44:
51:
669:, believed to have once enclosed the raised rostrum of the synagogue. Today, the marble-parapet with its menorah relief is on display at the synagogue in Kibbutz Ein HaNetziv. Later, children from the kibbutz discovered nearby one of the abandoned structures a cache of gold coins, which discovery prompted a more thorough investigation of the site, under the tutelage of archaeologist Fanny Vitto. An excavation of the site by her team led to the discovery of the aforementioned mosaic.
615:
597:. Seven occupation strata were established with the uppermost (Strata I) representing scattered Islamic finds and the rest (Strata II to VII) being Iron Age. The lower mound was abandoned after Strata IV. No strata were established for the Bronze Age as results in this period were scanty and primarily on a small part of the lower mound. Among the finds, recovered in the 2003 season, was a 10th century BC jar with 2 identical three letter Proto-Canaanite inscriptions.
333:
15th century BC to 13th century BC. Actual occupation from this period was found only on a small area (Area D) of the lower mound with possible exposure in probes on the upper mound. Some
Egyptian material, including a scarab with the inscription "Scribe of (the) house of (the) overseer of sealed items, Amenemhat" indicates the town may have been under Egyptian control like other towns in the region, after the time of Thutmose III.
24:
460:, were found in orderly rows of 100 hives. Each individual beehive was shaped as a hollow cylinder measuring ca. 80 cm in length and 40 cm in diameter, with ca. 4 cm. thick wall. One end of the cylinder was sealed, with only a small hole in its center that allowed the bees to enter and exit the hive. Previously, references to honey in ancient texts of the region (such as the phrase "land of milk and honey" in the
228:
The oldest apiary discovered anywhere by archaeologists, including man-made beehives and remains of the bees themselves, dating between the mid-10th century BCE and the early 9th century BCE, came to light on the tell. In the nearby ruins of the mainly
Byzantine-period successor of Iron Age Rehov, a
349:
with which there is some overlap). It is all very tangled with a High
Chronology and a Low Chronology and some variants thereof. Given the careful stratigraphy and many radiocarbon dates Tel Rehov has been used to support and deny various chronologies. It has also been identified as a Lowland power
332:
Excavations revealed an eight meter wide mud brick fortification wall (with glacis) around the upper mound which the excavators attributed to the Early Bronze III period though no city of that period was found. The site was clearly occupied during the Late Bronze I and Late Bronze II periods, from
288:
holy tomb of esh-Sheikh er-Rihab (one kilometre; 1000 yards to the south of Tel Rehov), and the existence of the ruins of a
Byzantine-period Jewish town that preserved the old name in the form of Rohob or Roōb/Roob (one kilometre; 1000 yards northwest of Tel Rehov).
491:. It is possible that the bees' range has changed, but more likely that the inhabitants of Tel Rehov imported bees because they were less aggressive than the local bees and provided a better honey yield (three to eight times higher than Israel's native bees).
1047:
Bruins, Hendrik J., Amihai Mazar, and
Johannes van der Pflicht. The end of the 2nd millennium BCE and the transition from Iron I to Iron IIA: radiocarbon dates of Tel Rehov, Israel. Vol. 37. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,
600:
In 2002 a small rescue excavation occurred after ditching damaged several Bronze Age shaft tombs on the fringes of the site. Besides human remains, pottery fragments, ostrich egg-shell fragments, and two complete bronze daggers were found.
494:
Supporting archaeological knowledge include evidence of other imports in Rehov from eastern
Mediterranean lands; later Egyptian documentation of transferring bees in large pottery vases or portable beehives; and an
341:
The site was occupied in the Iron Age I and Iron Age II periods, from 12 century BC to 9th century BC. At that point it was destroyed and burnt which the excavators ascribe to the
Assyrians in the mid-800s BC.
