:
13677:
13670:
13650:
13643:
13623:
13616:
13609:
13602:
13597:Ignavusaurus
13595:
13588:
13581:
13553:Yimenosaurus
13551:
13546:Plateosaurus
13544:
13537:
13530:
13523:
13516:
13498:Xixiposaurus
13496:
13489:
13482:
13470:Plateosauria
13452:
13445:
13438:
13431:Unaysauridae
13418:
13411:
13404:
13397:
13390:
13383:
13376:
13342:
13334:
13326:
13319:
13312:
13304:
13296:
13276:
13269:
13262:
13257:Guaibasaurus
13255:
13248:
13241:
13234:
13120:
13111:
13039:
13036:Titanosauria
13034:
13019:
13010:
13001:
12991:
12958:
12954:
12947:
12906:
12902:
12892:
12859:
12855:
12845:
12833:. Retrieved
12826:
12817:
12805:. Retrieved
12801:the original
12794:
12785:
12766:
12760:
12748:. Retrieved
12742:
12732:
12707:
12703:
12649:
12645:
12635:
12594:
12590:
12584:
12551:
12547:
12541:
12496:
12492:
12482:
12455:
12451:
12447:
12441:
12396:
12392:
12382:
12339:
12335:
12325:
12288:
12284:
12238:
12228:
12185:
12181:
12177:
12171:
12138:
12134:
12127:
12098:
12094:
12088:
12080:
12037:
12033:
12029:
12023:
11994:
11990:
11984:
11976:
11931:
11927:
11917:
11908:11336/192915
11891:(1): 45–60.
11888:
11884:
11878:
11870:
11845:
11841:
11837:
11831:
11804:
11800:
11790:
11771:
11767:
11757:
11738:
11734:
11728:
11708:
11704:
11686:
11682:
11632:
11628:
11622:
11613:
11609:
11603:
11594:
11590:
11584:
11565:
11561:
11551:
11526:
11522:
11509:
11500:
11494:
11475:
11457:
11451:
11442:
11438:
11432:
11423:
11419:
11413:
11404:
11398:
11389:
11383:
11374:
11370:
11364:
11345:
11323:
11319:
11289:
11271:
11267:
11239:
11235:
11229:
11207:
11203:
11175:11336/106658
11155:
11151:
11141:
11114:
11110:
11056:
11052:
11045:
11012:
11008:
11004:
10998:
10947:
10943:
10933:
10890:
10886:
10876:
10823:
10819:
10809:
10790:
10786:
10727:
10723:
10713:
10684:
10680:
10674:
10644:
10638:
10619:
10613:
10586:
10582:
10572:
10564:
10559:
10530:
10526:
10472:
10468:
10462:
10429:
10425:
10414:
10381:
10377:
10370:
10358:. Retrieved
10347:
10302:
10298:
10288:
10279:
10273:
10240:11336/150635
10214:
10210:
10200:
10167:
10163:
10103:
10099:
10092:
10064:
10008:
10004:
9994:
9980:cite journal
9935:
9931:
9875:
9871:
9861:
9813:(1): 83–87.
9810:
9806:
9761:
9757:
9730:. Retrieved
9725:
9716:
9671:
9667:
9635:
9631:
9625:
9617:
9574:
9568:
9525:
9519:
9486:
9482:
9472:
9453:
9446:
9403:
9399:
9389:
9375:cite journal
9342:
9338:
9330:Titanosaurus
9329:
9260:(1): 14962.
