1367:, while turning at speed. Tires are checked at the point of manufacture for excessive static imbalance and dynamic imbalance using automatic tire balance machines. Tires are checked again in the auto assembly plant or tire retail shop after mounting the tire to the wheel. Assemblies that exhibit excessive imbalance are corrected by applying balance weights to the wheels to counteract the tire/wheel imbalance. An alternative method to tire balancing is the use of internal tire balancing agents. These agents take advantage of centrifugal force and inertia to counteract the tire imbalance. To facilitate proper balancing, most high-performance tire manufacturers place red and yellow marks on the sidewalls to enable the best possible match-mounting of the tire/wheel assembly. There are two methods of match-mounting high-performance tire-to-wheel assemblies using these red (uniformity) or yellow (weight) marks.
1835:(ETRTO) is the European standards organization "to establish engineering dimensions, load/pressure characteristics and operating guidelines". All tires sold for road use in Europe after July 1997 must carry an E-mark. The mark itself is either an upper case "E" or lower case "e" – followed by a number in a circle or rectangle, followed by a further number. An (upper case) "E" indicates that the tire is certified to comply with the dimensional, performance, and marking requirements of ECE regulation 30. A (lowercase) "e" indicates that the tire is certified to comply with the dimensional, performance, and marking requirements of Directive 92/23/EEC. The number in the circle or rectangle denotes the country code of the government that granted the type approval. The last number outside the circle or rectangle is the number of the type approval certificate issued for that particular tire size and type.
1948:: The tire contact patch is readily changed by both over- and underinflation. Overinflation may increase the wear on the center contact patch, and underinflation will cause a concave tread, resulting in less center contact, though the overall contact patch will still be larger. Most modern tires will wear evenly at high tire pressures, but will degrade prematurely if underinflated. Increased tire pressure may decrease rolling resistance, and may also result in shorter stopping distances If tire pressure is too low, the tire contact patch is greatly increased. This increases rolling resistance, tire flexing, and friction between the road and the tire. Under-inflation can lead to tire overheating, premature tread wear, and tread separation in severe cases.
2165:
1915:
59:
724:
a design is resistant to sidewall deformation and punctures (and to punctures’ expansion, or “torque splitting”) and therefore durable in severe use. Since the tread and sidewalls share their casing plies, the tire body flexes as a whole, providing the main advantage of this construction, better traction and smoother motion on uneven surfaces, with a greater tendency to conform to rocky ground and throw off mud and clay, especially because the rubber is usually of a softer compound than that used on radial tires. However, this conformity increases a bias tire's rolling resistance, and its stiffness allows less control,
2081:: The degree to which a tire can maintain traction in snow depends on its ability to compact snow, which material then develops strength against slippage along a shear plane parallel to the contact area of the tire on the ground. At the same time, the bottom of the tire treads compress the snow on which they are bearing, also creating friction. The process of compacting snow within the treads requires it to be expelled in time for the tread to compact snow anew on the next rotation. The compaction/contact process works both in the direction of travel for propulsion and braking, but also laterally for cornering.
2374:
1863:
1723:
51:
920:
1702:
750:
2362:
2255:
tires, will be rejected. The mold cure method involves the application of raw rubber on the previously buffed and prepared casing, which is later cured in matrices. During the curing period, vulcanization takes place, and the raw rubber bonds to the casing, taking the tread shape of the matrix. On the other hand, the pre-cure method involves the application of a ready-made tread band on the buffed and prepared casing, which later is cured in an autoclave so that vulcanization can occur.
1340:
599:
469:
8838:
8208:
7482:
7115:
1976:
2330:. One classic conditioning drill that hones players' speed and agility is the "Tire Run" where tires are laid out side by side, with each tire on the left a few inches ahead of the tire on the right in a zigzag pattern. Athletes then run through the tire pattern by stepping in the center of each tire. The drill forces athletes to lift their feet above the ground higher than normal to avoid tripping on the tires. Old tires are sometimes converted into a
1227:
928:
453:
8858:
8198:
7105:
569:
1756:
461:
936:
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7492:
1984:
1968:
2147:. Both humans and animals are exposed to these chemicals at the site of accumulation (i.e. walking on the road surface) and through the accumulation in natural environments and foodchains. A 2023 literature review from Imperial College London, warned of both the toxic chemicals and microplastics produced from tire wear as having potential widespread serious environmental and health consequences.
1028:, that bridges between the tread and bead. The sidewall is largely rubber but reinforced with fabric or steel cords that provide for tensile strength and flexibility. The sidewall contains air pressure and transmits the torque applied by the drive axle to the tread to create traction but supports little of the weight of the vehicle, as is clear from the total collapse of the tire when punctured.
673:
2197:
715:, improved fuel economy, more uniform wear, higher heat resistance, fewer blowouts, and a steadier, more comfortable ride at speed. Disadvantages, besides a higher cost than that of bias tires, are a harder ride at low speeds and generally worse performance on rough terrain. Radial tires are also seldom seen in diameters of greater than 42 inches, as such tires are difficult to make.
1958:(TPMS) are electronic systems that monitor the tire pressures on individual wheels on a vehicle and alert the driver when the pressure goes below a warning limit. There are several types of designs to monitor tire pressure. Some actually measure the air pressure, and some make indirect measurements, such as gauging when the relative size of the tire changes due to lower air pressure.
1021:
of air. The bead's design ensures a secure, non-slip connection, preventing the tire from rotating independently from the wheel during vehicle motion. Additionally, the interplay between the bead's dimensions and the wheel's width significantly influences the vehicle's steering responsiveness and stability, as it helps to maintain the tire’s intended shape and contact with the road.
2188:, but these are tightly bonded within the actual rubber compound so they are unlikely to be hazardous unless the tire structure is seriously damaged by fire or strong chemicals. Some facilities are permitted to recycle scrap tires by chipping and processing them into new products or selling the material to licensed power plants for fuel. Some tires may also be retreaded for re-use.
1118:
2242:, re-manufactured to replace the worn tread. This is known as retreading or recapping, a process of buffing away the worn tread and applying a new tread. There are two main processes used for retreading tires, called mold-cure and pre-cure methods. Both processes start with the inspection of the tire, followed by non-destructive inspection method such as
876:
manufactured almost 170 million tires. Over 2.5 billion tires are manufactured annually, making the tire industry a major consumer of natural rubber. It is estimated that by 2019, 3 billion tires will be to be sold globally every year. Estimates put worldwide tire production of 2,268 million in 2021 and is predicted to reach 2,665 million tires by 2027.
741:" trademark tire featuring a polyester carcass with belts of fiberglass. The "belted" tire starts two main plies of polyester, rayon, or nylon annealed as in conventional tires, and then placed on top are circumferential belts at different angles that improve performance compared to non-belted bias tires. The belts may be fiberglass or steel.
1718:
Under-inflation causes excessive wear to the outer ribs. Unbalanced wheels can cause uneven tire wear, as the rotation may not be perfectly circular. Tire manufacturers and car companies have mutually established standards for tread wear testing that include measurement parameters for tread loss profile, lug count, and heel-toe wear.
313:
996:, some of which have no grooves. High-performance tires often have smaller void areas to provide more rubber in contact with the road for higher traction, but may be compounded with softer rubber that provides better traction, but wears quickly. Mud and snow (M&S) tires employ larger and deeper slots to engage mud and snow.
510:
metal or ceramic studs that protrude from the tire to increase traction on hard-packed snow or ice. Studs abrade dry pavement, causing dust and creating wear in the wheel path. Regulations that require the use of snow tires or permit the use of studs vary by country in Asia and Europe, and by state or province in North
America.
1942:, to ensure safe operation within the designated load rating and vehicle loading capacity. While many tires feature a maximum pressure rating stamped on them, passenger vehicles and light trucks typically include inflation guidance on a decal located just inside the driver's door and in the vehicle owner's handbook.
1566:: The tire tread and sidewall elements undergo deformation and recovery as they enter and exit the footprint. Since the rubber is elastomeric, it is deformed during this cycle. As the rubber deforms and recovers, it imparts cyclical forces into the vehicle. These variations are collectively referred to as
1745:
Tire aging or "thermo-oxidative degradation" can be caused by time, ambient and operating temperatures, partial pressure of O2 in a tire, flex fatigue, or construction and compounding characteristics. For example, prolonged UV exposure leads to rubber's chemicals warping, potentially causing dry rot.
1162:
and energy dissipation (high tangent (δ)). A low tangent (δ) value at 60 °C is used as an indicator of low rolling resistance, while a high tangent (δ) value at 0 °C is used as an indicator of high wet traction. Designing an elastomer material that can achieve both high wet traction and low
1003:
Wear bars (or wear indicators) are raised features located at the bottom of the tread grooves that indicate the tire has reached its wear limit. When the tread lugs are worn to the point that the wear bars connect across the lugs, the tires are fully worn and should be taken out of service, typically
706:
Radial (or radial-ply) tire construction utilizes body ply cords extending straight across the tread from bead to bead—so that the cords are laid at approximately right angles to the centerline of the tread, and parallel to one another—as well as stabilizer belts directly beneath the tread. The plies
509:
on snow and ice. Such tires that have passed a specific winter traction performance test are entitled to display a "Three-Peak
Mountain Snow Flake" symbol on their sidewalls. Tires designed for winter conditions are optimized to drive at temperatures below 7 °C (45 °F). Some snow tires have
2250:
and nails. Some casings are repaired and some are discarded. Tires can be retreaded multiple times if the casing is in usable condition. Tires used for short delivery vehicles are retreaded more than long haul tires over the life of the tire body. Casings fit for retreading have the old tread buffed
1670:
for large earth-moving and mining vehicles assign TKPH ratings to their tires based on their size, construction, tread type, and rubber compound. The rating is based on the weight and speed that the tire can handle without overheating and causing it to deteriorate prematurely. The equivalent measure
1153:
in the elastomer material is a key challenge for reducing fuel consumption in the transportation sector. It is estimated that passenger vehicles consume approximately 5~15% of their fuel to overcome rolling resistance, while the estimate is understood to be higher for heavy trucks. However, there is
1020:
on the wheel. This essential component is constructed with robust steel cables encased in durable, specially formulated rubber designed to resist stretching. The precision of the bead's fit is crucial, as it seals the tire against the wheel, maintaining air pressure integrity and preventing any loss
797:
is a non-pneumatic tire that is not supported by air pressure. They are most commonly used on small vehicles, such as golf carts, and on utility vehicles in situations where the risk of puncture is high, such as on construction equipment. Many tires used in industrial and commercial applications are
736:
A belted bias tire starts with two or more bias plies to which stabilizer belts are bonded directly beneath the tread. This construction provides a smoother ride that is similar to the bias tire, while lessening rolling resistance because the belts increase tread stiffness. The design was introduced
723:
tire (bias-ply, or cross-ply) construction utilizes body ply cords that extend diagonally from bead to bead, usually at angles in the range of 30 to 40 degrees from the direction of travel. Successive plies are laid at opposing angles, forming a crisscross pattern to which the tread is applied. Such
2216:
The use of scrap tire chips for landscaping has become controversial, due to the leaching of metals and other contaminants from the tire pieces. Zinc is concentrated (up to 2% by weight) to levels high enough to be highly toxic to aquatic life and plants. Of particular concern is evidence that some
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in cars and especially trucks, where rolling resistance accounts for a high proportion of fuel consumption. Pneumatic tires also have a much lower rolling resistance than solid tires. Because the internal air pressure acts in all directions, a pneumatic tire is able to "absorb" bumps in the road as
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are layers of relatively inextensible cords embedded in the rubber to hold its shape by preventing the rubber from stretching in response to the internal pressure. The orientations of the plies play a large role in the performance of the tire and are one of the main ways that tires are categorized.
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automobile company in 1934 to utilize this new technology. Because of its superiority in handling and fuel economy, use of this technology quickly spread throughout Europe and Asia. In the US, the outdated bias-ply tire construction persisted until the Ford Motor
Company adopted radial tires in the
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During the retreading process, retread technicians must ensure the casing is in the best condition possible to minimize the possibility of a casing failure. Casings with problems such as capped tread, tread separation, irreparable cuts, corroded belts or sidewall damage, or any run-flat or skidded
2204:
Americans generate about 285 million scrap tires per year. Many states have regulations as to the number of scrap tires that can be held on-site, due to concerns with dumping, fire hazards, and mosquitoes. In the past, millions of tires have been discarded into open fields. This creates a breeding
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helps prevent wear due to rotation in a direction other than the path of the vehicle. When mounted on the vehicle, the wheel and tire may not be perfectly aligned to the direction of travel, and therefore may exhibit irregular wear. If the discrepancy in alignment is large, then the irregular wear
1738:
Raised bars in the tread channels, which indicate that the tread is becoming worn and therefore unsafe. Indicators have been required on all new tires since 1968 in the US. In many countries the
Highway Code forbids driving on public roads when the contact surface is flush with any of these bars -
1586:
at the end of the manufacturing process. Tires outside the specified limits for RFV and LFV are rejected. Geometric parameters, including radial runout, lateral runout, and sidewall bulge, are measured using a tire uniformity machine at the tire factory at the end of the manufacturing process as a
1060:
Blem (short for "blemished") is a term used for a tire that failed inspection during manufacturing - but only for superficial/cosmetic/aesthetic reasons. For example, a tire with white painted lettering which is smudged or incomplete might be classified as a "blem". Blem tires are fully functional
618:
to absorb the shock of landing. To conserve the weight and space required, they are typically small in proportion to the vehicle that they support. Most are radial-ply construction. They are designed for a peak load when the aircraft is stationary, although side loads upon landing are an important
875:
Forecasts for the global automotive tire market indicate continued growth through 2027. Estimates put the value of worldwide sales volume around $ 126 billion in 2022, it is expected to reach the value of over $ 176 billion by 2027. Production of tires is also experiencing growth. In 2015, the US
864:
Pneumatic tires are manufactured in about 450 tire factories around the world. Tire production starts with bulk raw materials such as rubber, carbon black, and chemicals and produces numerous specialized components that are assembled and cured. Many kinds of rubber are used, the most common being
1853:
The China
Compulsory Certification (CCC) is a mandatory certification system concerning product safety in China that went into effect in August 2002. The CCC certification system is operated by the State General Administration for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine of the People's
1631:. However, tires with a circular cross-section, such as those found on racing bicycles, when properly inflated have a sufficiently small footprint to not be susceptible to hydroplaning. For such tires, it is observed that fully slick tires will give superior traction on both wet and dry pavement.
