Southern Rhodesia in World War I

1546:, existed in Southern Rhodesia by the time of the war, and these generally identified themselves strongly with settler society and, by extension, the war effort although the vast majority of black people in the colony retained their traditional tribal lifestyles of rural subsistence farming, and for most of them, as McLaughlin comments, the war "could have been fought between aliens from different planets for all their connection with events in Europe". Some felt obliged to "fight for their country", seeing the travails of Rhodesia and the Empire as their own also, but the great bulk of tribal public opinion was detached, seeing the conflict as a "white man's war" that did not concern them. Those who favoured the latter line of thinking cared not so much about the conflict itself but more about how its course might affect them specifically. For example, widespread interest was aroused soon after the outbreak of war when rumours began to fly between the rural black communities that the Company planned to conscript them. News of the Maritz Rebellion prompted a fresh rumour among the Matabele that Company officials might confiscate tribal livestock to feed the white troops going south. None of this actually occurred. 964:—the nearest German coastal settlement, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north—without facing major resistance. The Germans almost immediately retreated, leaving behind explosive booby traps and other improvised weapons. The 1st Rhodesia Regiment first engaged the Germans while Northern Force moved east across the desert, taking part in a number of minor skirmishes and suffering its first two fatalities in a German ambush. To overcome the natural difficulties of the desert terrain, Botha used fast-moving mounted or mechanised troops rather than regular infantry, so the Southern Rhodesian contingent played little part in the main advance on Windhoek. The Rhodesians guarded the construction of a railway inland for much of the campaign, but participated in Northern Force's victory over the Germans at Trekkopjes, losing Lieutenant Hollingsworth (killed in action) and five enlisted men (wounded). Windhoek surrendered to Botha in July 1915, effectively ending the South-West African front of the war. The local German population did not embark on a 1658:, often referred to at the time as "Spanish flu", spread quickly into Southern Rhodesia from South Africa in October 1918. A week after the first case was reported in Salisbury, over 1,000 people were infected. Public buildings in the towns were converted into makeshift hospital wards, appeals were put out for trained nurses to attend the sick, and soup kitchens were set up to feed children whose parents were too ill to look after them. Newspapers in the colony published basic instructions on how to deal with the disease. The mine compounds, where hundreds of black labourers lived and worked together in close proximity, were worst affected. The whole country was ultimately infected, with even the most remote villages reporting deaths. Many members of the Rhodesia Native Regiment were infected, and 76 of them died from the disease having survived the war. By the time the pandemic had ended in Southern Rhodesia around mid-November 1918, thousands had been killed. 1211: 22: 1279:, it covered the 420 kilometres (260 mi) in 16 days. Several scholars highlight the distances marched by the RNR, and comment that their physical endurance must have been remarkable, particularly given the speed at which they moved. "One can only marvel at the hardiness and fortitude of these men who matter-of-factly marched distances unthinkable to modern Western soldiers", the historian Alexandre Binda writes. McLaughlin contrasts the RNR's black troopers with the white soldiers of the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment, commenting that the former proved far more resilient to tropical diseases (though not immune), and amazed white observers by not just adapting to the difficult East African conditions, but often marching 50 kilometres (31 mi) in a day. In June 1917, Sergeant Rita (or Lita), a black 1115: 957:). The principal target was Windhoek, the capital of South-West Africa. The field of operations was arid and barren in the extreme; water was a precious commodity, so the South Africans and Southern Rhodesians brought thousands of tons of it with them. In the 100 kilometres (62 mi) of desert between Walvis Bay and Windhoek, temperatures could rise to above 50 °C (122 °F) in the daytime, then drop below freezing at night, all while desert winds blew sand and dust into every bodily and mechanical orifice. Germany based much of its defensive strategy in South-West Africa around the assumption that no enemy commander could feasibly attempt to advance across the desert from Walvis Bay to Windhoek, but Botha resolved to do exactly that. 1443: 830: 1426:

Empire would become desperate for food and that they would be essentially immune to inflation because they grew their own crops. While these conclusions were on the whole accurate, logistical complications made it difficult for Rhodesian food to be exported, and as in mining there was often a shortage of labour. There were a number of drives to increase agricultural yield with the hope of feeding more people in Britain, but because Southern Rhodesia was so far away it was difficult for the colony to make much of an impact. One of the main culinary contributions the territory made to the British wartime marketplace was Rhodesian butter, which first reached England in February 1917.

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not grant financial allowances to support the families of married soldiers, so at least at first, only bachelors in non-essential positions were generally considered to have any moral obligation to sign up. The 2nd Rhodesia Regiment, raised in early 1915, explicitly barred married men from its ranks to preempt the tribulations that might befall their families while they were gone. Men of service age who remained at home were pressured by the national and local press to contribute to local security by joining the Southern Rhodesia Volunteers or the Rhodesian Reserves; editorials told readers that men who failed to do so were not fulfilling their patriotic duty, and warned that

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and the other more mature British dominions, and building a case for Southern Rhodesian self-government. The existence of an explicitly Rhodesian Platoon in the KRRC endeared the regiment to the Southern Rhodesian public, and attracted many of the colony's volunteers who arrived in England later in the war; in time, the KRRC formed further Rhodesian platoons from additional personnel. While the average Rhodesian colonial, living on the frontier of the Empire, was at least casually acquainted with rifles, most Englishmen had never held one. At Sheerness, Brady's Rhodesian Platoon won a reputation for fine sharpshooting, and set a regimental record score at the shooting range.

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The labels on the tobacco tins depicted a map of Africa with the sun shining on Rhodesia, accompanied by the slogan "The World's Great Sunspot". In a similar vein, "Sunspot" was the name given to the Rhodesian cigarettes that British soldiers received. During the war, British and colonial soldiery collectively chewed and smoked 59,955 two-ounce (57 g) tins of donated Southern Rhodesian tobacco, 80,584 two-ounce tins of equivalent pipe tobacco, and 4,004,000 Sunspot cigarettes (in packs of 10). Another similar undertaking saw six tons (roughly 6,100 kg) of local citrus fruits sent to wounded British Army personnel in South Africa and England.

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question of national defence both during the war and thereafter; its report, released in February 1918, described reliance on volunteers as inefficient, and recommended the institution of compulsory service for whites, even after the war (no mention was made of using black troops in the future). The Company published proposals the following month to register all white males aged between 18 and 65 with a view to some form of conscription, but this provoked widespread and vocal dissent, particularly from farmers. In the face of this opposition the administration vacillated until it quietly dropped the idea after the armistice.

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combat experience thus far influenced those men in Southern Rhodesia who were yet to enlist; many Rhodesian colonials were keen to fight on the front lines, and some resolved that they might have to travel to Europe to be sure of doing so. Aware of this competition with the Western Front for the colony's manpower, recruiters for the 2RR took great care to assure potential inductees that they would definitely see combat, in Africa, if they signed up for the new unit. The 2RR ultimately had a paper strength of 500 men, the same as the 1st. Thirty black scouts, recruited in Southern Rhodesia, were also attached to the regiment.

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Rural black people, by contrast, did not generally understand the concept of donating money to war funds, and misinterpreted encouragement to do so as being threatened with a new tax. When the Matabele chief Gambo began collecting war donations from his people in early 1915, also urging other chiefs to do the same, he took care to thoroughly explain the war fund's purpose and the voluntary nature of contributing, but some villagers still misunderstood and came to believe they would have livestock confiscated if they did not give money. The Company ultimately sent officials around the countryside to clarify the matter.

307:, the Southern Rhodesian settlers "seemed to out-British the British" in their patriotic zeal, so it was to the frustration of many of them that the Company did not immediately commit to any martial action. While it sent supportive messages to Whitehall, the Company felt it could not raise any kind of expeditionary force without first considering the implications for its administrative operations; as a commercial concern, it was possible for the company to go bankrupt. Who would foot the bill for war expenditure, its hierarchy pondered: the Company itself, the Rhodesian taxpayers or the British government? 1336:

following. This pursuit continued for the rest of the war, with Lettow-Vorbeck avoiding contacts so far as was possible and constantly resupplying his men by briefly occupying isolated towns. The RNR chased the German column for over 3,600 kilometres (2,200 mi) around Mozambique and the eastern districts of Northern Rhodesia, but never caught up with him. After Lettow-Vorbeck formally surrendered at Abercorn on 25 November 1918, the RNR returned to Salisbury, where the men were discharged during 1919. The regiment existed on paper for two more years before it was formally disbanded in February 1921.

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most female settlers did not work and spent most of their days supervising the household and family. The average white woman in the colony continued to live this kind of life during the war, in marked contrast to her British counterpart, who in many cases went to replace the male factory workers and farm labourers who went to war. In Rhodesia little of this sort occurred: there were no munitions factories, and the idea of women working down the country's mines was not considered practical. Some white farmers' wives took over management of the land in their husbands' absence, but this was quite unusual.

1245:"2RNR". Recruitment was soon under way. Conscious of the difficulty that had been found in persuading rural Mashonas and Matabele to join the 1st Battalion in 1916, organisers for 2RNR principally targeted black men from other countries, in particular migrant workers from Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia; Nyasalanders eventually made up nearly half of the regiment. By the start of March, about 1,000 recruits were training in Salisbury. Meanwhile, 1RNR was instructed to guard the Igali Pass, near the border with Northern Rhodesia, to prevent a column of Germans from threatening the settlements of 1398: 1766:, Southern Rhodesia again enthusiastically stood behind the UK, symbolically declaring war on Germany in support of Britain before any other colony or dominion. Over 26,000 Southern Rhodesians served in the Second World War, making the colony once more the largest contributor of manpower, proportional to white population, in all of the British Empire and Commonwealth. As in World War I, Southern Rhodesians were distributed in small groups throughout the British Army, Royal Navy and Royal Air Force. Dedicated Rhodesian platoons again served in the KRRC, and the 234:), and by 1914 comprised about 1,150 men (including officers). Reserves existed in the form of the Southern Rhodesia Volunteers, an all-white amateur force with a paper strength of 2,000 intended for mobilisation against local uprisings. Few doubted the Volunteers' enthusiasm, but they were not extensively trained or equipped; though perhaps useful in a Rhodesian bush skirmish, most observers agreed they would be no match for professional soldiers in a conventional war. In any case, the Volunteers' enlistment contracts bound them for domestic service only. 1598:

knitted, as well as newspapers, soap, food (including cakes and sweets), and minor luxuries. These packages did much to raise the morale of the men, particularly those who were in German captivity. Women were also largely responsible for handling mail between Rhodesian soldiers and their relatives and friends back home. After the armistice, they organised financial assistance for those discharged Southern Rhodesian men in England who could not afford to come home, and arranged visits for those convalescing in English hospitals.

69:, wired the UK government, "All Rhodesia ... ready to do its duty". Although it supported Britain, the company was concerned about the possible financial implications for its chartered territory should it make direct commitments to the war effort, particularly at first, so most of the colony's contribution to the war was made by Southern Rhodesians individually—not only those who volunteered to fight abroad, but also those who remained at home and raised funds to donate food, equipment and other supplies. 1678:

1919 it set up a government department to help returning men find work. Many former soldiers failed to find jobs, and some remained unemployed for years after they returned home. Some of the more seriously wounded from the European theatre never came back at all, instead remaining in England because of the better medical facilities and public benefits. Demobilised Western Front veterans began to arrive back in Rhodesia in January 1919, and continued to do so for nearly a year afterwards. On 30 May 1919, the

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defence, Salisbury introduced the selective conscription of white males in 1926, and reformed the Rhodesia Regiment the following year. The territory's association with the King's Royal Rifle Corps endured in the form of affiliation between the KRRC and the Rhodesia Regiment's new incarnation, which adopted aspects of the KRRC uniform and a similar regimental insignia. The new Rhodesia Regiment was granted the original's World War I battle honours and colours by George V in 1929.

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small batches, but because casualties were usually concentrated in far larger groups it often took a few months for a depleted Southern Rhodesian unit to return to full numerical strength. A cycle developed whereby Rhodesian platoons in Belgium and France were abruptly decimated and then gradually built up again only to suffer the same fate on returning to action. When the KRRC's Rhodesian platoons took part in British offensives, they were easily recognised by a distinctive

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The retail sector suffered, prices for many basic day-to-day items rose sharply, and exports plummeted as much of the white male citizenry went overseas to war, but mining, the industry on which Rhodesia's economic viability hinged, continued to operate successfully, despite occasional difficulties in obtaining manpower. The Company administration posted record outputs of gold and coal during 1916, and began to supply the Empire with the strategic metal

703: 449:, the officer of Irish origin who led the volunteers, the Marquess asked where his party was headed. Brady enthusiastically replied that they were going to war together in France. The Marquess suggested to Brady that since it might be difficult to prevent his men from being split up during the enlistment process, it might be a good idea for the Rhodesians to join the KRRC, where he could keep an eye on them through his connections with the 1829:'s administration pulled down many monuments and plaques making reference to the fallen of the First and Second World Wars, perceiving them as reminders of white minority rule and colonialism that went against what the modern state stood for. This view was partly rooted in the association of these memorials with those commemorating the British South Africa Company's dead of the Matabele Wars, as well as those memorialising members of the 1324:(which roughly means "chief" in Sindebele). In the capital, the RNR men were met at the railway station by thousands of people, including a number of prominent government, military and religious figures. Chaplin, the territorial administrator, gave a speech in which he applauded the troops for "upholding the good name of Rhodesia" and for having played "no insignificant part in depriving the Germans of their power in Africa". 1271:

repulsing the attack: 58 RNR men were killed, and the Germans captured three Rhodesian machine guns. Tomlinson was blamed by most for the debacle, but he insisted for years afterwards that he had only been following orders from Murray to hold his ground. He expressed incredulity at Murray's failure to reinforce him. An enquiry into the matter was avoided when Tomlinson was wounded and invalided home soon after the battle.