9257:
9253:
9243:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9204:
9159:
9155:
9145:
9118:
9114:
9104:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9057:
9024:
9020:
9014:
8996:
8988:
8970:
8969:
8928:
8922:and the mid-
8897:
8886:
8869:
8853:, contained
8832:
8797:, including
8780:
8772:Paleobiology
8602:
8601:
8585:
8584:
8561:
8560:
8537:
8536:
8495:
8494:
8478:
8477:
8456:Ampelosaurus
8454:
8453:
8414:
8413:
8397:
8396:
8357:
8356:
8342:Lohuecotitan
8340:
8339:
8309:
8308:
8251:Notocolossus
8249:
8248:
8232:
8231:
8208:
8207:
8184:
8183:
8160:
8159:
8102:
8101:
8085:
8084:
8061:
8060:
8037:
8036:
8003:
8002:
7979:
7978:
7894:Argyrosaurus
7892:
7891:
7875:
7874:
7851:
7850:
7809:
7808:
7792:
7791:
7768:
7767:
7737:
7736:
7713:
7712:
7689:
7688:
7649:Rapetosaurus
7647:
7646:
7630:
7629:
7608:Rinconsaurus
7606:
7605:
7568:
7567:
7546:Tapuiasaurus
7544:
7543:
7511:
7510:
7496:Malawisaurus
7494:
7493:
7475:Lithostrotia
7460:
7459:
7393:Wintonotitan
7391:
7390:
7374:
7373:
7341:
7340:
7324:
7323:
7293:
7292:
7251:
7250:
7234:
7233:
7210:
7209:
7179:
7178:
7160:Titanosauria
7159:
7149:Ampelosaurus
7147:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7125:Ampelosaurus
7123:
7110:
7106:
7100:
7098:
6986:Puertasaurus
6984:
6983:
6967:
6966:
6952:Notocolossus
6950:
6949:
6926:
6925:
6909:
6908:
6892:
6891:
6880:Lognkosauria
6858:
6857:
6798:
6797:
6781:
6780:
6757:
6756:
6733:
6732:
6702:Rinconsaurus
6700:
6699:
6683:
6682:
6645:
6644:
6558:
6557:
6541:
6540:
6517:
6516:
6493:
6492:
6469:
6468:
6445:
6444:
6414:Rapetosaurus
6412:
6411:
6395:
6394:
6355:
6354:
6340:Tapuiasaurus
6338:
6337:
6302:Malawisaurus
6300:
6299:
6288:Lithostrotia
6264:
6263:
6247:
6246:
6216:
6215:
6192:
6191:
6180:Titanosauria
6179:
6170:Yongjinglong
6169:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6139:
6133:
6129:
6125:Yongjinglong
6123:
6117:
6111:
6108:Titanosaurus
6107:
6102:
6094:
6084:
6082:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6061:Rinconsaurus
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6026:
6016:
6012:Europasaurus
6010:
6004:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5981:
5970:
5959:
5956:Tapuiasaurus
5955:
5951:
5943:
5940:Tapuiasaurus
5939:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5903:
5900:Rapetosaurus
5899:
5895:Tapuiasaurus
5893:
5889:
5887:
5880:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5848:nested with
5846:Malawisaurus
5845:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5818:Rapetosaurus
5817:
5813:
5809:
5801:
5798:Lognkosauria
5793:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5773:
5770:Rapetosaurus
5769:
5765:
5762:Rinconsaurus
5761:
5755:
5751:Rinconsaurus
5749:
5746:Rinconsauria
5738:Juan Porfiri
5735:
5727:
5613:
5612:
5596:
5595:
5569:
5568:
5542:
5541:
5500:
5499:
5485:Tapuiasaurus
5483:
5482:
5461:Rapetosaurus
5459:
5458:
5428:
5427:
5406:Malawisaurus
5404:
5403:
5392:Lithostrotia
5377:
5376:
5290:
5289:
5273:
5272:
5251:Drusilasaura
5249:
5248:
5234:Puertasaurus
5232:
5231:
5199:
5198:
5184:Quetecsaurus
5182:
5181:
5151:
5150:
5139:Lognkosauria
5126:Notocolossus
5124:
5123:
5100:
5099:
5040:
5039:
5023:
5022:
4999:
4998:
4977:Rinconsaurus
4975:
4974:
4963:Rinconsauria
4924:
4923:
4891:
4890:
4874:
4873:
4845:Wintonotitan
4843:
4842:
4826:
4825:
4814:Titanosauria
4813:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4674:
4673:
4657:
4656:
4636:
4620:
4619:
4599:
4583:
4582:
4559:
4558:
4480:
4479:
4465:Rapetosaurus
4463:
4462:
4441:Malawisaurus
4439:
4438:
4414:
4413:
4397:
4396:
4373:
4372:
4351:Ampelosaurus
4349:
4348:
4318:
4317:
4306:Lithostrotia
4291:
4290:
4231:
4230:
