768:
654:
304:
879:
colony, a New Zion, to which Christ may return to usher in the
Millennium. The first settlers were conservative, cautious typologists, but as Edward Johnson's Wonder-Working Providence of Sion's Saviour in New England (1654; composed c. 1650) demonstrates, by the 1640s New England's sacred errand into the wilderness and the approaching Apocalypse were accepted antitypes of sacred history.
37:
515:
839:. For example, Jesus describes himself as "the door" and the only "way" to God, represented in the single, wide gate to the tabernacle court; the various layers of coverings over the tabernacle represent Christ's godliness (in the intricately woven inner covering) and his humanity (in the dull colouring of the outside covering). The
286:, seeing the whole story of the Jewish and Christian peoples as shaped by God, with events within the story acting as symbols for later events. In this role, God is often compared to a writer, using actual events instead of fiction to shape his narrative. The most famous form of this is the three-fold
715:
Genesis
Chapters 37–50 have the story of Joseph in Egypt, and Joseph is commonly cited as a Christ type. Joseph is a very special son to his father. From his father's perspective, Joseph dies and then comes back to life as the ruler of Egypt. Joseph's brothers deceive their father by dipping his coat
698:
Genesis
Chapter 22 brings us the story of the preempted offering of Isaac. God asks Abraham to offer his son Isaac to Him, cited as foreshadowing the crucifixion of Jesus. Isaac asks his father, “Where is the lamb for the burnt offering”, and Abraham prophesies, "God himself will provide the lamb for
428:
or foreshadowing of the events of the New
Testament, and in particular examining how the events of the Old Testament related to the events of Christ's life. Most theorists believed in the literal truth of the Old Testament accounts, but regarded the events described as shaped by God to provide types
807:
17:11 states that "as long as Moses held up his hands, the
Israelites were winning, but whenever he lowered his hands, the Amalekites were winning." Commentators interpret Moses' raised hands as a type of Jesus' raised hands upon the Cross for, when Jesus' hands were raised as He died, a figurative
887:
Applied more broadly, typology enabled
Puritans to read biblical types as forecasting not just the events of the New Testament but also their own historical situation and experiences. In this way, individual Puritans could make sense of their own spiritual struggles and achievements by identifying
878:
Applied more liberally and figured more broadly, typology expanded into a more elaborate verbal system that enabled an interpreter to discover biblical forecasts of current events. Thus, the
Atlantic journey of the Puritans could be an antitype of the Exodus of the Israelites; and the New England
143:, typology is still a common and frequent exegetical tool, mainly because of the church's great emphasis on continuity in doctrinal presentation through all historical periods. Typology was frequently used in early Christian art, where type and antitype would be depicted in contrasting positions.
859:
points out in his essay "Figura", typological (figural) interpretation co-existed alongside allegorical and symbolic-mythical forms of interpretation. But it was typology that was most influential as
Christianity spread in late Mediterranean cultures, as well as in the North and Western European
573:
Typological interpretation of this story holds that it prefigures Christ's burial and resurrection. The stomach of the fish represented Christ's tomb; as Jonah exited from the fish after three days and three nights, so did Christ rise from His tomb on the third day. In the New
Testament, Jesus
915:
or external typology as separate from the meaning of the text and its original meaning – rather, it is applied to the topic by the reader. Stöckhardt saw intrinsic or internal typology as embedded within the meaning of the text itself. Although he rejected the possibility of intrinsic typology
873:
Further, typology was extended beyond interpretations of the Hebrew scriptures and applied to post-biblical events, seeing them as "not the ultimate fulfillment, but a promise of the end of time and the true kingdom of God." Thus, the
Puritans interpreted their own history typologically:
645:. Commentators could find countless numbers of analogies between stories of the Old Testament and the New; modern typologists prefer to limit themselves to considering typological relationships that they find sanctioned in the New Testament itself, as in the example of Jonah above.
888:
with biblical personages like Adam, Noah, or Job. But this broad understanding of typology was not restricted to individual typing; the Puritans also interpreted their group identity as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy, identifying their community as the "New Israel."