1397:
Mazar, Amihai, and Nava Panitz-Cohen. “TEL REḤOV: A BRONZE AND IRON AGE CITY IN THE BETH-SHEAN VALLEY: VOLUME IV: POTTERY STUDIES, INSCRIPTIONS AND FIGURATIVE ART.", Qedem, vol. 62, 2020 ISBN 978-965-92825-3-1
1102:
386:. The association with the prophet is tenuous, based on the date of the ostracon (the second half of the ninth century), the rarity of the name, and the geographic vicinity of Elisha's biblical hometown,
1406:
Mazar, Amihai, and Nava Panitz-Cohen., "TEL REḤOV: A BRONZE AND IRON AGE CITY IN THE BETH-SHEAN VALLEY: VOLUME V: VARIOUS OBJECTS AND NATURAL-SCIENCE STUDIES.", Qedem, vol. 63, 2020 ISBN 978-965-92825-4-8
1369:
Mazar, Amihai, and Nava Panitz-Cohen. "TEL REḤOV: A BRONZE AND IRON AGE CITY IN THE BETH-SHEAN VALLEY: VOLUME I: INTRODUCTIONS, SYNTHESIS AND EXCAVATIONS ON THE UPPER MOUND.", Qedem, vol. 59, 2020 ISBN
1379:
Mazar, Amihai, and Nava Panitz-Cohen., "TEL REḤOV: A BRONZE AND IRON AGE CITY IN THE BETH-SHEAN VALLEY: VOLUME II: THE LOWER MOUND: AREA C AND THE APIARY.", Qedem, vol. 60, 2020 ISBN 978-965-92825-1-7
1388:
Mazar, Amihai, and Nava Panitz-Cohen., "TEL REḤOV: A BRONZE AND IRON AGE CITY IN THE BETH-SHEAN VALLEY: VOLUME III: THE LOWER MOUND: AREAS D, E, F AND G.", Qedem, vol. 61, 2020 ISBN 978-965-92825-2-4
366:
and 9th century BC (Strata VI to IV) Greek pottery was found in stratified context. This is a useful result in addressing the chronology problems of the Levant (High vs Low) and of Greek pottery.
581:
After full surface surveys and a geophysical study of the lower mound in 1995–1996 modern archaeological excavations were conducted for 11 seasons between 1997 and 2012 under the directorship of
567:
The site of Tel Rehov consists of an upper and lower mound with a total area, including mound slopes, of 11 hectares (27 acres). The total area of the mound tops is 7 hectares (17 acres).
574:
in the 1920s, identifying the main occupation period as being the 13th to 10th century BC. In the 1940s
Avraham Bergman and Ruth Brandstater inspected Tel Rehov. While there they found a
630:
built in three successive phases between the fourth and the seventh century CE were found at the site of Tulul
Farwana ("mounds of Farwana"), now part of the agricultural lands of
1545:- A two-minute video clip concerning the discovery of a beehive industry at Tel Rehov, produced by an independent documentary film group, and includes a brief interview with Dr.
1029:
Bruins, Hendrik J., Johannes Van der Plicht, and Amihai Mazar. "14C dates from Tel Rehov: Iron-Age chronology, pharaohs, and Hebrew kings." Science 300.5617 (2003): 315-318.
1327:
1351:
Bergman (Biran), A. and
Brandstater (Amiran), R., "Archaeological Trips in the Beth-Shean Valley.", Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society 8: 85–90, 1941
1106:
578:
inscription in the topsoil. In the following decades some local residents collected items from the site, including a cylinder seal from the Old Babylonian period.
1360:
Zori, N. 1962. An Archaeological Survey of the Beth Shean Valley. Pp. 135–198 in The Beth Shean Valley, The 17th Archaeological Convention. Jerusalem. (Hebrew)
1310:. Beth-Shean Valley Archaeological Project Tel Rehov Excavations. Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Archaeology. September 2, 2007. Archived from
1068:
Coldstream, Nicolas, and Amihai Mazar., "Greek Pottery from Tel Reḥov and Iron Age Chronology.", Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 53, no. 1, 2003, pp. 29–48
1038:
Finkelstein, Israel, and Eli Piasetzky. "Wrong and right; high and low 14C dates from Tel Rehov and Iron Age chronology." Tel Aviv 30.2 (2003): 283-295
436:
and the remains of 100–200 more dated to the mid-10th century BCE to the early 9th century BCE were found (Strata V, Area C) by archaeologists in the
1059:
Sergi. "Rewriting History Through Destruction: The Case of Tel Rehov and the Hebrew Bible." Writing and Re-Writing History by Destruction (2022): 18
1646:
1604:
1057:
1442:, Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel (HA-ESI), volume 129, year 2017, Israel Antiquities Authority, accessed 15 July 2019
1626:
1085:
1020:
Mazar, Amihai, and Israel Carmi. "Radiocarbon dates from Iron Age strata at Tel Beth Shean and Tel Rehov." Radiocarbon 43.3 (2001): 1333-1342
649:, Tel Rehov inscription or Baraita of the Boundaries with details of Jewish religious laws concerning "the Borders of the Land of Israel" (
1162:
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1466:(in Hebrew). Vol. 8. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. pp. 34–35.