4214:
4213:
4197:
4196:
4173:
4172:
4149:
4148:
4118:
4083:
4082:
4066:
4065:
4028:Argyrosaurus
4026:
4025:
4009:
4008:
3978:
3977:
3961:
3960:
3949:Titanosauria
3948:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3925:Rapetosaurus
3924:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3895:Lithostrotia
3888:
3884:
3881:Peter Dodson
3877:Paul Barrett
3866:
3864:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3836:Aeolosaurini
3832:Rinconsaurus
3831:
3828:Rinconsaurus
3827:
3824:Rinconsaurus
3823:
3819:Malawisaurus
3818:
3814:
3806:Rinconsaurus
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:Rinconsaurus
3784:
3774:paraphyletic
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3704:Titanosaurus
3703:
3701:
3694:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3656:Rapetosaurus
3655:
3647:
3639:Malawisaurus
3637:
3633:
3630:Lithostrotia
3625:
3618:dubious name
3614:Titanosaurus
3613:
3610:Titanosaurus
3609:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3587:Rapetosaurus
3586:
3582:
3579:Neosauropoda
3572:
3566:
3561:Rapetosaurus
3559:
3548:
3544:Rapetosaurus
3543:
3539:
3535:
3532:Rapetosaurus
3531:
3511:Rapetosaurus
3509:
3508:
3500:
3449:
3448:
3432:
3431:
3408:
3407:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3362:
3361:
3299:
3298:
3284:Rapetosaurus
3282:
3281:
3258:
3257:
3236:Malawisaurus
3234:
3233:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3186:Titanosauria
3185:
3176:
3175:
3097:Ampelosaurus
3095:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3051:Argyrosaurus
3049:
3048:
3025:
3024:
3001:
3000:
2967:
2966:
2950:
2949:
2933:
2932:
2899:
2898:
2887:Titanosauria
2886:
2872:
2871:
2850:
2849:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2808:
2804:Ampelosaurus
2802:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2777:Ampelosaurus
2775:
2771:
2767:
2764:synapomorphy
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2730:
2661:
2660:
2644:
2643:
2617:
2616:
2593:
2592:
2550:
2549:
2533:
2532:
2509:
2508:
2478:
2477:
2463:Malawisaurus
2461:
2460:
2434:
2433:
2422:Titanosauria
2421:
2409:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:Malawisaurus
2378:
2357:
2349:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2316:
2312:Camarasaurus
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2270:
2264:
2260:Malawisaurus
2258:
2252:
2238:
2233:Volkheimeria
2231:
2227:Patagosaurus
2225:
2222:cetiosaurids
2210:Andesauridae
2197:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2157:
2153:
2150:T. lydekkeri
2149:
2145:
2142:Titanosaurus
2141:
2137:
2126:nomen dubium
2121:
2116:amphicoelous
2105:
2101:
2097:Iuticosaurus
2095:
2091:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2037:
2031:
2019:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1988:Argyrosaurus
1987:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1958:Titanosaurus
1957:
1942:Jaime Powell
1935:
1928:
1917:Pleurocoelus
1915:
1909:
1903:
1900:Argyrosaurus
1899:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1858:from India,
1856:Titanosaurus
1855:
1834:
1828:
1825:Titanosaurus
1824:
1821:Morosauridae
1809:Franz Nopcsa
1791:, united by
1788:Argyrosaurus
1786:
1783:Titanosaurus
1782:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1713:
1710:Rapetosaurus
1709:
1706:Malawisaurus
1705:
1701:
1697:
1694:Lithostrotia
1689:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1665:euhelopodids
1661:Diplodocidae
1651:
1573:Titanosauria
1572:
1571:
1556:
1531:
1507:Camarasaurus
1505:
1504:
1463:Diplodocidae
1461:
1446:
1424:
1403:Neosauropoda
1389:
1367:
1344:
1343:
1311:
1305:
1290:
1276:
1271:Ampelosaurus
1270:
