299:
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210:
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1622:. The artists and their friends complained, and the complaints reached Napoleon III. His office issued a statement: "Numerous complaints have come to the Emperor on the subject of the works of art which were refused by the jury of the Exposition. His Majesty, wishing to let the public judge the legitimacy of these complaints, has decided that the works of art which were refused should be displayed in another part of the Palace of Industry."
1400:
of the city, replanted and renovated the historic parks, and added dozens of small squares and gardens, so that no one lived more than ten minutes from a park or square. In addition, they planted tens of thousands of trees along the new boulevards that
Haussmann created, reaching out from the center to the outer neighborhoods. The parks of Paris, provided entertainment and relaxation for all classes of Parisians during the Second Empire.
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1989:
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2619:, for the Théâtre Lyrique company. It had its first performance on 30 September 1863. Critical opinion was generally hostile, though Berlioz praised the work, writing that it "does M. Bizet the greatest honour". Public reaction was lukewarm, and the opera's run ended after 18 performances. It was not performed again until 1886. Bizet did not have a major success until
388:
697:, French religious architecture broke away from the neoclassical style which had dominated Paris church architecture since the 18th century. Neo-Gothic and other historical styles began to be built, particularly in the eight new arrondissements farther from the center added by Napoleon III in 1860. The first neo-Gothic church was the
317:
2514:, commissioned especially for the Paris Opera. Once again he ran into troubles; one singer took him to court over the casting, and rivalries between other singers poisoned the production. He wrote afterwards, "I am not a composer for Paris I believe in inspiration; others only care about how the pieces are put together".
1653:
reported that visitors pushed to get into the crowded galleries where the refused paintings were hung, and the rooms were full of the laughter and mocking comments of many of the spectators. While the paintings were ridiculed by many critics and visitors, the work of the avant-garde became known for
1399:
Over the course of seventeen years, Napoleon III, Haussmann and
Alphand created 1,835 hectares of new parks and gardens, and planted more than six hundred thousand trees, the greatest expansion of Paris green space before or since. They built four major parks in the north, south, east, and west
998:
Comfort was the first priority of Second Empire furniture. Chairs were elaborately upholstered with fringes, tassels, and expensive fabrics. Tapestry work on furniture was very much in style. The structure of chairs and sofas was usually entirely hidden by the upholstery or ornamented with copper,
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New types of architecture connected with the economic expansion: railroad stations, hotels, office buildings, department stores, and exposition halls, occupied the center of Paris, which previously had been largely residential. To improve traffic circulation and bring light and air to the center of
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was beginning to demand a new kind of architecture: bigger, stronger and less expensive. The new age of railways and the enormous increase in travel that it caused required new train stations, large hotels, exposition halls and department stores in Paris. While the exteriors of most Second Empire
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as an academic painter, but gradually began painting more freely and expressing emotions and feelings through his landscapes. His motto was "never lose that first impression which we feel." He made sketches in the forests around Paris, then reworked them into final paintings in his studio. He was
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Grand opera and other musical genres also flourished under
Napoleon III. The construction of the railroad stations in Paris brought thousands of tourists from around France and Europe to the city, and increased the demand for music and entertainment. Operas and musicals could play to larger
1306:
and other sites. Viollet-le-Duc's restoration was criticized in the late 20th century for sometimes pursuing the spirit of the original work, rather than strict accuracy (for example, by using a type of Gothic tower cap from northern France for the walls of the Cité de
Carcassonne, rather than a
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owner, who hired a former actress from the Comédie-Française to perform scenes of classic plays in costume. The law was revised in 1867, which opened the way to an entirely new institution in Paris, the music hall, with comedy, sets, and costumed singers and dancers. For the first time, the
298:
2531:, an influential French social society. During the premiere, with Wagner in the audience, the Jockey Club members whistled and jeered from the first notes of the Overture. After just three performances, the Opera was pulled from the repertoire. Wagner got his revenge in 1870, when the
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was a Paris institution, with at least one in every neighborhood. They ranged from a single singer with a piano to elegant cafes with orchestras. A city ordinance, designed to protect the traditional musical theaters, forbid the performers in cafés from wearing costumes, dancing, or
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in 1859. This remains the composition for which he is best known; and although it took a while to achieve popularity, it became one of the most frequently staged operas of all time, with no fewer than 2,000 performances of the work having occurred by 1975 at the Paris Opéra alone.
1595:, and a medal from the Salon assured an artist of commissions from wealthy patrons or from the French government. Painters devoted great effort and intrigue to win approval from the jury to present their paintings at the Salon and arrange for good placement in the exhibit halls.
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what the style of the building was called, he replied simply, "Napoleon III". At the time, it was the largest opera house in the world, but much of the interior space was devoted to purely decorative spaces: grand stairways, huge foyers for promenading, and large private
2383:, which were very popular at the time. Its characteristics were a light subject, an abundance of amusement and comedy, spoken dialogue mixed with songs, and instrumental music. The first works were staged in 1848 by August Florimond Ronger, better known as
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His work was rewarded. The opera was a critical and popular success, performed 150 times, rather than the originally proposed forty performances. He was unhappy, however, that his operas were less successful in Paris than those of his chief rival,
426:
throughout Europe and across the
Atlantic. Its suitability for super-scaling allowed it to be widely used in the design of municipal and corporate buildings. In the United States, where one of the leading architects working in the style was
344:
1181:, and the Palais Garnier were constructed in the style. The major buildings, including the Opera House and the Church of Saint Augustine, were designed to be the focal points of the new avenues, and to be visible at a great distance.
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2398:. The early works were limited to two performers on the stage at a time, and usually were no longer than a single act. After 1858, they became longer and more elaborate, with larger casts and several acts, and took the name first of
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1911:(1819–1872) was the leader of the school of realist painters during the Second Empire who depicted the lives of ordinary people and rural life, as well as landscapes. He delighted in scandal and condemned the art establishment, the
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2477:. It was a popular and critical triumph, playing for two hundred twenty-eight nights. After the final night, Napoleon III granted Offenbach French citizenship, and his name changed formally from Jacob to Jacques.
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the city, Napoleon's
Prefect of the Seine destroyed the crumbling and overcrowded neighborhoods in the heart of the city and built a network of grand boulevards. The expanded use of new building materials, especially
2459:. Offenbach's theater attracted not only the working and middle class audiences, the traditional audience of the music halls, but also the upper classes. The comic opera scenes alternated with musical interludes by
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1915:, and Napoleon III. In 1855, when his submissions to the Salon were rejected, he put on his own exhibit of forty of his paintings in a nearby building. In 1870, Napoleon III proposed giving the
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houses, and play for much longer. The old theaters on the "Boulevard of Crime" were demolished to make way for a new boulevard, but larger new theaters were constructed in the center of the city.
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534:, decorated with classical statues representing the cities served by the railway. Baltard also used a steel frame in building the largest new church to be built in Paris during the Empire, the
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2650:, or the use of sets or scenery; they were also forbidden to sing more than forty songs in an evening, and had to present the program in advance each day. This law was challenged by one
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The
Napoleon III or Second Empire style took its inspiration from several different periods and styles, which were often combined in the same building or interior. The interior of the
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2500:. Verdi complained that the Paris orchestra and chorus were unruly and undisciplined, and rehearsed them an unheard-of one hundred and sixty-one times before he felt they were ready.