725:
72:
1325:
448:(apiculture) industry 3000 years ago in the city, then thought to have a population of about 2000 residents at that time, both
809:
1424:
Golani, Amir, and Achia Kohn-Tavor., "Tel Reẖov.", Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel, vol. 117, 2005
1459:
43:
346:
988:– via "Sainte Bible expliquée et commentée, contenant le texte de la Vulgate", Appendice (1837, digitised 2010).
1542:
1520:
1018:
266:
778:
1439:
397:
in the house of the find and throughout Tel Rehov is considered contrary to the teachings of biblical prophets.
661:. During an archaeological survey of the abandoned structures standing at Farwana, there was found a marble-
483:
from the remains of bees found at the site, researchers identified the bees as a subspecies, similar to the
382:, which has been reconstructed as to be the rare name of Elisha, best known as the name of biblical Prophet
1651:
1089:
762:
637:. Among the remains of the synagogue archaeologists found a relatively well-preserved mosaic pavement, the
1307:
974:
R. P. Henricus Marcellius, ed. (1837). "Liber de situ et nominibus locorum hebraicorum, De pentateucho".
308:, Rehov was mentioned in at least three sources dated between the 15th–13th century BCE, and again in the
414:
195:
721:
417:, anointed by a disciple of Elisha, is the son, grandson, or otherwise descendant of a certain Nimshi.
1511:
Rachel Hachlili, "Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research", p.
1415:
Mazar, Amihai. “Tel Reẖov.” Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel, vol. 119, 2007.
479:
In addition to beehives, the remains of bees and bee larvae and pupae were also found. In 2010, using
1484:
484:
1005:
957:
1536:
733:
594:
345:
In the Levant there is a large Iron Age chronology controversy (similar the even more complicated
1324:"Tel Rehov Reveals the First Beehives in Ancient Near East." Anthropology.net. 4 September 2007.
1308:"Hebrew University excavations reveal first Biblical period beehives in 'Land of Milk and Honey'"
518:
1297:
Friedman, Matti. "Archaeologists Discover Ancient Beehives." Associated Press. 7 September 2007.
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1199:
1512:
1214:
Bloch, G.; Francoy, T. M.; Wachtel, I.; Panitz-Cohen, N.; Fuchs, S.; Mazar, A. (7 June 2010).
975:
799:
1598:
1137:
It is the Land of Honey: Discoveries from Tel Rehov, the Early Days of the Israelite Monarchy
773:
1181:
1227:
1216:"Industrial apiculture in the Jordan valley during Biblical times with Anatolian honeybees"
729:
1552:
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of Rehov. The hives had been destroyed by fire. The beehives were evidence of an advanced
8:
1636:
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537:
507:—about the same distance as between the Taurus and Rehov (400 kilometres (250 mi)).
191:
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1515:, BRILL, 2013. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East,
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stele from the 8th century BCE that evidences that bees had been brought from the
1656:
1464:
Israel Guide - Jerusalem (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country)
1462:(1980). "Ḥūrvat Parwah – Synagogue of 'Reḥob' (חורבת פרוה - בית-הכנסת של רחוב)".
1342:
Albright, W.F., "The Jordan Valley in the Bronze Age.", AASOR 6: 13–74, 1925–1926
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Archaeological work at Farwana has also exposed pottery and other finds from the
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1539:- page includes volunteer information, preliminary reports and an image gallery.
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In and near Tel Rehov, inscriptions containing references to the family of
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472:; the discoveries show evidence of commercial production of bee honey and
1555:"Reconstructing biblical military campaigns using geomagnetic field data"
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717:
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1103:"Oldest known archaeological example of beekeeping discovered in Israel"
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693:, stood one kilometre (1000 yards) northwest of Tel Rehov, at Khirbet
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city of Rehov was based on the preservation of the name at the nearby
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Yoav Vaknin, Ron Shaar, Oded Lipschits, and Erez Ben-Yosef (2022).