1251:Notocolossus
1249:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:Argyrosaurus
1188:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1133:
1125:
1094:. While the
1085:
1073:
1069:Camarasaurus
1067:
1061:
1052:
1042:
1038:Rapetosaurus
1036:
1026:
1024:
1019:Xinghesaurus
996:
990:
976:
970:
968:
955:
944:
936:Tapuiasaurus
934:
928:
924:Rapetosaurus
922:
916:
913:
884:Titanosaurus
882:
878:nomen dubium
876:
862:mythological
859:
850:Puertasaurus
848:
842:
836:
818:Titanosauria
817:
813:
812:
796:
787:Wintonotitan
785:
777:Uberabatitan
775:
765:
755:
747:Titanosaurus
745:
736:Tambatitanis
734:
724:
713:
703:
693:
683:
673:
663:
653:
642:
632:
621:
611:
601:
591:
580:
572:Iuticosaurus
570:
560:
551:Huabeisaurus
549:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
491:Choconsaurus
489:
478:
470:Brasilotitan
468:
458:
448:
438:
428:
418:
408:
400:Atacamatitan
398:
390:Argyrosaurus
388:
378:
367:
357:
346:
336:
328:Abdarainurus
326:
305:Lithostrotia
275:Titanosauria
274:
265:
249:
233:
217:
201:
188:
175:
117:
34:140–66
18:
17524:Titanosaurs
17434:Wikispecies
17289:Microcoelus
17197:Saltasaurus
17183:Paralititan
17079:Alamosaurus
16968:Udelartitan
16923:Patagotitan
16820:Bravasaurus
16813:Arrudatitan
16806:Aeolosaurus
16772:Overosaurus
16704:Jainosaurus
16682:Bonitasaura
16603:Paludititan
16494:Traukutitan
16189:Angolatitan
15996:Yunmenglong
15961:Qiaowanlong
15854:Sibirotitan
15819:Oceanotitan
15761:Europatitan
15740:Brontomerus
15733:Brohisaurus
15705:Angolatitan
15638:Galvesaurus
15610:Abydosaurus
15575:Ornithopsis
15568:Fusuisaurus
15554:Eucamerotus
15453:Daanosaurus
15438:Aragosaurus
15339:Supersaurus
15261:Apatosaurus
15224:Tharosaurus
15095:Nigersaurus
15046:Limaysaurus
14807:Ultrasaurus
14683:Turiasaurus
14646:Moabosaurus
14639:Mierasaurus
14608:Bellusaurus
14592:Turiasauria
14532:Qijianglong
14496:Hudiesaurus
14474:Datousaurus
14394:Cetiosaurus
14353:Shunosaurus
14297:Bellusaurus
14269:Algoasaurus
14255:Eusauropoda
14203:Sanpasaurus
14156:Gravisauria
14076:Pulanesaura
14061:Isanosaurus
14033:Amygdalodon
13899:Pulanesaura
13857:Irisosaurus
13843:Anchisaurus
13823:Anchisauria
13797:Xingxiulong
13743:Xingxiulong
13736:Sarahsaurus
13652:Riojasaurus
13618:Sarahsaurus
13604:Kholumolumo
13447:Macrocollum
13385:Asylosaurus
13321:Nhandumirim
13298:Buriolestes
13264:Mbiresaurus
13236:Buriolestes
12211:11336/19199
12118:11336/71888
12063:11336/94194
11705:Ameghiniana
11689:(1): 15–21.
11445:(2): 1–196.
11377:(1): 30–43.
11268:Ameghiniana
11204:Ameghiniana
10426:Ameghiniana
9836:11336/52393
9121:: 184–197.
8985:Bauru Basin
8944:Gobi desert
8912:diplodocids
8888:Patagotitan
8871:Abelisaurus
8587:Alamosaurus
8497:Paludititan
8104:Saltasaurus
8039:Paralititan
8005:Patagotitan
7877:Aeolosaurus
7794:Overosaurus
7715:Bonitasaura
7326:Angolatitan
7128:(left) and
7122:Humerus of
6969:Patagotitan
6783:Jainosaurus
6495:Saltasaurus
6447:Alamosaurus
6397:Aeolosaurus
6049:Saltasaurus
6045:Saltasaurus
6032:Patagotitan
5930:Saltasaurus
5858:Aeolosaurus
5841:Bonitasaura
5615:Saltasaurus
5544:Alamosaurus
5292:Patagotitan
5102:Bonitasaura
5025:Overosaurus
4801:Carballido
4676:Saltasaurus
4175:Alamosaurus
4085:Aeolosaurus
4011:Paralititan
3885:Saltasaurus
3852:Saltasaurus
3844:Aeolosaurus
3766:Saltasaurus
3762:Saltasaurus
3750:Saltasaurus
3738:Saltasaurus
3734:Saltasaurus
3716:Saltasaurus
3680:Saltasaurus
3668:Alamosaurus
3599:Saltasaurus
3451:Saltasaurus
3364:Alamosaurus
3207:Jainosaurus
3027:Saltasaurus
3003:Aeolosaurus
2935:Alamosaurus
2828:Alamosaurus
2818:diapophyses
2772:Alamosaurus
2768:Aeolosaurus
2663:Saltasaurus
2619:Alamosaurus
2595:Aeolosaurus
2391:Saltasaurus
2341:and ranks.