1597:
is the resistance to rolling caused by deformation of the tire in contact with the road surface. As the tire rolls, the tread enters the contact area and is deformed flat to conform to the roadway. The energy required to make the deformation depends on the inflation pressure, rotating speed, and
585:
Off-road tires are used on construction vehicles, agricultural and forestry equipment, and other applications that take place on soft terrain. The category also includes machinery that travels over hardened surfaces at industrial sites, ports, and airports. Tires designed for soft terrain have a
381:
In 1892, Dunlop's patent was declared invalid because of the prior art by forgotten fellow Scot Robert
William Thomson of London (patents London 1845, France 1846, USA 1847). However, Dunlop is credited with "realizing rubber could withstand the wear and tear of being a tire while retaining its
377:
demonstrated the supremacy of Dunlop's tires in 1889, winning the tire's first-ever races in
Ireland and then England. In Dunlop's tire patent specification dated 31 October 1888, his interest is only in its use in cycles and light vehicles. In September 1890, he was made aware of an earlier
1717:
can cause excessive wear of the innermost or outermost ribs. Gravel roads, rocky terrain, and other rough terrain cause accelerated wear. Over-inflation above the sidewall maximum can cause excessive wear to the center of the tread. Modern tires have steel belts built in to prevent this.
197:, where tires explode during operation and possibly damage vehicles and injure people. The manufacture of tires is often highly regulated for this reason. Because of the widespread use of tires for motor vehicles, tire waste is a substantial portion of global waste. There is a need for
480:
Light-duty tires for passenger vehicles carry loads in the range of 550 to 1,100 pounds (250 to 500 kg) on the drive wheel. Light-to-medium duty trucks and vans carry loads in the range of 1,100 to 3,300 pounds (500 to 1,500 kg) on the drive wheel. They are differentiated by
1314:-shaped balloons made from an impermeable material, such as soft, elastic synthetic rubber, to prevent air leakage. The inner tubes are inserted into the tire and inflated to retain air pressure. Large inner tubes can be reused for other purposes, such as swimming and rafting (see
711:. The tire’s footprint, wider than a bias tire’s, and flexible sidewalls provide a better grip in turns, and its circumferential belts stabilize it. The advantages of this construction over that of a bias tire are many, including longer tread life, better steering control, lower
648:
Industrial tires support such vehicles as forklifts, tractors, excavators, road rollers, and bucket loaders. Those used on smooth surfaces have a smooth tread, whereas those used on soft surfaces typically have large tread features. Some industrial tires are solid or filled with
732:
between its overlapping plies causes friction that generates heat. Still, bias tires benefit from simpler structure and so cost less than like-size radials, and they remain in use on heavy equipment and off-road vehicles, although the earthmoving market has shifted to radials.
539:
eliminates the need for a spare tire because they can be traveled on at a reduced speed in the event of a puncture, using a stiff sidewall to prevent damage to the tire rim. Vehicles without run-flat tires rely on a spare tire, which may be a compact tire, to replace a damaged
2053:: Motor vehicles or aircraft tires passing over a wet pavement may lose contact with sufficient speed or water depth for a given tread design. In this case, the tire contact area is riding on a film of water and loses the friction needed for braking or cornering and begins to
1203:
Non-exhaust emissions of particulate matter, generated by the wearing down of brakes, clutches, tires, and road surfaces, as well as by the suspension of road dust, constitute a little-known but rising share of emissions from road traffic and significantly harm public health.
2205:
ground for mosquitoes, since the tires often hold water inside and remain warm enough for mosquito breeding. Mosquitoes create a nuisance and may increase the likelihood of spreading disease. It also creates a fire danger, since such a large tire pile is a lot of fuel. Some
1812:(T&RA) is a voluntary U.S. standards organization that promotes the interchangeability of tires, rims, and allied parts. Of particular interest, they publish key tire dimensions, rim contour dimensions, tire valve dimension standards, and load/inflation standards.
2213:. Tires have been known to liquefy, releasing hydrocarbons and other contaminants to the ground and even groundwater, under extreme heat and temperatures from a fire. The black smoke from a tire fire causes air pollution and is a hazard to downwind properties.
969:
for tires designed for soft terrain or snow. Grooves run circumferentially around the tire and are needed to channel away water. Lugs are that portion of the tread design that contacts the road surface. Grooves, sipes, and slots allow tires to evacuate water.
4856:
The only possible way in which the reaction can develop at the rim is by the changes in magnitude and direction of the membrane stresses at their points of attachment to the rim, in the region of the membrane near the point where the plate is pressed against
2020:
which may be belt-to-belt, tread and belt, or separation of the edge of the belt. Belt-to-belt separation may occur having the tire deflect too much, from high pavement temperatures, road hazard impacts, or other causes that have to do with maintenance and
2047:: As tire rubber compounds heat, owing to the friction of stopping, cornering, or accelerating, they may begin to melt, lubricate the tire-road contact area, and become deposited on the pavement. This effect is stronger with increased ambient temperature.
1544:, or footprint, of the tire, is the area of the tread that is in contact with the road surface. This area transmits forces between the tire and the road via friction. The length-to-width ratio of the contact patch affects steering and cornering behavior.
2093:: Soil can become lubricated with water, which reduces its ability to maintain shear strength when a tire tries to apply force in acceleration, braking, or cornering. Dry sand also has low shear strength, owing to poor cohesiveness among sand particles.
1842:(BRMA) recommended practice, issued June 2001, states, "BRMA members strongly recommend that unused tires should not be put into service if they are over six years old and that all tires should be replaced ten years from the date of their manufacture."
581:
Truck tires come in a variety of profiles that include "low profile" with a section height that is 70 to 45% of the tread width, "wide-base" for heavy vehicles, and a "super-single" tire that has the same total contact pressure as a dual-mounted tire
485:
for different vehicles, including (starting from the lowest speed to the highest): winter tires, light truck tires, entry-level car tires, sedans and vans, sport sedans, and high-performance cars. Apart from road tires, there are special categories:
1881:
vehicles tend to wear the front tires at a greater rate compared to the rear tires. Tire rotation is moving the tires to different car positions, such as front-to-rear, in order to even out the wear, with the objective of extending the life of the
1503:: Performance-oriented tires have a tread pattern and rubber compounds designed to grip the road surface, and so usually have a slightly shorter stopping distance. However, specific braking tests are necessary for data beyond generalizations.
1265:
uniformly around the wheel, except where it is reduced above the contact patch. Second, the bead transfers that net force to the rim. Tires are mounted on the wheel by forcing its beads into the channel formed by the wheel's inner and outer
513:
All-season tires are typically rated for mud and snow (M+S). These tires have tread gaps that are smaller than snow tires and larger than conventional tires. They are quieter than snow tires on clear roads, but less capable on snow or
133:
was developed, tires were metal bands fitted around wooden wheels to hold the wheel together under load and to prevent wear and tear. Early rubber tires were solid (not pneumatic). Pneumatic tires are used on many vehicles, including
517:
All-terrain tires are designed to have adequate traction off-road, yet have benign handling and noise characteristics for highway driving. Such tires are rated better on snow and rain than street tires and "good" on ice, rock, and
1922:
Inflation is key to proper wear and rolling resistance of pneumatic tires. Many vehicles have monitoring systems to assure proper inflation. Most passenger cars are advised to maintain a tire pressure within the range of 32 to 35
576:
Heavy-duty tires for large trucks and buses come in a variety of profiles and carry loads in the range of 4,000 to 5,500 pounds (1,800 to 2,500 kg) on the drive wheel. These are typically mounted in tandem on the drive axle.
802:, and many types of light industrial vehicles, carts, and trailers. One of the most common applications for solid tires is for material handling equipment (forklifts). Such tires are installed utilizing a hydraulic tire press.
555:. Race car tires are designed to maximize cornering and acceleration friction at the expense of longevity. Racing slicks have no tread to maximize contact with the pavement and rain tires have channels to eject water to avoid
5914:
Liu, H., Mead, J., Stacer, R. Chelsea Center For
Recycling And Economic Development. (1998). Environmental Impacts Of Recycling Rubber In Light Fill Applications: Summary & Evaluation Of Existing Literature University of
769:
Semi-pneumatic tires have a hollow center, but they are not pressurized. They are lightweight, low-cost, puncture-proof, and provide cushioning. These tires often come as a complete assembly with the wheel and even integral
524:
High-performance tires are rated for speeds up to 168 miles per hour (270 km/h) and ultra-high-performance tires are rated for speeds up to 186 miles per hour (299 km/h), but have harsher ride characteristics and
4304:
702:
began an inexorable climb in market share, reaching 100% of the North
American market in the 1980s. Radial tire technology is now the standard design for essentially all automotive tires, but other methods have been used.
1241:
Associated components of tires include the wheel on which it is mounted, the valve stem through which air is introduced, and, for some tires, an inner tube that provides the airtight means for maintaining tire pressure.
1739:
this is often defined when the groove depth is approximately 1.5 or 1.6 mm (2/32 inch). TWI can also be used to refer to small arrows or icons on the tire sidewall, indicating the location of the raised wear bars.
2087:: Ice is typically close to its melting point when a tire travels over it. This, combined with a smooth texture, promotes a low coefficient of friction and reduced traction during braking, cornering or acceleration.
299:
of 1926 describes that "there is nothing to be said for 'tyre', which is etymologically wrong, as well as needlessly divergent from our own older & the present
American usage". However, over the 20th century,
1101:. Good adhesion between the cords and the rubber is important. To achieve this the steel cords are coated in a thin layer of brass, various additives will also be added to the rubber to improve binding, such as
1133:
and encases the cords to protect them from abrasion and hold them in place, is a key component of pneumatic tire design. It can be composed of various composites of rubber material – the most common being
1796:), is a system for comparing the performance of tires according to the Code of Federal Regulations 49 CFR 575.104; it requires labeling of tires for tread wear, traction, and temperature. The DOT Code is an
408:
in the 1920s. Rubber shortages in the United Kingdom during WWII prompted research on alternatives to rubber tires with suggestions including leather, compressed asbestos, rayon, felt, bristles, and paper.
1497:, is the ratio of vertical force to vertical deflection of the tire, and it contributes to the overall suspension performance of the vehicle. In general, the spring rate increases with inflation pressure.
372:
on rough pavements. His doctor, John, later Sir John Fagan, had prescribed cycling as an exercise for the boy and was a regular visitor. Fagan participated in designing the first pneumatic tires. Cyclist
6446:
1421:
or sideslip angle is the angle between a rolling wheel's actual direction of travel and the direction towards which it is pointing (i.e., the angle of the vector sum of wheel translational velocity
985:) to minimize noise levels at discrete frequencies. Sipes are slits cut across the tire, usually perpendicular to the grooves, which allow the water from the grooves to escape sideways and mitigate
1330:. Purpose-built inflatable tori are also manufactured for these uses, offering a choice of colors, fabric covering, handles, decks, and other accessories, and eliminating the protruding valve stem.
4147:
1288:
on high-performance bicycles. They mount directly to the rim, in the case of tubeless tires, or are an integral part of the inner tube. Most modern passenger vehicles are now required to have a
4115:
Bearing capacity of roads, railways and airfields: proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads and Airfields, Champaign, Illinois, USA, June 29-July 2, 2009
1816:
439:
Tires may be classified according to the type of vehicle they serve. They may be distinguished by the load they carry and by their application, e.g. to a motor vehicle, aircraft, or bicycle.
386:
worked through the ensuing considerable difficulties. They employed inventor Charles Kingston Welch and acquired other rights and patents, which allowed them some limited protection of their
1652:
theory would suggest. Namely, the load sensitivity of most real tires in their typical operating range is such that the coefficient of friction decreases as the vertical load, Fz, increases.
3592:
Sharp, Archibald, Bicycles & Tricycles: An Elementary Treatise on Their Design and Construction, Longmans Green, London and New York, 1896, pages 494-502; reprinted by MIT Press, 1977,
1850:
The Japanese Automobile Tire Manufacturers Association (JATMA) is the Japanese standards organization for tires, rims, and valves. It performs similar functions as the T&RA and ETRTO.
1399:
of a tire is the trail-like effect generated by compliant tires rolling on a hard surface and subject to side loads, as in a turn. More technically, it is the distance that the resultant
619:
factor. Although hydroplaning is a concern for aircraft tires, they typically have radial grooves and no lateral grooves or sipes. Some light aircraft employ large-diameter, low-pressure
3639:
2067:
where standing water is present with a depth of at least 0.12 inches (3 mm) above the texture of the pavement and speed is sustained above a threshold level. It may also occur as
71:
2150:
Moreover, burning of tires releases these chemicals as air pollutants as well as leaving toxic residues, that can have significant effects on local communities and first responders.
5988:
2176:
Once tires are discarded, they are considered scrap tires. Scrap tires are often re-used for things from bumper car barriers to weights to hold down tarps. Tires are not desired at
5336:
684:
tires used on cars, trucks, and aircraft, but also includes non-automotive applications with slow-moving, light-duty, or railroad applications, which may have non-pneumatic tires.
3506:
1154:
a trade-off between rolling resistance and wet traction and grip: while low rolling resistance can be achieved by reducing the viscoelastic properties of the rubber compound (low
5033:
1253:
that most often have integral rims on their outer edges to hold the tire. Automotive wheels are typically made from pressed and welded steel, or a composite of lightweight metal
5270:
One requirement provides that ... all new tires shall be equipped with a tread-wear indicator that will show at a glance when the tread depth has been worn to 1/16 of an inch.
992:
Different tread designs address a variety of driving conditions. As the ratio of tire tread area to groove area increases, so does tire friction on dry pavement, as seen on
798:
non-pneumatic, and are manufactured from solid rubber and plastic compounds via molding operations. Solid tires include those used for lawnmowers, skateboards, golf carts,
528:
Electric vehicles have unique demands on tires due to the combination of weight (resulting in new load index), higher torque, and requirements for lower rolling resistance.