570:, Jonah told his shipmates to throw him overboard, explaining that God's wrath would pass if Jonah were sacrificed, and that the sea would become calm. Jonah then spent three days and three nights in the belly of a great fish before it spat him up onto dry land.
791:
which would heal anyone bitten by a snake, provided that the person looked at it (Numbers 21:8). Jesus proclaimed that the serpent was a type of Himself: "as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up" (John 3:14).
759:
Moses, like Joseph and Jonah, undergoes a symbolic death and resurrection. Moses is placed in a basket and floated down the Nile river, and then is drawn out of the Nile to be adopted as a prince (floating the body down the Nile river was also part of an
920:, most typologists either do not make this distinction or do not reject typology internal to the text. Stöckhardt's position against intrinsic typology is related to the position that all Messianic prophecies are rectilinear as opposed to typological.
531:
Typology frequently emerged in art; many typological pairings appear in sculpture on cathedrals and churches and in other media. Popular illustrated works expounding typological couplings were among the commonest books of the late Middle Ages, as
488:(345–430) recalled often hearing Ambrose say that "the letter kills but the spirit gives life", and Augustine in turn became a hugely influential proponent of the system, though also insisting on the literal historical truth of the Bible.
278:
which explicitly and implicitly link Jesus to Old Testament prophecies. Typology greatly extended the number of these links by adding others based on the similarity of Old Testament actions or situations to an aspect of Christ.
184:), 'a blow, hitting, stamp', and thus the figure or impression made on a coin by such action; that is, an image, figure, or statue of a man; also an original pattern, model, or mould. To this is prefixed the Greek preposition
716:
in the blood of a sacrificed goat (Genesis 37:31). Later, Joseph's father finds that Joseph is alive and is the ruler of Egypt who saves the world from a great famine. Other parallels between Joseph and Jesus include:
936:
separates chronological time from typological time. Whereas chronological time refers to the time of action, typological time refers to the “kind of time” of an action. Typological settings may be symbolic.
100:
In the fullest version of the theory of typology, the whole purpose of the Old Testament is viewed as merely the provision of types for Christ, the antitype or fulfillment. The theory began in the
828:
meal. Furthermore, many people see the Spring Feasts as types of what Christ accomplished in his first advent and the Fall Feasts as types of what Christ will accomplish in his second advent.
574:
invokes Jonah in the manner of a type: "As the crowds increased, Jesus said, 'This is a wicked generation. It asks for a miraculous sign, but none will be given it except the sign of Jonah.'"
870:
or phenomenal prophecy, as a prefiguration of Christ". Typological interpretation was a key element of Medieval realism, but remained important in Europe "up to the eighteenth century".
747:
A direct parallel with Joseph ruling over all of Egypt, and that only Pharaoh would be greater in the throne (Genesis 41:40) is repeated in 1 Corinthians 15:27 with regards to Jesus
1372:, Princeton U Press, 1977. Of especial interest in this volume are Robert Hollander's essay "Typology and Secular Literature: Some Medieval Problems and Examples" (pp.3–19) and
429:
foreshadowing Christ. Others regarded some parts of the Bible as essentially allegorical; however, the typological relationships remained the same whichever view was taken.
892:
Typology also became important as a literary device, in which both historical and literary characters become prefigurations of later historical or literary characters.
744:
Joseph married an Egyptian wife, bringing her into the Abrahamic lineage; Christ's relationship with the church is also described in marriage terms in the New Testament
741:
both provided for the salvation of gentiles, (Joseph provided a physical salvation in preparing for the famine, while Christ provided the deeper spiritual salvation)
860:
cultures. Auerbach notes that it was the predominant method of understanding the Hebrew scriptures until after the Reformation—that is, that the Hebrew texts were
609:, it usually represents an allegory for the burial and resurrection of Christ. Other common typological allegories entail the four major Old Testament prophets
1509:
275:
738:
Money and goods were not able to save the people in time of famine, they had to sell themselves, the same notions are discussed throughout the New Testament.
901:
246:
The early Christians, in considering the Old Testament, needed to decide what its role and purpose was for them, given that Christian revelation and the
1004:
1219:
Origen certainly sees Jesus crucified in the image of Moses lifting his hands, while he also notes the difference – Jesus is not simply another Moses.