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The government of
Napoleon III also commissioned artists to produce decorative works for public buildings. Ingres was commissioned to paint the ceiling of the main salon of the
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in
Chicago, Illinois, designed by Canadian architect Toussaint Menard, is a classic example of the style. It is one of the five extant, public buildings in Chicago that predate the
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Another characteristic of the
Napoleon III style is the adaptation of the design of the building to its function and the characteristics of the material used. Examples include the
674:
2212:, attempted to break into the sculptural profession during the Second Empire, with no success; he applied three times to the École des Beaux-Arts, but was rejected each time.
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415:. As the Second Empire style evolved from its 17th-century Renaissance foundations, it acquired a mix of earlier European styles, most notably the Baroque, often combined with
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tower design from that region), but in Carcassonne and other cases the works would have been destroyed entirely without the intervention of Napoleon III and Viollet-le-Duc.
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The expansion of the city limits by Napoleon III and Haussmann's new boulevards called for the construction of a variety of new public buildings, including the new
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most popular in the latter half of the 19th century and early years of the 20th century. It was so named for the architectural elements in vogue during the era of the
234:
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were popular influences on chests and cabinets, buffets and credences, which were massive and built like small cathedrals, decorated with columns, frontons,
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was not invented until 1874, but during the Second Empire, all the major impressionist painters were at work in Paris, inventing their own personal styles.
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1629:, was held in another part of the Palace of Industry, where the Salon took place. More than a thousand visitors a day came to see now-famous paintings as
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was the most important event of the year for painters, engravers and sculptors. It was held every two years until 1861, and every year thereafter, in the
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1173:, the Emperor's Prefect of the Seine between 1852 and 1870. The buildings of the renovation show a singularity of purpose and design, a consistency of
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underwent extensive restoration. In the case of the Louvre in particular, the restorations were sometimes more imaginative than precisely historical.
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is a Louis-Napoléon version of French Renaissance architecture; few visitors to the Louvre realize it is a 19th-century addition to the building.
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2429:, composing music performed between the acts. In 1853, he wrote a short musical scene performed between acts, then a more ambitious short comedy,
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captured Napoleon III and surrounded Paris; he wrote a special piece of music to celebrate the event, "Ode to the German Army at Paris".
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showing paintings in the Salon as early as 1827, but he did not achieve real fame and critical acclaim before 1855, during the Second Empire.
1683:. They included "The Battle of Jacob with the Angel", "Saint Michael Slaying the Dragon", and "The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple".
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The Napoleon III style of landscape design for urban parks was very influential outside of France. The American landscape designer
2437:. He was unable to have his work performed in the major theaters, so he tried a different approach. In 1855, taking advantage of the
242:
2778:
Copplestone, Trewin, ed., World Architecture: An illustrated history from earliest times, Crescent Books, New York, 1963 pp.310-311
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for the façade of the Paris Opera (1869) caused a scandal when it was installed, because of the flamboyant pose of the nude figures.
1907:
While the academic painters dominated the Salon, new artists and new movements rose to prominent prominence under Napoleon III.
209:
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carried out during the Second Empire; the new buildings, such as the Opéra, were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards.
2195:. Staying in Rome from 1854 to 1861, he obtained a taste for movement and spontaneity, which he joined with the great principles of
717:
202:, mosaics, and silver or gold plated bronze. Wood panelling was often encrusted with rare and exotic woods, or darkened to resemble
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Another aspect of the Napoleon III style was the restoration of historical monuments which had been badly damaged during the
64:. It was characterized by elements of many different historical styles, and also made innovative use of modern materials, such as
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206:. The façade of the Opéra Garnier employed seventeen different colored materials, including various marbles, stones, and bronze.
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While Verdi and Wagner certainly attracted the most attention, young new French composers were also striving to win attention.
1774:
1283:, begun in 1845, continued for twenty-five years. Some of its additions varied from the originals. Viollet-le Duc restored the
1050:, and carved angels and chimeras. They were usually constructed of walnut or oak, or sometimes of poirier stained to resemble
1975:, where he met Manet, Monet, Renoir, and the other artists of a new, more natural school, and began to develop his own style.
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1302:, and in 1862 he declared it a national historical monument. He also began restoration programs of the medieval walls of the
382:, designed to be one of the new gateways to Paris, with an iron framework combined with allegorical statues of French cities
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Kjellberg, Pierre (1994). Bronzes of the 19th Century (First ed.). Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. p. 174.
230:
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1328:, built between 1852 and 1858, was designed to give a place for relaxation and recreation to all the classes of Parisians.
1227:(1855–60), in a combination of Renaissance and Gothic styles. The new city hall was located next to the Gothic church of
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2163:. His style perfectly complemented the historical styles, but was original and bold enough to stand on its own. Born in
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also received important official commissions. From 1857 to 1861 he worked on frescoes for the Chapelle des Anges at the
1388:, a hydraulic engineer who rebuilt the city's sewers and water supply, and provided the water needed for the parks; and
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1023:, or footstool, appeared, along with the angle sofa and unusual chairs for intimate conversations between two persons (
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profession of singer was given formal status and composers could seek royalties for the performance of their songs.
1372:
his new Prefect of Seine in 1853, and commissioned him to build new parks on the edges of the city, on the model of
887:; Lefuel added many of his own decorations and ideas to the pavilion, including a celebrated sculpture of Flore by
623:
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3625:
1602:, the Superintendent of Fine Arts, who was known for his conservative tastes. He was scornful of the new school of
431:, buildings in the style were often closer to their 17th-century roots than examples of the style found in Europe.
363:
2421:, soon emerged to challenge Hervé. Born in Germany, Offenbach was first a cello player with the orchestra of the
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on March 13, 1861. Unfortunately, Wagner was unpopular with both the French critics and with the members of the
1673:. In 1862 he was awarded the title of Senator, and made a member of the Imperial Council on Public Instruction.
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Napoleon III also built monumental fountains to decorate the heart of the city; his Paris city architect,
2199:
art. Carpeaux sought real life subjects in the streets and broke with the classical tradition. His sculpture
1035:(or toad) armchair was low, with a thickly padded back and arms, and a fringe that hid the legs of the chair.
466:(1825–1898), who won the competition for the design when he was only thirty-seven. When asked by the Empress
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the first time to the French public, and it took its place alongside the more traditional style of painting.
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1279:, whose neo-Gothic design for a new Paris Opera later came in second to that of Garnier. The restoration of
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New city hall of 1st Arrondissement (1855–60) (left) and new bell tower (1862) matching the Gothic Church of
681:
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A basic principle of Napoleon III interior decoration was leave no space undecorated. Another principle was
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monumental buildings usually remained eclectic, a revolution was taking place inside; based on the model of
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1942:
1610:. In 1863, the jury of the Paris Salon refused all submissions by avant-garde artists, including those by
760:
744:. While the façade was eclectic, the structure inside was modern, supported by slender cast iron columns.