2321:, although
2307:Saltasaurus
2272:Saltasaurus
2266:Alamosaurus
2216:pleurocoels
2068:T. robustus
2060:Saltasaurus
1969:Saltasaurus
1963:Aeolosaurus
1891:Alamosaurus
1714:Saltasaurus
1698:Alamosaurus
1678:Saltasaurus
1645:Eusauropoda
1391:Turiasauria
1346:Shunosaurus
1323:ankylosaurs
1313:Saltasaurus
1256:metatarsals
1235:Saltasaurus
1225:Alamosaurus
1183:and blocky
1181:metacarpals
1163:Saltasaurus
1109:saurischian
1092:diplodocids
1081:macronarian
1063:Nigersaurus
1049:diplodocids
987:lognkosaurs
983:rinconsaurs
972:Patagotitan
965:Description
867:of ancient
855:same region
838:Patagotitan
814:Titanosaurs
757:Traukutitan
369:Angolatitan
119:Patagotitan
24:Titanosaurs
17518:Categories
17190:Rocasaurus
17117:Qunkasaura
17086:Baurutitan
16848:Shingopana
16675:Baalsaurus
16522:Volgatitan
16457:Rukwatitan
16421:Nullotitan
16407:Ninjatitan
16342:Kaijutitan
16313:Gandititan
16276:Daxiatitan
16239:Baurutitan
16182:Andesaurus
16073:see below↓
15768:Fukuititan
15712:Arkharavia
15667:Soriatitan
15617:Atlasaurus
15589:Rugocaudia
15547:Duriatitan
15483:Yuzhoulong
15431:Abrosaurus
15413:Macronaria
15400:Macronaria
15324:Kaatedocus
15317:Galeamopus
15310:Diplodocus
15296:Barosaurus
15203:Pilmatueia
15196:Lingwulong
15189:Kaatedocus
15109:Tataouinea
15021:Khebbashia
14996:Sidersaura
14726:Macronaria
14676:Tendaguria
14660:Oplosaurus
14624:Janenschia
14525:Omeisaurus
14401:Chebsaurus
14325:Janenschia
14239:Vulcanodon
14182:Kotasaurus
14133:Ledumahadi
13926:see below↓
13885:Meroktenos
13701:Leyesaurus
13590:Gyposaurus
13454:Unaysaurus
13413:Pantydraco
13378:Arcusaurus
13344:Saturnalia
13177:see below↓
13125:Dinosauria
13107:Sauropsida
12961:: 104672.
12909:: 104672.
12807:18 January
11458:PhD Thesis
11242:: 98–206.
11210:(1): 3–32.
11059:: 105031.
10384:: 104754.
10360:22 January
10011:: –12810.
9489:: 105449.
9006:References
8940:Queensland
8924:Cretaceous
8908:herbivores
8855:fossilised
8843:saltasaurs
8815:co-evolved
8604:Baurutitan
8311:Rukwatitan
7811:Shingopana
7236:Andesaurus
6249:Daxiatitan
6194:Andesaurus
6135:Tendaguria
6103:Andesaurus
6041:Andesaurus
6039:(1997) as
5850:Andesaurus
5430:Baurutitan
4828:Andesaurus
4585:Rocasaurus
4068:Janenschia
3963:Andesaurus
3916:Janenschia
3742:Andesaurus
3730:Andesaurus
3714:closer to
3666:included.
3632:(Upchurch
2760:osteoderms
2746:recovered
2436:Andesaurus
2299:Andesaurus
2194:Andesaurus
2177:Matt Wedel
2102:Aepisaurus
2055:Janenschia
1881:Aepisaurus
1872:Madagascar
1849:Cretaceous
1795:procoelous
1690:Andesaurus
1684:Andesaurus
1493:Macronaria
1319:stegosaurs
1308:osteoderms
1262:Integument
1145:Andesaurus
833:Cretaceous
675:Nullotitan
665:Ninjatitan
593:Kaijutitan
531:Gandititan
501:Daxiatitan
440:Baurutitan
359:Andesaurus
285:Subgroups
243:Macronaria
195:Saurischia
182:Dinosauria
29:Cretaceous
17496:Dinosaurs
17153:Bonatitan
17035:Isisaurus
16841:Punatitan
16320:Hamititan
16298:Elaltitan
16247:Bonatitan
15968:Silutitan
15925:Gobititan
15911:Euhelopus
15653:Lusotitan
15346:Tornieria
15332:Leinkupal
15217:Suuwassea
14931:Agustinia
14779:Dinodocus
14772:Cardiodon
14503:Jingiella
14452:Anhuilong
14015:Sauropoda
14002:Sauropoda
13917:Sauropoda
13892:Mussaurus
13850:Camelotia
13729:Pradhania
13569:Massopoda
13336:Panphagia
13278:Panphagia
13093:Kingdom:
12983:225134198
12939:225134198
12931:0195-6671
12884:0195-6671
12862:: 16–24.
12835:5 October
12710:: 16–24.