1560:: Dry traction is the measure of the tire's ability to deliver traction, or grip, under dry conditions. Dry traction is a function of the tackiness of the rubber compound.
431:, highlighting the superiority of radial construction. The US tire industry lost its market share to Japanese and European manufacturers, which bought out US companies.
6505:
1991:
Tire hazards may occur from failure of the tire, itself, or from loss of traction on the surface over which it is rolling. Structural failures of a tire can result in
2486:
Tan, Z.; Berry, A.; Charalambides, M.; Mijic, A.; Pearse, W.; Porter, A.; Ryan, M.; Shorten, R.; Stettler, M.; Tetley, T.; Wright, S.; Masen, M. (10 February 2023).
1999:
Some of these failures can be caused by manufacture error and may lead to recalls, such as the widespread Firestone tire failures on Ford vehicles that lead to the
1474:
1446:
4037:
3626:
Conclusion: Clincher tires stay on the rim primarily by the clinch of the hooked sidewall that retains the tire bead, not the circumferential tension in the bead.
2988:
2108:
Tires contain a number of trace toxic chemicals including heavy metals and chemical agents used to increase the durability of the tires. These typically include
1598:
numerous physical properties of the tire structure, such as spring force and stiffness. Tire makers seek lower rolling resistance tire constructions to improve
1257:, such as aluminum or magnesium. There are two aspects to how pneumatic tires support the rim of the wheel on which they are mounted. First, the tension in the
981:
emanating from moving vehicles. These sound intensities increase with higher vehicle speeds. Tires treads may incorporate a variety of distances between slots (
2282:
on playgrounds to diminish fall injuries. There are some "green" buildings that are being made both private and public buildings that are made from old tires.
94:
inflated structures, providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock as the tire rolls over rough features on the surface. Tires provide a footprint, called a
1534:, traction circle, friction circle, or friction ellipse is a useful way to think about the dynamic interaction between a vehicle's tire and the road surface.
263:
did not reappear until the 1840s when the English began shrink-fitting railway car wheels with malleable iron. Nevertheless, many publishers continued using
1839:
368:, owner of one of Ireland's most prosperous veterinary practices. It was an effort to prevent the headaches of his 10-year-old son Johnnie while riding his
6375:
6040:
4312:
850:
to "eliminate the possibility of a chemical reaction between atmospheric oxygen and volatile gases from the tire inner liner producing a tire explosion".
3197:
98:, designed to match the vehicle's weight and the bearing on the surface that it rolls over by exerting a pressure that will avoid deforming the surface.
5200:
Tamis, Jacqueline E.; Koelmans, Albert A.; Dröge, Rianne; Kaag, Nicolaas H. B. M.; Keur, Marinus C.; Tromp, Peter C.; Jongbloed, Ruud H. (2 July 2021).
4151:
962:. The tread is a thick rubber, or rubber/composite compound formulated to provide an appropriate level of traction that does not wear away too quickly.
7357:
6158:
1785:
1000:
have still larger and deeper slots that compact snow and create shear strength within the compacted snow to improve braking and cornering performance.
5948:
5733:
5707:
3533:
2031:
include those at the tire tread, in the bead area, in the lower sidewall, between reinforcing plies, and of the reinforcing steel or fabric materials.
629:
may be designed for riding on roads or over unimproved terrain and may be mounted on vehicles with more than two wheels. There are three main types:
4086:
2848:
Obrecht, Werner; Lambert, Jean-Pierre; Happ, Michael; Oppenheimer-Stix, Christiane; Dunn, John; KrĂĽger, Ralf (2003). "Rubber, 4. Emulsion Rubbers".
2650:
958:
is the part of the tire that comes in contact with the road surface. The portion that is in contact with the road at a given instant in time is the
645:
and have a bead that presses against the wheel rim. An inner tube provides the air pressure and the contact pressure between the bead and wheel rim.
1658:: The work load of a tire is monitored so that it is not put under undue stress, which may lead to its premature failure. Work load is measured in
2742:
2312:: Tires filled with earth have been used as garden containers house foundations, bullet-proof walls and to prevent soil erosion in flood plains.
4009:
2927:
1603:
it rolls over them without experiencing a reaction force opposite to the direction of travel, as is the case with a solid (or foam-filled) tire.
5594:
3647:
1893:
will become substantial if left uncorrected. Wheel alignment is the procedure for checking and correcting this condition through adjustment of
827:
to prevent the need to replace the entirety of a wheel. The tire, usually made of steel, surrounds the wheel and is primarily held in place by
4547:
1627:, or grip, under wet conditions. Wet traction is improved by the tread design's ability to channel water out of the tire footprint and reduce
7528:
2897:
4911:
2772:
7047:
4943:
1832:
1800:
character sequence molded into the sidewall of the tire and allows the identification of the tire and its age. The code is mandated by the
965:
The tread pattern is characterized by a system of circumferential grooves, lateral sipes, and slots for road tires or a system of lugs and
398:
of natural rubber using sulfur, as well as the development of the "clincher" rim for holding the tire in place laterally on the wheel rim.
2180:, due to their large volumes and 75% void space, which quickly consumes valuable space. Rubber tires are likely to contain some traces of
5340:
4875:
This force pulls the bead coil against the base of the wheel rim above the contact area, thus transmitting the upward force to the wheel.
4803:
2631:
1081:
The cords, which form the ply and bead and provide the tensile strength necessary to contain the inflation pressure, can be composed of
353:
fire, placing it over the wheel, and quenching it, causing the metal to contract back to its original size to fit tightly on the wheel.
282:
6451:
Yemen: Protesters burn tires and obstruct roads in multiple parts of Aden Governorate late Aug. 22 to denounce power outages | Crisis24
5040:
1801:
1789:
3125:
2684:
4363:
1663:
3560:
5170:
4966:
5609:
3076:
8244:
6111:
Tire Tread and Tire Track Evidence: Recovery and Forensic Examination Practical Aspects of Criminal & Forensic Investigations
3672:
Industrial Press-on Solid Rubber Tires: Exported Into Canada by Bearcat Tire Company, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
3453:
2143:
as tire residue. This residue accumulates near roadways and vehicle use areas, but also will travel into the environment through
521:
Mud-terrain tires have a deeper, more open tread for good grip in mud, than all-terrain tires, but perform less well on pavement.
5820:
5442:
2958:
1792:(DOT) tasked with regulating automotive safety in the United States. NHTSA established the Uniform Tire Quality Grading System (
6177:
6138:
5793:
3364:
1870:
To maintain tire health, several actions are appropriate, tire rotation, wheel alignment, and, sometimes, retreading the tire.
6447:"Yemen: Protesters burn tires and obstruct roads in multiple parts of Aden Governorate late Aug. 22 to denounce power outages"
6297:
4326:
6482:
6013:
5076:
4661:
4599:
4487:
4184:
4123:
3695:
2865:
2660:
2604:
2401:
1196:
resistance. Therefore, the ratio of the two monomers in the styrene-butadiene copolymer is considered key in determining the
6501:
4785:
Hao, P. T., Ismail, H., & Hashim, A. S. (2001). Study of two types of styrene butadiene rubber in tire tread compounds.
1031:
Sidewalls are molded with manufacturer-specific detail, government-mandated warning labels, and other consumer information.
7811:
5140:
4458:
3913:
3764:
3426:
3391:
1854:
Republic of China (AQSIQ) and the Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China (CNCA).
1666:
has made TKPH an important parameter in tire selection and equipment maintenance for the mining industry. For this reason,
1385:
grows, the tire width decreases. This centrifugal growth can cause rubbing of the tire against the vehicle at high speeds.
293:
6066:
5661:
3285:
8716:
6175:
Cementitious Composites Containing Recycled Tire Rubber: An Overview of Engineering Properties and Potential Applications
5949:"An Assessment of Environmental Toxicity and Potential Contamination from Artificial Turf using Shredded or Crumb Rubber"
2000:
7927:
7728:
5415:
4279:
2373:
356:
The first patent for what appears to be a standard pneumatic tire appeared in 1847 and was lodged by Scottish inventor
6315:
5533:
4887:
7521:
6208:
6119:
6050:
5874:
5830:
5803:
5768:
5570:
5543:
5508:
5475:
5425:
4982:
4531:
4497:
4373:
3597:
3577:
3543:
3490:
3463:
3436:
3374:
3322:
3295:
3268:
3258:
3135:
3105:
3056:
2694:
5283:
2289:
method for recycling used tires is a technique that heats whole or shredded tires in a reactor vessel containing an
360:. However, this idea never went into production. The first practical pneumatic tire was made in 1888 on May Street,
7937:
7364:
7337:
7151:
5864:
1662:(TKPH). The measurement's appellation and units are the same. The recent shortage and increasing cost of tires for
1554:
or side force is the lateral (i.e. parallel to the road surface) force produced by a vehicle tire during cornering.
1348:
888:
4521:
4201:
3312:
2717:
1347:
The interactions of a tire with the pavement are complex. A commonly used (empirical) model of tire properties is
6946:
6542:
5981:
4687:
4327:"The world's largest tire manufacturers in Q1 and Q2 2016, based on tire-related sales (in billion U.S. dollars)"
2109:
1955:
1487:
is the delay between when a slip angle is introduced and when the cornering force reaches its steady-state value.
1289:
6421:
6383:
5890:
4734:
Vanooij, William J.; Harakuni, Prasan B.; Buytaert, Guy (1 July 2009). "Adhesion of Steel Tire Cord to Rubber".
3480:
2131:
As tires are used for vehicle operations, the natural wear of the tire leaves microfine particles equivalent to
8741:
7884:
6398:
2637:...The spelling " tyre " is not now accepted by the best English authorities, and is unrecognized in America...
1713:
This occurs through normal contact with roads or terrain; there are several types of abnormal tread wear. Poor
1520:
and camber force are the force generated perpendicular to the direction of travel of a rolling tire due to its
1069:
The materials of modern pneumatic tires can be divided into two groups, the cords that make up the ply and the
155:
6092:
3206:
2361:
2164:
1914:
8819:
8736:
8653:
7962:
6936:
6805:
6341:
5249:
3670:
786:. They can also be rugged, typically used in industrial applications, and are designed to not pull off their
6155:
5381:
1579:
8897:
8851:
7569:
7514:
7455:
7369:
5955:
5737:
5711:
4174:
2071:
whereby tire rubber melts for a brief interval and causes slippage. This may leave deposits of rubber on a
1197:
1045:
The shoulder is that part of the tire at the edge of the tread as it makes the transition to the sidewall.
170:, and solid rubber (or other polymers) tires are also used in various non-automotive applications, such as
6093:
Investigation of thermomechanical effects of lighting conditions on canvas paintings by laser shearography
4390:
3816:
3712:
3095:
2217:
of the compounds that leach from tires into the water contain hormone disruptors and cause liver lesions.
1184:= -100 °C) having high hysteresis and thus offering good wet grip properties, with the properties of
8600:
8237:
8037:
7450:
7352:
7057:
6577:
6356:
5013:
4624:
4090:
2567:
2527:
1667:
1599:
663:. The two tires' contact with the ground affects safety, braking, fuel economy, noise, and rider comfort.
90:
on the surface over which the wheel travels. Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles, are
5066:
3994:
3872:
2075:
as airplanes land. Dynamic hydroplaning causes decreased friction and contact with increased tire speed.
2034:
Other types of failure include run-flat damage, chemical degradation, cracking, indentations and bulges.
1306:, and many tires for large vehicles such as buses, heavy trucks, and tractors are designed for use with
290:"The spelling 'tyre' is not now accepted by the best English authorities, and is unrecognized in the US"
221:, waste tires release toxic chemicals into the environment. Moreover, the regular use of tires produces
8802:
7874:
7723:
7705:
6232:
5847:
3507:"Global Off The Road Tire Market: Development History, Current Analysis and Estimated Forecast to 2025"
3205:. DOT HS 810 561. Washington, DC: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration. Archived from
2750:
1363:: Wheel-tire combinations require an even distribution of mass around their circumferences to maintain
58:
6156:
Evaluation of the Use of Scrap Tires in Transportation Related Applications in the State of Washington
1617:
that a tire creates as it rolls along that tends to steer it, i.e. rotate it around its vertical axis.
8173:
8062:
8002:
7967:
7757:
4253:
3966:
3844:
2935:
1106:
6835:
5634:
4761:
7952:
7804:
7609:
7584:
7384:
7319:
7245:
7067:
4804:"Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport: An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge"
4573:
2905:
8557:
7922:
7894:
7495:
7430:
7263:
7039:
6898:
6855:
6785:
4918:
2780:
2290:
2181:
1939:
1698:. A concern hereby is that vehicle tire wear pollution is unregulated, unlike exhaust emissions.
1583:
1575:
973:
The design of treads and the interaction of specific tire types with the roadway surface affects
6474:
Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage
5021:. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.
3048:
2596:
2590:
1163:
rolling resistance is key in achieving safety and fuel efficiency in the transportation sector.
8774:
8420:
8230:
7912:
7902:
7715:
7374:
6994:
6913:
6865:
6860:
4344:
2635:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1006–1009, see page 1007.
1624:
1571:
908:
813:
738:
725:
595:
Aircraft, bicycles, and a variety of industrial applications have distinct design requirements.
506:
357:
206:
122:
87:
6981:
6767:
6712:
4227:
919:
8295:
7752:
7564:
6880:
6845:
6472:
6109:
3738:
1924:
1645:
1192:= 100 °C) having low hysteresis and thus offering low rolling resistance in addition to
835:
31:
17:
5925:
2297:
is softened after which the rubber polymers continuously break down into smaller molecules.
1877:: Tires may exhibit irregular wear patterns once installed on a vehicle and partially worn.
1746:
Various storage methods may slow the aging process, but will not eliminate tire degradation.
