412:
462:
428:
230:
602:
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551:
107:
582:
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133:. If present, the fuse plug is designed to wash out in case of a large flood, greater than the discharge capacity of the spillway gates. Although many months may be needed for construction crews to restore the fuse plug and channel after such an operation, the total damage and cost to repair is less than if the main water-retaining structures had been overtopped. The fuse plug concept is used where building a spillway with the required capacity would be costly.
535:
27:
447:
218:
175:
156:. Most often, they are lined on the bottom and sides with concrete to protect the dam and topography. They may have a controlling device and some are thinner and multiply-lined if space and funding are tight. In addition, they are not always intended to dissipate energy like stepped spillways. Chute spillways can be ingrained with a baffle of concrete blocks but usually have a "flip lip" and/or dissipator basin, which creates a
396:
Spillway gates may operate suddenly without warning, under remote control. Trespassers within the spillway are at high risk of drowning. Spillways are usually fenced and equipped with locked gates to prevent casual trespassing within the structure. Warning signs, sirens, and other measures may be in
128:
In an intermediate type, normal level regulation of the reservoir is controlled by the mechanical gates. In this case, the dam is not designed to function with water flowing over the top if it, either due to the materials used for its construction or conditions directly downstream. If inflow to the
387:
Third, a stilling basin at the terminus of a spillway serves to further dissipate energy and prevent erosion. They are usually filled with a relatively shallow depth of water and sometimes lined with concrete. A number of velocity-reducing components can be incorporated into their design to include
124:
An uncontrolled spillway, in contrast, does not have gates; when the water rises above the lip or crest of the spillway, it begins to be released from the reservoir. The rate of discharge is controlled only by the height of water above the reservoir's spillway. The fraction of storage volume in the
307:
with a 1% chance of being exceeded in any given year. The volume of water expected during the design flood is obtained by hydrologic calculations of the upstream watershed. The return period is set by dam safety guidelines, based on the size of the structure and the potential loss of human life or
285:
The ogee crest over-tops a dam, a side channel wraps around the topography of a dam, and a labyrinth uses a zig-zag design to increase the sill length for a thinner design and increased discharge. A drop inlet resembles an intake for a hydroelectric power plant, and transfers water from behind the
276:
uses the difference in height between the intake and the outlet to create the pressure difference required to remove excess water. Siphons require priming to remove air in the bend for them to function, and most siphon spillways are designed to use water to automatically prime the siphon. One such
294:
One parameter of spillway design is the largest flood it is designed to handle. The structures must safely withstand the appropriate spillway design flood (SDF), sometimes called the inflow design flood (IDF). The magnitude of the SDF may be set by dam safety guidelines, based on the size of the
197:
have been used for over 3,000 years. Despite being superseded by more modern engineering techniques such as hydraulic jumps in the mid twentieth century, since around 1985 interest in stepped spillways and chutes has been renewed, partly due to the use of new construction materials (e.g.
315:
bases their requirements on the probable maximum flood (PMF) and the probable maximum precipitation (PMP). The PMP is the largest precipitation thought to be physically possible in the upstream watershed. Dams of lower hazard may be allowed to have an IDF less than the PMF.
120:
A controlled spillway has mechanical structures or gates to regulate the rate of flow. This design allows nearly the full height of the dam to be used for water storage year-round, and flood waters can be released as required by opening one or more gates.
944:
Non-Aerated
Skimming Flow Properties on Stepped Chutes over Small Embankment Dams in Hydraulic Structures: a Challenge to Engineers and Researchers, Proceedings of the International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic
68:
to regulate water flow and reservoir level. Such features enable a spillway to regulate downstream flow—by releasing water in a controlled manner before the reservoir is full, operators can prevent an unacceptably large release later.
340:. Failure to dissipate the water's energy can lead to scouring and erosion at the dam's toe (base). This can cause spillway damage and undermine the dam's stability. To put this energy in perspective, the spillways at
277:
design is the volute siphon, which employs volutes or fins on a funnel to form water into a vortex that draws air out of the system. The priming happens automatically when the water level rises above the inlets.
249:), or glory hole spillways. In areas where the surface of the reservoir may freeze, this type of spillway is normally fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound.
206:) and design techniques (e.g. embankment overtopping protection). The steps produce considerable energy dissipation along the chute and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin.