12342:: 34467.
12263:129498917
12163:130423764
11089:239121820
11081:0195-6671
10972:2045-2322
10950:: 42035.
10917:2041-1723
10850:1932-6203
10730:: 19165.
10454:251875979
10446:0002-7014
10406:233582290
10265:221343275
10249:0960-9822
10192:131612932
10144:219730449
10128:0028-0836
10027:2167-8359
9910:0031-0239
9902:1475-4983
9609:248368302
9601:2197-9596
9560:248368302
9552:2197-9596
9511:254524890
9503:0195-6671
9049:214244529
8993:Aureliano
8958:state of
8926:Periods.
8839:Patagonia
7632:Isisaurus
7105:, Sallam
6471:Isisaurus
6086:Lusotitan
5942:, Wilson
5935:Euhelopus
5879:Skull of
5502:Isisaurus
4399:Agustinia
4151:Isisaurus
3728:for only
3721:Euhelopus
3684:Isisaurus
3574:Euhelopus
3381:Isisaurus
3075:Isisaurus
2810:Isisaurus
2733:José Sanz
2088:Barremian
2049:Tornieria
1984:braincase
1852:Argentina
1799:caudals,
1729:Lectotype
1702:Isisaurus
1657:dinosaurs
1185:phalanges
1124:Manus of
1105:vertebrae
853:from the
825:dinosaurs
541:Hamititan
450:Bonatitan
227:Sauropoda
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
17454:42333657
17419:Wikidata
17161:Ibirania
16827:Caieiria
16637:Inawentu
15840:Ruixinia
15681:Vouivria
15540:Astrodon
14793:Neosodon
14283:Bagualia
14126:Ingentia
13836:Aardonyx
13783:Qianlong
13611:Musankwa
13583:Gryponyx
13491:Ruehleia
13406:Nambalia
13399:Efraasia
13306:Eoraptor
13243:Eoraptor
13101:Chordata
13099:Phylum:
13095:Animalia
12686:20463953
12646:PLOS ONE
12619:16293759
12568:29379183
12533:31598266
12433:24489684
12393:PLOS ONE
12374:27763598
12317:28794222
12220:85087382
12072:86055386
11968:21326881
11928:PLOS ONE
11823:17768539
11657:11484051
11616:: 1–173.
11184:31340217
11037:86797277
10990:28169348
10925:22127060
10868:25118985
10820:PLOS ONE
10762:26777391
10505:33590452
10497:15729763
10339:20435913
10257:32857974
10136:32555457
10045:35127288
9972:27115989
9932:PLOS ONE
9853:18921496
9845:22173579
9788:28794222
9726:BBC News
9708:30759122
9668:PLOS ONE
9438:31598266
9367:53997295
9292:34385481
9196:27115989
9156:PLOS ONE
8972:Ibirania
8948:Ghilardi
8936:Gondwana
8920:Jurassic
8914:and the
8851:diameter
8791:conifers
3914:African
3622:Linnaean
3616:to be a
2158:M. dacus
2110:chimaera
1936:For his
1771:sauropod
1654:sauropod
998:Ibirania
822:sauropod
169:Chordata
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
116:Mounted
17482:Portals
17425:Q133051
16197:Arackar
14601:Amanzia
14445:Analong
14332:Jobaria
13790:Seitaad
13105:Class:
13038:at the
12963:Bibcode
12911:Bibcode
12864:Bibcode
12712:Bibcode
12677:2864735
12654:Bibcode
12627:1816461
12599:Bibcode
12591:Science
12576:3375335
12524:6731702
12501:Bibcode
12424:3906019
12401:Bibcode
12365:5072287
12344:Bibcode
12308:5563814
12243:Bibcode
12190:Bibcode
12143:Bibcode
12042:Bibcode
11959:3034730
11936:Bibcode
11850:Bibcode
11665:4347583
11637:Bibcode
11531:Bibcode
11061:Bibcode
11017:Bibcode
10981:5294579
10952:Bibcode
10895:Bibcode
10893:: 564.