1187:. At New Langenberg the regiment went through a short training course, and was issued with six machine guns. When the unit's training period ended in October 1916 it was divided; one company of RNR men went to Buhora, about 250 kilometres (160 mi) north-east, while the rest went 250 kilometres (160 mi) south to Weidhaven, on the north banks of Lake Nyasa, from where they moved 160 kilometres (99 mi) east to 1102:

were considered fit for duty; it was no longer an effective fighting force, and the white Southern Rhodesian manpower did not exist to continue reinforcing it. It was therefore withdrawn from East Africa that month. Those men who were healthy enough to return home arrived back in Salisbury on 14 April 1917, receiving a tumultuous welcome, but the majority of 2RR remained in medical care overseas for some time afterwards.

143:, 11 November, and signed the proclamation at 11:00 local time. Since the territory's reconstitution and recognised independence as Zimbabwe in 1980, the modern government has removed many references to the war, such as memorial monuments and plaques, from public view, regarding them as unwelcome vestiges of white minority rule and colonialism. The Zimbabwean cultural memory has largely forgotten the First World War. 1203:. The Rhodesians were caught by surprise, and many panicked, running about and firing randomly. Booth restored discipline and led the defence until reinforcements arrived. The Germans then retreated and continued towards Songea. During this contact, Booth advanced towards enemy fire to rescue a wounded scout who was lying in the open, and brought him back alive; for this and subsequent actions, Booth received the 553:, particularly excelled in this system of 'snipers', and inflicted continual losses upon the enemy". In their 2008 history of sniping, Pat Farey and Mark Spicer highlight the prowess of South African and Rhodesian sharpshooters on the Western Front, and claim that one group of 24 southern Africans collectively accounted for over 3,000 German casualties and fatalities. 1266:(KAR) manned the Songwe; the rest of 1RNR would then push the Germans back towards the lake. However, Tomlinson interpreted his orders as requiring immediate action, and attacked before the two flanking lines were in place on the rivers. The offensive had some successes at first, even though Tomlinson was outnumbered, but the 450 Germans, armed with three 1729:, and the few dozen black scouts who served with the 1st and 2nd Rhodesia Regiments in South-West and East Africa. Southern Rhodesians killed in action or on operational duty numbered over 800, counting all races together—more than 700 of the colony's white servicemen died, while the Rhodesia Native Regiment's black soldiers suffered 146 fatalities. 1980:. As instructed by the telegram, the German marched his undefeated troops the 250 kilometres (160 mi) north to Abercorn and formally surrendered. It took him 11 days to reach Abercorn, so the ceremonial surrender of Germany's forces in East Africa took place on 25 November 1918, a full two weeks after the European war ended. 1626:

of Wales National Relief Fund in Britain, which was founded when the war started; Southern Rhodesian branches of the fund were promptly organised in several towns and ultimately consolidated into the Rhodesian War Relief Fund. This body donated 25% of its receipts to the Prince of Wales Fund and 75% to local concerns.

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volunteers only, and most Matabele chiefs were not unreceptive to the idea—some, including Chief Ndiweni, attempted to encourage enlistment by sending their own sons off to war—but rumours spread in some quarters that black men were going to be involuntarily conscripted wholesale into the unit. Chief Maduna, in

994:, acquired by Germany during the 1880s, covered roughly 900,000 square kilometres (350,000 sq mi), and by 1914 was home to about 5,000 white settlers, most of whom were of German origin. German East African soldiery at the outbreak of war comprised 216 German officers and enlisted men, and 2,450 972:

stayed, but failed to convince most of them; the 1st Rhodesia Regiment promptly disbanded due to a lack of personnel. The majority of the South-West Africa veterans boarded ship for England to enlist in the British Army, while others mustered into South African units already billed for European service.

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The Tobacco Fund, set up in September 1914, was particularly successful. Public donors bought Southern Rhodesian tobacco, cigarettes and pipe tobacco to send to the British forces. This was intended not only to comfort the troops, but also to advertise the prospect of post-war emigration to Rhodesia.

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The British South Africa Company had reservations about devoting all of Southern Rhodesia's resources to the war effort, in part because of its desire to keep the colonial economy operating. There was indeed tightening of belts in the Rhodesias during the war, but not on the same scale as in Britain.

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By late 1916, most settlers in the colony who were inclined to volunteer had already done so. To free up white manpower, some suggested the recruitment of older men for local service so more of the younger volunteers could go overseas. In 1917, the Chartered Company set up a committee to consider the

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On 5 April 1917, 1RNR crossed the Songwe River into German East Africa and advanced south-east towards Kitanda. It moved up the winding Lupa River, crossing it at each turn, for 53 days, and by mid-June was 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of its target. When it was then ordered to backtrack north to

433:(KRRC), whose Southern Rhodesian contingent—numbering a few hundred, chiefly in its 2nd and 3rd Battalions—was the largest on the Western Front. The connection with this particular corps began as the result of a chance conversation aboard the ship that took the first batch of Southern Rhodesians from 1687:

This council, on behalf of the government and people of Southern Rhodesia, records its grateful thanks to the men of the Territory who took part in the Great War; its deep appreciation of the services they have rendered; and its admiration of their bearing and conduct. It expresses its sympathy with

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As is common in frontier societies, the Southern Rhodesian settler community was mostly male: at the time of the First World War, white females were outnumbered by males almost two to one. Because white women were so marriageable and cheap black labour was easily available to handle domestic duties,

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newspapers broadcast the news in special editions. While some settlers supported the extension of the same system to white Southern Rhodesians, it was also opposed in many quarters. The British South Africa Company feared that the loss of skilled white workers might jeopardise its mining operations,

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and 252 carriers), but as the supply column had been marching between the main German column and its rearguard, Lettow-Vorbeck was then able to attack the RNR from both sides. The contact lasted until darkness fell, and the RNR held its position. Lettow-Vorbeck then moved further south, with the RNR

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field guns and 14 machine guns, soon withdrew to the higher ground at St Moritz Mission. The Germans counterattacked over the following week. Colonel R E Murray, who commanded a column of BSAP men about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away, did not assist Tomlinson, and 1RNR took great losses while

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The 2RR operated with some success during its first year on the front. It usually defeated German units that it encountered, but the Germans, using proto-guerrilla tactics, tended to retreat before they could be overrun. Though generally outnumbered and outgunned throughout the campaign, the Germans

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Because it was raised with less urgency, the 2RR received better training than the 1st. The course lasted eight weeks, a fortnight longer than the original regiment's training period, and focused heavily on route marching, parade drill, and, in particular, marksmanship—recruits were trained to shoot

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The 1st Rhodesia Regiment was soon posted back to Cape Town, where many of the troopers voiced their dissatisfaction at the lack of fighting in South-West Africa, and requested discharge so they could join the war in Europe. Superiors assured the men that they would see action in East Africa if they

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A few days after the war began, the Chartered Company formed the Rhodesian Reserves, an amorphous entity intended to accommodate the many white men who were keen to put on uniform, as well as to make a start towards organising what might eventually become an expeditionary force. Eminent citizens and

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on plaques on each side; the inscriptions below read "1914–1918—We fought and died for our King." Five years later, Lieutenant-Colonel J A Methuen organised the erection on a kopje near Umtali of a stone cross, 30 feet (9.1 m) tall, to memorialise the country's fallen black soldiers. This

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Once the frivolities had ended, minds turned to post-war policy, and particularly how soldiers returning from Europe would be reintegrated into society. The company had already, in 1916, set aside 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) of farmland to be given free of charge to white war veterans. In early

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and organisations, and also set up their own. A war fundraising tea organised by black Salisburians in early March 1915 boasted entertainment in the form of a black choir, as well as the presence of Taylor and a junior native commissioner, each of whom gave speeches in English, Sindebele and Shona.

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Southern Rhodesian settlers set up a number of wartime funds, including funds to aid war victims, funds to provide the troops with tobacco and other supplies, funds to assist orphans and widows, funds to buy aeroplanes, and others. These raised about £200,000 in all. Much of this went to the Prince

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the black soldiers into the operational area and performing domestic tasks like washing and cooking. Many of these were local East African women who had formed attachments with RNR soldiers. Officers tolerated the presence of these women in the interest of morale, aware that attempting to take them

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Southern Rhodesian troops during World War I were all volunteers. Particularly during the war's early stages, not all male settlers of fighting age were expected to abandon their civilian lives for service abroad. Many of them were in vital industries like mining, and the Company administration did

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population in Southern Rhodesia stood at 23,606 in 1911 (a minority of 3%), while Northern Rhodesia had about 3,000 white settlers (less than half of 1%). With the company's charter due to expire in late 1914, most Southern Rhodesian public attention was focused on this issue before the outbreak of

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Evidence regarding the exact composition of the Rhodesia Native Regiment's enlisted ranks is scanty and inconclusive. The historian Timothy Stapleton, basing his figures on regimental nominal rolls and anecdotal evidence from officers, gives a total of 2,507 rank-and-filers attesting into the RNR.

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The Kalanga, a small community in the south-west that provided a disproportionately large number of volunteers for the Rhodesia Native Regiment, also proved conspicuous for their extremely generous financial donations; in June 1915, they collectively donated £183, "a staggering sum", the historian

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was strongest, the Germans were perceived by some Boer farmers as potential liberators from British domination. Southern Rhodesian Afrikaners were often accused of undermining the British war effort. While some leaders of the community publicly came out in support of the war and offered to provide

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district, briefly threatened insurrection, issuing rifles to 100 men, but he backed down after a few weeks after it became self-evident that conscription was not happening. Some attempted to dissuade potential RNR recruits from signing up, including a black man in Bulawayo who was fined £4 in July

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Southern Rhodesia's other main economic arm, farming, performed less strongly during the war, partly because the Chartered Company prioritised the strategically important mines at the behest of British officials. Southern Rhodesian farmers were optimistic at the outbreak of war, surmising that the

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and many others. The 1,038 personnel who served with 2RR in East Africa collectively went into hospital 2,272 times, and there were 10,626 incidences of illness—in other words, the average 2RR soldier was hospitalised twice and reported sick 10 times. In January 1917, only 91 of the regiment's men

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Based around the overflow of volunteers for the 1st Rhodesia Regiment, a core of personnel for a second Southern Rhodesian expeditionary unit was in place by November 1914. This was made into the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment (2RR) during December 1914 and January 1915. The 1st Rhodesia Regiment's lack of

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Once posted to France in December 1914, the Rhodesian Platoon almost immediately began suffering regular heavy casualties. Southern Rhodesian volunteers continued to arrive piecemeal in England throughout the conflict, so Rhodesian formations on the Western Front received regular reinforcements in

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As a rule, the white Rhodesians overseas combined stridently pro-British attitudes with an even stronger pride in Rhodesia. Many of them saw participation in the war, particularly in distinct "Rhodesian" formations, as a step towards forging a distinctive national identity, like those of Australia

127:. The Rhodesia Native Regiment enlisted 2,507 black soldiers, about 30 black recruits scouted for the Rhodesia Regiment, and around 350 served in British and South African units. Over 800 Southern Rhodesians of all races died on operational service during the war, with many more seriously wounded. 1509:

ran an editorial soon after calling on the Company administration to intern all remaining German and Austrian residents and to close their businesses. A town assembly in Umtali sent the administrator a resolution asking him to confiscate all property in the colony owned by subjects of Germany and

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and 75 whites, left Salisbury on 16 September 1917, and joined the front on 16 October, when it arrived at Mbewa on the north-eastern shore of Lake Nyasa, intending to ultimately merge with 1RNR. After 1RNR spent two months garrisoning Wiedhaven and 2RNR underwent further training, the two forces

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on 20 April 1918; the Rhodesian's aircraft caught fire in mid-air, and when it crashed he was thrown from the wreckage. The Baron's bullets had hit Lewis' compass, goggles, coat and trouser leg, but he was practically unhurt, having suffered only minor burns. He spent the rest of the war a German

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Accounts of white Southern Rhodesian soldiers' wartime experiences started to be published in the 1920s. The conflict became a key entry in many national histories, though the role played by black troops was often minimised in these accounts. The colony's wartime contributions became a source of

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The only real threat of a black rebellion in Southern Rhodesia during the war occurred in May 1916, immediately after the Company instructed native commissioners in Matabeleland to start recruiting for the Rhodesia Native Regiment. Company officials attempted to make clear that the RNR comprised

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The Company briefly considered sending a revived 2RR to the Western Front, but the British Army promptly rejected this idea, saying that the unit would be impractical for trench warfare because of its small size. The battalion was thereupon dissolved, but most of its remaining men went to war in

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After six weeks' training in the capital, the 1st Rhodesia Regiment travelled south by railway in late October 1914. During its stopover in Bulawayo, it paraded in front of about 90% of the town's population; Plumtree, the last stop before crossing the border, provided the soldiers with a lavish

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in 1915. On this comparatively quiet front, they were slowly whittled down over the course of the war: 26 of them remained in January 1917, and by the end of the war so few were left that the platoon no longer existed. Most of the men had been killed in action, while others were prisoners of the

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in London replied that such an expeditionary force would be more practically deployed in Africa, within the South African forces. When the Company relayed this idea south, the South Africans said they were happy to take the Southern Rhodesians, but only if they enlisted independently in existing