496:(c. 780–856) became influential as summarizers and compilers of works setting out standardized interpretations of correspondences and their meanings.
421:
437:
2:16–17: "Therefore do not let anyone judge you by what you eat or drink, or with regard to a religious festival, a New Moon celebration or a
735:
Joseph was 30 years old when he stood before Pharaoh, and Jesus was about the same age, according to the Bible, when he began his ministry
441:. These are a shadow of the things that were to come; the reality, however, is found in Christ." The idea also finds expression in the
1565:
750:
Both suffered greatly, and through patience and humbleness were exalted greatly by God, who gave in abundance all things over time.
368:
732:
both attain stations at the "right hand" of the respective thrones (Joseph at Pharaoh's throne and Christ at the throne of God)
340:
1261:
699:
the burnt offering, my son." And indeed, a ram caught by its horns awaits them, which is also seen as a type for Christ, the
321:
133:
120:, typological interpretation was distinguished from rectilinear interpretation of prophecy. The former was associated with
464:(c. 20 BC – c. 50 AD) and others viewed Scripture in philosophical terms (contemporary Greek literary theory highlighted
347:
66:
1121:
912:
125:
883:
In this way, the Puritans applied typology both to themselves as a group and to the progress of the individual souls:
1534:
387:
666:
354:
222:
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761:
1575:
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325:
132:
beginning in the 19th century (for which typology was much favoured and the subject of numerous books) and the
336:
254:
it, and many specific Old Testament rules and requirements were no longer being followed from books such as
1385:
1001:
523:
424:. This therefore encouraged seeing at least parts of the Old Testament not as a literal account but as an
271:
46:
1546:
1241:
1230:
1376:'s "Typological Symbolism and the 'Progress of the Soul' in Seventeenth-Century Literature" (pp.79–114).
579:
1560:
243:) to refer to baptism. There are also typological concepts in pre-Pauline strata of the New Testament.
1024:
583:
121:
1400:
Some of the hermeneutical presuppositions and part of the exegetical methodology of Georg Stoeckhardt
956:
595:
575:
30:
808:
battle was waged with sin, the result being victory – that "all will be made alive" (1 Cor. 15:22).
1143:
622:
508:
1154:
767:
408:(Old Testament) and the New Testament. The Church studied both testaments and saw each as equally
1373:
533:
314:
140:
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626:
404:
began in the Early Church as a method for synthesizing the seeming discontinuities between the
361:
226:
113:
906:
662:
442:
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210:
155:
1545:
Nicholas Lunn, "Allusions to the Joseph Narrative in the Synoptic Gospels and Acts" (2012)
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983:
917:
409:
147:
816:
Other types were found in aspects of the Old Testament less tied to specific events. The
8:
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of Christ in that he emerged from the fish's belly and thus appeared to rise from death.
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287:
1349:
1051:, meaning form, shape, or figure, may be comparable, but is from the less violent verb
960:
489:
477:
129:
58:
41:
1423:
1168:
566:
and the fish in the Old Testament offers an example of typology. In the Old Testament
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1403:
1318:
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1203:
1117:
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518:
401:
263:
218:
116:, but in subsequent periods, it has been given less emphasis. In 19th-century German
1495:
Martens, Peter. "Revisiting the Allegory/Typology Distinction: The Case of Origen."
416:, yet the Old Testament contained discontinuities for Christians such as the Jewish
1539:
1338:
1193:
674:
476:(184/185 – 253/254) Christianised the system, and figures including
438:
430:
206:
105:
1488:
1479:
1008:
978:
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642:
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251:
146:
The usage of the terminology has expanded into the secular sphere; for example, "
20:
972:
966:
856:
817:
804:
493:
262:. One purpose of the Old Testament for Christians was to demonstrate that the
82:
911:(1842–1913) separated biblical typology into two categories. He distinguished
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1529:
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1334:
1207:
951:
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86:
70:
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405:
247:
101:
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Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant. In the
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to describe the type of time in which an event or happening takes place.
821:
700:
653:
290:
pattern, although it is also used in other applications besides history.