10859:4131861
10828:Bibcode
10753:4725985
10732:Bibcode
10591:Bibcode
10477:Bibcode
10386:Bibcode
10330:2889090
10307:Bibcode
10219:Bibcode
10172:Bibcode
10108:Bibcode
10036:8793732
9963:4846048
9940:Bibcode
9880:Bibcode
9815:Bibcode
9779:5563814
9732:8 April
9699:6374010
9676:Bibcode
9429:6731702
9408:Bibcode
9347:Bibcode
9283:8361124
9262:Bibcode
9223:Bibcode
9187:4846048
9164:Bibcode
9123:Bibcode
9076:Bibcode
9029:Bibcode
8956:ParaĂba
8858:embryos
8835:nesting
8821:Nesting
8803:Poaceae
2375:ischium
2365:laminae
2144:, with
2026:within
1868:Romania
1860:England
1773:family
1283:armored
1279:fossils
1195:carpals
1166:. Both
959:embryos
380:Arackar
16726:Vahiny
16487:Tiamat
15904:Erketu
13722:Ngwevu
12981:
12937:
12929:
12882:
12773:
12684:
12674:
12625:
12617:
12574:
12566:
12548:Nature
12531:
12521:
12431:
12421:
12372:
12362:
12315:
12305:
12261:
12218:
12161:
12070:
11966:
11956:
11821:
11663:
11655:
11629:Nature
11482:
11426:: 184.
11352:
11296:
11182:
11087:
11079:
11035:
10988:
10978:
10970:
10923:
10915:
10866:
10856:
10848:
10760:
10750:
10651:
10626:
10503:
10495:
10452:
10444:
10404:
10337:
10327:
10263:
10255:
10247:
10190:
10142:
10134:
10126:
10100:Nature
10080:
10043:
10033:
10025:
9970:
9960:
9908:
9900:
9851:
9843:
9786:
9776:
9706:
9696:
9607:
9599:
9589:
9558:
9550:
9540:
9509:
9501:
9436:
9426:
9365:
9290:
9280:
9194:
9184:
9096:677002
9094:
9047:
8960:Brazil
8811:bamboo
8787:cycads
7107:et al.
6800:Vahiny
6166:et al.
6140:et al.
6095:et al.
6037:et al.
6027:et al.
6015:, and
5952:et al.
5944:et al.
5890:et al.
5810:et al.
5802:et al.
5796:named
5794:et al.
5774:et al.
5728:
4805:(2017)
4803:et al.
3840:et al.
3809:(with
3803:, and
3708:et al.
3648:et al.
3646:(Sanz
3634:et al.
3626:et al.
3501:
2795:et al.
2744:et al.
2736:et al.
2350:et al.
1908:, and
1898:, and
1864:France
1712:, and
1287:scales
1096:pelvis
1003:nanism
933:, and
865:Titans
726:Tiamat
17467:55585
13121:Clade
13112:Clade
12979:S2CID
12935:S2CID
12750:4 May
12623:S2CID
12572:S2CID
12259:S2CID
12216:S2CID
12159:S2CID
12068:S2CID
11661:S2CID
11519:(PDF)
11085:S2CID
11033:S2CID
10783:(PDF)
10501:S2CID
10450:S2CID
10432:(5).
10402:S2CID
10261:S2CID
10188:S2CID
10140:S2CID
10005:PeerJ
9898:eISSN
9849:S2CID
9605:S2CID
9556:S2CID
9507:S2CID
9363:S2CID
9335:(PDF)
9092:S2CID
9045:S2CID
8878:Range
8799:palms
6075:plus
6067:plus
6059:plus
6051:than
6043:plus
5932:than
5902:than
5584:-inae
3887:than
3850:than
3740:than
3718:than
2373:than
2371:pubis
2281:ilium
2224:like
2134:Spain
1894:from
1759:India
1246:pedes
1088:tails
951:atlas
893:clade
873:genus
266:Clade
250:Clade
234:Clade
218:Clade
202:Clade
189:Clade
176:Clade
17028:Igai
13532:Issi
13154:see
12927:ISSN
12880:ISSN
12837:2016
12809:2009
12771:ISBN
12752:2007
12682:PMID
12615:PMID
12564:PMID
12529:PMID
12429:PMID
12370:PMID
12313:PMID
11964:PMID
11819:PMID
11653:PMID
11480:ISBN
11350:ISBN
11294:ISBN
11180:PMID
11077:ISSN
10986:PMID
10968:ISSN
10921:PMID
10913:ISSN
10864:PMID
10846:ISSN
10758:PMID
10649:ISBN
10624:ISBN
10493:PMID
10442:ISSN
10362:2021
10335:PMID
10253:PMID
10245:ISSN
10132:PMID
10124:ISSN
10078:ISBN
10041:PMID
10023:ISSN
9986:link
9968:PMID
9906:ISSN
9841:PMID
9784:PMID
9734:2020
9704:PMID
9597:ISSN
9587:ISBN
9548:ISSN
9538:ISBN
9499:ISSN
9434:PMID
9381:link
9288:PMID
9192:PMID
8866:herd
8862:skin
8847:eggs
8809:and
8807:rice
8789:and
8777:Diet
7146:and
6152:and
6144:2019
6116:and
6091:2013
6023:2017
5993:and
5948:2016
5918:and