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The Chartered Company's native commissioners began to fear a possible tribal rebellion during early 1915. Herbert Taylor, the chief native commissioner, believed that foreign missionaries were secretly encouraging rural black people to emulate the Chilembwe revolt in Nyasaland, and telling them

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Southern Rhodesia's contributions to the Imperial war effort helped it to become regarded by Britain as more mature and deserving of responsible government, which Whitehall granted in 1923. The territory was made a self-governing colony, just short of full dominion status. Charged with its own

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In Southern Rhodesia, Company officials judged the RNR to have been a success so far, and so decided in January 1917 to raise a second battalion. The unit already in the field was at this time designated 1st Battalion, abbreviated to "1RNR", while the new formation was called 2nd Battalion, or

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Initial recruitment efforts principally targeted the Matabele, who made up about 20% of the colony's black population, because they enjoyed a popular reputation among whites for being great warriors; the unit was therefore originally called the "Matabele Regiment". This was changed to the more

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The Western Front continued to receive Southern Rhodesian troops right up to the end of the war, including veterans of the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment's campaign in East Africa. During the conflict's latter stages, the British Army sent some of its Southern Rhodesian officers to the Western Front to

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Proportional to white population, Southern Rhodesia had contributed more personnel to the British armed forces in World War I than any of the Empire's dominions or colonies, and more than Britain itself. About 40% of white males in the colony, 5,716 men, put on uniform, with 1,720 doing so as

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Starting in July 1915, Southern Rhodesians raised funds to buy aeroplanes for the Royal Flying Corps. The colony ultimately bought three aircraft, each of which cost £1,500—they were named Rhodesia Nos. 1, 2 and 3. Residents of the town of Gatooma also set up their own drive, which funded the

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The contribution to the war made by Southern Rhodesia's white female population generally comprised organising and running donation drives, comforts committees and other similar enterprises. They sent the troops "comforts parcels", which contained balaclavas, mittens and scarves that they had

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to help balance the books. By the end of the hostilities the company had spent £2 million on the war effort, most of which was covered by the Rhodesian taxpayers; the Company covered some of the expenditure itself, and also received a small amount of financial aid from the UK government.

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of English and several African tongues often referred to by whites of the time as "kitchen kaffir". The ranks' diversity sometimes led to confusion when messages or directives were not properly understood. It became common for black troopers accused of disobeying or ignoring commands to claim

1915:

The South African Brigade was split into four battalions: 1st South African Battalion (Cape), 2nd South African Battalion (Natal & Orange Free State), 3rd South African Battalion (Transvaal & Rhodesia) and 4th South African Battalion (Scottish). Most Rhodesian members were in the 3rd

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The German column from Kitanda reached Songea early in the morning on 12 November 1916, and unsuccessfully attempted a frontal assault on the well-entrenched Rhodesian positions. After the German column from Likuyu arrived in the afternoon, the Germans laid siege to Songea for 12 days before

595:

battle cries and war dances. Despite suffering casualties of catastrophic proportions—about 80% of the brigade's personnel were killed, wounded or captured—they took the Wood and held it as ordered until they were relieved on 20 July. By the time of its withdrawal, the South African Brigade,

495:

that their men shouted as they went over the top. Sometimes the British and German positions were so close that troopers on each front line could hear what was said in the opposite trench; one group of Southern Rhodesians avoided being understood in this situation by speaking a mixture of

905:. The vast majority of South African troops, including most of Boer origin, had remained loyal to the Union government, and the uprising had been quashed. The Rhodesians garrisoned Bloemfontein for about a month, then redeployed to Cape Town, where they underwent further training for the 1889:" formally covered both north and south, but was often used to refer to the southern territory alone (for example, the names of almost all Southern Rhodesian military units omitted the word "Southern"). Soldiers from Southern Rhodesia generally described themselves simply as Rhodesians. 763:

Lieutenant Daniel S "Pat" Judson, born in Bulawayo in 1898, became the first Rhodesia-born airman in history when he joined the RFC in April 1916. He was severely wounded while bombing enemy positions in March 1918, but recovered and remained in the unit until April 1919. The first

772:, nicknamed "Zulu", who joined No. 60 Squadron in April 1917, and won four aerial victories before transferring to No. 40 Squadron in July 1917, where he won four more. He received the Military Cross in March 1918 for "conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty", and also won the 1841:

The country's fallen of the two World Wars today have no official commemoration, either in Zimbabwe or overseas. The national war memorial obelisk still stands, but the relief sculptures and inscriptions have been removed. The stone cross monument near Mutare (as Umtali is now

870:. Botha requested the 500-man column that the Chartered Company had raised, hoping to reduce the possibility of further defections by interspersing his own forces with firmly pro-British Rhodesians. The expeditionary force was promptly formalised in Salisbury, and named the 1012:, German East Africa was largely isolated from outside help. It therefore fought a war of improvisation, judicious resource management and unorthodox strategy. During the conflict, its military strength grew to a peak of 3,300 whites and anywhere between 15,000 and 30,000 1837:

of the 1970s. Many Zimbabweans today see their nation's involvement in the World Wars as a consequence of colonial rule that had more to do with the white community than the indigenous black majority, and most have little interest in its contributions to those conflicts.

1249:

and Fife. When the Germans slipped through, the Rhodesians were pulled back to a position between the two towns and instructed to defend either one as circumstances dictated. The Germans did not launch an attack, however, instead setting up camp in their own territory at

397:

of the Western Front. As the white Southern Rhodesians in this theatre joined the British Army separately, at different times and under their own steam (or were already connected to specific units as reservists), they were spread across dozens of regiments, including the

123:, proportional to white population, Southern Rhodesia contributed more manpower to the British war effort than any other dominion or colony, and more than Britain itself. White troops numbered 5,716, about 40% of white men in the colony, with 1,720 of these serving as 625:. Though generally not fatal, gas attacks caused extreme physical discomfort and pain, often to the point where soldiers lost consciousness. Mustard gas in particular caused blistering of the skin, vomiting and internal and external bleeding. The British Army issued 1139:, and Whitehall accepted this in March 1916; however, there was then disagreement regarding who would foot the bill for the organisation of this enterprise. After this was resolved in April 1916—the Company agreed to pay, conditional on reimbursement by the British 1312:

joined on 28 January 1918 (becoming known as the 2nd Rhodesia Native Regiment), and immediately made their way south in pursuit of Lettow-Vorbeck's Germans, who were by now down to an effective strength of less than 2,000, and moving through Portuguese Mozambique.

84:, which recruited hundreds of men from the colony, and created homogeneous Rhodesian platoons. Troopers from Southern Rhodesia became renowned on the Western Front for their marksmanship, a result of their frontier lifestyle. Some of the colony's men served in the 1579:

The colony's small Afrikaner community was split on the issue of war. Some supported the United Kingdom out of loyalty to Rhodesia, but others were still bitter about the Anglo-Boer War and showed little interest in fighting the Germans. In the rural areas, where

600:

as "the bloodiest battle hell of 1916". "God knows I never wish to see such horrible sights again," a Southern Rhodesian veteran of the battle wrote home; "at times I wished it would come fast, anything to get out of that terrible death-trap and murderous place."

1490:, one of the colony's most famous novelists, wrote an open letter in response, vouching for the loyalty of a young German in her employ, and received a number of replies accusing her of being unpatriotic. The second period of intensification began following the 130:

The territory's contributions during the First World War became a major entry in many histories of the colony, and a great source of pride for the white community, as well as for some black Rhodesians. It played a part in the UK government's decision to grant

1770:, raised in 1940, were in many ways a resurrection of the Rhodesia Native Regiment. Military aviation, already associated with the colony following the First World War, became a great Southern Rhodesian tradition during the Second, with the colony providing 1464:

Mass media on both sides in the conflict tried to motivate their respective populations and justify the war's continuation by creating an image of the enemy so grotesque and savage that surrender became unthinkable. Like the major newspapers in Britain, the

653:. After a heavy artillery bombardment, German infantry and marines charged the British positions and surrounded the Rhodesian platoon. Brutal hand-to-hand fighting ensued in which most of the Southern Rhodesians were killed and some were taken prisoner. The 1993:, which offered voters a choice between joining the Union of South Africa at the termination of the British South Africa Company's charter, or instead becoming a separate self-governing colony. The latter option prevailed with just under 60% of the vote. 1485:

During the initial peak of Germanophobia, which lasted the first few months of the conflict, many German and Austrian men of military age who lived in Rhodesia were arrested (officially as "prisoners of war") and sent to internment camps in South Africa.

1198:

marched from Likuyu, and 180 more (with two machine guns) set off from Kitanda. The latter German column spotted the RNR company that was patrolling the road, and at Mabogoro attacked the advance guard, which was commanded by Sergeant (later Lieutenant)

952:

Northern Force made up the northern prong of a pincer movement designed by Botha to encircle the German forces in South-West Africa. Two smaller South African columns came from the Cape and the Orange Free State (the latter coming over the deserts of

812:" flash on his uniform during the hostilities, but ended up staying with the RAF as a career officer. He finished the war a major, rose through the ranks during the interwar period and became famous during World War II as "Bomber Harris", the head of 1793:

By the 1960s, Southern Rhodesians' service on Britain's behalf in the World Wars, particularly the Second, was an integral part of the colony's national psyche. The territory had also latterly contributed to British counter-insurgency operations in

1738:

great pride for much of the Southern Rhodesian white community, as well as for some black Africans; whites were particularly proud that they had had the highest enlistment rate in the British Empire during the war. A national war memorial, a stone

1585:

troops, others put pressure on Afrikaans-speakers not to volunteer. When recruitment for the Rhodesia Native Regiment began in 1916, there were reports of potential black recruits being urged not to join up by their Afrikaans-speaking employers.

1306:

under German fire in late August, and a few days later Corporal Suga, himself lightly injured, dragged his wounded commanding officer Lieutenant Booth out of the open and into cover. The 2nd Battalion, comprising Major Jackson at the head of 585

1076:

for nearly a month by German bombardment. The huge marching distances, difficult terrain and uncertainty of surroundings meant that the regiment's men were forced to develop enormous stamina and resilience if they were not to be invalided home.

883:

This is the last time I shall see you all together, and I now take the opportunity to thank you for the way you have played the game, and for the trouble you have taken to get fit for duty and to take the field. Remember, Rhodesia looks to you.

1183:, in Nyasaland, where they were to receive further training closer to the field of operations. When they arrived, the local situation had shifted significantly, so the RNR instead went to New Langenberg, in German East Africa, just north of 1226:

retreating towards Likuyu on the 24th. The Rhodesians were relieved the following day by a South African unit. The RNR then moved back to Litruchi, on the other side of Lake Nyasa, from where they sailed to the German East African town of

310:

As the local newspapers filled with letters from readers clamouring for Rhodesian troops to be mustered and despatched to Europe post-haste, the administration limited its initial contribution to posting a section of BSAP troopers to the

722:. Towards the end of the war, the service of airmen from the dominions and colonies was observed by the issuing of shoulder patches denoting the wearer's country of origin: from October 1918, Southern Rhodesians received labels marked " 360:

Union regiments. The Company found itself in the unusual position of having a prospective expeditionary force that nobody wanted. Unwilling to wait, some Southern Rhodesian would-be soldiers made their own way to Britain to join the

1261:

to their back, and the rivers Songwe and Saisi on their respective left (eastern) and right flanks, effectively hemming them in if they were attacked. The plan was that elements of 1RNR would hold the Saisi while a battalion of the

608:

were among the most traumatic experiences for the Southern Rhodesians in Europe. One Rhodesian survivor of a gas attack described the sensation as like "suffocation, slow drowning". The Germans used both disabling agents, such as

579:, charging German positions elsewhere on the line early that morning. There were 90 Rhodesians on the eve of the attack and only 10 alive and unwounded afterwards. On the Somme battlefield itself, Rhodesians were among those at 632:

In July 1917, a KRRC Rhodesian platoon received lofty praise from a senior British officer, who described the colonials as "absolutely first-class soldiers and great gentlemen, every bit as good as soldiers ... as our old

629:, but according to Brady these did little to help the men. Injuries sustained to the eyes, lungs and nasal passages in gas attacks were often extremely debilitating and lasting, remaining with the men for years after the war. 218:(BSAP), first raised in 1889 and reconstituted into a more permanent form in 1896. This paramilitary, mounted infantry force was theoretically also the country's standing army. Organised along military lines, it served in the 537:, who wrote a history of the KRRC, commented that the Southern Rhodesian contingent "earned for itself great reputation for valour and good shooting". Southern Rhodesians became especially valuable to the KRRC as designated 1725:. Black Southern Rhodesians were represented by the 2,507 soldiers who made up the Rhodesia Native Regiment, the roughly 350 who joined the British East Africa Transport Corps, British South Africa Police Mobile Column and 858:, had told Britain that the Union could both handle its own security during the hostilities and defeat German South-West Africa without help, so the Imperial garrison had been sent to the Western Front. Lieutenant-Colonel 453:-based regiment. The Southern Rhodesian contingent duly mustered into the KRRC. A designated Rhodesian platoon, widely referred to thereafter as "the Rhodesian Platoon", was formed under Brady at the KRRC training camp at 853:

on 21 September 1914, the British South Africa Company's own armed forces and police remained almost totally uninvolved in the war until the following month. The South African Prime Minister, the former Boer general

1315:

In late May 1918, the two-year service contracts signed by the original 500 RNR volunteers expired, and the majority of those who had not already been discharged—just under 400 men—went home. While passing through

1477:

tools, regularly printing stories of German atrocities, massacres and other war crimes alongside articles simply entitled "War Stories" that told of British Army soldiers carrying out deeds of Herculean bravery.