665:
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2554:, where only Italian works were presented, in Italian. The major French composers of the period included
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come back to Paris; Wagner rehearsed the orchestra sixty-three times for the first French production of
2155:, who contributed to the decoration of several Napoleon III landmarks, including the façade of the
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1599:
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in London, the parks he had frequented when he was in exile. Haussmann assembled a remarkable team:
619:
531:
395:
2615:
2508:; he returned to Italy and did not come back for several years. He was persuaded to return to stage
2496:
2471:. In 1858 he took a step further with his first full-length operetta, with four acts and a chorus,
1576:
near the end of his life, was also still an important figure in both portrait and history painting.
712:
During the Second Empire, architects began to use metal frames combined with the Gothic style: the
180:
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3556:
2414:, the main theater district of Paris, and they were also staged at other theatres around the city.
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2010:
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between 1852 and 1857. Between 1864 and 1868, Napoleon III also commissioned Lefuel to rebuild the
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1954:
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The Second Empire also saw the completion or restoration of several architecture treasures: the
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Latrouillatt and Truffaldini, or the inconveniences of a vendetta infinitely prolonged too long
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1640:
1603:
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716:, a 15th-century church rebuilt in neo-Gothic style by Simon-Claude-Constant Dufeux (1862–65),
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538:(1860–1871). While the structure was supported by cast iron columns, the façade was eclectic.
218:
141:
101:
38:
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1287:, or spirelet, of the cathedral, which had been partially destroyed and desecrated during the
542:(1801–1875) also used iron and glass to create a dramatic cathedral-like reading room for the
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1844:. Renoir studied art in Paris in 1862 and showed this painting in the Paris Salon of 1869.
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61:
3195:
Dean, Winton (1980). "Bizet, Georges (Alexandre CĂ©sar LĂ©opold)". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.).
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signed a contract in 1852 to create a new work for the Paris Opera, in collaboration with
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In 1855, he completed the restoration, begun in 1845, of the stained glass windows of the
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During the Second Empire, under the influence particularly of the architect and historian
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72:(1852–1870) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of
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Paris Musique de l'école de Notre-Dame à la Cité de la musique: Huit Siècles d'histoire
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Interior of Saint-Augustin; with the roof supported by slender iron columns (1860–71)
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The Grand Salon of the apartments of the minister of state, currently known as the
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1196:. Davioud's other major Napoleon III works included the two theatres at the
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A major decorative painter whose career was launched under Napoleon III was
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that was unusual for the period. Numerous public edifices: railway stations, the
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Boulevard Haussmann, with the classic Haussmann-style apartment buildings (1870)
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The most dramatic use of iron and glass was in the new central market of Paris,
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3054:(First ed.). Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. p. 174.
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in 1854, and moving to Rome to find inspiration, he there studied the works of
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1247:, allowed the construction of much larger buildings for commerce and industry.
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of the Louvre originally featured an equestrian statue of Napoleon III by
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732:(1854–59). The largest new church built in Paris during the Second Empire was
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Following Napoleon's decree, an exhibit of the rejected paintings, called the
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shell, or other decorative elements. Novel and exotic new materials, such as
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also caused a scandal at the Paris Salon of 1863 and helped make Manet famous
1778:(1856) caused a scandal at the Paris Salon, much to the delight of the artist
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exhibited two of his paintings, a landscape and portrait of his future wife
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as "the opulent bastard child of all the styles". The best example was the
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Napoleon III's taste in paintings was quite traditional, favoring the
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2379:. It emerged not from the classical opera, but from the comic opera and
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in San Francisco both show the influence of the Napoleon III parks.
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1192:(officially the Fontaine de la Paix) at the beginning of Haussmann's new
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31:
2592:; it was a commercial failure. He had no great theatrical success until
2441:, which brought enormous crowds to the city, he rented a theater on the
1946:
1501:, was purchased by Napoleon III at the Paris Salon of 1863, now in
4130:
3850:
3815:
3784:
3424:
NĂ©oclassicisme et Romantisme: architecture, sculpture, peinture, dessin
2510:
2454:
2380:
2138:(The Triumph of Flora), by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux. South façade of the
1244:
1236:
1012:
741:
511:
359:
285:
187:
176:
148:, and managed to give it coherence and harmony. The Lions Gate of the
65:
2637:
The styles of popular music also evolved under Napoleon III. The
1392:, the city's chief architect, who designed chalets, temples, grottos,
1255:
514:(1853–1870), an ensemble of huge iron and glass pavilions designed by
3953:
2647:
2505:
2188:
747:
Not all churches under Napoleon III were built in the Gothic style.
526:
also made extensive use of iron and glass in the interior of the new
504:
191:
3600:
3546:
2372:
1292:
932:
Chest in Napoleon III style, with polychrome floral decoration
3367:
Grammaire des Arts DĂ©coratifs de la Renaissance au Post-Modernisme
2151:
The most prominent sculptor of the reign of Napoleon III was
2546:, where the Emperor barely escaped a terrorist bomb in 1858; the
2460:
2196:
1396:, fences, gates, lodges, lampposts, and other park architecture.
1016:
1011:, were used for the first time in European furniture, along with
2629:
went on to become one of the most performed operas of all time.
462:, begun in 1862 but not finished until 1875. The architect was
104:(1871–1901). The architectural style was closely connected with
68:
and glass skylights. It flourished during the reign of Emperor
3485:
2621:
2464:
1573:
1020:
1008:
1000:
476:
175:, and particularly the iron-framed structures of the market of
73:
2666:
2375:, was born in Paris, and flourished especially in the work of
1963:(1834–1917), the son of a banker, studied academic art at the
553:
project realized a longstanding ambition of rationalizing the
2487:
2291:
2077:
Valenciennes defending the arts of peace with the arts of war
1393:
1076:
1051:
993:
jardinière with putti and flower sprays, set in a metal frame
530:
train station (1842–1865), although the façade was perfectly
284:
The interior of one of the giant glass and iron pavilions of
203:
85:
3405:
Paris- Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours
975:
armchair with fringe hiding the legs, from the apartment of
867:
Napoleon III's many projects included the completion of the
2925:
2923:
2921:
2371:
Under Napoleon III, a new, lighter musical genre, the
195:
3110:
3108:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
2961:
Paris Impérial — La vie quotidienne sous le Second Empire,
2860:
2858:
1219:(1861–67), influenced by the French Renaissance style, by
434:
The dominant architectural style of the Second Empire was
235:
Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada
190:, an abundance of color obtained by using colored marble,
2986:
Paris Impérial- la vie quotidienne sous le Second Empire,
2882:
2573:
1919:
to Courbet, but Courbet disdainfully rejected the offer.
826:
Grand Salon of Napoleon III apartments in the Louvre
799:
Western façade of Pavillon de l'Horloge of the Louvre by
3291:
Paris Impérial- La vie quotidienne sous le Second Empire
2974:
Paris Impérial- la vie quotidienne sous le Second Empire
2918:
2538:
During the Second Empire, before the contraction of the
1591:. The Salon granted medals based around the traditional
920:
The salon of the Empress Eugénie at the Tuileries Palace
3161:
3105:
3084:
2855:
740:, the designer of the metal pavilions of the market of
557:, the famed stained glass windows and structure of the
2906:
2625:
in 1875. He died after the thirty-third performance.