411:
461:
125:
reservoir above the spillway crest can only be used for the temporary storage of floodwater; it cannot be used as water supply storage because it sits higher than the dam can retain it.
83:
Water normally flows over a spillway only during flood periods, when the reservoir has reached its capacity and water continues entering faster than it can be released. In contrast, an
397:
place to warn users of the downstream area of sudden release of water. Operating protocols may require "cracking" a gate to release a small amount of water to warn persons downstream.
427:
103:
pool. Dams may also have bottom outlets with valves or gates which may be operated to release flood flow, and a few dams lack overflow spillways and rely entirely on bottom outlets.
515:
152:
A chute spillway is a common and basic design that transfers excess water from behind the dam down a smooth decline into the river below. These are usually designed following an
601:
129:
reservoir exceeds the gate's capacity, an artificial channel called an auxiliary or emergency spillway will convey water. Often, that is intentionally blocked by a
1229:
379:
A ski jump can direct water horizontally and eventually down into a plunge pool, or two ski jumps can direct their water discharges to collide with one another.
209:
Research is still active on the topic, with newer developments on embankment dam overflow protection systems, converging spillways and small weir design.
1050:
581:
72:
Other uses of the term "spillway" include bypasses of dams and outlets of channels used during high water, and outlet channels carved through
550:
477:
569:
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structure and the potential loss of human life or property downstream. The magnitude of the flood is sometimes expressed as a
1380:
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1320:
1290:
1142:
1076:
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953:
821:
788:
312:
245:, where water can enter around the entire perimeter. These uncontrolled spillways are also called morning glory (after the
303:
is the flood magnitude expected to be exceeded on the average of once in 100 years. This parameter may be expressed as an
1280:
970:
901:
1400:
256:
in
Montana, U.S., and is controlled by a 64-by-12-foot (19.5 by 3.7 m) ring gate. The bell-mouth spillway in
446:
1431:
260:
reservoir in
Portugal is constructed to look like a natural formation. The largest bell-mouth spillway is in
1102:
998:"Analysis of the Impact of Effective Length of Morning Glory Spillway on Its Performance (Numerical Study)"
1254:
850:
754:
400:
The sudden closure of a spillway gate can result in the stranding of fish, and this is usually avoided.
1054:
264:, in New South Wales, Australia, measuring 105 ft (32 m) in diameter at the lake's surface.
87:
is a structure used to control water release on a routine basis for purposes such as water supply and
53:, typically into the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United Kingdom, they may be known as
252:
Some bell-mouth spillways are gate-controlled. The highest morning glory spillway in the world is at
199:
712:(2001–2002). "Historical Development of Stepped Cascades for the Dissipation of Hydraulic Energy".
57:. Spillways ensure that water does not damage parts of the structure not designed to convey water.
304:
1441:
1205:
868:
1370:
1310:
1345:. IAHR Monograph, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Leiden, The Netherlands, 168 pages.
1128:
902:"Hydraulic Design of Stepped Spillways and Downstream Energy Dissipators for Embankment Dams"
142:
344:
could, at full capacity, produce 40,000 MW; about 10 times the capacity of its power plant.
229:
928:
Hydraulic Design of
Stepped Spillways and Downstream Energy Dissipators for Embankment Dams
179:
257:
222:
8:
948:. St. Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland, Division of Civil Engineering. p. 205.
735:
664:
659:
1181:
1029:
106:
1426:
688:
1340:
347:
The energy can be dissipated by addressing one or more parts of a spillway's design.
1376:
1346:
1316:
1286:
1138:
976:
949:
817:
784:
758:
634:
100:
1009:
930:. Impact of Converging Chute Walls for Roller Compacted Concrete Stepped Spillways.
846:
750:
654:
644:
541:
356:
355:
First, on the spillway surface itself by a series of steps along the spillway (see
333:
253:
194:
169:
88:
1080:
1130:
The Bureau of
Reclamation: history essays from the centennial symposium, Volume 1
526:
45:
is a structure used to provide the controlled release of water downstream from a
1410:
1366:
1336:
942:
897:
864:
809:
776:
731:
709:
607:
The spillway at
Monticello Dam, Lake Berryessa, in operation. February 19, 2017
588:
557:
438:
434:
418:
368:
337:
300:
234:
157:
968:
1436:
1420:
762:
296:
246:
242:
183:
324:
1315:(4. ed., repr. ed.). London : Taylor & Francis. pp. 244–260.