387:
8721:
8007:
7942:
7594:
7445:
7144:
6825:
4651:
4415:
2317:
1610:
1452:
1424:
986:
395:
3014:
2898:"Radial or bias, the right choice / Properly use your tires - Michelin Agricultural Tires"
394:. The development of this technology hinged on myriad engineering advances, including the
8:
8887:
8814:
8708:
8683:
8663:
8615:
8383:
8032:
8012:
7797:
7735:
7549:
7283:
6951:
6587:
6559:
6535:
5202:"Environmental risks of car tire microplastic particles and other road runoff pollutants"
3231:
1722:
1319:
707:
are generally made of nylon, polyester, or steel, and the belts of steel, fiberglass, or
6279:
5178:
4419:
3097:
Chassis Handbook: Fundamentals, Driving Dynamics, Components, Mechatronics, Perspectives
1649:
464:
A winter tire without studs, showing tread pattern designed to compact snow in the gaps.
8620:
8494:
8178:
8083:
7402:
7268:
6989:
6820:
6226:
6198:
5588:
5231:
4439:
3887:
3485:(701-TA-448 and 731-TA-1117 ed.). U.S. International Trade Commission. p. 4.
3041:
2421:
2416:
2396:
1594:
1155:
1150:
859:
729:
712:
5114:
4305:"Research Report on World's Top 50 Tire Enterprises, 2010-2011 Market Research Report"
2551:"tire, n.2." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2016. Web. 26 January 2017.
1772:
Automotive tires have a variety of identifying markings molded onto the sidewall as a
1061:
and generally carry the same warranty as flawless tires - but are sold at a discount.
532:
Other types of light-duty automotive tires include run-flat tires and race car tires:
225:
that contain these chemicals that both enter the environment and affect human health.
8857:
8522:
8253:
8197:
7972:
7907:
7859:
7841:
7772:
7462:
7304:
7212:
7104:
6815:
6692:
6627:
6478:
6335:
6214:
6204:
6174:
6115:
6046:
5870:
5826:
5799:
5774:
5764:
5576:
5566:
5539:
5514:
5504:
5481:
5471:
5421:
5235:
5223:
5072:
4657:
4527:
4493:
4443:
4431:
4369:
4180:
4129:
4119:
4068:
3981:
3859:
3691:
3640:"Industrial Tire Market: Size Estimated To Observe Significant Growth By 2018 – 2026"
3593:
3539:
3486:
3459:
3432:
3370:
3340:"Dynamic Mechanical Properties Of Passenger And Light Truck Tire Treads". Report No.
3318:
3291:
3264:
3131:
3101:
3052:
2861:
2690:
2656:
2600:
2487:
2327:
1878:
1776:. They denote size, rating, and other information pertinent to that individual tire.
1484:
1378:
1374:
1135:
1122:
993:
940:
866:
214:
38:
6135:
2625:
1862:
1389:
tires are often designed with reinforcements aimed at minimizing centrifugal growth.
1025:
823:
The wheels of some railway engines and older types of rolling stock are fitted with
189:
Unmaintained tires can lead to severe hazards for vehicles and people, ranging from
50:
8786:
8769:
8562:
8527:
8337:
8327:
8290:
8047:
7854:
7740:
7619:
7435:
7182:
7108:
6921:
6870:
6780:
6702:
6682:
6642:
6632:
6612:
6259:
5213:
4743:
4423:
3938:
3350:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
2853:
2503:
2495:
2411:
2103:
1902:
1804:
but is used worldwide. The DOT Code is also useful in identifying tires subject to
1701:
1695:
1685:
1648:
is the behavior of tires under load. Conventional pneumatic tires do not behave as
1531:
1221:
1180:
946:
A tire comprises several components: the tread, bead, sidewall, shoulder, and ply.
828:
812:
tire. This construction was extended to wagons on horse-drawn tramways, rolling on
749:
694:
427:
401:
365:
316:
106:
6264:
6247:
3790:
3610:
3043:
Resisting Protectionism: Global Industries and the Politics of International Trade
1905:
angles. The adjustment of the angles should be done as per the OEM specifications.
655:
provide traction, resisting wear, absorbing surface irregularities, and allow the
255:
were used during the 15th and 16th centuries. During the 17th and 18th centuries,
8892:
8731:
8658:
8474:
8403:
8067:
7997:
7634:
7624:
7485:
7207:
7137:
6850:
6810:
6800:
6795:
6735:
6677:
6509:
6181:
6162:
6142:
5852:. US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory.
5039:. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University. Archived from
2448:
2354:. A tire is soaked in gasoline, placed around the victim's neck, and set on fire.
2272:
1889:
1714:
1567:
1551:
1400:
1396:
1303:
1231:
1139:
978:
660:
652:
281:
began to be commonly used in the 19th century for pneumatic tires in the UK. The
5311:
5148:
8882:
8678:
8580:
8484:
8479:
8168:
7982:
7977:
7868:
7864:
7668:
7658:
7653:
7554:
7467:
7299:
7202:
7177:
7118:
7029:
7019:
7009:
6755:
6647:
6528:
5686:
5218:
5201:
4063:
Jones, Thomas H. (1980). "Get things moving with casters, glides, and wheels".
3888:"Radial vs. Bias Ply Tires: Pros & Cons, Differences & Which to Choose"
2802:
2286:
2159:
2144:
2113:
1996:
1805:
1281:
1039:
1035:
892:
383:
198:
194:
126:
110:
6070:
5580:
5485:
5362:
2326:: Used tires are employed as exercise equipment for athletic programs such as
2209:
have burned for months, since water does not adequately penetrate or cool the
1373:: A tire rotating at higher speeds tends to develop a larger diameter, due to
603:
8876:
8841:
8630:
8595:
8590:
8542:
8514:
8489:
8415:
8398:
8347:
8310:
8300:
8282:
8211:
8150:
8135:
8115:
8042:
7879:
7849:
7745:
7614:
7579:
7332:
7309:
6926:
6893:
6790:
6775:
6622:
6582:
6567:
6218:
5778:
5518:
5227:
4435:
4133:
4072:
2857:
2620:
2406:
2221:
2210:
1928:
1541:
1517:
1408:
1217:
1175:
974:
959:
843:
824:
759:
536:
222:
95:
2507:
1339:
1200:
of the material, which is correlated to its grip and resistance properties.
614:
Aircraft tires are designed for landing on paved surfaces and rely on their
8807:
8764:
8746:
8537:
8532:
8499:
8393:
8388:
8369:
8354:
8342:
8332:
8317:
8305:
8273:
8120:
8057:
8027:
8022:
7767:
7689:
7397:
7347:
7278:
7240:
7187:
7052:
6966:
6961:
6931:
6840:
6750:
6745:
6687:
6667:
6662:
6592:
5560:
5383:
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Conformity Assessment Infrastructure
2718:"Original document: US5104 (A) ― 1847-05-08 - R.W. Thompson Carriage Wheel"
2391:
2331:
2279:
2268:
2243:
1938:
Vehicle manufacturers provide tire specifications, including a recommended
1898:
1894:
1797:
1521:
1377:
that force the tread rubber away from the axis of rotation. This may cause
1364:
1299:
1285:
1143:
809:
799:
794:
771:
753:
626:
615:
425:
early 1970s, following a 1968 article in an influential American magazine,
391:
312:
202:
114:
62:
Tractor tires have substantial ribs and voids for traction in soft terrain.
42:
4990:
4709:
4113:
598:
8861:
8673:
8668:
8605:
8585:
8456:
8201:
8125:
8098:
8093:
7957:
7947:
7648:
7643:
7574:
7392:
7327:
7273:
7235:
7230:
7197:
7080:
7004:
6956:
6941:
6888:
6657:
6637:
6572:
5093:
2305:
Other downstream uses have been developed for worn-out tires, including:
2247:
2055:
1628:
1494:
1277:
1185:
1048:
1017:
880:
805:
787:
783:
699:
620:
586:
deep, wide tread to provide traction in loose dirt, mud, sand, or gravel.
556:
417:
374:
346:
183:
79:
2562:
2522:
1292:
which usually consists of a valve stem attached to an electronic module.
1034:
Sidewall may also have sometimes decorative ornamentation that includes
54:
Assorted new automotive road tires, showing a variety of tread patterns.
8635:
8552:
8504:
8451:
8364:
8359:
8183:
8145:
7987:
7820:
7762:
7085:
6903:
6830:
6740:
6730:
6697:
4427:
2347:
1975:
1418:
1404:
1386:
1307:
1273:
1235:
1159:
1102:
955:
879:
As of 2011, the top three tire manufacturing companies by revenue were
839:
779:
775:
681:
656:
607:
502:
179:
163:
143:
118:
7506:
4747:
1823:
federal body responsible for automotive wheel and tire certification.
1817:
National Institute of Metrology Standardization and Industrial Quality
1226:
927:
911:
as having the highest annual production of tires by any manufacturer.
468:
452:
421:
8781:
8435:
8408:
8378:
8140:
8130:
8052:
8017:
7684:
7604:
7559:
7412:
7075:
7024:
7014:
6971:
6720:
6672:
6607:
6602:
5849:
Driving Traction on Ice with All-season and Mud-and-snow Radial Tires
4917:. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2011. Archived from
2426:
2351:
2313:
2271:
modifier—recycled asphalt pavement (CRM—RAP), and as an aggregate in
2206:
2185:
2177:
1992:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1689:
1327:
1315:
1171:
1070:
1013:
997:
939:
Absence of grooves maximizes dry-pavement friction on a set of slick
931:
Mountain bicycle tires with an open-lug pattern for grip in soft soil
904:
869:
568:
490:
482:
269:
218:
210:
190:
91:
8222:
5470:. Tokyo: The Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association. 2019.
3565:. Washington, DC: United States Dept of the Air Force. pp. 5–7.
2499:
1979:
Tire showing weather-cracking over long-term exposure to the weather
966:
8726:
8610:
8466:
8425:
7932:
7589:
7342:
7192:
6725:
6617:
6200:
Ask the garden doctor : 1,200 cures for common garden problems
5389:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
5171:"New temperature prediction model improves on current TKPH formula"
2275:
2169:
2117:
1750:
1382:
1323:
884:
847:
817:
473:
413:
390:
business's position. Pneumatic Tyre would become Dunlop Rubber and
369:
159:
3967:
https://help.summitracing.com/knowledgebase/article/SR-04655/en-us
3845:
https://help.summitracing.com/knowledgebase/article/SR-04654/en-us
2847:
1705:
Tire showing uneven tread wear to the point of exposing the casing
460:
8547:
8430:
8322:
6999:
4835:
Consider two mechanisms of force transmission acting in parallel.
4406:
Hogan, C. Michael (September 1973). "Analysis of highway noise".
2341:
2264:
2239:
2233:
1755:
1167:
1158:), it comes at the cost of wet traction and grip, which requires
935:
896:
361:
330:
167:
139:
37:"Tires" and "Rubber tires" redirect here. For the TV series, see
6515:
8103:
7917:
7440:
6091:
MK Meybodi, I Dobrev, P Klausmeyer, EJ Harrington, C Furlong, "
4087:"Thomas Net sources for industrial use 'Semi-Pneumatic Wheels'"
2821:
2652:
A Dictionary of Modern English Usage: The Classic First Edition
2294:
2072:
1820:
1614:
1098:
1086:
1004:
at a remaining tread depth of 1.6 millimetres (0.063 in).
708:
505:
design with larger gaps than those on summer tires, increasing
171:
130:
1983:
1967:
8088:
7992:
7789:
7172:
6597:
4762:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Low Rolling Resistance Tires"
4202:"Size of the global automotive tire market from 2022 to 2027"
2263:
Tires can be recycled into, among other things, the hot melt
2136:
2132:
1311:
1254:
1250:
1213:
1094:
1082:
672:
405:
378:
development, but the company kept the information to itself.
350:
342:
338:
241:, from the idea that a wheel with a tire is a dressed wheel.
151:
4600:"Whitewall Tires 101: How They're Made and Why They're Cool"
4523:
Fundamentals of Medium/Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicle Systems
4112:
Fabre, C. (2009). Tutumluer, Erol; Al-Qadi, Imad L. (eds.).
3127:
Fundamentals of Medium/Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicle Systems
2196:
7090:
2624:
2140:
2125:
2121:
2011:
Tires may fail for any of a variety of reasons, including:
1793:
1193:
1090:
900:
494:
334:
175:
83:
6502:
National Highway Traffic Safety Adm "Tire Safety" Brochure
2488:"Tyre wear particles are toxic for us and the environment"
2485:
8264:
7831:
7129:
5761:
Tire forensic investigation : analyzing tire failure
4675:
Inner layers are made of different fabrics, called plies.
498:
420:
method of construction. Michelin had bought the bankrupt
147:
135:
6520:
6014:"Car tires and brake pads produce harmful microplastics"
5708:"FEA Chapter III: Tire pressure survey and test results"
5538:. Santa Barbara: Thompson Delmar Learning. p. 551.
5284:"Tire Aging and Service Life NTSB Tire Safety Symposium"
4311:, Vertical Edge Limited, 2 December 2010, archived from
4118:. Leiden, Netherlands: CRC Press/Balkema. p. 1405.
2885:. London: Iliffe & Sons. 28 March 1947. p. 736.
1726:
Wear bar and tread wear indicator on the snow tire tread
1351:. Some are explained below, alphabetically, by section.
834:
Aircraft tires may operate at pressures that exceed 200
4733:
3392:"Electric vehicles ask a lot of their tires—here's why"
1613:, also known as the aligning torque, SAT or Mz, is the
1138:
copolymer – with other chemical compounds such as
1117:
737:
by Armstrong, while Goodyear made it popular with the "
623:
for landing on unprepared surfaces in wilderness areas.
6248:"Sustainable Cements for Green Buildings Construction"
5199:
4492:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 428.
3535:
Aircraft Landing Gear Design: Principles and Practices
3100:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 591.
2982:
2980:
1582:. Radial and lateral force variation is measured on a
698:
announcement of the superiority of the radial design,
125:
while the body provides containment for a quantity of
5610:"How Do I Find the Correct Tire Pressure for My Car?"
3130:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 663–672.
2344:, worldwide, have burned tires to create black smoke.
1455:
1427:
304:
became established as the standard British spelling.