1223:; and the new city hall of the 1st arrondissement, by
3386:
Histoire de Paris: Politique, urbanisme, civilisation
1295:
which had not originally been present to the façade.
862:
Dining room of Napoleon III apartments at Louvre
2991:
2894:
2870:
2722:
2710:
2662:
906:
899:
over the central arch, which was removed during the
3260:
751:, constructed from 1852 to 1896, was designed in a
503:in London (1851), Parisian architects began to use
272:, in the style he called simply "Napoleon III"
2588:, in 1851 at the urging of his friend, the singer
4183:
2517:Napoleon III intervened personally to have
1165:The Napoleon III style is inseparable from
1073:and other palaces were decorated in this style.
3176:
3012:The Murals of Eugene Delacroix at Saint-Sulpice
2823:
2821:
2171:, son of a mason, his early studies were under
1142:Mairie of the 19th arrondissement in Paris, by
446:, and the styles dominant during the reigns of
3307:
2425:, then the conductor of the orchestra for the
1697:
1587:, a gigantic exhibit hall built for the Paris
838:Grand Salon of Napoleon III in the Louvre
507:frames and walls of glass in their buildings.
308:, Richelieu site (1854–1875), was designed by
3512:
2959:on 24 April 1863. Cited in Maneglier, Hervé,
2753:
1422:
1231:. Between the two structures, the architect
2818:
1971:painters. In 1868, he began to frequent the
1250:
944:The chair for intimate conversations called
16:1865–1880 French architectural and art style
3348:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
3308:Prina, Francesca; Demartini, Elena (2006).
3197:New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
2850:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
2829:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
2452:, which opened in 1855 with a work called
1818:at the Paris Salon of 1866 under the title
1359:The Temple of Love on Lac Daumesnil in the
1291:, in a slightly different style, and added
959:The "Indiscreet", a chair for three persons
814:Gates of the Louvre by Hector Lefuel (1861)
3519:
3505:
2848:Renault, Christophe and Lazé, Christophe,
2827:Renault, Christophe and Lazé, Christophe,
2542:, Paris had three major opera houses: The
1598:The Paris Salon was directed by the Count
1077:Urbanism – Haussmann's renovation of Paris
871:, which adjoined his own residence in the
80:. Major examples of the style include the
3288:
3213:
3049:
3043:
2758:. Musée du Louvre Éditions. p. 136.
2266:Learn how and when to remove this message
2029:Learn how and when to remove this message
1748:Learn how and when to remove this message
1473:Learn how and when to remove this message
850:Louvre Salon from Napoleon III suite
572:
2831:, (2006), Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. (
2445:and put on his musicals to full houses.
2051:The Seasons turning the celestial Sphere
1814:exhibited a portrait of his future wife
1646:Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl
1254:
422:The style quickly spread and evolved as
208:
115:
30:
18:
4207:French Renaissance Revival architecture
3383:
3345:
3326:
3009:
2912:
2237:not related to the topic of the article
2000:not related to the topic of the article
1719:not related to the topic of the article
1444:not related to the topic of the article
183:in Paris, both also by Victor Baltard.
136:combined architectural elements of the
4184:
3402:
3274:(in French). Paris: Terrail/Édigroup.
3241:
3222:
3014:. Pennsylvania State University Press.
2900:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2852:, (2006), Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot.
2728:
2716:
2574:The new French opera: Gounod and Bizet
2396:Agamemnon, or the Camel with Two Humps
1775:Young Ladies Beside the Seine (Summer)
1384:, the city's first gardener-in-chief;
120:The ceiling of the Grand Salon of the
3500:
3421:
3364:
3310:Petite encyclopédie de l'architecture
3269:
2997:
2988:Éditions Armand Colin, (1990). p. 173
2448:He then opened up a new theater, the
2406:. Hervé opened his own theater, the
1671:Grand Officer of the LĂ©gion d'honneur
1200:, as well as the ornamental fence of
306:Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art
94:Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art
3458:
3194:
3167:
3152:
3099:
2219:
2081:Musée des Beaux-Arts de Valenciennes
1982:
1967:and travelled to Italy to study the
1701:
1669:. Napoleon III named Ingres a
1572:who received important commissions.
1426:
231:Second Empire architecture in Europe
213:Mrs. Benjamin Pomeroy House (1868),
3534:in architecture and decorative arts
3114:Cited in Vila (2007), pages 187-190
2480:
1689:began his career with study at the
1310:
1239:(1862), to link the two buildings.
354:(1860–1871), designed by architect
13:
3293:(in French). Paris: Armand Colin.
3261:Héron de Villefosse, René (1959).
3199:. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan.
1204:and the kiosks and temples of the
1057:Another popular influence was the
1015:wood, and wood painted with black
755:from 1852 to 1896, principally by
111:
14:
4253:
3478:
3244:Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris
3183:"Second Empire style" (2008). In
2754:Bresc-Bautier, Geneviève (2008).
2742:Paris- Panorama de l'architecture
2120:, Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux 1857–60
907:Interior decoration and furniture
726:Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville
588:Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville
454:. The combination was derided by
331:, Paris (1859-1860), designed by
3484:
3442:Dictionnaire Historique de Paris
2799:
2787:
2665:
2632:
2439:first Paris Universal Exposition
2351:
2336:
2320:
2312:la Grande-Duchesse de GĂ©rolstein
2299:
2280:
2224:
2128:
2108:
2087:
2069:
2043:
1987:
1892:
1872:
1849:
1828:
1804:
1783:
1762:
1706:
1556:. His favorite artists included
1529:
1510:
1487:
1431:
1352:
1333:
1317:
1263:to restore the medieval town of
1150:
1135:
1115:
1103:
1083:
983:
964:
952:
937:
925:
913:
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
792:
773:
673:
650:
631:
611:
599:
579:
419:and/or low, square-based domes.
387:
371:
343:
335:and decorated with paintings by
316:
297:
277:
257:
241:
3388:. Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot.
3143:
3130:
3117:
3068:
3030:
3018:
3003:
2978:
2966:
2949:
2936:
2842:
2366:
2099:(The Dance), for façade of the
1344:designed by the city architect
1259:Napoleon III commissioned
1038:The French Renaissance and the
224:
106:Haussmann's renovation of Paris
4242:Victorian architectural styles
3459:Vila, Marie Christine (2007).
3190:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3140:. Yale University Press, 2010.
2931:Les Jardins du Baron Haussmann
2805:
2793:
2781:
2772:
2756:The Louvre, a Tale of a Palace
2747:
2734:
2697:
2686:Paris during the Second Empire
2079:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, 1869,
1934:, at the Paris Salon of 1866.
1681:Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris
1579:During the Second Empire, the
1382:Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps
624:Joseph Auguste Émile Vaudremer
546:, Richelieu site (1854–1875).