16:
Christian doctrine on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments
1365:
832:
796:
772:
541:
537:
457:
434:
1116:, p 131-9, English translation of 3rd edition, 1913, Collins, London,
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understood as Jewish history and law but were instead interpreted "as
840:
788:
469:
255:
109:
468:
as a literary device) as essentially an allegory, using Hellenistic
303:
266:
and Christ's first coming had been prophesied and foreseen, and the
205:
Christian typology begins in the New Testament itself. For example,
1114:
The Gothic Image, Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century
825:
800:
776:
614:
504:
425:
62:
1489:
Typos: The Typology Interpretation of the Old Testament in the New
1370:
Literary Uses of Typology from the Late Middle Ages to the Present
946:
618:
481:
283:
1420:
For more on rectilinear as opposed to typological prophecy, see
1424:"The Proper Interpretation to Old Testament Messianic Prophecy"
1182:"Amalek and the Amalekites in the ancient Christian literature"
610:
473:
417:
267:
159:
36:
820:
also have typological fulfillment in the life of Christ. The
771:
The Brazen Serpent monument by Giovanni Fantoni is located at
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1361:
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682:
591:
563:
461:
238:
230:
192:
185:
179:
171:
90:
214:
1510:
Berkeley, Set of woodcut typological illustrations to the
594:", the land of the dead (translated as "the grave" in the
1055:, to fashion, form, or mould (Cassell's Latin Dictionary)
413:
221:. He contrasts Adam and Christ both in Romans 5 and in
217:"a type of the one who was to come" — i.e., a type of
19:"Antitype" redirects here. For the genus of moths, see
67:
relationship of the Old Testament to the New Testament
128:. Several groups favoring typology today include the
1180:
Paczkowski, Mieczysław Celestyn (12 November 2014).
923:
895:
641:, or the twelve tribes of Israel foreshadowing the
499:Jewish typological thought continued to develop in
328:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
835:is commonly seen as a series of complex types of
729:both are falsely accused and face false witnesses
1552:
1542:, Donna M. Campbell, Washington State University
1402:. Concordia Seminary: Unpublished dissertation.
1364:. For a collection of essays on this topic, see
1339:Donna Campbell's American Literature site at WSU
1535:Jewish Encyclopedia: ALLEGORICAL INTERPRETATION
648:
448:The development of this systematic view of the
1455:(Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1990), 72-4.
916:because it would violate the doctrine of the
601:Thus, when one finds an allusion to Jonah in
554:became the two most successful compilations.
1337:, "New England Puritan Literature" p.188 at
272:Old Testament prophecies fulfilled by Christ
865:
108:and continued to be popular, especially in
1179:
1173:
511:, the four approaches to a biblical text.
484:(c. 340 – 397) spread it.
293:
1530:Catholic Encyclopedia: Types in Scripture
1360:Auerbach's essay treats of figuration in
1197:
1036:Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon
388:Learn how and when to remove this message
69:. Events, persons or statements in the
1480:The Great Code: The Bible and Literature
766:
652:
527:c. 1430, prefiguring the Ascension above
513:
170:The term is derived from the Greek noun
35:
1421:
200:
65:is a doctrine or theory concerning the
1553:
1397:
1323:Typology and Early American Literature
850:
590:, Jonah called the belly of the fish "
1422:Surburg, Raymond F. (December 1980).
1079:. Edinburgh; London: Oliver and Boyd.
720:both are rejected by their own people
480:(c. 300 – c. 368) and
452:was influenced by the thought of the
422:the requirement for male circumcision
197:, meaning 'opposite, corresponding'.
162:prelate, warrior and administrator".
104:, was at its most influential in the
1272:Auerbach, Erich. "Figura". pp.54–57.
975:, concerning the overuse of typology
693:
326:adding citations to reliable sources
297:
134:Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
1471:Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1847.
847:is also seen as a type for Christ.
557:
85:or his revelation described in the
13:
1497:Journal of Early Christian Studies
1461:
811:
14:
1587:
1503:
1350:American Passages Unit 3 Glossary
625:prefiguring the four Evangelists
276:quotations from the Old Testament
29:For other types of typology, see
924:Typology and narrative criticism
896:Intrinsic vs. extrinsic typology
302:
1566:Christian theology of the Bible
1492:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.