5860:and
5838:and
5822:2011
5806:2009
5764:and
5754:and
5742:2007
3927:and
3908:2005
3879:and
3873:2004
3860:2004
3846:and
3768:<
3764:and
3760:>
3748:and
3678:and
3670:and
3658:and
3606:2003
3597:and
3585:and
3569:2002
3538:and
3522:and
3516:2001
2807:and
2791:2003
2780:and
2740:1999
2381:and
2346:1997
2331:and
2315:and
2297:and
2289:1998
2277:ulna
2269:and
2245:1995
2230:and
2196:and
2184:1993
2140:and
2084:1993
2066:and
2052:and
2036:and
2016:1990
2002:and
1938:1986
1878:and
1845:1929
1833:and
1813:1928
1785:and
1779:1893
1767:1888
1755:1877
1681:and
1667:and
1299:and
1237:and
1170:and
1160:and
1134:The
1072:and
1041:and
847:and
42:Preęž’
17449:EoL
14690:Zby
12971:doi
12959:118
12919:doi
12907:118
12872:doi
12720:doi
12672:PMC
12662:doi
12607:doi
12595:310
12556:doi
12519:PMC
12509:doi
12468:hdl
12460:doi
12456:184
12419:PMC
12409:doi
12360:PMC
12352:doi
12303:PMC
12293:doi
12289:284
12251:doi
12206:hdl
12198:doi
12151:doi
12113:hdl
12103:doi
12099:163
12058:hdl
12050:doi
12009:hdl
11999:doi
11995:178
11954:PMC
11944:doi
11903:hdl
11893:doi
11858:doi
11809:doi
11776:doi
11743:doi
11645:doi
11633:412
11614:111
11570:doi
11566:124
11539:doi
11527:349
11244:doi
11240:168
11170:hdl
11160:doi
11127:hdl
11119:doi
11115:185
11069:doi
11057:129
11025:doi
10976:PMC
10960:doi
10903:doi
10854:PMC
10836:doi
10795:doi
10791:166
10748:PMC
10740:doi
10699:hdl
10689:doi
10599:doi
10545:hdl
10535:doi
10531:136
10485:doi
10434:doi
10394:doi
10382:122
10325:PMC
10315:doi
10303:107
10235:hdl
10227:doi
10180:doi
10116:doi
10104:583
10070:doi
10031:PMC
10013:doi
9958:PMC
9948:doi
9888:doi
9831:hdl
9823:doi
9774:PMC
9766:doi
9762:284
9694:PMC
9684:doi
9640:doi
9636:192
9579:doi
9530:doi
9491:doi
9487:144
9460:doi
9424:PMC
9416:doi
9355:doi
9278:PMC
9270:doi
9231:doi
9182:PMC
9172:doi
9131:doi
9084:doi
9037:doi
8991:by
8934:of
6142:in
6089:in
5804:in
5740:in
4939:Eu-
3906:In
3854:or
3518:by
2344:In
2243:in
2082:in
1753:in
1731:of
17520::
17464::
17451::
17436::
17421::
13123::
13114::
13018:.
13000:.
12977:.
12969:.
12957:.
12933:.
12925:.
12917:.
12905:.
12901:.
12878:.
12870:.
12860:67
12858:.
12854:.
12825:.
12793:.
12741:.
12718:.
12708:67
12706:.
12694:^
12680:.
12670:.
12660:.
12648:.
12644:.
12621:.
12613:.
12605:.
12593:.
12570:.
12562:.
12550:.
12527:.
12517:.
12507:.
12495:.
12491:.
12466:.
12454:.
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12417:.
12407:.
12395:.
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12368:.
12358:.
12350:.
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12334:.
12311:.
12301:.
12287:.
12283:.
12271:^
12257:.
12249:.
12237:.
12214:.
12204:.
12196:.
12186:12
12184:.
12157:.
12149:.
12139:24
12137:.
12111:.
12097:.
12093:.
12066:.
12056:.
12048:.
12038:31
12036:.
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11962:.
11952:.
11942:.
11930:.
11926:.
11901:.
11889:56
11887:.
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11856:.
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11805:79
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11799:.
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11733:.
11717:^
11709:40
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11687:18
11685:.
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11631:.
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11595:14
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11466:^
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