54:eclectic style of architecture
1:
3187:. Retrieved 1 June 2008, from
3138:French Opera: A Short History
2390:The works of Hervé included
2246:or discuss this issue on the
2009:or discuss this issue on the
1728:or discuss this issue on the
1589:Exposition Universelle (1855)
1522:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
1453:or discuss this issue on the
1179:tribunal de commerce de Paris
1065:, which was preferred by the
879:project was led by architect
766:
720:by Louis-Auguste Boileau and
682:Cathedral of Clermont-Ferrand
438:, drawing liberally from the
4232:Revival architectural styles
3346:Renault, Christophe (2006).
3216:Histoire des arts décoratifs
3177:General and cited references
2691:
1978:
1945:for his murals in the Paris
1863:reading to CĂ©zanne's friend
1378:Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand
1340:The monumental gates of the
699:Basilica of Sainte-Clothilde
424:Baroque Revival architecture
179:and the reading room of the
7:
4212:French architectural styles
3444:. Le Livre de Poche. 2013.
3052:Bronzes of the 19th Century
2658:
2161:new additions to the Louvre
1698:Birth of a new art movement
1687:Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
1411:on the wall of his office.
590:in the neo-Gothic style by
481:1st arrondissement of Paris
475:. Another example was the
10:
4260:
4192:Second Empire architecture
3329:Les styles en architecture
3225:Caractéristique des Styles
3050:Kjellberg, Pierre (1994).
2705:Caractéristique des styles
2122:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2055:Fontaine de l'Observatoire
1941:. He became known in the
1663:the Apotheosis of Napoleon
1570:William-Adolphe Bouguereau
1423:Painting – the Paris Salon
1188:, designed the polychrome
718:Saint-Eugene-Sainte-Cecile
483:, built in 1855–1861 in a
264:The grand stairway of the
228:
4098:
4082:
4066:
4035:
4019:
4003:
3977:
3946:
3930:
3909:
3893:
3808:
3767:
3696:
3539:
3384:Sarmant, Thierry (2012).
3289:Maneglier, Hervé (1990).
3214:De Morant, Henry (1970).
3010:Spector, Jack J. (1985).
2602:, which premiered at the
2474:Orpheus in the Underworld
2457:, a Chinese-style Musical
1943:Paris in the Belle Époque
1251:Architectural restoration
1229:Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois
1212:, and other Paris parks.
1159:Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois
761:Henri-Jacques Espérandieu
734:Church of Saint Augustine
666:Henri-Jacques Espérandieu
641:(11th arrondissement) by
622:(14th arrondissement) by
620:Saint-Pierre-de-Montrouge
536:Church of Saint Augustine
396:St. Ignatius College Prep
352:Church of Saint Augustine
169:Church of Saint Augustine
98:Church of Saint Augustine
4222:Modern history of France
4166:Richardsonian Romanesque
3768:Germany, Austria-Hungary
3678:Spanish Colonial Revival
2215:
1370:Georges-Eugène Haussmann
1368:Napoleon III named
1171:Georges-Eugène Haussmann
705:in 1841 and finished by
639:Church of Saint-Ambroise
337:Charles-Raphaël Maréchal
304:The reading room of the
4074:Serbo-Byzantine Revival
4036:Russian Empire and USSR
3959:National Romantic style
3885:Black-and-white Revival
3242:Fierro, Alfred (1996).
3223:Ducher, Robert (1988).
3185:Encyclopædia Britannica
3158:Dean (1980), pp. 755–56
2681:Beaux-Arts architecture
2613:wrote his first opera,
2582:wrote his first opera,
2331:on Rue Pelletier (1864)
2175:. Carpeaux entered the
2063:National Museum, Warsaw
1859:produced a portrait of
1636:Le DĂ©jeuner sur l'herbe
1600:Émilien de Nieuwerkerke
1554:Académie des Beaux-Arts
1537:Campagne de France 1814
1225:Jacques Ignace Hittorff
753:Byzantine Revival style
567:Cathedral of Notre-Dame
524:Jacques Ignace Hittorff
489:Jacques Ignace Hittorff
487:style by the architect
479:, or city hall, of the
165:Jacques Ignace Hittorff
50:Napoleon III style
4227:Neoclassical movements
4202:Architecture in France
4156:Polish cathedral style
4121:Dutch Colonial Revival
3841:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3426:(in French). Ullmann.
3403:Texier, Simon (2012).
3327:Hopkins, Owen (2014).
3270:Jover, Manuel (2005).
3036:Article on Degas, the
2616:Les pĂŞcheurs de perles
2497:Les vĂŞpres siciliennes
2208:A young new sculptor,
2153:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux
2059:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux
1821:Woman in a Green Dress
1641:James McNeill Whistler
1268:
1194:Boulevard Saint-Michel
889:Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux
573:Religious architecture
358:, had a revolutionary
221:
219:Southport, Connecticut
181:Bibliothèque nationale
142:Palladian architecture
125:
102:Philadelphia City Hall
42:
28:
4141:Mediterranean Revival
3995:Soft Portuguese style
3938:Traditionalist School
3463:. Paris: Parigramme.
3407:. Paris: Parigramme.
3227:. Paris: Flammarion.
3218:. Librarie Hacahette.
2707:(1988), pages 188-190
2235:may contain material
1998:may contain material
1955:HĂ´tel de Ville, Paris
1842:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
1792:Luncheon on the Grass
1717:may contain material
1659:HĂ´tel de Ville, Paris
1585:Palais de l'Industrie
1442:may contain material
1415:in New York City and
1405:Frederick Law Olmsted
1277:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
1261:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
1258:
1235:constructed a Gothic
1190:Fontaine Saint-Michel
1124:Fontaine Saint-Michel
695:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
686:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
563:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
496:Industrial Revolution
394:The main building of
229:Further information:
212:
119:
100:(1860–1871), and the
34:
22:
4237:Second French Empire
4197:Architectural styles
4106:American Renaissance
4048:Neoclassical Revival
3749:Louis Philippe style
3493:at Wikimedia Commons
3422:Toman, Rolf (2007).
3365:Riley, Noël (2004).
2929:De Moncan, Patrice,
2435:Théâtre des Variétés
2244:improve this section
2179:in 1844 and won the
2177:École des Beaux-Arts
2136:Le Triomphe de Flore
2117:Ugolino and His Sons
2007:improve this section
1965:École des Beaux-Arts
1913:Academy of Fine Arts
1726:improve this section
1691:École des Beaux-Arts
1543:(1864) Musée d'Orsay
1451:improve this section
1217:tribunal de commerce
1069:. Her rooms at the
1063:French neoclassicism
730:Jean-Baptiste Lassus
714:Eglise Saint-Laurent
592:Jean-Baptiste Lassus
413:Second French Empire
407:Second Empire is an
62:Second French Empire
48:, also known as the
4171:Territorial Revival
3754:Second Empire style
3626:Renaissance Revival
3491:Second Empire style
3350:. Paris: Gisserot.
3170:, pp. 176–178.
3149:Curtiss, pp. 140–41
3102:, pp. 170–171.
2891:, pp. 194–195.