5535:
Automotive Chassis: Brakes, Suspension, and Steering
5501:
A brief guide to CCC: China Compulsory Certification
5034:"Understanding Parameters Influencing Tire Modeling"
349:, would cause the tire to expand by heating it in a
201:
through mechanical recycling and reuse, such as for
5798:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 89–91.
5662:"Which tire pressure rating should motorists heed?"
5312:"49 CFR § 574.5 - Tire identification requirements"
4983:"Tire Match Mounting and Balancing - Yokohama Tire"
4489:
The Physics of Tire Traction: Theory and Experiment
4044:. Vol. 136, no. 3. March 1972. p. 62
2977:
1166:The most common elastomer material used today is a
762:are pneumatic tires that do not require a separate
27:
Ring-shaped covering that fits around a wheel's rim
7358:Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority
6042:Recycling, International Trade and the Environment
4946:. Tire Technology International. 19 September 2017
4873:. U.S. Department of Transportation. p. 246.
4854:. U.S. Department of Transportation. p. 246.
4833:. U.S. Department of Transportation. p. 245.
4459:"Montjuic, 1971: When Formula 1 met racing slicks"
3713:"Tire Casing Construction: Poly Vs Nylon Vs Steel"
3263:. St. Paul: MotorBooks International. p. 35.
3040:
2293:atmosphere and a heat source. In the reactor, the
1918:Rolling resistance as a function of tire inflation
1786:National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration
1468:
1440:
676:A cross-section of a tire showing ply orientations
4032:
4030:
2350:is the use of tires to kill people, typically by
8874:
6516:U.S. government tire rating and maintenance site
6322:. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013
6136:Waste Materials in Hot Mix Asphalt - an overview
5558:
5443:"Have your tires reached their expiration date?"
4526:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 678.
4280:"Tire Market: The Global Tire Industry Analysis"
2200:Toxic fumes emerging from a fire at a tire dump.
1751:Sizes, codes, standards, and regulatory agencies
117:and other chemical compounds. They consist of a
6280:"A new use for old tires: A garden using tires"
6095:", SPIE Optical Engineering+ Applications, 2012
4010:"How Off-Road Radials Are Changing Earthmoving"
3914:"Tire Construction Technology: Bias and Radial"
3765:"Tire Construction Technology: Bias and Radial"
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
2168:Tires recycled into water tanks on the roof in
86:through the wheel to the ground and to provide
6203:. Schrock, Denny. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. 2010.
5403:. Bruxelles, Belgium: ETRTO. 2007. pp. I.
5337:"Dept. of Transportation issues new DOT codes"
4027:
2889:
2850:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1334:
1272:: Pneumatic tires receive their air through a
543:Race car tires come in three main categories,
78:) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a
8238:
7805:
7522:
7145:
6536:
6316:"Five Uses For Old Tires Around Your Retreat"
6298:"'Earthships' in the Desert Save Owners Cash"
6038:
4246:
4228:"2015 was strong year for U.S. tire industry"
3690:(Second ed.). Lulu.com. pp. 37–72.
3366:High-Performance Handling for Street or Track
3119:
3117:
2823:Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2038:
1788:(NHTSA) is a U.S. government body within the
7048:European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation
6422:"One Day Project: Kid's Backyard Tire Swing"
5115:"Ton Kilometer Per Hour (TKPH) J1098_199505"
4520:Duffy, Owen C.; Wright, Gus (20 July 2015).
4337:
3582:. New York: Flying Magazine. pp. 88–92.
3409:
3314:Jeep TJ 1997-2006: How to Build & Modify
3304:
3124:Duffy, Owen C.; Wright, Gus (20 July 2015).
3093:
1931:) when the tires are not warmed by driving.
1833:European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation
1284:on automobiles and most bicycle tires, or a
341:) placed on wooden wheels used on carts and
6103:
6101:
4519:
4408:Journal of Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
4392:Frictional Interaction of Tire and Pavement
3123:
2965:. Vol. 162, no. 6. pp. 60–64
8245:
8231:
7812:
7798:
7529:
7515:
7152:
7138:
6543:
6529:
5593:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5559:Kershaw, John F.; VanGelder, Kirk (2018).
5071:(Second ed.). Wiley. pp. 52–53.
4868:
4849:
4828:
4067:. Vol. 216, no. 5. p. 148.
3195:
3114:
2843:
2841:
2649:Fowler, H.W. (2009). David Crystal (ed.).
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2246:to locate non-visible damage and embedded
1407:occurs behind the geometric center of the
1024:The sidewall is that part of the tire, or
1016:is the part of the tire that contacts the
259:became more common in print. The spelling
6263:
6145:. National Center for Asphalt Technology.
6045:. Springer Science & Business Media.
5979:
5845:
5420:. Springer Science & Business Media.
5217:
4845:
4843:
4653:Vehicle dynamics: theory and applications
3685:
3679:
3575:
3428:Automotive Technology: A Systems Approach
3362:
3196:Gent, Alan N.; Walter, Joseph D. (2006).
1174:copolymer. It combines the properties of
846:). Some aircraft tires are inflated with
228:
6354:
6245:
6098:
6039:van Beukering, P.J. (28 February 2001).
5946:
5758:
5417:Vehicle Dynamics: Theory and Application
4481:
4479:
4319:
3791:"Radial vs Bias Ply – Debate Ends Here!"
3710:
3668:
3458:. MotorBooks International. p. 52.
3390:Gitlin, Jonathan M. (16 December 2021).
2920:
2655:. Oxford University Press. p. 655.
2619:
2195:
2163:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1913:
1861:
1840:British Rubber Manufacturers Association
1754:
1721:
1700:
1338:
1276:—a tube made of metal or rubber, with a
1225:
1116:
934:
926:
918:
808:for horse-drawn vehicles usually have a
748:
671:
597:
567:
467:
459:
451:
311:
57:
49:
7536:
6396:
6107:
5818:
5791:
5525:
5440:
5379:
5306:
5304:
4368:(Third ed.). Apress. p. 458.
4172:
4007:
3558:
3424:
3310:
3232:"Prall Tester - Studded Tyre Wear Test"
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3081:Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History
2956:
2838:
2807:Wheels of Fortune, a salute to pioneers
2801:
2689:. Oxford University Press. p. 35.
2686:Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia
2682:
2466:
2191:
14:
8875:
6357:"Tire Dam to Tread on Erosion Problem"
5928:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
5795:Aircraft Performance Theory for Pilots
5763:. Warrendale, Pa.: SAE International.
5607:
5531:
4869:Clark, Samuel K.; Gough, V.E. (1981).
4862:
4850:Clark, Samuel K.; Gough, V.E. (1981).
4840:
4829:Clark, Samuel K.; Gough, V.E. (1981).
4822:
4597:
4199:
4173:Rodgers, Brendan (28 September 2020).
3911:
3885:
3762:
3736:
3669:Tribunal, Canada Anti-dumping (1971).
3637:
3608:
3531:
3389:
3336:
3334:
3256:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3074:
3047:. Princeton University Press. p.
3039:Milner, Helen V. (21 September 1989).
3038:
2819:
2648:
2595:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2588:
1570:. Tire uniformity is characterized by
728:, and comfort at higher speeds, while
82:to transfer a vehicle's load from the
8252:
8226:
7793:
7510:
7133:
6524:
6373:
5862:
5659:
5498:
5413:
5031:
5011:
5005:
4964:
4649:
4476:
4456:
4405:
4388:
4225:
4111:
4062:
4038:"Plies and angles - see how they run"
3788:
3576:Richfield, Paul J. (September 2005).
3482:Certain Off-the-Road Tires from China
3094:HeiĂźing, Bernd; Ersoy, Metin (2010).
3083:. Berkshire Publishing. p. 2218.
2986:
2642:
2547:
2545:
2402:List of inflatable manufactured goods
1343:Tire performance envelope by Goodyear
1178:, which is a highly rubbery polymer (
891:(181 million); they were followed by
667:
404:were invented in the laboratories of
8847:
7491:
6355:Rotstein, Arthur H. (28 July 1996).
5565:. Burlington, MA. pp. 460–494.
5441:Russell, Richard (31 October 2018).
5301:
5281:
5260:(1). Palmerton Publishing: 102. 1968
5064:
5058:
4912:"Demounting and Mounting Procedures"
4571:
4485:
4361:
4008:Stewart, Larry (28 September 2010).
3817:"Comparing Bias Ply to Radial Tires"
3012:
2895:
2592:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
447:
273:newspaper in London was still using
8820:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
7091:Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG)
6419:
5994:from the original on 7 October 2009
5982:"The Myth of Rubberized Landscapes"
5891:"Tire Fires | Scrap Tires | US EPA"
5792:Swatton, Peter J. (30 April 2008).
5414:Jazar, Reza N. (19 November 2013).
4968:Airless Tire: Reinventing the Wheel
4688:"Winter Tires: FAQs & How To's"
4277:
3455:Wheel and Tire Performance Handbook
3363:Alexander, Don (15 February 2013).
3331:
3311:Hanseen, Michael (15 August 2018).
3260:Wheel and Tire Performance Handbook
3144:
2446:
2001:Firestone and Ford tire controversy
1249:: Pneumatic tires are mounted onto
883:(manufacturing 190 million tires),
24:
7928:Continuously variable transmission
6471:S, Roger Powers (1 January 1997).
6069:. Best Tires Guide. Archived from
5635:"What is the ideal tyre pressure?"
5562:Automotive steering and suspension
3711:Tuschner, James (30 August 2021).
3478:
3451:
3431:. Cengage Learning. p. 1100.
2560:
2542:
2520:
1808:or at end of life due to age. The
382:resilience". John Boyd Dunlop and
25:
8909:
6495:
6470:
6397:Ireland, Jae (24 November 2010).
6376:"No Frills Football Conditioning"
5316:LII / Legal Information Institute
5091:
4944:"Tribute: Hans Pacejka 1934-2017"
4226:Davis, Bruce (17 February 2016).
4176:Tire Engineering: An Introduction
3814:
3283:
2613:
2238:Tires that are fully worn can be
2097:
1802:U.S. Department of Transportation
1759:Tire identification diagram with
1125:copolymer as a primary ingredient
763:
329:The earliest tires were bands of
247:is the oldest spelling, and both
193:making the vehicle inoperable to
8856:
8846:
8837:
8836:
8263:Part of a series of articles on
8207:
8206:
8196:
7490:
7481:
7480:
7365:Rubber Manufacturers Association
7338:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
7114:
7113:
7103:
6464:
6439:
6413:
6390:
6367:
6348:
6308:
6290:
6272:
6239:
6191:
6186:Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates
6167:
6148:
6128:
6085:
6059:
6032:
6006:
5973:
5940:
5918:
5908:
5883:
5856:
5839:
5812:
5785:
5752:
5726:
5700:
5679:
5653:
5627:
5601:
5552:
5503:. CreateSpace Independent Publ.
5492:
5460:
5434:
5407:
5393:
5373:
5355:
5329:
5275:
5242:
5193:
5163:
5133:
4965:Sabry, Fouad (25 October 2022).
4892:. 2 April 1914. pp. 597–598
3912:Holman, Sean (1 February 2011).
3763:Holman, Sean (1 February 2011).
2372:
2360:
2251:away to prepare for retreading.
1956:Tire pressure monitoring systems
903:group produced over 318 million
853:
213:for chemical reuse, such as for
6947:Tire-pressure monitoring system
6246:Bignozzi, Maria Chiara (2011).
5819:Heisler, Heinz (17 July 2002).
5468:JATMA year book: tyre standards
5282:Kane, Sean (10 December 2014).
5107:
5085:
5025:
4975:
4958:
4936:
4904:
4880:
4796:
4779:
4754:
4736:Rubber Chemistry and Technology
4727:
4702:
4680:
4643:
4617:
4591:
4565:
4540:
4513:
4450:
4414:(3). Springer Verlag: 387–392.
4399:
4382:
4355:
4297:
4271:
4219:
4193:
4166:
4140:
4105:
4089:. Thomasnet.com. Archived from
4079:
4056:
4001:
3956:
3931:
3905:
3879:
3834:
3808:
3782:
3756:
3730:
3704:
3662:
3631:
3602:
3586:
3569:
3552:
3525:
3499:
3472:
3445:
3383:
3356:
3277:
3250:
3224:
3087:
3068:
3032:
3013:Renn, Aaron M. (16 July 2018).
3006:
2950:
2874:
2813:
2795:
2765:
2735:
2710:
2110:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
2006:
1694:Tire wear is a major source of
1290:tire pressure monitoring system
1207:
1129:The elastomer, which forms the
1038:or red-line inserts as well as
687:
434:
345:. A skilled worker, known as a
121:and a body. The tread provides
113:, fabric, and wire, along with
7819:
5380:Londono, Carmina (July 1999).
5339:. 9 March 2016. Archived from
5206:Microplastics and Nanoplastics
4598:Vranas, Chuck (24 July 2017).
4457:Ernst, Kurt (12 August 2013).
4200:Placek, Martin (8 June 2023).
2959:"Tires: A century of progress"
2676:
2582:
2554:
2514:
2440:
1987:A flat tire on a passenger car
1857:
1093:, or synthetic fibers such as
907:in 2011 and was recognized by
572:Off-road tires under transport
277:as late as 1905. The spelling
217:. If not recycled properly or
13:
1:
8654:Approach and departure angles
7963:Automated manual transmission
6937:Central Tire Inflation System
6652:
6265:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2094
5846:Blaisdell, George L. (1983).
5660:Brand, Paul (13 March 2015).
4889:American Machinist, Volume 40
4574:"How to read a tire sidewall"
4572:Hall, Emme (2 October 2019).
4148:"FAA Airworthiness Directive"
3939:"Bias vs Radial Construction"
3789:Smith, David (26 July 2020).
3559:McKenny, Earl F. (May 1964).
3287:Jeep 4X4 Performance Handbook
2809:. London: Chapman & Hall.
2773:"Technology & Innovation"
2433:
2300:
2227:
2153:
2063:). Hydroplaning may occur as
1671:used in the United States is
1623:: Wet traction is the tire's
1188:, which is a glassy polymer (
914:
563:
442:
320:
7570:Electronic Stability Control
7456:Persistent organic pollutant
7370:United States Rubber Company
5947:Sullivan, Joseph P. (2006).