1080:

Tropical disease killed or rendered ineffective far more 2RR men than the Germans did; at times the regiment was reduced to an effective strength of under 100 by the vast myriad of potential ailments, including

340:

elected leaders formed their own platoons, each bringing 24 volunteers; three or four of these 25-man troops made a company. Units representing the Caledonian Society, the Lancashire and Yorkshire Society, the

1925:

Richthofen was killed in action the following day, 21 April 1918. Lewis, who returned to Rhodesia after the war, gained minor celebrity in military circles as the Baron's "last victim", and was invited by the

1783: 1130:

By late 1915, British forces in the border areas of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, on German East Africa's south-western flank, were severely stretched. Disease was a constant curse, decimating the ranks.

1943:

Scholars generally agree that while most of the men were Southern Rhodesian residents, only about a third were originally from the colony. Stapleton estimates that 44.5% of the regiment's enlisted men were

1550:(falsely) that the British were exterminating the natives there. There were few actual attempts to topple the administration in Southern Rhodesia, but the Company still took precautions. Aware that Mashona 1569:

1915 for spreading a false rumour around the city that the British East Africa Transport Corps' black Southern Rhodesian drivers had had their throats cut by the Germans. Matthew Zwimba, founder of the

1230:, where they were reunited with the RNR contingent that had gone to Buhora. This second column had ambushed a group of Germans, who were moving towards Northern Rhodesia with a naval gun salvaged from 470:

They are not only intensely British, but quite intolerably Rhodesian ... they exhibit a tendency to collect together, are inclined to vaunt themselves, to be puffed up by the mere fact that they

1064:. "I had expected to see a regiment that would require some training," Stewart said; "I will pay you the highest compliment by sending you to the front today." So began the 2RR's contribution to the 422:, a Salisbury lawyer and Anglo-Boer War veteran who also organised an accompanying recruitment campaign for European service. Guest stopped recruiting at the company's request after it created the 418:, as well as many South African units and others. During the war's opening months, Southern Rhodesian volunteers who could not afford to travel to England were assisted by a private fund set up by 1605:(symbolising cowardice). This campaign often went awry, as many of the men presented with the feathers were not in fact shirking from service. In 1916, hoping to save them further harassment, the 1576:

in Mashonaland, received six months' hard labour the following year for advising black men not to join the RNR on the grounds that the British had, he said, committed crimes against God in 1913.

1556:(spirit mediums) had been instrumental in inciting and leading insurgencies against Company rule during the late 1890s, the native commissioners enacted new legislation designed to imprison any 1710:

We wish to say that, when the king called upon us for help, we sent our young men, who fought and died beside the English, and we claim that our blood and that of the English are now one.

1159:

tribe, a numerically diminutive community in the colony's south-west. The RNR was organised largely along linguistic and cultural lines, with companies and platoons of Matabele, Mashona,

286:: "All Rhodesia united in devoted loyalty to King and Empire and ready to do its duty." A few hours later he officially announced to the populace that Southern Rhodesia was at war. The 571:

presses for more volunteers to replace those who had been commissioned. A platoon of Southern Rhodesians with the 2nd Battalion, KRRC took part in the "big push" of 1 July 1916, the

1385:

in Nyasaland in early 1915, felt that it was necessary to keep a core of male settlers in the colony to guard against a repeat of the Mashona and Matabele rebellions of the 1890s.

5445: 1795: 1674:. Bulawayo celebrated with a street party that continued uninterrupted for over 48 hours. Smaller towns marked the armistice with their own celebratory functions and events. 549:

and other specialists. While discussing a KRRC sniper section, Hutton singles its Southern Rhodesian members out for their fine marksmanship, commenting that "accustomed to

1191:, which they were ordered to "hold ... until reinforced". Apart from a company of men sent to patrol the road back to Weidhaven, the RNR proceeded to garrison Songea. 1666:

News of the armistice on 11 November 1918 reached Southern Rhodesia the same day, and was announced to the town of Salisbury by the repeated blowing of the klaxon at the

1510:

Austria within 48 hours "in view of German barbarity". Most of Southern Rhodesia's remaining German and Austrian residents were soon sent to the camps in South Africa.

866:-speaking Union troops—defected to the Germans in mid-September, hoping to spark an uprising that would overthrow British supremacy in South Africa and restore the old 1320:

on their way to Salisbury, the soldiers encountered the RNR's original commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Tomlinson, whom they promptly mobbed, excitedly chanting

1368:

The idea of conscription ran contrary to British political tradition, but the sheer scale of the Western Front led to its institution in Britain in January 1916. The

1688:

those who have suffered and the relatives of those who have made the supreme sacrifice, and welcomes home those who, having completed their services, are returning.

351:

The Company suggested to the UK government that it might despatch 500 troopers from the Rhodesian Reserves to Europe to act as an all-Southern Rhodesian unit on the

6130: 5260: 1377:

crucial to the colonial economy, while the Rhodesian Agricultural Union contended that white farmers had to stay on the land for similar reasons. Some, mindful of

1429:

The war began to adversely affect the economy in late 1917. The Company threatened petrol rationing in November 1917, and in early 1918 it raised the colonial

1482:

abounded in the territory throughout the conflict, and periodically intensified, often concurrently with the reporting of particularly unsavoury incidents.

5457: 5359: 1807: 533:

within 48 hours of reaching the trenches. Despite this, the KRRC's Rhodesians acquitted themselves well in the eyes of their superiors; Lieutenant-Colonel

136: 1327:

In Mozambique, the RNR encountered Lettow-Vorbeck's supply column near Mtarika on 22 May 1918. It wiped it out (capturing two German officers, two German

1072:

had the advantage early on of longer-range artillery than the British; from July to August 1916, 2RR was prevented from moving out of the Kenyan town of

4030: 5323: 5290: 5195: 1747:

monument remains to this day, as does the bronze plaque at its foot, which reads "To the Glory of God and in Memory of Africans Who Fell. 1914–1918."

746:, was Gatooma No. 2, one of five aeroplanes purchased by Southern Rhodesian public donations. From Dryden Farm, near the south-western border town of 331:, a major figure in local business, politics and military matters, accused the Company of bringing "a slur on a British country" by doing so little. 5285: 596:

originally numbering 3,155 (123 officers and 3,032 other ranks), had been reduced to 19 officers and 600 men. Delville Wood was later described by

5155: 4942: 1964:

was signed in Europe on 11 November 1918. He learned that the war was over three days later, on the road between the Northern Rhodesian towns of

1846:) is one of the few memorials that remains intact and in its place, atop what is now called Cross Kopje; its meaning has been largely forgotten. 1990: 1742:, 50 feet (15 m) high, was funded by public donations and built in Salisbury in 1919. Soldiers, one black and one white, were depicted in 529:

of southern Africa, had a particularly difficult time getting used to the cold and the mud. Brady reported that some of his men had contracted

509:

The cold is frightfully trying. It is snowing and freezing hard tonight, and it makes me yearn to be back on my farm on the Hunyani ...

5130: 1135:, the British South Africa Company administrator in Southern Rhodesia, offered to provide the British with a column of between 500 and 1,000 1056:, the battalion disembarked in Kenya less than a week after leaving Salisbury. It was immediately sent inland to the operational area around 445:, who had links with Rhodesia dating back to the 1890s, was also aboard the ship, returning from a visit to the colony. Encountering Captain 1670:. Hysterical street parties started almost immediately, and in the evening the people let off fireworks and lit a huge bonfire on Salisbury 800:

with the 1st Rhodesia Regiment in South-West Africa. Harris alternated between Britain and France during the latter part of the war. He led

567:

So many Southern Rhodesians were withdrawn from the trenches for officer training that in mid-1915 Brady appealed through the Salisbury and

5185: 296:

newspapers published special editions the same day to spread the news; it took about half a week for word to reach the whole country, but

33:, England in November 1914. Third and fourth from the right in the second row sit the commanding officer, Captain J B Brady, and the 5656: 3995: 1522: 777: 1951:

soldiers made up 40% of the Southern Rhodesians in the RNR (or around 12% of the whole regiment), a disproportionately large proportion.

4997: 348:

in Britain. Volunteers could opt to serve overseas, within Rhodesia or only locally; around 1,000 had volunteered in all by 13 August.

1257:

The Southern Rhodesian commanders planned to destroy the German column by taking advantage of the regional geography; the Germans had

634: 442: 34: 1163:

and others. White officers attached to the unit were often recruited because they knew an African language, or could give orders in

80:, taking part in many of the major battles with an assortment of British, South African and other colonial units, most commonly the 5736: 4455: 5580: 6120: 5627: 5316: 1694: 1679: 1513:

Further periods of intensified anti-German feeling in the Rhodesias followed the execution by the Germans of the British nurse

756: 72:

Starting immediately after the outbreak of war, parties of white Southern Rhodesians paid their own way to England to join the

1609:

and other newspapers began publishing lists of men who had volunteered only to be deemed medically unfit by the army doctors.

5607: 5435: 5165: 5104: 4878: 4792: 4767: 4731: 4705: 4682: 4663: 4640: 4621: 4558: 4536: 4488: 4463: 4421: 4396: 4323: 4304: 4285: 4262: 4239: 4216: 4172: 1036:

accurately at ranges of up to 600 metres (2,000 ft). The 2RR left Salisbury on 8 March 1915, moving east to the port of

211:, which had been formed in 1910. Following the intervention of the war, the charter was renewed for 10 years in early 1915. 37:, who informally sponsored the unit. The majority of the men pictured here were killed in action, and most of the rest were 5519: 5450: 5351: 5215: 534: 2014:

led by white officers; it included a number of ex-RNR personnel, and reprised several RNR traditions. It took part in the

804:

over the Western Front in 1917, destroying five German aircraft and winning the Air Force Cross, and afterwards commanded

6115: 5721: 5375: 4972: 4935: 1065: 584: 113: 1814:, in an attempt to emphasise the territory's prior war record on Britain's behalf. The proclamation was signed at 11:00 874:

after the unit of Southern Rhodesian volunteers that had fought in the Anglo-Boer War. Apart from a small contingent of

5909: 5851: 5632: 4777: 4480: 2683: 2633: 1194:

The Germans, who had left Songea only a few weeks before, sent two columns to retake it during early November 1916–250

276: 62: 4633:

Service Before Self: the History, Badges and Insignia of the Security Forces of the Rhodesias and Nyasaland, 1890–1980

2679: 2629: 1535:

atrocity story—that the Germans supposedly rendered down battlefield corpses from both sides to make products such as

6135: 5711: 5662: 5440: 5309: 5250: 4582: 4514: 1763: 1726: 949:, about halfway up the coast of German South-West Africa. The 1st Rhodesia Regiment disembarked on 26 December 1914. 4046: 6125: 6110: 5565: 5467: 5383: 1291:, "for conspicuous gallantry in action on many occasions. His example and influence with his men is incalculable". 1060:, within sight of which it set up camp. On 20 March, the regiment was inspected by General J M Stewart of the 773: 283: 4005: 5942: 5668: 5109: 1353: 605: 5788: 5575: 5074: 5069: 4928: 4675:

Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces, 1915–1920

1210: 793: 105: 726:". One of the territory's first military aviators was Lieutenant Arthur R H Browne, a fighter pilot from 5696: 5680: 5555: 5230: 5210: 5089: 1601:

As in Britain, some Southern Rhodesian women during the war presented men not wearing military uniform with

1151:" (RNR) on 15 May 1916, as the ranks proved to be more diverse than expected, and included large numbers of 5812: 5190: 5094: 5064: 5038: 5033: 4977: 1973: 1491: 1447: 179: 58: 5829: 5602: 5590: 5585: 5220: 5140: 4208: 1977: 1288: 681:

promote the colony's benefits, hoping to encourage emigration there by British servicemen after the war.

662: 430: 352: 215: 101: 81: 77: 26: 4128: 1241:

about a year before); after pocketing the Germans, the Rhodesians captured both them and the naval gun.

271:

and colonies automatically became involved as well. Word of this reached the Southern Rhodesian capital

135:

in 1923, and remained prominent in the national consciousness for decades. When the colonial government

6040: 5932: 5706: 5597: 5255: 5200: 5160: 5150: 5145: 5002: 4889:

Rhodesia and the War, 1914–1917: A Comprehensive Illustrated Record of Rhodesia's Part in the Great War

4828: 4697: 922: 906: 109: 4694:

No Insignificant Part: The Rhodesia Native Regiment in the East Africa Campaign of the First World War

4000: 2018:, and successfully requested permission to emblazon its regimental colours with the RNR's World War I 1283:

later described by Tomlinson as "a splendid soldier", received the highest award ever given to an RNR

792:

The Great War airman associated with Southern Rhodesia who ultimately earned the most distinction was

637:". Around the same time, a platoon of Southern Rhodesians in the KRRC took part in an engagement near 6015: 5731: 5487: 5245: 5170: 5023: 4967: 4165:

Masodja: The History of the Rhodesian African Rifles and its forerunner the Rhodesian Native Regiment

1997:

endured a few more months in Northern Rhodesia, ending in early 1924 when control transferred to the

1830: 1531: 890:

Colonel Alfred Edwards addresses the 1st Rhodesia Regiment at Salisbury railway station, October 1914

776:

later that year. Second Lieutenant David "Tommy" Greswolde-Lewis, a born and bred Bulawayan, was the

646: 525:

Trench warfare was a dreadful ordeal for soldiers, and the Southern Rhodesians, coming from the open

501: 6045: 5778: 5472: 5393: 5343: 5240: 5084: 5059: 1994: 1903: 1767: 1573: 1280: 1263: 1160: 1155:

and other ethnicities. In particular, a disproportionately high number of volunteers came from the

1148: 1119: 850: 689:

The KRRC's 3rd Battalion, including a platoon of 70 Rhodesians, was transferred from France to the

316: 187: 175: 97: 54: 21: 2735: 1231: 1215: 1114: 6055: 5889: 5783: 5268: 5264: 5180: 4982: 4723: 4655: 1947:, 29% were Southern Rhodesians, 17.5% were Northern Rhodesians and the rest were from elsewhere. 1843: 1200: 1098: 1020: 875: 715: 670: 580: 561: 1442: 364:

directly, as individuals or in groups. By the end of October 1914, about 300 were on their way.