561:
453:
111:
84:
73:
31:
1404:
869:"Hydraulic Design of Stepped Spillways and Downstream Energy Dissipators"
649:
503:
341:
225:
since its construction in 1955 such that it resembles a natural formation
1014:
997:
471:'s Arizona side channel drum-gate spillway (left) during the 1983 floods
26:
488:
468:
153:
388:
chute blocks, baffle blocks, wing walls, surface boils, or end sills.
217:
925:
639:
620:
522:
261:
130:
65:
61:
174:
969:
Ratnayaka, Don D.; Brandt, Malcolm J.; Johnson, K. Michael (2009).
781:
Hydraulic Design of
Stepped Cascades, Channels, Weirs and Spillways
507:
484:
187:
117:
The two main types of spillways are controlled and uncontrolled.
77:
273:
203:
20:
1409:- information, images, and construction information about the
1255:"Manual on Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP)"
996:
Sabeti, Parham; Karami, Hojat; Sarkardeh, Hamed (2019-06-30).
367:
Second, at the base of a spillway, a flip bucket can create a
940:
837:
Rajaratnam, N. (1990). "Skimming Flow in
Stepped Spillways".
50:
35:
16:
Structure for controlled release of flows from a dam or levee
975:(6th ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 177.
1030:"Lake Berryessa, Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region"
417:
Lake
Berryessa overflowing into the glory hole spillway at
46:
19:"Spillways" redirects here. For the song by Ghost, see
286:
dam directly through tunnels to the river downstream.
995:
575:
Bell-mouth spillway of Hungry Horse Dam in operation.
433:
A labyrinth spillway and a fish ladder (left) of the
332:
As water passes over a spillway and down the chute,
328:
221:Vegetation has grown in the bell mouth spillway at
736:"Hydraulics of Stepped Spillways: Current Status"
525:(bottom) and an auxiliary ogee spillway (top) at
1418:
1329:
685:"Chute spillways, The Engineering of Large Dams"
895:
708:
1230:"INFLOW DESIGN FLOODS FOR DAMS AND RESERVOIRS"
926:S.L. Hunt, S.R. Abt & D.M. Temple (2008).
891:
889:
814:The Hydraulics of Stepped Chutes and Spillways
702:
483:A labyrinth spillway entrance (bottom) at the
160:, protecting the toe of the dam from erosion.
934:
830:
804:
802:
800:
1375:. Dordrecht u.a.: Kluwer. pp. 213–218.
1053:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from
1335:
1222:
886:
857:
1342:Energy Dissipation in Hydraulic Structures
1174:Journal of the Indian Institute of Science
941:I. Meireles; J. Cabrita; J. Matos (2006).
836:
808:
797:
775:
769:
730:
724:
241:A bell-mouth spillway is designed like an
1013:
1304:
1302:
1135:United States Government Printing Office
1022:
623:bell-mouth spillway exposed at low water
323:
289:
228:
216:
178:A stepped chute baffled spillway of the
173:
136:
105:
99:A spillway is located at the top of the
25:
1247:
1094:
919:
863:
851:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1990)116:4(587)
755:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2000)126:9(636)
540:Semicircular spillways of Ohzuchi Dam (
110:Cross-section of typical spillway with
1419:
1282:Irrigation and Water Power Engineering
1278:
1272:
1206:"Hydraulic Design, Types of Spillways"
1126:
212:
1372:Energy dissipators and hydraulic jump
1365:
1308:
1299:
319:
313:United States Army Corps of Engineers
1285:. Firewall Media. pp. 500–501.
714:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
682:
1164:
1043:
163:
13:
267:
14:
1453:
1398:
1392:
1100:
1002:Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie
147:
839:Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
743:Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
612:
600:
580:
568:
549:
533:
514:
495:
476:
460:
445:
426:
410:
1359:
1198:
1158:
1120:
1069:
1032:. Dept. of Interior. 2017-12-15
989:
962:
1103:"Hungry Horse Project History"
676:
280:
195:Stepped channels and spillways
1:
670:
502:An ogee-type spillway at the
452:Spillway with flip bucket at
1180:(3): 915–930. Archived from
1108:. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
371:and deflect water upwards.