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32:" from the synagogue at Khirbet Farwana/Horvat Parva near Tel Rehov
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Rehov was one of the largest cities in the region during the Late
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part of which includes a very long sixth-century inscription in
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540:, said the finding was a glimpse of ancient beekeeping seen in
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406:
390:; but the name reconstruction is disputed, and the presence of
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199:
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Tel Rehov ancient synagogue: marble screen with menorah relief
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places named as Rehov, of which two were in the more westerly
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period and the longest mosaic inscription found so far in the
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894:"The 1997-1998 Excavations at Tel Rehov: Preliminary Report"
241:, considered one of the most important discoveries from the
1086:
Tel Rehov House Associated with the Biblical Prophet Elisha
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457:
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276:
Identification of Tell es-Sarem/Tel Rehov with the ancient
230:
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804:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 434.
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as being on the fourth mile from Scythopolis, modern-day
480:
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I–IIA (1200–900 BCE). During the Late Bronze Age, while
1180:
Mazar, Amihai and Panitz-Cohen, Nava, (December 2007)
1485:
The permitted villages of Sebaste in the Rehov Mosaic
1163:"Israeli archaeologists find 3,000-year-old beehives"
832:
Sussmann, Jackob (1975). "כתובת מבית הכנסת של רחוב".
1543:"The Beehives of Tel Rehov" (SourceFlix Productions)
585:, Professor at the Institute of Archaeology of the
464:) were thought to refer only to honey derived from
1182:"It Is the Land of Honey: Beekeeping at Tel Rehov"
1127:
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425:The oldest known archaeological finds relating to
202:, approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of
432:In September 2007 it was reported that 30 intact
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685:town that preserved the old name in the form of
1559:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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1220:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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225:(also Rehob), meaning "broad", "wide place".
1427:
1088:, Bible and archaeology news, July 23, 2013,
593:, and with the primary sponsorship of writer
1603:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1445:
801:Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land
319:, whose campaign took place around 925 BCE.
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194:in the Bet She'an Valley, a segment of the
980:. Paris: Bibl. Ecclésiastique. p. 469
851:Vitto, Fanny (1975). "בית הכנסת של רחוב".
798:Avraham Negev; Shimon Gibson (July 2005).
750:Ancient synagogues in the Palestine region
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1496:Jewish legal inscription from a synagogue
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548:. Religious practice was evidenced by an
206:and 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of the
1549:, director of the Tel Rehov excavations.
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378:was found holding a partially preserved
221:The site is one of several suggested as
1647:Geography of Northern District (Israel)
1209:
1207:
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233:town named Rohob or Roōb, within it a
1627:Ancient Jewish settlements of Samaria
1273:SIEGEL-ITZKOVICH, JUDY (2010-06-24).
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1161:Friedman, Matti (September 4, 2007),
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452:and Canaanite. The beehives, made of
261:Tel Rehov does not correspond to the
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932:. Translated by Wolf, C. Umhau. 1971
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420:
1502:, Jerusalem. Accessed 15 July 2019.
1139:(in Hebrew and English). Tel-Aviv:
697:/Horbat Parva and was mentioned by
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665:with a relief of a seven-branched
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1:
923:"Section R. The Pentateuch".
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533:found next to the beehives).
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1090:Biblical Archaeology Society
763:Ancient synagogues in Israel
350:center in opposition to the
7:
743:
559:found alongside the hives.
510:The beehives were dated by
429:were discovered at Rehov.
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10:
1673:
1440:Horbat Parva: Final Report
1438:Yardenna Alexandre, 2017,
898:Israel Exploration Journal
765: - covers the modern
570:The site was inspected by
415:northern kingdom of Israel
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210:. It was occupied in the
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1523:. Accessed 15 July 2019.
1192:Near Eastern Archaeology
1572:10.1073/pnas.2209117119
1241:10.1073/pnas.1003265107
1194:, Volume 70, Number 4,
1092:, accessed 13 July 2019
519:University of Groningen
88:32.457125°N 35.498242°E
1171:, Retrieved 2010-01-04
752: - covers entire
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409:have been found. King
1537:Tel Rehov Excavations
774:Archaeology of Israel
617:
150:Excavation dates
1143:. pp. 25e–26e.
926:Roōb (entry No. 766)
872:at Bible Study Tools
622:Remains of a mainly
487:, found now only in
296:(1550–1200 BCE) and
93:32.457125; 35.498242
1652:Tells (archaeology)
1565:(44). e2209117119.
1232:2010PNAS..10711240B
1226:(25): 11240–11244.