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313:needs additional citations for
1398:Goerss, William Elmer (1964).
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1029:
1018:
995:
775:. Its shape also references a
1:
989:
282:Typology is also a theory of
77:prefiguring or superseded by
1512:Speculum Humanae Salvationis
1453:What is Narrative Criticism?
1431:The Lutheran Synod Quarterly
1002:A Study of Biblical Typology
726:both are betrayed for silver
649:Other Old Testament examples
546:Speculum Humanae Salvationis
544:(early printed books). The
524:Speculum Humanae Salvationis
507:, with concepts such as the
250:might be considered to have
239:
193:
180:
165:
124:and the latter with Kantian
47:Speculum Humanae Salvationis
7:
1388:in the Christian Cyclopedia
1256:, John Ritchie Ltd., 1991,
1103:Washington State University
940:
673:of the proclamation of the
460:, where Jewish philosopher
10:
1592:
1469:The Typology of Scripture.
789:a brazen serpent on a pole
231:
186:
172:
158:, was a type of the great
28:
18:
1524:The Typology of Scripture
1124:(and many other editions)
957:Correspondence (theology)
928:Typology is also used by
783:While in the wilderness,
710:
31:Typology (disambiguation)
762:Egyptian funerary ritual
754:
337:"Typology" theology
1374:Barbara Kiefer Lewalski
1025:Encyclopædia Britannica
795:In the battle with the
534:illuminated manuscripts
433:states the doctrine in
294:Development of typology
141:Eastern Orthodox Church
81:, events or aspects of
1199:10.12775/TiCz.2014.021
1075:E. Earle Ellis, 1957,
890:
881:
866:
780:
701:lamb that God provides
690:
528:
227:First Epistle of Peter
225:15. The author of the
154:, a right-hand man of
114:Protestant Reformation
51:
1576:Christian terminology
1571:Christian iconography
1325:, U Mass Press, 1972.
900:Exegetical professor
885:
876:
770:
656:
517:
443:Letter to the Hebrews
260:Expounding of the Law
156:William the Conqueror
50:, c. 1430, see below.
39:
1486:Goppelt, Leonhardt.
1467:Fairbairn, Patrick.
1155:Learn the bible site
1053:fingo, finxi, fictum
984:Tropological reading
918:clarity of scripture
723:both became servants
663:commented on the Law
322:improve this article
270:indeed contain many
201:Origin of the theory
148:Geoffrey de Montbray
122:Hegelian theologians
1499:16 (2008): 283–317.
1451:Mark Allan Powell,
1186:Teologia i Człowiek
851:Post-biblical usage
845:Temple of Jerusalem
659:Sermon on the Mount
607:Medieval literature
501:Rabbinic literature
152:Bishop of Coutances
93:may be seen as the
1317:See for instance,
1133:Jackson, see above
1007:2010-02-05 at the
961:Emanuel Swedenborg
781:
691:
529:
490:Isidore of Seville
478:Hilary of Poitiers
456:world centered in
454:Hellenistic Jewish
288:Hegelian dialectic
130:Christian Brethren
59:Christian theology
52:
1561:Biblical exegesis
1521:Patrick Fairbairn
1319:Sacvan Bercovitch
1262:978-0-946351-31-2
1013:Christian Courier
934:Mark Allan Powell
930:narrative critics
705:crowned by thorns
694:Offering of Isaac
492:(c. 560–636) and
402:Medieval allegory
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390:
372:
264:Ministry of Jesus
1583:
1540:Puritan typology
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902:Georg Stöckhardt
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843:prepared in the
675:Ten Commandments
665:. Some scholars
580:Matthew 12:38–42
558:Example of Jonah
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818:Jewish holidays
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812:Inanimate types
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703:for sacrifice,
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679:Mosaic Covenant
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551:Biblia pauperum
486:Saint Augustine
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1038:, Oxford 1871.