5869:. MotorBooks International.
5759:Giapponi, Thomas R. (2008).
5015:Mechanics of pneumatic tires
5012:Clark, Samuel Kelly (1981).
4971:. One Billion Knowledgeable.
4871:Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires
4852:Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires
4831:Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires
4365:Robot Building for Beginners
4278:Raj, CP (28 November 2022).
3737:Creech, Will (12 May 2023).
3290:. MotorBooks International.
3238:. Cooper Research Technology
2278:. Shredded tires can create
2258:
2220:Tires are a major source of
1909:
1790:Department of Transportation
1198:glass transition temperature
1112:
1064:
7:
8717:Automotive light bulb types
8038:Semi-automatic transmission
7451:Great Pacific garbage patch
7353:Rubber industry in Malaysia
7058:Tire Science and Technology
6578:Low rolling resistance tire
5822:Advanced Vehicle Technology
5608:Bruzek, Joe (15 May 2018).
5401:ETRTO Standards Manual 2007
5032:Smith, Nicholas D. (2003).
3686:Cossalter, Vittore (2006).
2957:Schultz, Mort (June 1985).
2568:Online Etymology Dictionary
2528:Online Etymology Dictionary
2384:
1866:A tire repair shop in Niger
1779:
1354:
1335:Performance characteristics
1121:About 50% of tires use the
923:Components of a radial tire
10:
8914:
7875:Internal combustion engine
7159:
5219:10.1186/s43591-021-00008-w
3638:Jinkya, A. (10 May 2019).
3532:Currey, Norman S. (1988).
2820:Dunlop, John Boyd (2008).
2231:
2157:
2101:
2039:Vehicle operation failures
1962:
1765:
1683:
1580:tangential force variation
1211:
1130:
1007:
857:
744:
307:
162:. Metal tires are used on
36:
29:
8832:
8795:
8757:
8707:
8696:
8646:
8573:
8513:
8465:
8444:
8281:
8272:
8260:
8192:
8174:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
8161:
8076:
8063:Transmission control unit
8003:Limited-slip differential
7968:Electrorheological clutch
7893:
7840:
7827:
7714:
7698:
7677:
7667:
7633:
7542:
7476:
7423:
7383:
7318:
7292:
7256:
7223:
7165:
7099:
7066:
7038:
6980:
6912:
6879:
6766:
6711:
6558:
6550:
6340:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6173:M Nehdi, A Khan, (2001).
6114:. CRC Press. p. 90.
6108:Bodziak, William (2008).
6067:"What are Retread Tires?"
5068:Theory of ground vehicles
4552:Tire Industry Association
4548:"Reading a Tire Sidewall"
3063:radial tire market share.
2987:Welch, Ted (4 May 2006).
2973:– via Google Books.
2683:Bertman, Stephen (2005).
2120:and heavy metals such as
1826:
1524:and finite contact patch.
1507:
1493:: Vertical stiffness, or
1349:Pacejka's "Magic Formula"
1262:
1085:, natural fibers such as
641:. Most bicycle tires are
602:Tires on the wheels of a
8737:high-intensity discharge
7953:Dual-clutch transmission
7246:Micronized rubber powder
5094:"Sheldon Brown on tires"
4656:. Springer. p. 11.
3821:Interco Tire Corporation
3739:"What Is a Radial Tire?"
3538:. AIAA. pp. 123–5.
3257:Newton, Richard (2007).
2858:10.1002/14356007.o23_o01
2453:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2379:Burning tires in protest
2367:Children on a tire swing
2338:Burning tires as protest
2316:are a common feature of
1810:Tire and Rim Association
1258:
1076:
1055:
949:
680:Tire construction spans
590:
493:are designed for use on
101:The materials of modern
7923:Constant-velocity joint
7431:Airfield rubber removal
7264:Biodegradable additives
6899:Slip (vehicle dynamics)
6856:Lateral Force Variation
6806:Pacejka's Magic Formula
6786:Cold inflation pressure
6508:28 October 2020 at the
4650:Jazar, Reza N. (2008).
4309:companiesandmarkets.com
3964:Summit Racing Equipment
3886:Niklas (9 March 2022).
3842:Summit Racing Equipment
2722:Espacenet patent search
2632:Encyclopædia Britannica
2492:Imperial Zero Pollution
1940:cold inflation pressure
1845:
1731:Tread wear indicators (
1679:
1635:
1584:force variation machine
1576:lateral force variation
285:Encyclopædia Britannica
223:micro-plastic particles
8421:Stressed member engine
7903:Automatic transmission
7375:List of tire companies
6995:List of tire companies
6866:Traction (engineering)
6861:Radial Force Variation
6399:"Football Tire Drills"
6231:: CS1 maint: others (
5980:Chalker-Scott, Linda.
5499:Busch, Julian (2013).
5363:"Goodyear Tire Recall"
5065:Wong, Jo Yung (2008).
4234:. Crain Communications
4014:Construction Equipment
3609:Rinard, Damon (2000).
3425:Erjavec, Jack (2005).
3075:Morris, Peter (2010).
2324:Recreational equipment
2201:
2173:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1925:pounds per square inch
1919:
1867:
1763:
1727:
1706:
1668:manufacturers of tires
1660:Ton Kilometer Per Hour
1572:radial force variation
1470:
1448:and sideslip velocity
1442:
1344:
1238:
1126:
943:
932:
924:
909:Guinness World Records
836:pounds per square inch
756:
677:
610:
573:
477:
465:
457:
358:Robert William Thomson
326:
229:Etymology and spelling
207:tire-derived aggregate
63:
55:
8553:Windshield/windscreen
7446:Environmental hazards
6846:Tire load sensitivity
4486:Hays, Donald (2013).
4395:. ASTM International.
4389:Meyer, W. E. (1983).
3675:. Information Canada.
3511:Industrial Journalism
2989:"A Tale of Two Tires"
2318:motor racing circuits
2199:
2167:
2102:Further information:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1917:
1865:
1766:Further information:
1758:
1725:
1704:
1471:
1469:{\displaystyle v_{y}}
1443:
1441:{\displaystyle v_{x}}
1342:
1229:
1120:
938:
930:
922:
752:
675:
601:
571:
471:
463:
455:
315:
61:
53:
32:Tire (disambiguation)
8722:Daytime running lamp
8008:Locking differential
7943:Direct-shift gearbox
6826:Self aligning torque
6320:The Survivalist Blog
6252:Procedia Engineering
6180:24 July 2011 at the
6154:T. E. Baker (2003).
6134:Kandhal PS. (1992).
5866:Four-Wheeler's Bible
5532:Gilles, Tim (2005).
5447:The Chronicle Herald
5151:on 27 September 2006
5046:on 20 September 2008
4993:on 29 September 2007
4362:Cook, David (2015).
2881:"Tyre Substitutes".
2743:"William Hume, 1938"
2589:Peters, Pam (2004).
2192:Environmental issues
2069:viscous hydroplaning
2065:dynamic hydroplaning
2029:Non-belt separations
1611:Self-aligning torque
1607:Self aligning torque
1453:
1425:
1073:which encases them.
296:Modern English Usage
283:1911 edition of the
41:. For the film, see
30:For other uses, see
8898:Scottish inventions
8684:Weight distribution
8616:Omniview technology
8033:Preselector gearbox
8013:Manual transmission
7537:Automotive handling
7284:Polymer stabilizers
6952:Tire-pressure gauge
6588:Michelin PAX System
6304:. 30 December 2010.
6141:13 May 2009 at the
5926:"Tire-Derived Fuel"
5863:Allen, Jim (2009).
4924:on 27 February 2012
4629:hankooktire.com/us/
4420:1973WASP....2..387H
4345:"Shift of emphasis"
3688:Motorcycle Dynamics
3479:Haines, Elizabeth.
1320:tubing (recreation)
774:. They are used on
692:Following the 1968
456:Studded winter tire
237:is a short form of
8803:Registration plate
8179:Electric generator
8084:Wheel hub assembly
7403:Rubberized asphalt
7269:Filler (materials)
7193:Chloroprene rubber
6990:Tire manufacturing
6821:Rolling resistance
6161:2011-06-10 at the
6020:. 12 November 2018
5181:on 6 November 2006
4690:. TDot Performance
4428:10.1007/BF00159677
4315:on 20 January 2011
4258:freedoniagroup.com
4154:on 2 February 2017
3579:Tundra Tire Nation
3199:The Pneumatic Tire
3015:"Middle City, USA"
2422:Rubber-tyred trams
2417:Rubber-tyred metro
2397:List of auto parts
2202:
2174:
1995:or more dangerous
1989:
1981:
1973:
1920:
1868:
1764:
1728:
1707:
1650:classical friction
1595:Rolling resistance
1591:Rolling resistance
1466:
1438:
1375:centrifugal forces
1371:Centrifugal growth
1345:
1310:. Inner tubes are
1239:
1232:bicycle inner tube
1151:rolling resistance
1127:
944:
933:
925:
860:Tire manufacturing
757:
713:rolling resistance
678:
668:Construction types
611:
574:
478:
466:
458:
327:
64:
56:
8870:
8869:
8828:
8827:
8692:
8691:
8523:Glass run channel
8457:Trunk/boot/dickie
8254:Automotive design
8220:
8219:
7973:Epicyclic gearing
7842:Automotive engine
7787:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7776:
7773:Semi-trailing arm
7749:
7732:
7504:
7503:
7463:Tire-derived fuel
7305:Rubber technology
7293:Rubber processing
7213:Styrene-butadiene
7127:
7126:
6816:Relaxation length
6693:Formula One tyres
6484:978-1-136-76482-0
6426:Popular Mechanics
6374:McCormick, Sean.
6284:backwoodshome.com
5961:on 16 August 2009
5740:on 6 October 2008
5714:on 6 October 2008
5141:"How to use TKPH"
5078:978-0-470-17038-0
4810:. 7 December 2020
4748:10.5254/1.3548251
4710:"What is a Blem?"
4663:978-0-387-74243-4
4186:978-1-000-19055-7
4125:978-0-203-86528-6
4042:Popular Mechanics
3989:Missing or empty
3867:Missing or empty
3697:978-1-4303-0861-4
3452:Newton, Richard.
2963:Popular Mechanics
2867:978-3-527-30385-4
2662:978-0-19-953534-7
2606:978-0-521-62181-6
2561:Harper, Douglas.
2521:Harper, Douglas.
2328:American football
2310:Building elements
2184:or other serious
1927:(220 to 240
1879:Front-wheel drive
1819:(INMETRO) is the
1673:Ton Mile Per Hour
1501:Stopping distance
1485:Relaxation length
1481:Relaxation length
1379:speedometer error
1136:styrene-butadiene
1123:Styrene-butadiene
994:Formula One tires
941:Formula One tires
867:styrene-butadiene
472:High-performance
448:Light–medium duty
402:Synthetic rubbers
215:tire-derived fuel
39:Tires (TV series)
16:(Redirected from
8905:
8860:
8850:
8849:
8840:
8839:
8787:Window deflector
8770:Side-view mirror
8705:
8704:
8328:Continental tire
8291:Backbone chassis
8279:
8278:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8224:
8223:
8210:
8209:
8200:
8077:Wheels and tires
8048:Torque converter
7814:
7807:
7800:
7791:
7790:
7770:
7743:
7741:MacPherson strut
7726:
7699:Semi-independent
7675:
7674:
7620:Vehicle dynamics
7531:
7524:
7517:
7508:
7507:
7494:
7493:
7484:
7483:
7436:Rubber pollution
7279:Polymer additive
7224:Mechanical types
7183:Synthetic rubber
7154:
7147:
7140:
7131:
7130:
7117:
7116:
7109:Outline of tires
7107:
6922:Tire maintenance
6871:Treadwear rating
6781:Circle of forces
6703:Continental tire
6643:Orange oil tires
6633:Mud-terrain tire
6613:All-terrain tire
6545:
6538:
6531:
6522:
6521:
6489:
6488:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6420:Sawyers, Harry.
6417:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6386:on 3 April 2013.
6382:. Archived from
6371:
6365:
6364:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6339:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6286:. 22 March 2006.
6276:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6230:
6222:
6195:
6189:
6171:
6165:
6152:
6146:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6105:
6096:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5993:
5986:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5960:
5954:. Archived from
5953:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5922:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5736:. Archived from
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5710:. Archived from
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5641:. 4 October 2023
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5592:
5584:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5288:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5265:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5221:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5177:. Archived from
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5147:. Archived from
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5092:Brown, Sheldon.