2673:Architecture portal
2412:Boulevard du Temple
2408:Folies Concertantes
1899:The Wine Press, by
1593:hierarchy of genres
1304:Cité de Carcassonne
1281:Notre-Dame de Paris
1167:renovation of Paris
1027:) or three people (
897:Antoine-Louis Barye
749:Marseille Cathedral
722:Louis-Adrien Lusson
703:Franz Christian Gau
680:West façade of the
658:Marseille Cathedral
409:architectural style
327:Apartments, in the
215:Bunnell and Lambert
163:railway station by
60:originating in the
46:Second Empire style
3871:Romanesque Revival
3861:Queen Anne Revival
3683:Swiss chalet style
3653:Romanesque Revival
3265:. Bernard Grasset.
3246:. Robert Laffont.
3123:Maneglier, Hervé,
2984:Maneglier, Hervé,
2972:Maneglier, Hervé,
2942:Maneglier, Hervé,
2544:Salle Le Pelletier
2494:. The result was
2307:Hortense Schneider
1939:Puvis de Chavannes
1901:Puvis de Chavannes
1552:cultivated in the
1524:(1862), the Louvre
1495:The Birth of Venus
1269:
1019:. The upholstered
501:The Crystal Palace
400:Great Chicago Fire
362:, but an eclectic
222:
138:French Renaissance
126:
43:
29:
4179:
4178:
4111:Collegiate Gothic
3969:Nordic Classicism
3901:Mycenaean Revival
3876:Scottish Baronial
3826:Edwardian Baroque
3821:Bristol Byzantine
3790:Nazi architecture
3587:French Provincial
3489:Media related to
3470:978-2-84096-419-3
3451:978-2-253-13140-3
3433:978-3-8331-3557-6
3414:978-2-84096-667-8
3395:978-2-7558-0330-3
3376:978-2-08-011327-6
3357:978-2-87747-465-8
3338:978-2-10-070689-1
3263:Histoire de Paris
2867:, pp. 78–79.
2765:978-2-7572-0177-0
2744:, (2012), page 95
2450:Bouffes-Parisiens
2427:Comédie-Française
2419:Jacques Offenbach
2377:Jacques Offenbach
2288:Jacques Offenbach
2276:
2275:
2268:
2140:Pavillon de Flore
2039:
2038:
2031:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1649:. The journalist
1627:Salon des Refusés
1562:Ernest Meissonier
1558:Alexandre Cabanel
1541:Ernest Meissonier
1499:Alexandre Cabanel
1483:
1482:
1475:
1407:had a map of the
1361:Bois de Vincennes
1289:French Revolution
1273:French Revolution
1210:Bois de Vincennes
1198:Place du Châtelet
1092:Avenue de l'Opéra
885:Pavillon de Flore
781:Pavillon de Flore
561:were restored by
444:Renaissance style
429:Alfred B. Mullett
4249:
4161:Queen Anne style
4116:Colonial Revival
4027:Romanian Revival
3947:Nordic countries
3836:Georgian Revival
3831:Egyptian Revival
3739:Directoire style
3714:Louis XIII style
3582:Egyptian Revival
3577:Carpenter Gothic
3521:
3514:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3488:
3474:
3455:
3437:
3418:
3399:
3380:
3361:
3342:
3323:
3312:. Paris: Solar.
3304:
3285:
3266:
3257:
3238:
3219:
3210:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3082:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3047:
3041:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2927:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2825:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2751:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2703:Ducher, Robert,
2701:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2481:Verdi and Wagner
2417:A new composer,
2355:
2340:
2324:
2303:
2284:
2271:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2132:
2112:
2103:(installed 1869)
2091:
2073:
2047:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2014:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1932:Camille Doncieux
1917:Legion of Honour
1896:
1883:and his wife by
1876:
1853:
1832:
1816:Camille Doncieux
1808:
1787:
1766:
1753:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1677:Eugène Delacroix
1616:Camille Pissarro
1606:painters led by
1566:Jean-LĂ©on GĂ©rĂ´me
1533:
1518:The Turkish Bath
1514:
1491:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1417:Golden Gate Park
1409:Bois de Boulogne
1356:
1337:
1326:Bois de Boulogne
1321:
1311:Landscape design
1206:Bois de Boulogne
1154:
1139:
1119:
1107:
1096:Camille Pissarro
1087:
1071:Tuileries Palace
987:
968:
956:
941:
929:
917:
873:Tuileries Palace
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
796:
783:south façade by
777:
677:
654:
635:
615:
603:
583:
544:National Library
518:(1805–1874) and
391:
375:
347:
320:
301:
281:
261:
245:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4146:Mission Revival
4094:
4078:
4062:
4053:Russian Revival
4031:
4015:
3999:
3973:
3964:Gustavian style
3942:
3926:
3917:Stile Umbertino
3905:
3889:
3804:
3763:
3729:Louis XVI style
3719:Louis XIV style
3692:
3611:Moorish Revival
3562:Baroque Revival
3557:Arts and Crafts
3535:
3525:
3481:
3471:
3452:
3440:
3434:
3415:
3396:
3377:
3358:
3339:
3320:
3301:
3282:
3254:
3235:
3207:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3085:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3048:
3044:
3035:
3031:
3025:Le Petit Robert
3023:
3019:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2837:978-2877-474658
2826:
2819:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2752:
2748:
2740:Texier, Simon,
2739:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2635:
2604:Théâtre Lyrique
2598:, derived from
2590:Pauline Viardot
2576:
2548:Théâtre Lyrique
2483:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2329:old Paris Opera
2325:
2316:
2304:
2295:
2285:
2272:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2241:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2147:
2133:
2124:
2113:
2104:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2048:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2004:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1909:Gustave Courbet
1903:
1897:
1888:
1877:
1868:
1854:
1845:
1837:La Grenouillére
1833:
1824:
1809:
1800:
1788:
1779:
1770:Gustave Courbet
1767:
1754:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1608:Gustave Courbet
1544:
1534:
1525:
1515:
1506:
1492:
1479:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1390:Gabriel Davioud
1386:Eugène Belgrand
1364:
1357:
1348:
1346:Gabriel Davioud
1338:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1300:Sainte-Chapelle
1253:
1186:Gabriel Davioud
1161:
1155:
1146:
1144:Gabriel Davioud
1140:
1131:
1128:Gabriel Davioud
1120:
1111:
1108:
1099:
1088:
1079:
1067:Empress Eugénie
1059:Louis XVI style
994:
988:
979:
969:
960:
957:
948:
942:
933:
930:
921:
918:
909:
893:grands guichets
863:
860:
851:
848:
839:
836:
827:
824:
815:
812:
803:
797:
788:
778:
769:
724:(1854–55), and
689:
678:
669:
655:
646:
636:
627:
616:
607:
604:
595:
584:
575:
559:Sainte-Chapelle
540:Henri Labrouste
464:Charles Garnier
403:
392:
383:
376:
367:
364:Neo-Renaissance
348:
339:
321:
312:
310:Henri Labrouste
302:
293:
282:
273:
270:Charles Garnier
262:
253:
246:
237:
227:
134:Charles Garnier
114:
112:Characteristics
90:Charles Garnier
84:(1862–1871) in
66:iron frameworks
58:decorative arts
17:
12:
11:
5:
4257:
4256:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4151:Pueblo Revival
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4011:Zakopane Style
4007:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3724:Louis XV style
3721:
3716:
3711:
3709:Henry IV style
3706:
3704:Henry II style
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3671:North American
3668:
3663:
3657:Second Empire
3655:
3650:
3648:Rococo Revival
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3594:
3592:Gothic Revival
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3480:
3479:External links
3477:
3476:
3475:
3469:
3456:
3450:
3438:
3432:
3419:
3413:
3400:
3394:
3381:
3375:
3369:. Flammarion.