1028:
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973:Parallelomania
970:
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494:Rabanus Maurus
400:The system of
396:
395:
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292:
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202:
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1340:
1336:
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1331:
1324:
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1299:Auerbach p.61
1296:
1290:Auerbach p.53
1287:
1281:Auerbach p.58
1278:
1269:
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1259:
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664:
660:
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612:
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593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:Luke 11:29–32
571:
569:
568:Book of Jonah
565:
562:The story of
555:
553:
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547:
543:
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466:foreshadowing
463:
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353:
349:
346:
342:
339: –
338:
334:
333:Find sources:
327:
323:
317:
316:
311:This article
309:
305:
300:
299:
291:
289:
285:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:dealing with
257:
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241:
228:
224:
223:1 Corinthians
220:
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208:
198:
195:
182:
163:
161:
157:
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137:
135:
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127:
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119:
118:Protestantism
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
87:New Testament
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:Old Testament
68:
64:
61:and biblical
60:
56:
49:
48:
43:
38:
32:
25:
23:
1523:
1511:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1468:
1452:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1430:
1416:
1399:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1356:
1345:
1330:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
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1277:
1268:
1253:
1248:
1237:
1226:
1218:
1211:. Retrieved
1189:
1185:
1175:
1161:
1150:
1142:for example
1138:
1129:
1113:
1112:Emile Male,
1108:
1096:
1090:Leviticus 18
1084:
1076:
1071:
1065:1 Peter 3:21
1060:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1012:
997:
969:– typologist
927:
899:
891:
886:
882:
877:
872:
867:figura rerum
861:
854:
837:Jesus Christ
830:
815:
794:
782:
758:
714:
697:
670:
603:Medieval art
600:
572:
561:
549:
545:
530:
522:
498:
450:Hebrew Bible
447:
406:Hebrew Bible
399:
384:
375:
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358:
351:
344:
332:
320:Please help
315:verification
312:
281:
248:New Covenant
245:
204:
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102:Early Church
99:
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74:
73:are seen as
54:
53:
45:
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1518:Online book
1213:18 November
1144:Hebrews 8:6
905: [
831:The Jewish
822:Last Supper
687:Mount Sinai
439:sabbath day
213:5:14 calls
126:analyticity
1555:Categories
1437:4 February
1386:Stöckhardt
1366:Earl Miner
1252:CH Raven,
1047:The Latin
990:References
833:Tabernacle
797:Amalekites
773:Mount Nebo
578:(see also
542:incunabula
538:blockbooks
472:concepts.
458:Alexandria
435:Colossians
378:April 2016
348:newspapers
252:superseded
150:(d.1093),
1231:John 10:9
1208:2391-7598
1088:See also
913:extrinsic
841:Showbread
669:to be an
420:laws and
256:Leviticus
240:antitypon
233:ἀντίτυπον
166:Etymology
110:Calvinism
79:antitypes
42:Ascension
1477:(1982).
1242:John14:6
1101:Typology
1005:Archived
941:See also
826:Passover
801:Rephidim
777:crucifix
671:antitype
615:Jeremiah
598:Bible).
548:and the
505:Kabbalah
470:Platonic
426:allegory
410:inspired
63:exegesis
55:Typology
22:Antitype
1408:4816986
947:Anagoge
627:Matthew
619:Ezekiel
588:Jonah 2
521:from a
482:Ambrose
362:scholar
284:history
268:Gospels
44:from a
1526:, 1859
1433:. BLTS
1406:
1260:
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1120:
1049:figura
824:was a
805:Exodus
711:Joseph
637:, and
623:Daniel
621:, and
611:Isaiah
605:or in
592:She'ol
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540:, and
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474:Origen
418:kosher
364:
357:
350:
343:
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219:Christ
211:Romans
160:feudal
83:Christ
24:(moth)
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785:Moses
755:Moses
685:from
683:Moses
564:Jonah
462:Philo
369:JSTOR
355:books
181:typos
174:τύπος
91:Jonah
75:types
1439:2019
1404:OCLC
1258:ISBN
1215:2021
1204:ISSN
1118:ISBN
787:put
639:John
635:Luke
631:Mark
341:news
274:and
215:Adam
207:Paul
194:anti
188:ἀντί
95:type
40:The
1194:doi
862:not
855:As
799:at
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677:or
661:he
596:NIV
414:God
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