5089:
5083:
5082:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5045:
5038:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4989:. Archived from
4987:yokohamatire.com
4979:
4973:
4972:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4800:
4794:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4625:"Tire Structure"
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4150:. Archived from
4144:
4138:
4137:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3795:Mechanic Insider
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3646:. Archived from
3644:Market Talk News
3635:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3615:sheldonbrown.com
3611:"Tire Bead Test"
3606:
3600:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3562:Aerospace safety
3556:
3550:
3549:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3422:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3360:
3354:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3193:
3142:
3141:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3046:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2934:. Archived from
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2904:. Archived from
2893:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2779:. Archived from
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2749:. Archived from
2747:thepedalclub.org
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2628:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2483:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2444:
2412:Outline of tires
2376:
2364:
2104:Rubber pollution
1696:rubber pollution
1686:Rubber pollution
1646:Load sensitivity
1642:Load sensitivity
1532:circle of forces
1528:Circle of forces
1477:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1304:motorcycle tires
1222:Motorcycle wheel
829:interference fit
722:
721:
695:Consumer Reports
653:Motorcycle tires
547:(street-legal),
428:Consumer Reports
366:John Boyd Dunlop
364:, by Scots-born
325:
322:
317:John Boyd Dunlop
107:synthetic rubber
72:British spelling
21:
8913:
8912:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8903:
8902:
8873:
8872:
8871:
8866:
8824:
8791:
8753:
8701:
8699:
8688:
8659:Breakover angle
8642:
8569:
8509:
8461:
8440:
8268:
8256:
8251:
8221:
8216:
8188:
8157:
8072:
8068:Universal joint
7998:Hotchkiss drive
7889:
7836:
7823:
7818:
7788:
7779:
7724:Double wishbone
7710:
7694:
7663:
7629:
7625:Weight transfer
7538:
7535:
7505:
7500:
7472:
7419:
7379:
7314:
7288:
7252:
7219:
7208:Silicone rubber
7161:
7158:
7128:
7123:
7095:
7062:
7034:
6976:
6908:
6875:
6851:Tire uniformity
6811:Pneumatic trail
6801:Ground pressure
6796:Cornering force
6762:
6736:Siping (rubber)
6707:
6678:Motorcycle tyre
6554:
6549:
6510:Wayback Machine
6498:
6493:
6492:
6485:
6469:
6465:
6455:
6453:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6430:
6428:
6418:
6414:
6404:
6402:
6395:
6391:
6372:
6368:
6353:
6349:
6333:
6332:
6325:
6323:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6244:
6240:
6224:
6223:
6211:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6182:Wayback Machine
6172:
6168:
6163:Wayback Machine
6153:
6149:
6143:Wayback Machine
6133:
6129:
6122:
6106:
6099:
6090:
6086:
6076:
6074:
6073:on 17 July 2014
6065:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6037:
6033:
6023:
6021:
6012:
6011:
6007:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5978:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5945:
5941:
5931:
5929:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5895:archive.epa.gov
5889:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5861:
5857:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5790:
5786:
5771:
5757:
5753:
5743:
5741:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5670:
5668:
5658:
5654:
5644:
5642:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5616:
5606:
5602:
5586:
5585:
5573:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5530:
5526:
5511:
5497:
5493:
5478:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5412:
5408:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5386:
5378:
5374:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5346:
5344:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5310:
5309:
5302:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5263:
5261:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5154:
5152:
5145:firestone.co.za
5139:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5096:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5010:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4963:
4959:
4949:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4867:
4863:
4848:
4841:
4827:
4823:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4787:Polymer Testing
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4766:afdc.energy.gov
4760:
4759:
4755:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4714:intercotire.com
4708:
4707:
4703:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4518:
4514:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4484:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4455:
4451:
4404:
4400:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4360:
4356:
4351:. 1 April 2012.
4343:
4342:
4338:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4126:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4094:
4093:on 17 July 2011
4085:
4084:
4080:
4065:Popular Science
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4006:
4002:
3990:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3892:Whirling Wheelz
3884:
3880:
3868:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3684:
3680:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3636:
3632:
3619:
3617:
3607:
3603:
3591:
3587:
3574:
3570:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3423:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3212:on 9 March 2021
3209:
3202:
3194:
3145:
3138:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3092:
3088:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2985:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2938:on 6 March 2015
2926:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2908:on 11 July 2016
2894:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2846:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2826:. AccessScience
2818:
2814:
2803:Du Cros, Arthur
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2783:on 2 April 2011
2771:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2753:on 3 April 2012
2741:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2647:
2643:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2519:
2515:
2500:10.25561/101707
2484:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2449:"1,3-Butadiene"
2445:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2368:
2365:
2303:
2273:portland cement
2267:, typically as
2261:
2236:
2230:
2194:
2162:
2156:
2106:
2100:
2041:
2018:Belt separation
2009:
1965:
1912:
1890:Wheel alignment
1860:
1848:
1829:
1782:
1770:
1753:
1742:Damage by aging
1715:wheel alignment
1692:
1682:
1664:heavy equipment
1638:
1568:tire uniformity
1564:Force variation
1552:Cornering force
1548:Cornering force
1510:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1397:Pneumatic trail
1393:Pneumatic trail
1357:
1337:
1224:
1212:Main articles:
1210:
1115:
1079:
1067:
1058:
1010:
979:noise pollution
952:
917:
887:(184 million),
862:
856:
818:cast iron rails
747:
719:
718:
690:
670:
661:countersteering
593:
566:
450:
445:
437:
323:
310:
231:
156:heavy equipment
103:pneumatic tires
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8911:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8864:
8854:
8844:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8778:
8777:
8767:
8761:
8759:
8758:Other elements
8755:
8754:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8724:
8719:
8713:
8711:
8702:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8686:
8681:
8679:Turning radius
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8650:
8648:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8581:Bumper sticker
8577:
8575:
8574:Other elements
8571:
8570:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8565:
8560:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8519:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8471:
8469:
8463:
8462:
8460:
8459:
8454:
8448:
8446:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8357:
8352:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8287:
8285:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8250:
8249:
8242:
8235:
8227:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8204:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8169:Electric motor
8165:
8163:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8086:
8080:
8078:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7983:Friction drive
7980:
7978:Fluid coupling
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7899:
7897:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7869:Plug-in hybrid
7862:
7857:
7852:
7846:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7817:
7816:
7809:
7802:
7794:
7785:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7765:
7760:
7758:Sliding pillar
7755:
7750:
7738:
7733:
7720:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7702:
7700:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7681:
7679:
7672:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7640:
7638:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7555:Center of mass
7552:
7546:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7533:
7526:
7519:
7511:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7488:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7468:Tire recycling
7465:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7433:
7427:
7425:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7389:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7324:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7300:Rubber tapping
7296:
7294:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7238:
7233:
7227:
7225:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7203:Nitrile rubber
7200:
7195:
7190:
7180:
7178:Natural rubber
7175:
7169:
7167:
7166:Chemical types
7163:
7162:
7157:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7134:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7111:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7072:
7070:
7068:Identification
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7044:
7042:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7030:Ozone cracking
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7010:Tire recycling
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6986:
6984:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6918:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6885:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6836:Steering ratio
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6756:Schrader valve
6753:
6748:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6717:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6648:Whitewall tire
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6564:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6548:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6497:
6496:External links
6494:
6491:
6490:
6483:
6463:
6438:
6412:
6389:
6366:
6347:
6307:
6289:
6271:
6238:
6209:
6190:
6166:
6147:
6127:
6120:
6097:
6084:
6058:
6051:
6031:
6005:
5972:
5939:
5917:
5907:
5882:
5875:
5855:
5838:
5831:
5811:
5804:
5784:
5769:
5751:
5725:
5699:
5678:
5652:
5626:
5600:
5571:
5551:
5544:
5524:
5509:
5491:
5476:
5459:
5433:
5426:
5406:
5392:
5372:
5354:
5328:
5300:
5274:
5254:The Rubber Age
5241:
5192:
5162:
5132:
5106:
5084:
5077:
5057:
5024:
5004:
4974:
4957:
4935:
4903:
4879:
4861:
4839:
4821:
4795:
4778:
4753:
4742:(3): 315–339.
4726:
4701:
4679:
4662:
4642:
4616:
4590:
4564:
4539:
4532:
4512:
4498:
4475:
4463:Hemmings Daily
4449:
4398:
4381:
4374:
4354:
4336:
4318:
4296:
4270:
4245:
4218:
4192:
4185:
4165:
4139:
4124:
4104:
4078:
4055:
4026:
4000:
3955:
3930:
3904:
3878:
3833:
3815:McGee, Trent.
3807:
3781:
3755:
3729:
3703:
3696:
3678:
3661:
3650:on 10 May 2019
3630:
3601:
3585:
3568:
3551:
3544:
3524:
3498:
3491:
3471:
3464:
3444:
3437:
3408:
3382:
3375:
3369:. Motorbooks.
3355:
3330:
3323:
3303:
3296:
3276:
3269:
3249:
3223:
3143:
3136:
3113:
3106:
3086:
3067:
3057:
3031:
3005:
2976:
2949:
2919:
2902:michelinag.com
2888:
2873:
2866:
2837:
2812:
2794:
2764:
2734:
2709:
2695:
2675:
2661:
2641:
2623:, ed. (1911).
2621:Chisholm, Hugh
2612:
2605:
2581:
2553:
2541:
2513:
2508:10044/1/101707
2465:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2321:
2302:
2299:
2287:tire pyrolysis
2260:
2257:
2232:Main article:
2229:
2226:
2193:
2190:
2160:Tire recycling
2158:Main article:
2155:
2152:
2145:surface runoff
2114:benzothiazoles
2099:
2098:Health impacts
2096:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2048:
2045:Melting rubber
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2008:
2005:
2003:in the 1990s.
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1946:Ground contact
1943:
1936:Specification—
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1883:
1859:
1856:
1847:
1844:
1828:
1825:
1806:product recall
1781:
1778:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1653:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1618:
1604:
1588:
1587:quality check.
1561:
1555:
1545:
1535:
1525:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1463:
1459:
1435:
1431:
1412:
1390:
1381:. As the tire
1368:
1356:
1353:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1293:
1282:Schrader valve
1280:, typically a
1267:
1209:
1206:
1114:
1111:
1078:
1075:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1040:tire lettering
1009:
1006:
977:, a source of
951:
948:
916:
913:
858:Main article:
855:
852:
760:Tubeless tires
746:
743:
689:
686:
669:
666:
665:
664:
650:
646:
624:
592:
589:
588:
587:
583:
565:
562:
561:
560:
541:
537:Run-flat tires
530:
529:
526:
522:
519:
515:
511:
501:. They have a
449:
446:
444:
441:
436:
433:
416:developed the
388:Pneumatic Tyre
384:Harvey du Cros
319:on a bicycle,
309:
306:
230:
227:
199:tire recycling
127:compressed air
111:natural rubber
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8910:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8853:
8845:
8843:
8835:
8834:
8831:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8798:
8794:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8756:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8706:
8703:
8695:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8645:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8596:Hood ornament
8594:
8592:
8591:Front-end bra
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8543:Quarter glass
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8512:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8464:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8399:Quarter panel
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8301:Body-on-frame
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8266:
8259:
8255:
8248:
8243:
8241:
8236:
8234:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8213:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8194:
8191:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8160:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8109:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8043:Shift-by-wire
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7892:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7880:Petrol engine
7878:
7876:
7873:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7850:Diesel engine
7848:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7833:
7826:
7822:
7815:
7810:
7808:
7803:
7801:
7796:
7795:
7792:
7774:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7747:
7746:Chapman strut
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7730:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7717:
7713:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7666:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7632:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7615:Unsprung mass
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7580:Inboard brake
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7541:
7532:
7527:
7525:
7520:
7518:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7497:
7489:
7487:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7359:
7356:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7310:Vulcanization
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7155:
7150:
7148:
7143:
7141:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7120:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7040:Organizations
7037:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6927:Tire rotation
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6894:Groove wander
6892:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6791:Contact patch
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6776:Camber thrust
6774:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6653:Aircraft tire
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6583:Run-flat tire
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6568:Tubeless tire
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6546:
6541:
6539:
6534:
6532:
6527:
6526:
6523:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6486:
6480:
6477:. Routledge.
6476:
6475:
6467:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6400:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6362:
6358:
6351:
6343:
6337:
6321:
6317:
6311:
6303:
6299:
6293:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6266:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6242:
6234:
6228:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6210:9780470878422
6206:
6202:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6170:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6151:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6131:
6123:
6121:9781420006827
6117:
6113:
6112:
6104:
6102:
6094:
6088:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6054:
6052:9780792368984
6048:
6044:
6043:
6035:
6019:
6015:
6009:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5927:
5921:
5915:Massachusetts
5911:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5878:
5876:9781616730888
5872:
5868:
5867:
5859:
5851:
5850:
5842:
5834:
5832:9780080493442
5828:
5824:
5823:
5815:
5807:
5805:9780470693056
5801:
5797:
5796:
5788:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5770:9780768019551
5766:
5762:
5755:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5688:
5687:"Air or Tire"
5682:
5667:
5663:
5656:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5596:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5572:9781284102093
5568:
5564:
5563:
5555:
5547:
5545:9781401856304
5541:
5537:
5536:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5510:9781484115534
5506:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5477:9784909716026
5473:
5469:
5463:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5427:9781461485445
5423:
5419:
5418:
5410:
5402:
5396:
5385:
5384:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5343:on 7 May 2019
5342:
5338:
5332:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5121:. 1 June 1995
5120:
5116:
5110:
5095:
5088:
5080:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5061:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5017:
5016:
5008:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4970:
4969:
4961:
4945:
4939:
4920:
4913:
4907:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4846:
4844:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4793:(5), 539-544.
4792:
4788:
4782:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4689:
4683:
4676:
4665:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4646:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4535:
4533:9781284041170
4529:
4525:
4524:
4516:
4501:
4499:9781475713701
4495:
4491:
4490:
4482:
4480:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4375:9781484213599
4371:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4259:
4255:
4254:"World Tires"
4249:
4233:
4232:Tire Business
4229:
4222:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4188:
4182:
4179:. CRC Press.
4178:
4177:
4169:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4092:
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4074:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4015:
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4004:
3996:
3983:
3968:
3965:
3959:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3861:
3846:
3843:
3837:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3665:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3599:
3598:0-262-69066-7
3595:
3589:
3581:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3545:9781600860188
3541:
3537:
3536:
3528:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3494:
3492:9781457817304
3488:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3465:9781610592512
3461:
3457:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3438:9781401848316
3434:
3430:
3429:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3376:9780760339947
3372:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3326:
3324:9781613254288
3320:
3316:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3297:9781616730536
3293:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3270:9781610592512
3266:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3190:
3188:
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3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3137:9781284041170
3133:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3107:9783834897893
3103:
3099:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3060:
3058:9780691010748
3054:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3035:
3020:
3016:
3009:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2852:. Wiley-VCH.
