50:
256:
547:
231:
462:"I, Mostafa Khan of Shirvan, in my name and that of my heirs, remove myself forever from the vassalage or honors of Persia (Iran) or any other state. I declare before the entire world that I do not recognize anyone as my liege, except His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of All the Russias, and His heirs to the throne. I promise to be a loyal slave to that throne. I swear this by the Holy Qur'an."
458:'s of the Medieval era. Though Mostafa Khan was uncomfortable with Tsitsianov's proposal, the latter threatened that if he wouldn't agree with his terms, he would replace Mostafa with his younger brother (who was reportedly enthusiastic about it). Anyhow, the Russians invaded the khanate, and on 6 January 1806, Mostafa Khan was forced to submit.
668:
Serious historians and geographers agree that after the fall of the
Safavids, and especially from the mid-eighteenth century, the territory of the South Caucasus was composed of the khanates of Ganja, Kuba, Shirvan, Baku, Talesh, Sheki, Karabagh, Nakhichivan and Yerevan, all of which were under
413:
and Askar Beg, both members of the same family. Askar Beg, along with supporters from the
Khanchoban tribe, returned to Old Shamakhi, and soon became powerful enough to establish control over New Shamakhi. Aghasi Beg and another family member Mohammad Sa'id successfully acquired the title of
529:
amongst others, and performed attacks on Tiflis. The government then reinstated
Mostafa in Shirvan. However, just a few months later, the tide had completely turned with the Iranian army suffering decisive defeats against the militarily superior Russians. In September 1826, Abbas Mirza was
775:
Also notable was the continuing use in the late nineteenth century of several ethnic categories that would later be differently applied or discontinued: "Tatars" (or in rarer cases, "Azerbaijani Tatars") to denote Turkic-speaking
Transcaucasian populations that would later be called
993:
The 1820 Russian Survey of the
Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province Prior to Its Annexation by Russia : Annotated Translation from the Original 1867 Edition with an Introduction, Explanatory Remarks and
374:. He then installed as Sardar Khan Qaraqlu the new governor of Shirvan, and soon appointed Heydar Khan Afshar as the ruler of both Shirvan and Darband. In 1743, the Safavid pretender Sam Mirza led a local rebellion, overthrowing Heydar Khan. In 1761, the
718:(...) The language of official acts not only in Iran proper and its fully dependant Khanates, but also in those Caucasian khanates that were semi-independent until the time of their accession to the Russian Empire, and even for some time after,
506:, died in 1819 without any heir, Yermolov annexed the entity. Realizing what was going to happen to himself, Mostafa Khan fled to mainland Iran in 1820 with his son; Yermolov did not waste any time to annex the Shirvan Khanate.
49:
489:
took office as the new
Russian commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, in 1816. A staunch Russian imperialist, Yermolov was committed to bringing the entire Caucasus under the Russian sway. He wanted to establish the
426:
of Shakki had Aghasi Khan blinded. Shirvan was subsequently divided between Quba and Shakki. Nevertheless, Aghasi Khan later managed to restore his control over
Shirvan, in 1774. He was later succeeded by his son
521:
led a full-scale attack in the summer of 1826 order to recover the
Iranian territories that had been lost by the Gulistan treaty. The war started off well for the Iranians; they quickly recaptured
454:, he found out that Mostafa Khan had entered negotiations with the Russians. Mostafa Khan hoped that the Russians would recognize a Shirvan Khanate "enlarged" to the boundaries of the
733:
Karapetyan, Samvel (1997). "Shamakhi". The
Armenian Lapidary Inscriptions of Boon-Aghvank. Vol. 1. "Gitutiun" Publishing House of NAS RA. p. 54. ISBN 5-8080-0144-7.
1281:
466:
Mostafa Khan was allowed to administer the khanate and had to give an annual tribute in gold rubles to the
Russians. Furthermore, he had to send hostages to
1065:
The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia
654:
The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia
1046:
The 1819 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Sheki: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province Prior to its Annexation by Russia
1183:
494:
as the border between Iran and Russia at all costs, and was therefore determined to conquer the last remaining khanates under Iranian rule; the
366:(chamberlain), successfully appealed to Nader to pardon Shirvan. In 1735, Nader had the inhabitants of Shamakhi resettled in New Shamakhi (
358:
The following year, Mohammad Mehdi Khan was killed by rebellious dignitaries of the province. They had been incited by the governor of
538:, and thus the army had to retreat over the Aras. Mostafa Khan, accompanied by a small retinue, fled once again to mainland Iran.