3362:
3356:
3343:
3337:
3324:
3318:
3305:
3299:
3286:
3280:
3267:
3258:
3252:
3239:
3233:
3220:
3211:
3205:
3192:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3151:
3142:
3129:
3125:Paris Impérial
3116:
3104:
3083:
3067:
3060:
3042:
3029:
3017:
3002:
3000:, p. 253.
2990:
2977:
2965:
2948:
2946:, pp 173-174.
2944:Paris Impérial
2935:
2917:
2915:, p. 101.
2905:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2854:
2841:
2817:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2771:
2764:
2746:
2733:
2731:, p. 188.
2721:
2719:, p. 190.
2709:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2660:
2657:
2634:
2631:
2580:Charles Gounod
2575:
2572:
2564:FĂ©licien David
2560:Hector Berlioz
2556:Charles Gounod
2519:Richard Wagner
2482:
2479:
2443:Champs-Élysées
2400:operas bouffes
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2344:Charles Gounod
2342:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2232:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2149:
2148:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2036:
1995:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1879:A portrait of
1878:
1871:
1869:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1714:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1620:Johan Jongkind
1550:academic style
1546:
1545:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1439:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1252:
1249:
1233:Théodore Ballu
1221:Théodore Ballu
1175:urban planning
1163:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1040:Henry II style
996:
995:
991:Rococo Revival
989:
982:
980:
970:
963:
961:
958:
951:
949:
943:
936:
934:
931:
924:
922:
919:
912:
908:
905:
901:Third Republic
877:Nouveau Louvre
865:
864:
861:
854:
852:
849:
842:
840:
837:
830:
828:
825:
818:
816:
813:
806:
804:
798:
791:
789:
779:
772:
768:
765:
738:Victor Baltard
707:Théodore Ballu
691:
690:
679:
672:
670:
656:
649:
647:
643:Théodore Ballu
637:
630:
628:
617:
610:
608:
605:
598:
596:
585:
578:
574:
571:
551:Nouveau Louvre
522:(1792–1854).
516:Victor Baltard
405:
404:
393:
386:
384:
377:
370:
368:
356:Victor Baltard
349:
342:
340:
322:
315:
313:
303:
296:
294:
290:Victor Baltard
283:
276:
274:
268:, designed by
263:
256:
254:
250:Palais Garnier
247:
240:
226:
223:
173:Victor Baltard
146:French Baroque
113:
110:
52:, is a highly
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4255:
4254:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:Federal style
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:United States
4097:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:Neo-Byzantine
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Neo-Manueline
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3881:Tudor Revival
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Neo-Palladian
3854:
3852:
3849:
3845:British India
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:Great Britain
3807:
3801:
3800:Rundbogenstil
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Neoclassicism
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3641:Palazzo style
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:New Classical
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Mayan Revival
3604:
3602:
3598:
3597:Greek Revival
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Neo-Byzantine
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:International
3538:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3319:2-263-04096-X
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3300:2-200-37226-4
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3281:2-87939-287-X
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3253:2-221-07862-4
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3234:2-08-011539-1
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3206:0-333-23111-2
3202:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3169:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3081:
3080:0-88740-629-7
3077:
3071:
3063:
3061:0-88740-629-7
3057:
3053:
3046:
3040:, p. 504-505.
3039:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2958:
2955:Published in
2952:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2914:
2909:
2903:, p. 90.
2902:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2879:, p. 88.
2878:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2811:Zola, Emile,
2808:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2633:Popular music
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2611:Georges Bizet
2608:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2568:Gabriel Fauré
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:Opéra Garnier
2536:
2534:
2533:Prussian Army
2530:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2492:Eugène Scribe
2489:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:Opéra-Comique
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2360:
2359:Georges Bizet
2354:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2259:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2233:This section
2231:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2211:
2210:Auguste Rodin
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:François Rude
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:Opéra Garnier
2154:
2145:
2144:Louvre Palace
2141:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2101:Opéra Garnier
2098:
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2067:
2064:
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2056:
2052:
2046:
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2033:
2030:
2022:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1996:This section
1994:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1973:Café Guerbois
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:Impressionist
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:Édouard Manet
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1826:
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1798:
1797:Édouard Manet
1794:
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1776:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1749:
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1727:
1721:
1720:
1715:This section
1713:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:Paris Commune
1664:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1631:Édouard Manet
1628:
1623:
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1617:
1613:
1612:Édouard Manet
1609:
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1503:Musée d'Orsay
1500:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1440:This section
1438:
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923:
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910:
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902:
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894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Hector Lefuel
878:
874:
870:
869:Louvre Palace
858:
853:
846:
841:
834:
829:
822:
817:
810:
805:
802:
801:Hector Lefuel
795:
790:
786:
785:Hector Lefuel
782:
776:
771:
770:
764:
762:
758:
757:LĂ©on Vaudoyer
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
736:(1860–71) by
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
687:
683:
676:
671:
667:
663:
662:LĂ©on Vaudoyer
659:
653:
648:
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634:
629:
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621:
614:
609:
602:
597:
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589:
582:
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568:
564:
560:
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555:Louvre Palace
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
497:
492:
491:(1792–1867).
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
465:
461:
460:Opéra Garnier
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
425:
420:
418:
417:mansard roofs
414:
410:
401:
397:
390:
385:
381:
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369:
365:
361:
357:
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346:
341:
338:
334:
333:Hector Lefuel
330:
329:Louvre Palace
326:
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314:
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307:
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157:
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154:Hector Lefuel
151:
150:Louvre Palace
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:Opéra Garnier
123:
122:Opéra Garnier
118:
109:
107:
103:
99:
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91:
87:
83:
82:Opéra Garnier
79:
78:North America
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
37:
33:
26:
25:Opéra Garnier
21:
4217:House styles
4136:Jeffersonian
3954:Dragon style
3795:Resort style
3759:Belle Époque
3753:
3744:Empire style
3660:
3631:Châteauesque
3616:Neoclassical
3460:
3441:
3423:
3404:
3385:
3366:
3347:
3328:
3309:
3290:
3271:
3262:
3243:
3224:
3215:
3196:
3184:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3070:
3051:
3045:
3038:Petit Robert
3037:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3011:
3005:
2993:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2943:
2938:
2933:, pp. 21–29.