2851:
2844:
2842:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2698:
2696:9780195183641
2692:
2688:
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2664:
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2654:
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2638:
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2598:
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2546:
2530:
2529:
2524:
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2474:
2472:
2470:
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2450:
2443:
2439:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:Off-road tire
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2357:
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2256:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:burning tires
2208:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:contact patch
1539:
1538:Contact patch
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:Camber thrust
1515:
1514:Camber thrust
1512:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1461:
1457:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:contact patch
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:bicycle tires
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1218:Bicycle wheel
1215:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:polybutadiene
1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
983:pitch lengths
980:
976:
975:roadway noise
971:
968:
963:
961:
960:contact patch
957:
947:
942:
937:
929:
921:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
873:
871:
868:
861:
854:Manufacturing
851:
849:
845:
842:; 1,400
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
825:railway tires
821:
819:
815:
814:granite setts
811:
807:
806:Wooden wheels
803:
801:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:ball bearings
767:
765:
761:
755:
751:
742:
740:
734:
731:
727:
716:
714:
710:
704:
701:
697:
696:
685:
683:
674:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:Bicycle tires
625:
622:
617:
613:
612:
609:
605:
600:
596:
584:
580:
579:
578:
570:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
527:
523:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
475:
470:
462:
454:
440:
432:
430:
429:
423:
419:
415:
410:
407:
403:
399:
397:
396:vulcanization
393:
389:
385:
379:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
318:
314:
305:
303:
298:
297:
291:
287:
286:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
240:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
96:contact patch
93:
92:pneumatically
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
60:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
8808:vanity plate
8747:trafficators
8625:
8558:washer fluid
8538:Power window
8533:Opera window
8445:Compartments
8333:Crumple zone
8318:Cabrio coach
8262:
8121:Racing slick
8110:
8058:Transfer box
8028:Park-by-wire
8023:Parking pawl
7938:Differential
7913:Direct-drive
7895:Transmission
7885:Steam engine
7830:Part of the
7829:
7768:Trailing arm
7690:De Dion tube
7599:
7550:Car handling
7407:
7398:Rubber mulch
7348:Rubber Board
7241:Crumb rubber
7188:Butyl rubber
7053:Tire Society
6967:Tire changer
6962:Bead breaker
6932:Bicycle pump
6841:Tire balance
6751:Presta valve
6746:Dunlop valve
6688:Racing slick
6683:Tractor tire
6668:Tubular tire
6663:Bicycle tire
6593:Airless tire
6551:
6473:
6466:
6454:. Retrieved
6450:
6441:
6429:. Retrieved
6425:
6415:
6403:. Retrieved
6401:. LiveStrong
6392:
6384:the original
6379:
6369:
6360:
6350:
6324:. Retrieved
6319:
6310:
6301:
6292:
6283:
6274:
6255:
6251:
6241:
6199:
6193:
6185:
6169:
6150:
6130:
6110:
6087:
6075:. Retrieved
6071:the original
6061:
6041:
6034:
6022:. Retrieved
6018:Science News
6017:
6008:
5996:. Retrieved
5975:
5963:. Retrieved
5956:the original
5942:
5930:. Retrieved
5920:
5910:
5898:. Retrieved
5894:
5885:
5865:
5858:
5848:
5841:
5825:. Elsevier.
5821:
5814:
5794:
5787:
5760:
5754:
5742:. Retrieved
5738:the original
5734:"NHTSA test"
5728:
5716:. Retrieved
5712:the original
5702:
5690:. Retrieved
5681:
5669:. Retrieved
5666:Star Tribune
5665:
5655:
5643:. Retrieved
5638:
5629:
5617:. Retrieved
5613:
5603:
5561:
5554:
5534:
5527:
5500:
5494:
5467:
5462:
5450:. Retrieved
5446:
5436:
5416:
5409:
5400:
5395:
5382:
5375:
5367:goodyear.com
5366:
5357:
5345:. Retrieved
5341:the original
5331:
5319:. Retrieved
5315:
5291:. Retrieved
5277:
5269:
5262:. Retrieved
5257:
5253:
5244:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5183:. Retrieved
5179:the original
5175:goodyear.com
5174:
5165:
5153:. Retrieved
5149:the original
5144:
5135:
5123:. Retrieved
5118:
5109:
5097:. Retrieved
5087:
5067:
5060:
5048:. Retrieved
5041:the original
5027:
5014:
5007:
4995:. Retrieved
4991:the original
4986:
4977:
4967:
4960:
4948:. Retrieved
4938:
4926:. Retrieved
4919:the original
4906:
4894:. Retrieved
4888:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4855:
4851:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4812:. Retrieved
4807:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4769:. Retrieved
4765:
4756:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4717:. Retrieved
4713:
4704:
4692:. Retrieved
4682:
4674:
4667:. Retrieved
4652:
4645:
4633:. Retrieved
4628:
4619:
4607:. Retrieved
4603:
4593:
4581:. Retrieved
4577:
4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4551:
4542:
4522:
4515:
4503:. Retrieved
4488:
4466:. Retrieved
4462:
4452:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4391:
4384:
4364:
4357:
4349:Rubber World
4348:
4339:
4331:statista.com
4330:
4321:
4313:the original
4308:
4299:
4287:. Retrieved
4283:
4273:
4261:. Retrieved
4257:
4248:
4236:. Retrieved
4231:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4206:statista.com
4205:
4195:
4175:
4168:
4156:. Retrieved
4152:the original
4142:
4114:
4107:
4095:. Retrieved
4091:the original
4081:
4064:
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4041:
4019:10 September
4017:. Retrieved
4013:
4003:
3991:|title=
3972:10 September
3970:. Retrieved
3963:
3958:
3948:10 September
3946:. Retrieved
3942:
3933:
3923:10 September
3921:. Retrieved
3917:
3907:
3897:14 September
3895:. Retrieved
3891:
3881:
3869:|title=
3850:10 September
3848:. Retrieved
3841:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3820:
3810:
3798:. Retrieved
3794:
3784:
3774:10 September
3772:. Retrieved
3768:
3758:
3746:. Retrieved
3742:
3732:
3722:11 September
3720:. Retrieved
3717:AG Tire Talk
3716:
3706:
3687:
3681:
3671:
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3648:the original
3643:
3633:
3625:
3618:. Retrieved
3614:
3604:
3588:
3578:
3571:
3561:
3554:
3534:
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3513:. 8 May 2019
3510:
3501:
3481:
3474:
3454:
3447:
3427:
3399:. Retrieved
3396:Ars Technica
3395:
3385:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3313:
3306:
3286:
3284:Allen, Jim.
3279:
3259:
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3236:cooper.co.uk
3235:
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3207:the original
3198:
3126:
3096:
3089:
3080:
3070:
3062:
3042:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3019:City Journal
3018:
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2992:
2967:. Retrieved
2962:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2936:the original
2931:
2922:
2910:. Retrieved
2906:the original
2901:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2849:
2828:. Retrieved
2822:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2781:the original
2776:
2767:
2755:. Retrieved
2751:the original
2746:
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2721:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2685:
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2651:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2626:"Tire"
2615:
2591:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2566:
2556:
2532:. Retrieved
2526:
2516:
2491:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:
2442:
2392:Dry steering
2337:
2323:
2309:
2304:
2284:
2280:rubber mulch
2269:crumb rubber
2262:
2253:
2244:shearography
2237:
2222:microplastic
2219:
2215:
2203:
2182:heavy metals
2175:
2149:
2130:
2107:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:Hydroplaning
2050:
2044:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:Tire failure
1990:
1951:
1945:
1935:
1921:
1885:
1874:
1869:
1852:
1849:
1837:
1830:
1814:
1809:
1798:alphanumeric
1783:
1771:
1732:
1693:
1672:
1659:
1655:
1641:
1629:hydroplaning
1621:Wet traction
1620:
1606:
1600:fuel economy
1590:
1563:
1558:Dry traction
1557:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1522:camber angle
1513:
1500:
1490:
1480:
1414:
1392:
1370:
1365:tire balance
1360:
1346:
1295:
1286:Presta valve
1269:
1261:pull on the
1246:
1240:
1208:On the wheel
1202:
1189:
1179:
1165:
1148:
1144:carbon black
1128:
1080:
1068:
1059:
1047:
1044:
1033:
1030:
1026:bicycle tire
1023:
1011:
1002:
991:
987:hydroplaning
982:
972:
964:
953:
945:
878:
874:
863:
833:
822:
810:wrought iron
804:
795:airless tire
792:
784:wheelbarrows
768:
758:
754:Airless tire
735:
717:
705:
700:radial tires
693:
691:
679:
659:to turn via
642:
638:
634:
630:
621:tundra tires
616:landing gear
594:
582:combination.
575:
557:hydroplaning
552:
548:
544:
531:
483:speed rating
479:
438:
435:Applications
426:
411:
400:
392:Dunlop Tyres
380:
355:
328:
301:
295:
289:
288:states that
284:
278:
274:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
232:
203:crumb rubber
188:
184:wheelbarrows
115:carbon black
102:
100:
75:
67:
65:
47:
43:Rubber Tires
8742:sealed beam
8674:Roll center
8669:Ride height
8606:Japan black
8601:Instruments
8586:Curb feeler
8452:Hood/bonnet
8099:Alloy wheel
7958:Drive wheel
7948:Drive shaft
7908:Chain drive
7716:Independent
7600:Tire / Tyre
7575:Fishtailing
7543:Main topics
7393:Rubber band
7328:Bridgestone
7274:Plasticizer
7236:Foam rubber
7231:Cold rubber
7198:EPDM rubber
7081:Plus sizing
7005:Waste tires
6957:Direct TPMS
6942:Tire mousse
6914:Maintenance
6889:Aquaplaning
6658:Tundra tire
6638:Paddle tire
6623:Knobby tire
6573:Radial tire
6258:: 915–921.
5932:29 December
5900:26 February
5347:29 December
5050:23 November
4814:27 December
4604:Motor Trend
4505:25 December
4238:13 December
3943:Mudthrowers
3800:7 September
3401:22 December
3317:. CarTech.
3242:1 September
2883:The Autocar
2787:27 February
2320:for safety.
2291:oxygen-free
2224:pollution.
2091:Soft ground
1971:Tire bubble
1858:Maintenance
1578:(LFV), and
1495:spring rate
1491:Spring rate
1308:inner tubes
1278:check valve
1186:polystyrene
1156:tangent (δ)
1149:Optimizing
893:Continental
881:Bridgestone
790:under use.
780:wheelchairs
776:lawn mowers
525:durability.
418:radial tire
375:Willie Hume
347:wheelwright
324: 1915
164:locomotives
144:motorcycles
80:wheel's rim
8888:Auto parts
8877:Categories
8528:Greenhouse
8184:Alternator
7832:Automobile
7821:Powertrain
7763:Swing axle
7753:Multi-link
7729:Jaguar IRS
7706:Twist beam
7669:Suspension
7610:Understeer
7595:Suspension
7086:Tire label
6982:Life cycle
6904:Tramlining
6831:Slip angle
6768:Attributes
6741:Valve stem
6713:Components
6698:Spare tire
6628:Large tire
6456:21 January
6431:18 January
5744:16 January
5718:16 January
5645:18 January
5639:carsonline
5581:1002887535
5486:1086187385
5321:18 January
5125:31 January
4771:31 October
4635:27 October
4609:6 December
4583:6 December
4557:6 December
4289:31 January
4211:31 January
4097:23 October
3918:MotorTrend
3769:MotorTrend
3743:TireGrades
2896:Michelin.
2727:6 December
2668:18 January
2534:18 January
2434:References
2352:lynch mobs
2348:Necklacing
2342:Protestors
2314:Tire walls
2301:Other uses
2228:Retreading
2207:tire fires
2186:pollutants
2172:, Xinjiang
2154:End of use
2056:hydroplane
1993:flat tires
1952:Monitoring
1761:tire codes
1710:Tread wear
1684:See also:
1419:Slip angle
1415:Slip angle
1387:Motorcycle
1296:Inner tube
1274:valve stem
1270:Valve stem
1236:valve stem
1160:hysteresis
1109:mixtures.
1103:resorcinol
998:Snow tires
915:Components
764:inner tube
688:Automotive
657:motorcycle
608:Boeing 777
564:Heavy duty
491:Snow tires
443:Automotive
205:and other
191:flat tires
180:lawnmowers
8782:Tow hitch
8700:equipment
8626:Tire/tyre
8485:Gull-wing
8475:Butterfly
8436:Trunk lid
8379:Monocoque
8283:Framework
8053:Transaxle
8018:Manumatic
7988:Gearshift
7860:Fuel cell
7685:Beam axle
7678:Dependent
7654:Pneumatic
7605:Transaxle
7585:Oversteer
7560:Downforce
7257:Additives
7076:Tire code
7025:Flat tire
7015:Tire fire
6972:Tire iron
6881:Behaviors
6673:Lego tire
6608:Snow tire
6603:Rain tyre
6380:about.com
6227:cite book
6219:656770746
6024:6 October
5779:213080702
5589:cite book
5519:959836294
5236:237303583
5228:2662-4966
5212:(1): 10.
5185:7 October
5155:7 October
4950:1 October
4444:109914430
4436:0049-6979
4134:636611702
4073:0161-7370
2993:Bloomberg
2969:2 January
2928:"History"
2777:dunlop.eu
2757:3 January
2447:PubChem.
2427:Shinosaur
2334:for play.
2259:Recycling
2240:retreaded
2178:landfills
2061:aquaplane
1997:blowouts.
1910:Inflation
1886:Alignment
1821:Brazilian
1774:tire code
1768:Tire code
1690:Road wear
1656:Work load
1405:side-slip
1328:skitching
1316:swim ring
1172:butadiene
1113:Elastomer
1071:elastomer
1065:Materials
1036:whitewall
1014:tire bead
905:toy tires
870:copolymer
838:(14
682:pneumatic
412:In 1946,
294:Fowler's
270:The Times
233:The word
211:pyrolysis
129:. Before
8842:Category
8727:Headlamp
8709:Lighting
8698:Exterior
8664:Overhang
8647:Geometry
8631:run-flat
8611:Nerf bar
8426:Subframe
8394:Platform
8384:Overhang
8296:Beltline
8212:Category
8151:Tubeless
8136:Run-flat
8116:Off-road
7933:Coupling
7855:Electric
7736:Dubonnet
7590:Steering
7565:Drifting
7486:Category
7385:Products
7343:Michelin
7320:Industry
7119:Category
6726:Beadlock
6618:Bar grip
6506:Archived
6361:LA Times
6336:cite web
6302:ABC News
6178:Archived
6159:Archived
6139:Archived
5989:Archived
5692:15 April
5614:Cars.com
5293:7 August
5264:7 August
4928:14 March
4896:14 March
4808:oecd.org
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1355:Dynamics
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7659:Torsion
7496:Commons
7441:Dioxins
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