1084:
From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813
1176:
1002:
389:) approved the request of the inhabitants of Old Shamakhi to overthrow Sardar Khan Qaraqlu and install their own applicant,
471:
1276:
1152:
1133:
1114:
1095:
1072:
1053:
1031:
768:
693:
661:
1169:
747:
513:(1813), the Russians invaded Iran's Erivan Khanate. This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two; the
474:. Lastly, he also had to provide food and accommodation for the Russian garrisons. After Tsitsianov was killed in
342:
514:
714:
Essays on the history of feudal relations in Armenia and Azerbaijan in XVI - the beginning of XIX centuries
423:
418:
from Karim Khan Zand. The family were in control of Shirvan until 1767, when a combined army from Quba and
700:(...) and Persian continued to be the official language of the judiciary and the local administration .
486:
362:, Morad-Ali Soltan Ostajlu. Mohammad Qasem Beg, who was a prominent dignitary of Shirvan and Nader's
1286:
1271:
1192:
306:
631:
616:
478:
in 1806, Mostafa Khan repudiated his allegiance to the Russians, and re-submitted himself to the
428:
390:
295:
112:
531:
435:
681:
104:
470:(Tbilisi), which had recently been annexed and transformed into the "base" of the Russian
20:
8:
1228:
447:
58:
in the last quarter of the 18th century. The Shirvan Khanate is located on the far right
1041:
686:
Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community
510:
1148:
1129:
1110:
1091:
1068:
1049:
1027:
998:
764:
743:
689:
657:
526:
522:
499:
108:
1223:
1087:
443:
337:, became an important place for trade. In 1724, most of Shirvan was annexed to the
286:
99:
759:
Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). "18. 1886–1890: An Ethnolinguistic Map of the Caucasus".
422:
captured Old Shamakhi. Fath-Ali Khan of Quba had Mohammad Sa'id imprisoned, while
1208:
991:
379:
326:
145:
550:
Map of the Shirvan Khanate with its mahals at the time of its annexation in 1820
1248:
1213:
535:
495:
338:
249:
55:
1265:
1238:
1218:
1126:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
546:
503:
419:
236:
1233:
1203:
1161:
491:
451:
415:
406:
375:
371:
330:
163:
125:
119:
722:
It played the role of the literary language of class feudal lords as well.
622:
518:
455:
410:
402:
367:
88:
1145:
Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan
351:
346:
274:
156:
446:'s advance. The government responded by sending an army under general
133:
334:
141:
83:
333:, Shirvan was a leading silk manufacturer and its principal city,
409:
gained influence there, and appointed his own governors, such as
359:
314:
67:
467:
439:
1107:
Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions since 1800
129:
973:
971:
969:
967:
843:
841:
839:
814:
812:
810:
808:
901:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
479:
475:
349:
recovered Shirvan and installed Mohammad Mehdi Khan as its
310:
137:
72:
824:
781:
401:
Hajji Mohammad Ali Khan governed Shirvan until 1763, when
964:
836:
805:
793:
868:
930:
928:
952:
858:
856:
913:
688:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 12.
300:
940:
925:
761:
Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus
889:
853:
554:The Khanate was composed of 17 mahals (districts):
16:Khanate in modern-day Azerbaijan from 1761 to 1820
1263:
763:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 50.
438:, Mostafa Khan asked the central government in
1026:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
1282:States and territories disestablished in 1820
1177:
680:
33:
1191:
1062:
1048:. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers.
1040:
907:
883:
787:
450:. However, when the general had reached the
1081:
989:
830:
818:
799:
742:A Grammar of Şirvan Tat, Murad Suleymanov,
651:
1184:
1170:
48:
711:
509:Several years later, in violation of the
758:
545:
1123:
958:
345:. In 1734, the Iranian military leader
1264:
1142:
1104:
977:
934:
919:
847:
1165:
1021:
946:
895:
862:
712:Pavlovich, Petrushevsky Ilya (1949).
656:. Gibb Memorial Trust. p. xvii.
196:• Annexation by Imperial Russia
442:for assistance, in order to prevent
290:
186:• Assassination of Nader Shah
34:
13:
370:), situated 18 miles north of the
14:
1298:
1124:Dowling, Timothy C., ed. (2014).
541:
313:suzerainty, which controlled the
1063:Bournoutian, George A. (2016b).
716:. LSU them. Zhdanov. p. 7.
254:
229:
1105:Cronin, Stephanie, ed. (2013).
990:Bournoutian, George A. (2016).
983:
652:Bournoutian, George A. (2016).
384:
1147:. Cambridge University Press.