5638: 5570: 5225: 5175: 5135: 5125: 4987: 4920: 4867:

So Far And No Further! Rhodesia's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965

4849: 1961: 1787: 1722: 1543: 1238: 781: 769: 572: 393:

In terms of fighting manpower, Southern Rhodesia's main contribution to World War I was in the

382: 341: 196: 132: 124: 980: 6002: 5989: 5798: 5726: 5701: 5686: 5650: 5560: 5205: 5079: 5028: 1899: 1581: 1479: 1041: 960:

The South African offensive from Walvis Bay began in February 1915, when Northern Force took

796:, originally from England, who joined the Royal Flying Corps in late 1915 after serving as a 516: 312: 288: 208: 200: 4804:

Swift and Bold: the Story of the King's Royal Rifle Corps in the Second World War, 1939–1945

1221:

in the field in East Africa in 1916. The RNR captured one of these weapons in November 1916.

760:(with palms), before he died on 5 January 1918 from wounds attained on operational service. 5674: 5612: 5543: 5514: 4413: 1779: 1775: 784:, the German ace widely known as the Red Baron. Richthofen downed Lewis just north-east of 377: 279: 66: 901:

was all but over by the time the Southern Rhodesian contingent reached its destination at

829: 8: 5975: 5856: 5824: 5793: 5716: 5477: 5413: 5099: 4870: 4506: 4272:

Corum, James S (2008). "The RAF in Imperial Defence, 1919–1956". In Kennedy, Greg (ed.).

4187: 1815: 1771: 1179:

and about 30 white officers, left Salisbury in July 1916 for Beira. They continued on to

1061: 942: 934: 925:, showing South African troop movements in red. The main South African force advanced on 805: 801: 638: 576: 264: 223: 159: 5301: 1410:. A flurry of new prospecting ventures led to the discovery of another strategic metal, 76:. Most Southern Rhodesians who served in the war enlisted in this way and fought on the 5937: 5462: 5403: 4498: 2740: 1834: 1819: 1446:

A British propaganda poster urging men to "take up the sword of justice" to avenge the

1382: 991: 987:, highlighted in dark green on a map of Africa. Other German territories in light green 984: 813: 785: 747: 711: 597: 419: 219: 85: 38: 4389:

The Red Knight of Germany: The Story of Baron von Richthofen, Germany's Great War Bird

247: 191:

war. The settlers were split between those who backed continued administration by the

6089: 5919: 5691: 5617: 5482: 5430: 5363: 5347: 5054: 4908: 4892: 4874: 4853: 4832: 4811: 4788: 4763: 4746: 4727: 4701: 4678: 4659: 4636: 4617: 4597: 4578: 4572: 4554: 4532: 4510: 4484: 4474: 4459: 4438: 4432: 4417: 4407: 4392: 4372: 4355: 4338: 4319: 4300: 4281: 4258: 4254: 4235: 4212: 4191: 4168: 4142: 4112: 4084: 4067: 4038: 1930:

to attend the dedication of a new German fighter wing named after Richthofen in 1938.

1882: 1874: 1803: 1655: 1565: 1057: 1037: 965: 871: 834: 731: 423: 403: 252: 231: 192: 183: 171: 155: 119:

Though it was one of the few combatant territories not to raise fighting men through

93: 50: 4846:

Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1962

1825:

After the country's reconstitution and recognised independence as Zimbabwe in 1980,

6072: 6060: 5762: 5235: 4807: 4568: 1701:

The Southern Rhodesian tribal chiefs collectively sent their own statement to King

1086: 898: 739: 690: 550: 446: 407: 304: 5770: 5644: 5418: 5408: 5388: 4335:

The Years Between 1923–1973: Half a Century of Responsible Government in Rhodesia

4097: 2011: 1998: 1886: 1638: 1276: 1140: 1132: 719: 666: 556: 458: 411: 227: 89: 1302:

were won by RNR soldiers during this time: Sergeant Northcote rescued a wounded

6035: 6010: 5894: 5622: 5398: 4124: 2015: 1969: 1948: 1799: 1667: 1612:

Black women played a minor role in units such as the Rhodesia Native Regiment,

1536: 1378: 1299: 1204: 1156: 808:

in Britain. Intending to return to Southern Rhodesia after the war, he wore a "

751: 614: 497: 394: 345: 204: 1529:

on British cities during 1917, and the British reportage the same year of the

1397: 6104: 6067: 6050: 5884: 5524: 4857: 4836: 4815: 4609: 4601: 4442: 4384: 4342: 4195: 4146: 4133: 4116: 4071: 4042: 2019: 1826: 1811: 1613: 1602: 1495: 1487: 1451: 1295: 1246: 1180: 867: 415: 320: 140: 4896: 4055: 1902:, which formed the Union, explicitly provisioned for the accession to it of 909:

as part of South Africa's Northern Force, which Botha personally commanded.

5899: 5879: 5874: 5866: 4912: 4715: 4409:

White Farmers in Rhodesia, 1890–1965: a History of the Marandellas District

4359: 4088: 1514: 1419: 1362: 1152: 1082: 1049: 1009: 954: 902: 859: 592: 386: 361: 328: 120: 73: 4750: 917: 426:, an expeditionary force to South and South-West Africa, in October 1914. 186:

since acquiring them through diplomacy and conquest during the 1890s. The

4952: 4376: 1407: 1184: 941:

During late December 1914, Northern Force travelled to the South African

855: 750:, came Lieutenant Frank W H Thomas, an RFC combat pilot who won the 743: 734:, who was attached to No. 13 Squadron, RFC. He was killed in action in a 438: 399: 167: 151: 46: 2010:

Like the RNR, the Rhodesian African Rifles comprised black soldiers and

1972:, when he received a telegram from the South African Lieutenant-General 1349: 1052:, on German East Africa's north-eastern flank. Travelling aboard the SS 5927: 5834: 1976:. The exact spot where this occurred has been marked since 1953 by the 1570: 1474: 1430: 1401:

Farming on the Pioneer Citrus Estate near Umtali at the time of the war

1258: 1175:

Commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel A J Tomlinson, the RNR, comprising 426

1005: 961: 946: 930: 824: 765: 658: 492: 450: 356: 669:

in 1893. Later in 1917, a Rhodesian platoon in the KRRC fought in the

207:. Still others favoured the integration of Southern Rhodesia into the 5997: 5965: 4992: 4277: 4231: 1944: 1927: 1415: 1094: 1090: 863: 588: 546: 542: 530: 454: 434: 256: 30: 4673:

Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (October 1990).

5904: 5494: 5367: 5355: 5332: 1702: 1526: 1411: 1164: 926: 846: 838: 735: 642: 626: 622: 618: 610: 568: 297: 268: 5529: 4574:

Ragtime Soldiers: the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War

1878: 1782:

Squadrons and other personnel to the Royal Air Force, as well as

1739: 1552: 1073: 1045: 706:

Lieutenant Daniel "Pat" Judson, the first airman born in Rhodesia

61:, received the news with great patriotic enthusiasm. The Company 4950: 4592:

Nowarra, Heinz J; Brown, Kimbrough S; Robertson, Bruce (1964) .

4205:

Unconsummated Union: Britain, Rhodesia and South Africa, 1900–45

1542:

A small elite of black urbanites, mostly raised and educated at

560:

South Africans and Rhodesians fight the Germans hand-to-hand in

45:

When the United Kingdom declared war on Germany at the start of

5969: 5948: 1750: 1743: 1502: 1458: 1317: 1251: 1188: 1168: 1123: 996: 538: 272: 4476:

Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884–1902

937:

of South Africa about halfway up the South-West African coast.

4434:

A Brief History of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, 1755 to 1915

1965: 1671: 1227: 912: 797: 727: 702: 674: 4163:

Binda, Alexandre (November 2007). Heppenstall, David (ed.).

3996:"British South Africa Company (BSAC, BSACO, or BSA Company)" 1754:

A Southern Rhodesian tank in Italy during World War II, 1944

897:

parting banquet. Notwithstanding these grand farewells, the

300:

demonstrations began in the major towns almost immediately.

1661: 738:

on 5 December 1915; his aircraft, donated by the people of

650: 526: 462: 4031:"Military Pot-Pourri: A Rhodesian Green Jacket Looks Back" 1172:

ignorance of the language in which they had been ordered.

5331: 1646:

Timothy Stapleton comments, to the Prince of Wales Fund.

480:

A contemporary South African opinion on Rhodesians abroad

4825:

The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume Four

1294:

The 1st Battalion harassed the constantly moving German

3994: 2164: 1682:

passed a resolution thanking the territory's veterans.

1344: 1000:(native soldiers); police numbered 45 whites and 2,154 158:, highlighted in red on a map of Africa in 1914; other 1637:

The black elite in the towns donated to the settlers'

1517:

in Belgium in October 1915 ("the Crowning Crime", the

214:

Before 1914, Southern Rhodesia's police force was the

170:(also known as the First World War or the Great War), 4596:(Third ed.). Letchworth: Harleyford Publishing. 4591: 4083:. Salisbury: Rhodesia National Tourist Board: 33–45. 2781: 1909: 849:

in the Caprivi Strip by a combined force of BSAP and

583:, which began on 14 July. This was the South African 4184:

Handbook to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

825:

Maritz Rebellion; formation of 1st Rhodesia Regiment

3769: 3767: 3728: 1634:purchase of two more planes, Gatooma Nos. 1 and 2. 1356:

members of the Rhodesian Reserves, pictured in 1916

1106:Europe anyway, generally with South African units. 649:manned positions on the eastern banks of the river 4887: 4369:A History of Northern Rhodesia: Early Days to 1953 3716: 3421: 3419: 2041: 657:ran a eulogy for them soon after, comparing their 16:The territory's contributions during the Great War 4903: 4672: 4437:(Second ed.). Winchester: Warren & Son. 4391:. Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing. 4021: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3710: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3484: 3482: 3394: 3392: 3355: 3353: 3351: 2805: 2498: 2496: 2210: 1989:Responsible government was granted following the 1715: The chiefs of Southern Rhodesia 1617:away from the men would probably lead to mutiny. 862:—an ex-Boer commander who now headed a column of 323:. In early September, an indignant letter to the 275:during the night. Early on 5 August, the Company 6102: 4548:The War History of Southern Rhodesia 1939–1945. 4526:The War History of Southern Rhodesia 1939–1945. 4274:Imperial Defence: The Old World Order, 1856–1956 3764: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 1437: 226:of the 1890s, operated on Britain's side in the 139:from Britain in 1965, it deliberately did so on 6131:Wars involving the British South Africa Company 4405: 4066:(5). Lusaka: Northern Rhodesia Society: 81–84. 3548: 3416: 2949: 2947: 1960:Lettow-Vorbeck was still in the field when the 587:'s first engagement, and some of the colonials 4907:. Cape Town: R Beerman Publishers. 1952. 4545: 4523: 4249:Cormack, Andrew; Cormack, Peter (March 2001). 4248: 3950: 3934: 3892: 3876: 3825: 3813: 3628: 3573: 3479: 3389: 3348: 3297: 3295: 3293: 2613: 2493: 2169: 1810:in 1965 was deliberately made on 11 November, 263:When Britain declared war on Germany at 23:00 5317: 4936: 4299:(First ed.). Minneapolis: Zenith Press. 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3016: 2753: 2751: 2718: 2716: 1877:referred to Company territories south of the 878:(or Ndebele) scouts, the unit was all white. 315:to guard against possible German attack from 242: 230:of 1899–1902 (alongside the specially-raised 4850:University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 4740: 4497: 4472: 4079:House, John (1976). "Aviation in Rhodesia". 3589: 3377: 3336: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3218: 3206: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2644: 2642: 2525: 2523: 2502: 2471: 2469: 2444: 2442: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2338: 2216: 2204: 2175: 504:(two African languages) instead of English. 5657:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress 4776: 4452:The British Empire and the Second World War 4294: 4111:. Salisbury: The Rhodesiana Society: 1–16. 4053: 3836: 3834: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3290: 3253: 3035: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2707: 2460: 2429: 2427: 2344: 2296: 2102: 1861: 1859: 1365:might be required if not enough joined up. 1109: 710:Some Southern Rhodesians mustered into the 344:and other local organisations mirrored the 5324: 5310: 4943: 4929: 4802:Wake, Hereward; Deedes, William F (1949). 4801: 4567: 4479:. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: 3940: 3904: 3846: 3773: 3662: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3604: 3567: 3559: 3557: 3536: 3523: 3505: 3494: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3371: 3330: 3318: 3301: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3142: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3101: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3010: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2953: 2938: 2923: 2899: 2882: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2748: 2744:(Supplement). 22 March 1918. p. 3604. 2713: 2667: 2648: 2625: 2601: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2514: 2448: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2391: 2379: 2362: 2302: 2290: 2275: 2260: 2245: 2228: 2192: 2158: 2140: 2125: 2072: 2060: 1919: 913:1st Rhodesia Regiment in South-West Africa 4691: 4454:(First ed.). London & New York: 4354:. Salisbury: Coghlan, Welsh & Guest. 4181: 4123: 4098:"Pat Judson: First Rhodesian-born Airman" 4037:. Winchester: Warren & Son: 111–118. 3973: 3961: 3734: 3722: 3698: 3686: 3646: 3634: 3584: 3517: 3488: 3473: 3410: 3398: 3383: 3359: 3342: 3265: 3230: 3224: 3212: 3166: 3154: 3053: 3041: 3029: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2654: 2639: 2595: 2547: 2520: 2466: 2439: 2368: 2350: 2108: 1954: 1892: 429:A link developed during the war with the 4714: 4456:Continuum International Publishing Group 3831: 3595: 3307: 3006: 3004: 2888: 2734: 2583: 2424: 2402: 2400: 2286: 2284: 2090: 2078: 1856: 1749: 1662:End of the war, aftermath and statistics 1441: 1396: 1348: 1209: 1113: 1026: 979: 916: 828: 701: 555: 376: 246: 150: 20: 4891:. Salisbury: Art Printing Works. 1918. 4848:. Salisbury: Department of Government, 4843: 4649: 4630: 4608: 4449: 4383: 4202: 3888: 3789: 3746: 3601: 3554: 3455: 3271: 3189: 3172: 3136: 3119: 3107: 3076: 3059: 2986: 2974: 2959: 2911: 2859: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2793: 2769: 2757: 2487: 2308: 2271: 2269: 2256: 2254: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2136: 2134: 2121: 2119: 2117: 1983: 1881:, while those to the north were called 267:on 4 August 1914, the British Empire's 199:, which would make Southern Rhodesia a 6103: 5737:Chemical weapons and biological agents 5458:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 4822: 4720:The First World War, Volume I: To Arms 4635:. Wellington, Somerset: Mark Radford. 4430: 4313: 4167:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 4095: 4035:The King's Royal Rifle Corps Chronicle 4028: 3795: 3365: 2722: 2695: 2559: 2433: 2326: 2320: 2096: 2084: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 1938: 1936: 1808:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 1695:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council 1680:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council 1620: 1298:during August and September 1917. Two 5305: 4924: 4905:The City of Salisbury: Official Guide 4352:History of Coghlan, Welsh & Guest 4271: 4225: 4162: 4078: 3928: 3916: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3777: 3674: 3658: 3563: 3324: 3241: 3200: 3183: 3130: 3113: 3095: 3089: 3070: 3001: 2870: 2571: 2535: 2508: 2397: 2385: 2356: 2281: 2222: 2146: 1806:in Kuwait. The colonial government's 334: 108:of the conflict, contributing to the 88:, one of the two predecessors of the 4864: 4594:Von Richthofen and the Flying Circus 4366: 4349: 4332: 3944: 3801: 3758: 2876: 2847: 2589: 2314: 2266: 2251: 2234: 2181: 2152: 2131: 2114: 2004: 1868: 1345:Home service and conscription debate 4757: 4614:"Bomber" Harris: His Life and Times 2782:Nowarra, Brown & Robertson 1964 2475: 2047: 1933: 1560:who gained significant popularity. 49:in August 1914, settler society in 13: 5633:Responsible Government Association 4782:From Playgrounds to Battlefields. 4054:Gore-Browne, Stewart, ed. (1954). 2684:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 2634:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 1392: 819: 237: 137:unilaterally declared independence 14: 6147: 5663:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party 4760:Rollcall: The Delville Wood Story 4406:Hodder-Williams, Richard (1983). 4295:Farey, Pat; Spicer, Mark (2008). 4228:The Handbook of British Regiments 1727:South African Native Labour Corps 1126:before going to East Africa, 1916 515:A Rhodesian writes home from the 355:(in Belgium and France), but the 4698:Wilfrid Laurier University Press 4141:(9). London: History Today Ltd. 4129:"Rhodesia's War of Independence" 3967: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3882: 3870: 3858: 3819: 3807: 3783: 3752: 3740: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3652: 3640: 3542: 3511: 3467: 3443: 3431: 3404: 968:campaign after Windhoek's fall. 372: 5669:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party 4745:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia. 4577:. Bulawayo: Books of Zimbabwe. 4553:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia. 4531:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia. 4481:McGill-Queen's University Press 4297:Sniping: An Illustrated History 4226:Chant, Christopher (May 1988). 3259: 3247: 3160: 3148: 3047: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2806:Shores, Franks & Guest 1990 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2728: 2701: 2689: 2673: 2619: 2607: 2481: 2454: 2332: 2198: 1786:in Southern Rhodesia for 8,235 1649: 1494:of the British passenger liner 29:Rhodesian Platoon, pictured at 5468:1975 Victoria Falls Conference 4869:. Victoria, British Columbia: 4827:(Second ed.). Cambridge: 4503:History of the First World War 4371:. New York: Humanities Press. 4251:British Air Forces 1914–18 (2) 4207:(First ed.). Manchester: 4022:Newspaper and journal articles 4001:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2066: 2035: 1521:called it), the escalation of 975: 381:Southern Rhodesian members of 303:In the words of the historian 182:, which had controlled it and 1: 6121:British Empire in World War I 5681:United National Federal Party 5446:Malayan Emergency involvement 4787:. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. 4762:. Germiston: Uys Publishers. 4741:Tawse Jollie, Ethel (1971) . 4473:Keppel-Jones, Arthur (1983). 4431:Hutton, Edward, ed. (1917) . 4350:Gale, William Daniel (1974). 4337:. Salisbury: H C P Andersen. 4333:Gale, William Daniel (1973). 4318:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 4314:Franks, Norman (April 2000). 4060:The Northern Rhodesia Journal 2029: 1906:territories as new provinces. 1438:Propaganda and public opinion 1339: 714:(RFC), which merged with the 146: 5581:Ministry of External Affairs 5333:Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia 4844:Willson, F M G, ed. (1963). 4823:Walker, Eric A, ed. (1963). 4316:Nieuport Aces of World War I 4182:Brelsford, W V, ed. (1960). 4006:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 2165:Encyclopædia Britannica 2012 1120:1st Rhodesia Native Regiment 1044:, from where they sailed to 617:, and lethal chemicals like 180:British South Africa Company 59:British South Africa Company 7: 4692:Stapleton, Timothy (2006). 4616:. London: Greenhill Books. 4505:(Fourth ed.). London: 4209:Manchester University Press 3988: 2680:Thomas, Frank William Henry 2630:Browne, Arthur Richard Howe 1978:Von Lettow-Vorbeck Memorial 1289:Distinguished Conduct Medal 1143:—recruitment began in May. 768:born in Rhodesia was Major 697: 684: 443:16th Marquess of Winchester 216:British South Africa Police 102:British South Africa Police 10: 6152: 6116:1910s in Southern Rhodesia 4829:Cambridge University Press 4654:(First ed.). Oxford: 4631:Radford, M P (1994). 4253:(First ed.). Oxford: 4186:(First ed.). London: 3982: 2614:Cormack & Cormack 2001 1991:1922 government referendum 923:South-West Africa Campaign 907:South-West Africa Campaign 845:Apart from the capture of 730:in the Southern Rhodesian 718:in April 1918 to form the 243:Announcement and reception 41:because of serious wounds. 6085: 6028: 5988: 5958: 5918: 5865: 5850: 5843: 5820: 5811: 5758: 5751: 5551: 5542: 5510: 5503: 5488:Lancaster House Agreement 5374: 5366:under UDI; 1980–present: 5340: 5278: 5118: 5047: 5016: 4960: 4865:Wood, J R T (June 2005). 3893:MacDonald & 1976 v. 1 3877:MacDonald & 1976 v. 1 3826:MacDonald & 1976 v. 1 3814:MacDonald & 1976 v. 2 2686:. Retrieved 8 March 2013. 2636:. Retrieved 8 March 2013. 1865:Renamed Zimbabwe in 1980. 1831:Rhodesian Security Forces 1732: 1532:Kadaververwertungsanstalt 1004:. Because of the British 647:Northamptonshire Regiment 598:Sir B H Liddell Hart 367: 6136:20th century in Rhodesia 5722:Leader of the Opposition 4546:MacDonald, J F (1976) . 4524:MacDonald, J F (1976) . 4450:Jackson, Ashley (2006). 4203:Chanock, Martin (1977). 4056:"The Chambeshi Memorial" 3725:, pp. 1, 4, 141–142 1849: 1822:to remember the fallen. 1768:Rhodesian African Rifles 1588: 1574:Church of the White Bird 1281:non-commissioned officer 1237:(which had been sunk at 1149:Rhodesia Native Regiment 1133:Francis Drummond Chaplin 1110:Rhodesia Native Regiment 851:Northern Rhodesia Police 754:, as well as the French 431:King's Royal Rifle Corps 195:and those who advocated 98:Rhodesia Native Regiment 82:King's Royal Rifle Corps 27:King's Royal Rifle Corps 6126:Wars involving Rhodesia 6111:Rhodesia in World War I 4724:Oxford University Press 4677:. London: Grub Street. 4656:Oxford University Press 4367:Gann, Lewis H (1969) . 3919:, pp. 127–140, 404 2461:Farey & Spicer 2008 2042:Art Printing Works 1918 1818:, during the customary 1802:and Cyprus, as well as 1201:Frederick Charles Booth 1021:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 716:Royal Naval Air Service 671:Battle of Passchendaele 5639:Rhodesian Action Party 5473:1976 Geneva Conference 4650:Schwarz, Bill (2011). 3774:Wake & Deedes 1949 3711:City of Salisbury 1952 1755: 1712: 1693: The 1690: 1461: 1402: 1357: 1222: 1214:A gun from the sunken 1127: 988: 938: 886: 842: 841:on its way south, 1914 782:Manfred von Richthofen 707: 564: 511: 476: 390: 342:Legion of Frontiersmen 260: 197:responsible government 163: 114:East African campaigns 42: 35:Marquess of Winchester 5712:Deputy Prime Minister 5687:United Rhodesia Party 5651:Rhodesia Labour Party 5515:Chimanimani Mountains 4955:by region and country 4696:. Waterloo, Ontario: 4652:The White Man's World 4499:Liddell Hart, Basil H 4004:. Chicago, Illinois: 1900:South Africa Act 1909 1753: 1723:commissioned officers 1708: 1685: 1582:Afrikaner nationalism 1480:Anti-German sentiment 1445: 1400: 1383:anticolonial uprising 1352: 1264:King's African Rifles 1213: 1117: 1066:East African Campaign 1042:Portuguese Mozambique 1027:2nd Rhodesia Regiment 1008:'s domination of the 983: 920: 881: 872:1st Rhodesia Regiment 835:1st Rhodesia Regiment 832: 705: 677:in western Flanders. 