1141:Eretz Israel Museum
651:Baraitha di-Tehumin
538:University of Haifa
536:Ezra Marcus of the
192:archaeological site
84: /
58:Shown within Israel
18:
1330:2007-09-11 at the
1279:The Jerusalem Post
1187:2010-07-02 at the
673:Byzantine era town
620:
515:radiocarbon dating
16:
1370:978-965-92825-2-4
811:978-0-8264-8571-7
703:Beit She'an/Bisan
610:Ancient synagogue
587:Hebrew University
421:Iron Age beehives
370:"Elisha" ostracon
310:list of conquests
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1599:cite journal
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1547:Amihai Mazar
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1312:the original
1302:
1293:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:
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1133:Ziffer, Irit
1111:. Retrieved
1107:the original
1097:
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1025:
1014:
982:. Retrieved
976:
934:. Retrieved
925:
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833:
827:
815:. Retrieved
800:
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690:
686:
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650:
635:Ein HaNetziv
621:
605:Nearby sites
599:
583:Amihai Mazar
580:
569:
566:
542:Near Eastern
535:
509:
493:
478:
462:Hebrew Bible
456:and unbaked
431:
424:
404:
401:Inscriptions
388:Abel-meholah
373:
361:
344:
340:
331:
291:
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263:Hebrew Bible
260:
227:
222:
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208:Jordan River
179:
167:
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161:Amihai Mazar
153:1997 to 2012
1002:|work=
954:|work=
718:Hellenistic
677:During the
563:Archaeology
546:ancient art
523:Netherlands
444:-producing
380:inscription
304:ruled over
204:Beit She'an
91: /
67:Coordinates
1637:Beekeeping
1616:Categories
1284:2014-08-05
1113:2009-12-29
785:References
544:texts and
446:beekeeping
427:beekeeping
328:Bronze Age
317:Shoshenq I
294:Bronze Age
212:Bronze Age
145:Site notes
135:Bronze Age
79:35°29′54″E
76:32°27′26″N
1472:745203905
1200:1094-2076
1168:USA Today
1149:937875358
1004:ignored (
994:cite book
956:ignored (
946:cite book
853:Qadmoniot
834:Qadmoniot
817:3 October
740:periods.
679:Byzantine
628:synagogue
624:Byzantine
595:John Camp
591:Jerusalem
557:figurines
554:fertility
512:carbon-14
450:Israelite
362:From the
282:Israelite
278:Canaanite
267:allotment
247:Byzantine
237:with the
235:synagogue
190:), is an
188:تل الصارم
168:Tel Rehov
120:Abandoned
17:Tel Rehov
1632:Moshavim
1591:36279453
1328:Archived
1260:20534519
1185:Archived
892:(1999).
744:See also
730:Crusader
710:Iron Age
699:Eusebius
657:and the
626:-period
525:, using
497:Assyrian
434:beehives
337:Iron Age
298:Iron Age
216:Iron Age
139:Iron Age
1582:9636932
1251:2895135
1228:Bibcode
984:15 July
936:15 July
908:15 July
738:Ottoman
714:Persian
695:Farwana
681:era, a
667:menorah
663:parapet
643:Aramaic
639:narthex
632:Kibbutz
521:in the
517:at the
474:beeswax
413:of the
392:incense
352:Omrides
323:History
314:Pharaoh
286:Islamic
269:of the
176:תל רחוב
131:Periods
109:Founded
104:History
1657:Elisha
1589:
1579:
1519:
1470:
1258:
1248:
1198:
1147:
904:: 1–42
808:
734:Mamluk
712:, the
683:Jewish
655:tithes
489:Turkey
407:Nimshi
395:altars
384:Elisha
306:Canaan
231:Jewish
200:Israel
184:Arabic
172:Hebrew
123:circa
112:circa
930:(PDF)
870:Rehob
722:Roman
687:Rohob
550:altar
531:wheat
466:dates
454:straw
442:honey
438:ruins
376:sherd
302:Egypt
243:Roman
223:Rehov
178:) or
1605:link
1587:PMID
1517:ISBN
1468:OCLC
1256:PMID
1196:ISSN
1145:OCLC
1048:2007
1006:help
986:2019
977:Roob
958:help
938:2019
910:2019
819:2010
806:ISBN
736:and
691:Roob
505:Suhu
470:figs
468:and
458:clay
411:Jehu
280:and
214:and
1577:PMC
1567:doi
1563:119
1513:254
1246:PMC
1236:doi
1224:107
689:or
653:),
589:in
481:DNA
312:of
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