301:100-year recurrence interval
7:
1127:Storey, Brit Allan (2008).
628:
521:An emergency spillway with
237:, California, in March 2017
10:
1458:
403:
167:
140:
18:
1167:"Design of Volute Siphon"
391:
336:converts into increasing
200:roller-compacted concrete
1165:Rao, Govinda NS (2008).
94:
587:A drop inlet in use at
556:Low-height spillway of
233:Glory hole spillway in
329:
308:property downstream.
238:
226:
191:
114:
60:Spillways can include
38:
327:
290:Design considerations
232:
220:
177:
143:Open channel spillway
137:Open channel spillway
109:
29:
1432:Hydraulic structures
1312:Hydraulic structures
972:Twort's water supply
305:exceedance frequency
213:Bell-mouth spillway
180:Yeoman Hey Reservoir
1015:10.18280/i2m.180217
665:Oroville Dam crisis
660:Toddbrook Reservoir
1309:Novak, P. (2008).
1211:. Rowan University
1051:"Hungry Horse Dam"
683:Henry H., Thomas.
330:
320:Energy dissipation
239:
227:
192:
115:
39:
30:Chute spillway of
1382:978-0-7923-1508-7
1352:978-1-138-02755-8
1322:978-0-415-38625-8
1292:978-81-7008-084-8
1260:. WMO. p. 26
1144:978-0-16-081822-6
982:978-0-7506-6843-9
955:978-1-86499-868-9
823:978-90-5809-352-3
790:978-0-08-041918-3
635:Dam safety system
258:Covão dos Conchos
223:Covão dos Conchos
55:overflow channels
1449:
1408:
1403:. Archived from
1401:"The Glory Hole"
1387:
1386:
1363:
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1333:
1327:
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1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
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1107:
1098:
1092:
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1089:
1088:
1079:. Archived from
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1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1026:
1020:
1019:
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896:Gonzalez, C.A.;
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795:
794:
773:
767:
766:
740:
728:
722:
721:
706:
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699:
697:
696:
687:. Archived from
680:
655:Tailrace fishing
645:Stepped spillway
616:
604:
584:
572:
553:
537:
518:
499:
480:
464:
449:
430:
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357:stepped spillway
334:potential energy
254:Hungry Horse Dam
170:Stepped spillway
164:Stepped spillway
89:hydroelectricity
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1452:
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1450:
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1367:Hager, Willi H.
1364:
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1323:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1279:Punmia (1992).
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1101:Stene, Eric A.
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1057:on 13 June 2011
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909:Dam Engineering
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876:Dam Engineering
871:
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858:
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694:
692:
691:on 9 April 2010
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527:New Waddell Dam
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270:
268:Siphon spillway
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97:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1455:
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1429:
1415:
1414:
1411:Lake Berryessa
1407:on 2011-06-01.
1394:
1393:External links
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1137:. p. 36.
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915:(4): 223–244.
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882:(4): 205–242.
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467:Water enters
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865:Chanson, H.
816:. Balkema.
650:Fish ladder
542:Shiga Pref.
504:Crystal Dam
363:Flip bucket
342:Tarbela Dam
281:Other types
1421:Categories
1215:2010-07-05
1191:2013-12-19
1150:1 November
1112:1 November
1087:2016-10-04
1061:1 November
1036:2019-03-08
945:Structures
810:H. Chanson
777:H. Chanson
732:H. Chanson
710:H. Chanson
695:2010-07-05
671:References
489:New Mexico
469:Hoover Dam
154:ogee curve
66:fuse plugs
62:floodgates
1427:Spillways
763:0733-9429
640:Reservoir
621:Geehi Dam
523:fuse plug
262:Geehi Dam
131:fuse plug
101:reservoir
1369:(1992).
1339:(2015).
900:(2007).
867:(2001).
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629:See also
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508:Colorado
375:Ski jump
78:moraines
76:such as
43:spillway
1264:5 April
1239:5 April
1235:. USACE
485:Ute Dam
404:Gallery
204:gabions
188:England
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247:flower
21:Impera
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593:circa
560:with
351:Steps
95:Types
51:levee
36:Wales
1437:Dams
1377:ISBN
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1287:ISBN
1266:2019
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1152:2010
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