559: 517:First Battle of Ypres 507: 468: 424:1st Rhodesia Regiment 380: 313:Victoria Falls Bridge 253:1st Rhodesia Regiment 250: 209:Union of South Africa 201:self-governing colony 154: 125:commissioned officers 24: 5765:(currency from 1970) 5675:United Federal Party 5613:Central Africa Party 5566:Legislative Assembly 4414:Macmillan Publishers 4280:. pp. 152–175. 4049:on 18 December 2013. 4029:Ferris, N S (1959). 3549:Hodder-Williams 1983 2971:, pp. 23–25, 30 2956:, pp. 19, 21–22 1904:Company-administered 613:and the more severe 585:1st Infantry Brigade 224:Second Matabele Wars 5478:Internal Settlement 5414:Second Matabele War 4871:Trafford Publishing 3947:, pp. 463, 471 3816:, Appendix, p. viii 3737:, pp. 142, 150 1898:Section 150 of the 1621:Donations and funds 1505:on 7 May 1915. The 1016:, all commanded by 645:, where it and the 635:Expeditionary Force 577:Battle of the Somme 383:King Edward's Horse 265:Greenwich Mean Time 160:British possessions 5825:List of Rhodesians 5789:Telecommunications 5773:(currency to 1970) 5404:First Matabele War 4096:McAdam, J (1967). 3761:, pp. 191–192 3625:, pp. 150–151 3551:, pp. 105–106 3539:, pp. 138–140 3508:, pp. 106–107 3304:, pp. 102–106 2772:, pp. 365–366 2760:, pp. 344–346 2741:The London Gazette 2628:, pp. 71–72; 2532:, pp. 116–117 2478:, pp. 194–198 2329:, pp. 115–117 2305:, pp. 147–149 2219:, pp. 590–599 1974:Jacob van Deventer 1833:killed during the 1820:two-minute silence 1756: 1544:Christian missions 1519:Bulawayo Chronicle 1471:Bulawayo Chronicle 1462: 1403: 1374:Bulawayo Chronicle 1358: 1223: 1128: 992:German East Africa 989: 985:German East Africa 939: 843: 814:RAF Bomber Command 786:Villers-Bretonneux 780:pilot defeated by 712:Royal Flying Corps 708: 655:Bulawayo Chronicle 565: 441:in late 1914. The 420:Ernest Lucas Guest 391: 335:Rhodesian Reserves 294:Bulawayo Chronicle 280:Sir William Milton 261: 164: 110:South-West African 86:Royal Flying Corps 67:Sir William Milton 43: 6098: 6097: 6081: 6080: 6024: 6023: 5984: 5983: 5807: 5806: 5747: 5746: 5618:Confederate Party 5608:Political parties 5586:Mission in Lisbon 5556:Political history 5538: 5537: 5483:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 5431:Southern Rhodesia 5364:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 5348:Southern Rhodesia 5299: 5298: 5008:Southern Rhodesia 5003:South West Africa 4880:978-1-4120-4952-8 4808:Gale & Polden 4794:978-0-86978-002-2 4778:Van der Byl, Piet 4769:978-0-9583173-1-3 4758:Uys, Ian (1991). 4743:The Real Rhodesia 4733:978-0-19-160834-6 4718:(February 2003). 4707:978-0-88920-498-0 4684:978-0-948817-19-9 4665:978-0-19-929691-0 4642:978-0-9524472-0-7 4623:978-1-85367-691-8 4569:McLaughlin, Peter 4560:978-0-86920-140-4 4538:978-0-86920-138-1 4490:978-0-7735-0534-6 4465:978-0-8264-4049-5 4423:978-0-333-27237-4 4398:978-0-405-12167-8 4325:978-1-85532-961-4 4306:978-0-7603-3717-2 4287:978-0-415-35595-7 4264:978-1-84176-002-5 4255:Osprey Publishing 4241:978-0-415-00241-7 4218:978-0-7190-0634-0 4174:978-1-920143-03-9 2503:Liddell Hart 1970 2421:, pp. 52, 55 2339:Tawse Jollie 1971 2217:Keppel-Jones 1983 2205:Keppel-Jones 1983 2176:Keppel-Jones 1983 1883:Northern Rhodesia 1875:Southern Rhodesia 1804:Operation Vantage 1656:1918 flu pandemic 1122:marching through 1099:sleeping sickness 1058:Mount Kilimanjaro 891: 551:big game shooting 535:Sir Edward Hutton 520: 481: 404:Coldstream Guards 317:South-West Africa 232:Rhodesia Regiment 193:Chartered Company 184:Northern Rhodesia 172:Southern Rhodesia 156:Southern Rhodesia 94:Rhodesia Regiment 51:Southern Rhodesia 6143: 6006: 5863: 5862: 5848: 5847: 5818: 5817: 5774: 5766: 5756: 5755: 5591:Centre in Sydney 5549: 5548: 5520:Cities and towns 5508: 5507: 5441:Second World War 5436:colonial history 5326: 5319: 5312: 5303: 5302: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4900: 4884: 4861: 4840: 4819: 4798: 4773: 4754: 4737: 4711: 4688: 4669: 4646: 4627: 4605: 4588: 4564: 4542: 4520: 4494: 4469: 4446: 4427: 4402: 4380: 4363: 4346: 4329: 4310: 4291: 4268: 4245: 4222: 4199: 4178: 4150: 4120: 4102: 4092: 4075: 4050: 4045:. Archived from 4016: 4014: 4012: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3948: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3855:, pp. 59–77 3850: 3844: 3838: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3771: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3637:, pp. 31–40 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3582: 3571: 3561: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3492: 3491:, pp. 27–30 3486: 3477: 3476:, pp. 48–49 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3428:, pp. 96–97 3423: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3401:, pp. 26–27 3396: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3362:, pp. 23–25 3357: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3321:, pp. 80–85 3316: 3305: 3299: 3288: 3287:, pp. 88–92 3282: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3254:Gore-Browne 1954 3251: 3245: 3244:, pp. 24–25 3239: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3187: 3181: 3170: 3169:, pp. 90–91 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3145:, pp. 76–77 3140: 3134: 3128: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3074: 3068: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3032:, pp. 20–22 3027: 3014: 3008: 2999: 2998:, pp. 39–41 2993: 2984: 2983:, pp. 30–34 2978: 2972: 2966: 2957: 2951: 2942: 2941:, pp. 15–18 2936: 2927: 2926:, pp. 13–15 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2796:, pp. 33–36 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2732: 2726: 2725:, pp. 26–27 2720: 2711: 2708:Van der Byl 1971 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2677: 2671: 2670:, pp. 92–93 2665: 2652: 2651:, pp. 71–72 2646: 2637: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2604:, pp. 70–71 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2556:, pp. 63–64 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2451:, pp. 64–65 2446: 2437: 2431: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2382:, pp. 50–51 2377: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2264: 2258: 2249: 2243: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2129: 2123: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2045: 2039: 2023: 2012:warrant officers 2008: 2002: 1987: 1981: 1958: 1952: 1940: 1931: 1923: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1896: 1890: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1716: 1697: 1539:and lubricants. 1331:, 34 Portuguese 1087:blackwater fever 899:Maritz Rebellion 892: 889: 811: 725: 521: 514: 482: 479: 447:John Banks Brady 408:Grenadier Guards 389:cavalry regiment 305:Peter McLaughlin 6151: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6077: 6020: 6005:(South African) 6004: 5980: 5954: 5914: 5854: 5839: 5830:Public holidays 5803: 5772: 5764: 5743: 5732:Security Forces 5645:Rhodesian Front 5534: 5499: 5424:First World War 5419:Second Boer War 5409:Shangani Patrol 5389:Rudd Concession 5370: 5336: 5330: 5300: 5295: 5274: 5131:Austria-Hungary 5114: 5043: 5012: 4956: 4949: 4919: 4881: 4795: 4770: 4734: 4708: 4685: 4666: 4643: 4624: 4612:(August 2006). 4585: 4561: 4539: 4517: 4491: 4466: 4424: 4399: 4326: 4307: 4288: 4265: 4242: 4219: 4175: 4153: 4125:Moorcraft, Paul 4100: 4024: 4019: 4010: 4008: 3991: 3985: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3951: 3943:, p. 141; 3941:McLaughlin 1980 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3905:McLaughlin 1980 3903: 3899: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776:, p. xiv; 3772: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3663:McLaughlin 1980 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3623:McLaughlin 1980 3621: 3617: 3611:McLaughlin 1980 3609: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3574: 3568:McLaughlin 1980 3562: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3537:McLaughlin 1980 3535: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3506:McLaughlin 1980 3504: 3495: 3487: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3462:McLaughlin 1980 3460: 3456: 3450:McLaughlin 1980 3448: 3444: 3438:McLaughlin 1980 3436: 3432: 3426:McLaughlin 1980 3424: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3372:McLaughlin 1980 3370: 3366: 3358: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3331:McLaughlin 1980 3329: 3325: 3319:McLaughlin 1980 3317: 3308: 3302:McLaughlin 1980 3300: 3291: 3285:McLaughlin 1980 3283: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3190: 3182: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3143:McLaughlin 1980 3141: 3137: 3129: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3102:McLaughlin 1980 3100: 3096: 3088: 3077: 3069: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3017: 3011:McLaughlin 1980 3009: 3002: 2996:McLaughlin 1980 2994: 2987: 2981:McLaughlin 1980 2979: 2975: 2969:McLaughlin 1980 2967: 2960: 2954:McLaughlin 1980 2952: 2945: 2939:McLaughlin 1980 2937: 2930: 2924:McLaughlin 1980 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2902:, pp. 9–14 2900:McLaughlin 1980 2898: 2889: 2883:McLaughlin 1980 2881: 2877: 2869: 2860: 2854:McLaughlin 1980 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2749: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2678: 2674: 2668:McLaughlin 1980 2666: 2655: 2649:McLaughlin 1980 2647: 2640: 2626:McLaughlin 1980 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2602:McLaughlin 1980 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2578:McLaughlin 1980 2576: 2572: 2566:McLaughlin 1980 2564: 2560: 2554:McLaughlin 1980 2552: 2548: 2542:McLaughlin 1980 2540: 2536: 2530:McLaughlin 1980 2528: 2521: 2515:McLaughlin 1980 2513: 2509: 2501: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2449:McLaughlin 1980 2447: 2440: 2432: 2425: 2419:McLaughlin 1980 2417: 2413: 2407:McLaughlin 1980 2405: 2398: 2392:McLaughlin 1980 2390: 2386: 2380:McLaughlin 1980 2378: 2369: 2363:McLaughlin 1980 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2303:McLaughlin 1980 2301: 2297: 2291:McLaughlin 1980 2289: 2282: 2276:McLaughlin 1980 2274: 2267: 2261:McLaughlin 1980 2259: 2252: 2246:McLaughlin 1980 2244: 2235: 2229:McLaughlin 1980 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2193:McLaughlin 1980 2191: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2141:McLaughlin 1980 2139: 2132: 2126:McLaughlin 1980 2124: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2073:McLaughlin 1980 2071: 2067: 2061:McLaughlin 1980 2059: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2009: 2005: 1999:Colonial Office 1988: 1984: 1959: 1955: 1941: 1934: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1897: 1893: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1857: 1852: 1735: 1718: 1714: 1699: 1692: 1664: 1652: 1639:patriotic funds 1623: 1607:Rhodesia Herald 1591: 1507:Rhodesia Herald 1467:Rhodesia Herald 1440: 1395: 1393:Economic impact 1370:Rhodesia Herald 1347: 1342: 1300:Military Medals 1141:Colonial Office 1112: 1029: 978: 915: 894: 888: 847:Schuckmannsburg 827: 822: 820:Southern Africa 809: 806:No. 44 Squadron 802:No. 45 Squadron 774:Air Force Cross 757:Croix de Guerre 723: 720:Royal Air Force 700: 687: 667:Shangani Patrol 523: 513: 484: 478: 459:Isle of Sheppey 412:Royal Engineers 375: 370: 346:Pals battalions 337: 325:Rhodesia Herald 289:Rhodesia Herald 259:, December 1914 245: 240: 238:Outbreak of war 166:At the time of 149: 133:self-government 106:African theatre 90:Royal Air Force 17: 12: 11: 5: 6149: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5860: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5799:Transportation 5796: 5791: 5786: 5784:Stock Exchange 5781: 5776: 5768: 5759: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5707:Prime Minister 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5625: 5623:Dominion Party 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5598:Municipalities 5595: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5399:Pioneer Column 5391: 5386: 5380: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: articles 5329: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5261:United Kingdom 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5211:Ottoman Empire 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5090:Ottoman Empire 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4948: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4918: 4917: 4901: 4885: 4879: 4862: 4841: 4820: 4799: 4793: 4774: 4768: 4755: 4738: 4732: 4712: 4706: 4689: 4683: 4670: 4664: 4647: 4641: 4628: 4622: 4610:Probert, Henry 4606: 4589: 4583: 4565: 4559: 4543: 4537: 4521: 4515: 4495: 4489: 4470: 4464: 4447: 4428: 4422: 4403: 4397: 4385:Gibbons, Floyd 4381: 4364: 4347: 4330: 4324: 4311: 4305: 4292: 4286: 4269: 4263: 4246: 4240: 4223: 4217: 4200: 4179: 4173: 4159: 4152: 4151: 4121: 4093: 4081:Rhodesia Calls 4076: 4051: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4017: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3974:Stapleton 2006 3966: 3964:, pp. 1–5 3962:Stapleton 2006 3949: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3891:, p. 39; 3881: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3830: 3828:, pp. 8–9 3818: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3735:Stapleton 2006 3727: 3723:Stapleton 2006 3715: 3703: 3699:Stapleton 2006 3691: 3687:Stapleton 2006 3679: 3667: 3661:, p. 17; 3651: 3647:Stapleton 2006 3639: 3635:Stapleton 2006 3627: 3615: 3600: 3588: 3585:Moorcraft 1990 3572: 3566:, p. 25; 3553: 3541: 3522: 3518:Stapleton 2006 3510: 3493: 3489:Stapleton 2006 3478: 3474:Stapleton 2006 3466: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3415: 3411:Stapleton 2006 3403: 3399:Stapleton 2006 3388: 3384:Stapleton 2006 3376: 3364: 3360:Stapleton 2006 3347: 3343:Stapleton 2006 3335: 3333:, pp. 5–6 3323: 3306: 3289: 3270: 3266:Stapleton 2006 3258: 3246: 3229: 3225:Stapleton 2006 3217: 3213:Stapleton 2006 3205: 3188: 3171: 3167:Stapleton 2006 3159: 3155:Stapleton 2006 3147: 3135: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3075: 3058: 3054:Stapleton 2006 3046: 3042:Stapleton 2006 3034: 3030:Stapleton 2006 3015: 3000: 2985: 2973: 2958: 2943: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2887: 2875: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2747: 2727: 2712: 2700: 2698:, pp. 1–2 2688: 2672: 2653: 2638: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2519: 2507: 2492: 2480: 2465: 2453: 2438: 2423: 2411: 2396: 2384: 2367: 2355: 2351:Stapleton 2006 2343: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2280: 2265: 2250: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2180: 2168: 2157: 2145: 2130: 2113: 2109:Brelsford 1960 2101: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2046: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020:battle honours 2016:Burma Campaign 2003: 1982: 1953: 1932: 1918: 1908: 1891: 1867: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1734: 1731: 1707: 1684: 1668:Castle Brewery 1663: 1660: 1651: 1648: 1622: 1619: 1603:white feathers 1590: 1587: 1537:nitroglycerine 1439: 1436: 1394: 1391: 1379:John Chilembwe 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1207:in June 1917. 