997:. E.J.W. Gibb Memorial Trust.
752:
736:
727:
705:
674:
645:
515:Russo-Iranian War of 1826-1828
393:, as the governor of Shirvan.
1:
638:
320:
19:For the Kurdish emirate, see
1082:Bournoutian, George (2021).
7:
1044:(2016a). "Quick Overview".
301:
10:
1303:
1277:18th century in Azerbaijan
1024:Russia and Iran, 1780-1828
1015:
396:
317:region from 1761 to 1820.
18:
1199:
625:and Askar Beg (1763–1768)
270:
208:
204:
194:
184:
180:
172:
162:
152:
118:
95:
79:
63:
47:
42:
28:
1193:Khanates of the Caucasus
1143:Tapper, Richard (1997).
720:was New Persian (Farsi).
610:
343:Treaty of Constantinople
1067:. Gibb Memorial Trust.
617:Hajji Mohammad Ali Khan
391:Hajji Mohammad Ali Khan
124:Tatars (later known as
1042:Bournoutian, George A.
1022:Atkin, Muriel (1980).
682:Swietochowski, Tadeusz
551:
464:
549:
460:
96:Common languages
628:Aghasi Khan (1774–?)
485:Things changed when
472:Caucasus Viceroyalty
355:(governor-general).
1229:Nakhichevan Khanate
980:, pp. 161–162.
850:, pp. 152–153.
669:Iranian suzerainty.
502:. When Ismail, the
448:Pir Qoli Khan Qajar
552:
120:Ethnic groups
30:Khanate of Shirvan
1257:
1256:
1004:978-1-909724-80-8
908:Bournoutian 2016b
884:Bournoutian 2016a
788:Bournoutian 2016b
600:Qarabaghlar Mahal
576:Qarasubasar Mahal
532:defeated at Ganja
500:Nakchivan Khanate
436:massacre in Ganja
364:ishikaghasi-bashi
307:Caucasian khanate
299:
280:
279:
266:
265:
262:
261:
242:
241:
21:Emirate of Şirvan
1294:
1224:Karabakh Khanate
1186:
1179:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1139:
1120:
1101:
1078:
1059:
1037:
1009:
1008:
987:
981:
975:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
866:
860:
851:
845:
834:
831:Bournoutian 2021
828:
822:
819:Bournoutian 2021
816:
803:
800:Bournoutian 2021
797:
791:
785:
779:
778:
756:
750:
740:
734:
731:
725:
724:
709:
703:
702:
678:
672:
671:
649:
567:Khanchoban Mahal
487:Aleksey Yermolov
388:
387: 1751–1779
386:
304:
302:Khānāt-e Shirvan
294:
292:
258:
257:
246:
245:
233:
232:
226:
225:
210:
209:
52:
37:
36:
26:
25:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1287:History of Tats
1272:Shirvan Khanate
1262:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1244:Shirvan Khanate
1209:Derbent Khanate
1195:
1190:
1155:
1136:
1117:
1098:
1075:
1056:
1034:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1005:
988:
984:
976:
965:
957:
953:
945:
941:
933:
926:
918:
914:
906:
902:
894:
890:
882:
869:
861:
854:
846:
837:
829:
825:
817:
806:
798:
794:
786:
782:
771:
757:
753:
741:
737:
732:
728:
710:
706:
696:
679:
675:
664:
650:
646:
641:
613:
544:
517:. Crown prince
511:Gulistan treaty
399:
383:
380:Karim Khan Zand
327:Safavid dynasty
323:
283:Shirvan Khanate
255:
230:
197:
187:
111:
107:
103:
86:
70:
59:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1300:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1249:Talysh Khanate
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1214:Erivan Khanate
1211:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1154:978-0521583367
1153:
1140:
1135:978-1598849486
1134:
1121:
1116:978-0415624336
1115:
1102:
1097:978-9004445154
1096:
1079:
1074:978-1909724808
1073:
1060:
1055:978-1568593159
1054:
1038:
1033:978-0816656974
1032:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1003:
982:
963:
961:, p. 729.
951:
949:, p. 148.
939:
924:
922:, p. 153.
912:
910:, p. 213.
900:
888:
867:
852:
835:
833:, p. 258.
823:
821:, p. 257.
804:
802:, p. 256.
792:
790:, p. 195.