2930:
2913:Renault 2006
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2849:
2844:
2828:
2812:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2774:
2755:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2652:café-concert
2651:
2643:café-concert
2642:
2639:café-concert
2638:
2636:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2609:
2593:
2583:
2577:
2552:Les Italiens
2537:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2484:
2472:
2453:
2447:
2430:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2370:
2367:The operetta
2361:(about 1860)
2310:
2262:
2256:October 2019
2253:
2242:Please help
2234:
2207:
2200:
2185:Michelangelo
2181:Prix de Rome
2165:Valenciennes
2156:
2150:
2135:
2115:
2094:
2076:
2050:
2025:
2019:October 2019
2016:
2005:Please help
1997:
1959:
1936:
1928:Claude Monet
1921:
1906:
1857:Paul CĂ©zanne
1835:
1819:
1812:Claude Monet
1790:
1773:
1744:
1738:October 2019
1735:
1724:Please help
1716:
1685:
1675:
1662:
1656:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1597:
1578:
1547:
1536:
1517:
1494:
1469:
1463:October 2019
1460:
1449:Please help
1441:
1413:Central Park
1402:
1398:
1367:
1342:Parc Monceau
1297:
1270:
1241:
1214:
1202:Parc Monceau
1183:
1164:
1056:
1037:
1032:
1029:Le indiscret
1028:
1025:Le confident
1024:
1005:papier-mâché
997:
972:
946:le confident
945:
892:
866:
746:
711:
692:
548:
532:neoclassical
528:Gare du Nord
520:FĂ©lix Callet
509:
493:
440:Gothic style
433:
421:
406:
380:Gare du Nord
325:Napoleon III
288:designed by
225:Architecture
185:
161:Gare du Nord
158:
127:
70:Napoleon III
49:
45:
44:
36:Philadelphia
4090:Neo-Mudéjar
3990:Neo-Mudéjar
3931:Netherlands
3780:GrĂĽnderzeit
3775:Biedermeier
3552:Art Nouveau
3528:Historicism
3136:Giroud, V.
2957:Le Moniteur
2901:Texier 2012
2889:Ducher 1988
2877:Texier 2012
2865:Texier 2012
2800:Copplestone
2788:Copplestone
2729:Ducher 1988
2717:Ducher 1988
2529:Jockey Club
1969:Renaissance
1961:Edgar Degas
1885:Edgar Degas
1861:Paul Alexis
1581:Paris Salon
1265:Carcassonne
1245:iron frames
1094:painted by
977:Victor Hugo
891:. Lefuel's
701:, begun by
436:eclecticism
292:(1853–1870)
266:Paris Opera
124:(1862–1875)
41:(1871–1901)
27:(1862–1875)
4186:Categories
4131:Greco Deco
3851:Jacobethan
3785:Jugendstil
3688:Vernacular
3636:Italianate
3567:Beaux-Arts
3532:Revivalism
3127:, p. 188.
2998:Jover 2005
2524:Tannhäuser
2511:Don Carlos
2455:Ba-ta-clan
2433:, for the
2381:vaudeville
2193:Verrocchio
1867:in 1869–70
1865:Émile Zola
1651:Émile Zola
1237:bell tower
1044:cartouches
1013:polychrome
767:The Louvre
742:Les Halles
618:Church of
586:Church of
565:, and the
512:Les Halles
485:neo-Gothic
456:Émile Zola
360:iron frame
286:Les Halles
188:polychromy
177:Les Halles
4058:Stalinist
3816:Adamesque
3331:. Dunod.
3168:Vila 2007
3100:Vila 2007
2802:, p. 311.
2790:, p. 310.
2692:Citations
2648:pantomime
2506:Meyerbeer
2469:Pergolesi
2404:operettas
2248:talk page
2189:Donatello
2011:talk page
1979:Sculpture
1922:The term
1887:(1868–69)
1730:talk page
1455:talk page
1374:Hyde Park
1293:gargoyles
1130:(1856–61)
1048:mascarons
787:(1864–68)
709:in 1857.
688:(1866–84)
668:(1852–96)
645:(1863–68)
626:(1863–70)
594:(1854–59)
505:cast iron
452:Louis XVI
192:malachite
39:City Hall
3978:Portugal
3666:European
3601:Neo-Grec
3547:Art Deco
2659:See also
2402:, then
2373:operetta
2202:La Danse
2159:and the
2096:La Danse
2061:, 1868,
2053:for the
1953:and the
1951:Sorbonne
1947:Panthéon
1267:in 1853.
448:Louis XV
366:exterior
252:in Paris
200:porphyry
4020:Romania
3866:Regency
2461:Rossini
2410:on the
2294:(1860s)
2197:baroque
2146:, Paris
1604:Realist
1394:follies
1098:(1898).
1033:crapaud
1031:). The
1017:lacquer
973:crapaud
468:Eugénie
402:of 1871
4067:Serbia
4004:Poland
3894:Greece
3697:France
3661:French
3467:
3448:
3430:
3411:
3392:
3373:
3354:
3335:
3316:
3297:
3278:
3272:Ingres
3250:
3231:
3203:
3078:
3058:
3027:(1988)
2963:p. 173
2835:
2762:
2627:Carmen
2622:Carmen
2600:Goethe
2566:, and
2550:; and
2467:, and
2465:Mozart
2431:Pepito
2346:(1859)
2315:(1867)
1949:, the
1618:, and
1574:Ingres
1568:, and
1363:(1865)
1285:flèche
1169:under
1021:pouffe
1009:rattan
1007:, and
1001:bamboo
875:. The
477:Mairie
167:, the
144:, and
96:, the
92:, the
74:Europe
4083:Spain
3922:Milan
3910:Italy
2595:Faust
2585:Sapho
2488:Verdi
2385:Hervé
2292:Nadar
2216:Music
1661:with
1497:, by
1061:, or
1052:ebony
473:boxes
204:ebony
86:Paris
3530:and
3465:ISBN
3446:ISBN
3428:ISBN
3409:ISBN
3390:ISBN
3371:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3333:ISBN
3314:ISBN
3295:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3229:ISBN
3201:ISBN
3076:ISBN
3056:ISBN
2833:ISBN
2813:Nana
2760:ISBN
2394:and
2327:The
2191:and
2169:Nord
1639:and
1324:The
1122:The
1090:The
759:and
664:and
494:The
450:and
378:The
350:The
248:The
233:and
196:onyx
76:and
56:and
23:The
2641:or
2309:as
2290:by
2057:by
1840:by
1795:by
1772:'s
1643:'s
1633:'s
1539:by
1520:by
1126:by
728:by
684:by
660:by
171:by
152:by
132:by
88:by
4188::
3883:/
3599:/
3107:^
3086:^
2920:^
2857:^
2820:^
2570:.
2562:,
2558:,
2463:,
2387:.
2187:,
2167:,
2142:,
1957:.
1614:,
1564:,
1560:,
1208:,
1054:.
1046:,
1003:,
971:A
903:.
763:.
442:,
217:,
198:,
194:,
140:,
3520:e
3513:t
3506:v
3473:.
3454:.
3436:.
3417:.
3398:.
3379:.
3360:.
3341:.
3322:.
3303:.
3284:.
3256:.
3237:.
3209:.
3064:.
2839:)
2815:.
2768:.
2269:)
2263:(
2258:)
2254:(
2250:.
2240:.
2032:)
2026:(
2021:)
2017:(
2013:.
2003:.
1751:)
1745:(
1740:)
1736:(
1732:.
1722:.
1505:.
1476:)
1470:(
1465:)
1461:(
1457:.
1447:.
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