1205:Victoria Cross 1111: 1108: 1028: 1025: 977: 974: 914: 911: 880: 868:Boer Republics 826: 823: 821: 818: 778:80th and final 752:Military Cross 699: 696: 691:Salonika front 686: 683: 506: 473: 467: 374: 371: 369: 366: 336: 333: 244: 241: 239: 236: 228:Anglo-Boer War 205:British Empire 148: 145: 104:served in the 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6148: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5853: 5852:Ethnic groups 5849: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5628:Federal Party 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5530:Zambezi River 5528: 5526: 5525:Limpopo River 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4134:History Today 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4026: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3931:, p. 172 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3895:, p. 173 3894: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3791: 3786: 3780:, p. 262 3779: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3760: 3755: 3749:, p. 115 3748: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3701:, p. 143 3700: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3677:, p. 400 3676: 3671: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3613:, p. 140 3612: 3607: 3605: 3598:, p. 498 3597: 3596:Strachan 2003 3592: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3520:, p. 133 3519: 3514: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3475: 3470: 3464:, p. 123 3463: 3458: 3452:, p. 121 3451: 3446: 3440:, p. 120 3439: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3413:, p. 155 3412: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3344: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3268:, p. 136 3267: 3262: 3256:, pp. 84 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3227:, p. 135 3226: 3221: 3215:, p. 125 3214: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3110: 3103: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3012: 3007: 3005: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2808:, p. 185 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2784:, p. 102 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2710:, p. 155 2709: 2704: 2697: 2692: 2685: 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1937: 1929: 1922: 1912: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1847: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1827:Robert Mugabe 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812:Armistice Day 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1523:bombing raids 1520: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1488:Gertrude Page 1483: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1435: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1422:in May 1917. 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1355: 1351: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296:flying column 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1260: 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510: 505: 503: 499: 494: 488: 483: 475: 474:Rhodesians. 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 416:Royal Marines 413: 409: 405: 401: 396: 388: 384: 379: 373:Western Front 365: 363: 358: 354: 353:Western Front 349: 347: 343: 332: 330: 327:from Colonel 326: 322: 321:Caprivi Strip 318: 314: 308: 306: 301: 299: 295: 291: 290: 285: 281: 278: 277:administrator 274: 270: 266: 258: 254: 249: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 161: 157: 153: 144: 142: 141:Armistice Day 138: 134: 128: 126: 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 78:Western Front 75: 70: 68: 64: 63:administrator 60: 56: 52: 48: 40: 36: 32: 28: 25:The original 23: 19: 6046:Coat of arms 5844:Demographics 5779:Reserve Bank 5423: 5394:Company rule 5384:Pre-colonial 5344:Company rule 5007: 4998:South Africa 4904: 4888: 4866: 4845: 4824: 4803: 4785: 4781: 4759: 4742: 4719: 4693: 4674: 4651: 4632: 4613: 4593: 4573: 4551: 4547: 4529: 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Retrieved 3999: 3976:, p. 11 3969: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3889:Jackson 2006 3884: 3872: 3867:, p. 41 3860: 3848: 3843:, p. 25 3821: 3809: 3797: 3792:, p. 46 3790:Radford 1994 3785: 3754: 3747:Willson 1963 3742: 3730: 3718: 3713:, p. 47 3706: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3665:, p. 74 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3591: 3570:, p. 79 3544: 3513: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3406: 3386:, p. 40 3379: 3374:, p. 73 3367: 3345:, p. 30 3338: 3326: 3261: 3249: 3220: 3208: 3203:, p. 23 3186:, p. 22 3162: 3157:, p. 64 3150: 3138: 3133:, p. 21 3116:, p. 20 3109: 3104:, p. 75 3097: 3092:, p. 19 3073:, p. 18 3056:, p. 49 3049: 3044:, p. 39 3037: 3013:, p. 46 2976: 2919: 2914:, p. 22 2912:Chanock 1977 2907: 2878: 2873:, p. 17 2849: 2844:, p. 19 2842:Probert 2006 2837: 2832:, p. 46 2830:Probert 2006 2825: 2820:, p. 43 2818:Probert 2006 2813: 2801: 2794:Probert 2006 2789: 2777: 2770:Gibbons 1927 2765: 2758:Gibbons 1927 2739: 2730: 2703: 2691: 2675: 2621: 2616:, p. 12 2609: 2597: 2592:, p. 36 2585: 2580:, p. 98 2573: 2561: 2549: 2544:, p. 63 2537: 2517:, p. 62 2510: 2488:Schwarz 2011 2483: 2456: 2436:, p. 57 2414: 2409:, p. 55 2394:, p. 57 2387: 2365:, p. 50 2358: 2353:, p. 19 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2293:, p. 49 2231:, p. iv 2224: 2212: 2200: 2171: 2160: 2148: 2128:, p. 84 2104: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2037: 2006: 1995:Company rule 1985: 1956: 1945:Nyasalanders 1921: 1911: 1894: 1885:. The name " 1870: 1840: 1824: 1792: 1764:World War II 1761: 1757: 1736: 1719: 1713: 1709: 1700: 1691: 1686: 1676: 1665: 1653: 1650:Flu pandemic 1644: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1614:accompanying 1611: 1606: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1578: 1562: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1541: 1530: 1518: 1515:Edith Cavell 1512: 1506: 1501:by a German 1497: 1484: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1457:by a German 1453: 1428: 1424: 1420:Matabeleland 1418:in southern 1404: 1387: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1363:conscription 1359: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1322:nkosi, nkosi 1321: 1314: 1308: 1303: 1293: 1284: 1273: 1267: 1256: 1243: 1239:Rufiji Delta 1233: 1224: 1217: 1195: 1193: 1176: 1174: 1145: 1136: 1129: 1104: 1083:trench fever 1079: 1070: 1053: 1034: 1030: 1018:Generalmajor 1017: 1013: 1010:Indian Ocean 1001: 995: 990: 970: 959: 955:Bechuanaland 951: 940: 903:Bloemfontein 895: 887: 882: 860:Manie Maritz 844: 791: 770:George Lloyd 762: 755: 709: 694:Bulgarians. 688: 679: 663:Allan Wilson 654: 631: 603: 566: 524: 512: 508: 489: 485: 477: 469: 428: 392: 387:British Army 362:British Army 350: 338: 329:Raleigh Grey 324: 309: 302: 293: 287: 262: 213: 176:administered 165: 129: 121:conscription 118: 74:British Army 71: 55:administered 44: 18: 5895:Rusape Jews 5354:; 1965–79: 5350:; 1953–63: 5346:; 1923–80: 5342:1890–1923: 5291:New Zealand 5251:Switzerland 5201:Netherlands 4973:East Africa 4953:World War I 4951:History of 3879:, p. 9 3804:, p. 9 3689:, p. 5 3649:, p. 2 2885:, p. 9 2856:, p. 7 2736:"No. 30590" 2723:Franks 2000 2696:McAdam 1967 2434:Hutton 1917 2341:, p. 7 2327:Ferris 1959 2317:, p. 9 2278:, p. 8 2263:, p. 5 2248:, p. 3 2195:, p. 4 2155:, p. 8 2143:, p. 1 2097:Walker 1963 2085:Walker 1963 2063:, p. 2 1473:became key 1408:ferrochrome 1165:Chilapalapa 1147:inclusive " 1118:Men of the 1062:Indian Army 1048:in British 976:East Africa 856:Louis Botha 837:parades in 744:Mashonaland 742:in western 661:to that of 615:mustard gas 606:gas attacks 519:, late 1914 439:Southampton 400:Black Watch 319:though the 251:Men of the 203:within the 168:World War I 47:World War I 6105:Categories 5928:Afrikaners 5835:Rhodesiana 5571:Parliament 5451:Federation 5352:Federation 5196:Luxembourg 4722:. Oxford: 4412:. London: 4276:. London: 4230:. London: 4105:Rhodesiana 4011:17 January 3929:Corum 2008 3917:Binda 2007 3865:House 1976 3853:Binda 2007 3841:Binda 2007 3778:Chant 1988 3675:Binda 2007 3659:Binda 2007 3564:Binda 2007 3242:Binda 2007 3201:Binda 2007 3184:Binda 2007 3131:Binda 2007 3114:Binda 2007 3090:Binda 2007 3071:Binda 2007 2871:Binda 2007 2030:References 2001:in London. 1916:Battalion. 1816:local time 1571:syncretist 1525:by German 1475:propaganda 1431:income tax 1340:Home front 1268:Königsberg 1259:Lake Rukwa 1234:Königsberg 1218:Königsberg 1185:Lake Nyasa 1006:Royal Navy 962:Swakopmund 947:Walvis Bay 931:Walvis Bay 789:prisoner. 766:flying ace 659:last stand 639:Nieuwpoort 589:blacked up 543:grenadiers 493:battle cry 451:Winchester 357:War Office 298:jingoistic 147:Background 39:discharged 5998:Afrikaans 5990:Languages 5966:Coloureds 5727:Provinces 5702:President 5576:Elections 5561:Districts 5504:Geography 5286:Australia 5095:Palestine 5065:Hong Kong 5039:Venezuela 4858:219295658 4837:560778129 4816:558551278 4602:495260263 4501:(1970) . 4443:558551241 4343:224687202 4278:Routledge 4232:Routledge 4196:503844634 4147:0018-2753 4117:0556-9605 4072:0549-9674 4043:756216787 3945:Wood 2005 3907:, Preface 3802:Wood 2005 3759:Gann 1969 2590:Gale 1974 2315:Gale 1973 2153:Wood 2005 1962:armistice 1928:Luftwaffe 1527:Zeppelins 1498:Lusitania 1496:RMS 1454:Lusitania 1452:RMS 1416:Essexvale 1232:SMS 1216:SMS 1124:Salisbury 1095:pneumonia 1091:dysentery 966:guerrilla 864:Afrikaans 627:gas masks 573:first day 531:frostbite 502:Sindebele 457:, on the 455:Sheerness 435:Cape Town 284:Whitehall 273:Salisbury 269:dominions 257:Cape Town 31:Sheerness 6090:Category 6068:Insignia 6061:national 6003:English 5905:Tokaleya 5857:diaspora 5697:Governor 5544:Politics 5495:Zimbabwe 5463:Bush War 5368:Zimbabwe 5362:; 1979: 5356:Rhodesia 5221:Portugal 5141:Bulgaria 5055:Caucasus 5017:Americas 4983:Ethiopia 4897:38773295 4784:Volume 1 4780:(1971). 4571:(1980). 4550:Volume 2 4528:Volume 1 4387:(1927). 4127:(1990). 3989:Websites 2476:Uys 1991 2022:in 1952. 1887:Rhodesia 1835:Bush War 1790:airmen. 1784:training 1703:George V 1469:and the 1412:tungsten 1247:Abercorn 1153:Mashonas 927:Windhoek 876:Matabele 839:Bulawayo 810:rhodesia 748:Plumtree 736:dogfight 732:Midlands 724:rhodesia 698:Aviators 685:Salonika 643:Flanders 623:phosgene 619:chlorine 611:tear gas 569:Bulawayo 414:and the 395:trenches 100:and the 6029:Symbols 6016:Ndebele 5976:Indians 5970:Goffals 5949:Rhodies 5933:British 5890:Ndebele 5885:Manyika 5813:Society 5794:Tourism 5763:Dollar 5752:Economy 5717:Cabinet 5659:(SRANC) 5376:History 5279:Oceania 5269:Ireland 5256:Ukraine 5226:Romania 5181:Ireland 5176:Hungary 5166:Germany 5156:Estonia 5151:Denmark 5146:Croatia 5136:Belgium 5126:Albania 5105:Vietnam 4993:Morocco 4988:Liberia 4913:2884679 4507:Cassell 4360:4465148 4188:Cassell 4089:4079878 3983:Sources 1949:Kalanga 1879:Zambezi 1780:No. 266 1776:No. 237 1740:obelisk 1558:svikiro 1553:svikiro 1492:sinking 1450:of the 1448:sinking 1414:, near 1333:askaris 1329:askaris 1309:askaris 1196:askaris 1177:askaris 1157:Kalanga 1137:askaris 1074:Makindu 1054:Umzumbi 1046:Mombasa 1014:askaris 1002:askaris 997:askaris 943:exclave 935:exclave 740:Gatooma 673:, near 604:German 575:of the 539:snipers 178:by the 162:in pink 57:by the 53:, then 6073:Flower 6051:Emblem 6041:Anthem 6036:Animal 5959:Others 5938:Greeks 5771:Pound 5683:(UNFP) 5671:(SRLP) 5665:(SRCP) 5603:Police 5358:under 5246:Sweden 5236:Serbia 5231:Russia 5216:Poland 5206:Norway 5171:Greece 5161:France 5119:Europe 5029:Canada 5024:Brazil 4968:Angola 4961:Africa 4911: 4895: 4877: 4856: 4835: 4814: 4791: 4766: 4751:772131 4749: 4730: 4704: 4681: 4662: 4639: 4620: 4600: 4581: 4557: 4535: 4513: 4487: 4462: 4441: 4420: 4395: 4375: 4358: 4341: 4322: 4303: 4284: 4261: 4238: 4215: 4194: 4171: 4145: 4115: 4087: 4070: 4041: 1970:Kasama 1844:called 1796:Malaya 1788:Allied 1772:No. 44 1744:relief 1733:Legacy 1566:Insiza 1503:U-boat 1459:U-boat 1354:Jewish 1318:Umtali 1304:askari 1287:, the 1285:askari 1277:Rungwe 1252:Galula 1189:Songea 1169:pidgin 798:bugler 728:Umvuma 410:, the 406:, the 402:, the 368:Europe 282:wired 96:, the 92:. 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Southern Rhodesia in World War I

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