780:
776:"Azerbaijanis"
770:978-0300160109
769:
751:
735:
726:
704:
695:978-0521522458
694:
673:
663:978-1909724808
662:
643:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
629:
626:
620:
612:
609:
608:
607:
606:Khazarud Mahal
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:Qobustan Mahal
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
564:Sedenrud Mahal
562:
559:
543:
542:Administration
540:
536:Ivan Paskevich
525:, Shirvan and
496:Erivan Khanate
398:
395:
339:Ottoman Empire
322:
319:
278:
277:
272:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
252:
250:Russian Empire
243:
240:
239:
234:
222:
221:
216:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
166:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
122:
116:
115:
97:
93:
92:
87:New Shamakhi (
81:
77:
76:
65:
61:
60:
56:South Caucasus
53:
45:
44:
40:
39:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1299:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1260:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:Shaki Khanate
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Ganja Khanate
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:. Routledge.
1108:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1006:
1000:
996:
995:
986:
979:
974:
972:
970:
968:
960:
955:
948:
943:
937:, p. 63.
936:
931:
929:
921:
916:
909:
904:
898:, p. 86.
897:
892:
885:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
865:, p. 87.
864:
859:
857:
849:
844:
842:
840:
832:
827:
820:
815:
813:
811:
809:
801:
796:
789:
784:
777:
772:
766:
762:
755:
749:
748:9783752000115
745:
739:
730:
723:
721:
715:
708:
701:
697:
691:
687:
683:
677:
670:
665:
659:
655:
648:
644:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
614:
605:
603:Boluket Mahal
602:
599:
597:Navahin Mahal
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
556:
555:
548:
539:
537:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
504:khan of Shaki
501:
497:
493:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
463:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
425:
421:
417:
412:
408:
404:
403:Fath-Ali Khan
394:
392:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
318:
316:
312:
308:
303:
297:
288:
284:
276:
273:
271:Today part of
269:
253:
251:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:Afsharid Iran
235:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
207:
203:
199:
193:
189:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:(1820 survey)
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
101:
98:
94:
90:
85:
82:
78:
74:
69:
66:
62:
57:
51:
46:
41:
27:
22:
1259:
1243:
1234:Quba Khanate
1204:Baku Khanate
1144:
1128:. ABC-CLIO.
1125:
1106:
1083:
1064:
1045:
1023:
992:
985:
959:Dowling 2014
954:
942:
915:
903:
891:
826:
795:
783:
774:
760:
754:
738:
729:
719:
717:
713:
707:
699:
685:
676:
667:
653:
647:
632:Mostafa Khan
594:Mughan Mahal
591:Rudbar Mahal
582:Ekeret Mahal
579:Kessan Mahal
573:Koshun Mahal
558:Salyan Mahal
553:
508:
484:
465:
461:
452:Mughan plain
433:
429:Mostafa Khan
400:
363:
357:
350:
324:
291:خانات شیروان
282:
281:
219:Succeeded by
218:
213:
126:Azerbaijanis
84:Old Shamakhi
978:Tapper 1997
935:Cronin 2013
920:Tapper 1997
848:Tapper 1997
623:Aghasi Khan
619:(1761–1763)
588:Lahij Mahal
519:Abbas Mirza
456:Shirvanshah
424:Hosein Khan
214:Preceded by
105:Azerbaijani
35:خانات شروان
1266:Categories
947:Atkin 1980
896:Atkin 1980
863:Atkin 1980
639:References
570:Elat Mahal
561:Howz Mahal
492:Aras river
444:Tsitsianov
434:After the
411:Aghasi Beg
352:beglarbegi
325:Under the
321:Background
275:Azerbaijan
157:Shia Islam
102:(official)
75:suzerainty
372:Kur River
296:romanized
153:Religion
134:Armenians
43:1761–1820
994:Appendix
684:(2004).
634:(?–1820)
498:and the
335:Shamakhi
305:) was a
146:Iranians
142:Russians
109:Armenian
1016:Sources
397:History
360:Darband
341:by the
315:Shirvan
311:Iranian
298::
287:Persian
173:History
100:Persian
80:Capital
73:Iranian
68:Khanate
1151:
1132:
1113:
1094:
1071:
1052:
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468:Tiflis
440:Tehran
420:Shakki
378:ruler
309:under
176:
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71:Under
64:Status
1088:Brill
611:Khans
527:Shaki
523:Ganja
347:Nader
130:Kurds
1149:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1028:ISBN
999:ISBN
765:ISBN
744:ISBN
690:ISBN
658:ISBN
480:shah
476:Baku
416:khan
407:Quba
376:Zand
368:Aqsu
331:Iran
200:1820
190:1761
164:Khan
138:Jews
89:Aqsu
54:The
534:by
405:of
329:of
128:),
113:Tat
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