Samanid Empire - Knowledge

2263: 654: 1895: 2279: 50: 1774: 1921: 6391: 2243: 2299: 1032: 903: 2908: 1351: 827: 1497: 8655: 8665: 1610: 4137: 1522:, nominal vassal of the Samanids, conquered Ghazna in 962 from the Lawik dynasty. The fifth of these commanders was Sebüktigin, who governed Ḡazna for twenty years till 387 AH/997 CE with the title (as it appears from his tomb inscription) of al-ḥājeb al-ajall (most noble commander). He would later be the founder of an independent dynasty based in Ghazna, following the decline of the Samanid Empire in the 990s. 1670: 2039:, born in the village of Jakhudanak near Balkh. Not much is known about his life, but he is mentioned as being one of the best poets in the court of Nasr II, and one of the best scholars of the age. He was also a student of Rudaki, and had close relations with him. He died in 936, a few years before Rudaki's death. His death saddened Rudaki, who afterwards wrote an emotional 2262: 857:. Consequently, he had a wall constructed around the city to protect it from their attacks. He died in 841/2—his two brothers Yahya and Ahmad, were then appointed as the joint rulers of the city by the Tahirid governor of Khorasan. After Yahya died in 855, Ahmad took control over Châch, thus becoming the ruler of most of 1338:

was slowly re-establishing Zaydi over Tabaristan. In 913, Ahmad sent an army under Muhammad ibn Sa'luk to deal with him. Although the Samanid army was much larger, Hasan managed to emerge victorious. Ahmad, before he could plan another expedition to Tabaristan, was the following year murdered by some

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Meanwhile, the Tahirids' authority had significantly weakened after suffering several defeats to Saffarid ruler Ya'qub al-Saffar. Hence, causing the Tahirids to lose their grip over the Samanids, who became more or less independent. Nasr I, used this opportunity to strengthen his authority by sending

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Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and

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When Abu Ali Chaghani received the news of the re-capture of Bukhara, he once again marched towards it, but was defeated by an army sent by Nuh and withdrew back to Chaghaniyan. After some time, he left the region and tried to obtain support from other Samanid vassals. Meanwhile, Nuh had Chaghaniyan

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and others, became the major cultural centres under the state. Scholars, poets, artists and other men of education from many Muslim countries assembled in the Samanid capital of Bukhara, where a rich soil was created for the prosper of creative thought, thus making it one of the most distinguished

1752:. The main responsibility of both governors and local rulers was to collect taxes and support the Samanid ruler with troops if needed. The most important province in the Samanid Empire was Khorasan, which was initially given to a relative of the Samanid ruler or a local Iranian prince (such as the 1370:

took care over most of the state affairs. Jaihani was not only an experienced administrator, but also a prominent geographer and greatly educated man. Almost right after Nasr II had ascended the throne, several revolts erupted, the most dangerous one being under his paternal grand-uncle, Ishaq ibn

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Ismail is known in history as a competent general and a strong ruler; many stories about him are written in Arabic and Persian sources. Furthermore, because of his campaigns in the north, his empire was so safe from enemy incursions that the defences of Bukhara and Samarkand went unused. However,

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family. It was during his youth that there was a period of growth under the Samanids. The rapid growth of interest in ancient Iranian history made him continue the work of Daqiqi, completing the Shahnameh in 994, only a few years before the fall of the Samanid Empire. He later completed a second

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in significant numbers. The arabization of the Samanids was clearly minimal compared to the almost entirely arabized Tahirids. Despite Arabic literature and science flourishing in the Samanid Empire, its distance from Baghdad allowed the Samanids to be a crucial element in the renaissance of New

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speakers remaining among the now Persian-speaking Tajik population of Central Asia. This was due to the fact that the Arab-Islamic army which invaded Central Asia at the time also included some Persians who later governed the region like the Samanids. Persian was rooted into Central Asia by the

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valley. They defeated the Karakhanids in several battles, even when Nasr Khan was involved. For various reasons, however, Isma'il came to feel that he could not rely on the Oghuz to restore him, so he went back to Khorasan. He tried to gain Mahmud's support for a campaign to restore the Samanid

1442:, however, learned of the conspiracy. He went to a banquet designed to organize the plot and had the head of their leader cut off. To appease the other officers, he promised to stop the Isma'ili missionaries from continuing their activities. He then convinced his father to abdicate, who died of 2175:

In the 9th and 10th centuries, intellectual life in Transoxiana and Khorasan reached a high level. In the words of N.N. Negmatov, "It was inevitable that the local Samanid dynasty, seeking support among its literate classes, should cultivate and promote local cultural traditions, literacy and

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was the youngest son of Nuh II—he was imprisoned by the Karakhanids after their conquest of Bukhara in 999. Some time later, Isma'il managed to escape to Khwarazm, where he gained support. Driving the Karakhanids out of Bukhara, he then moved on to and captured Samarkand. The approach of the

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and several cities in Khorasan. Ishaq was eventually defeated and captured, while Abu Salih Mansur died of natural causes in 915. Some time later Nasr II once again had to deal with rebels; in 919, the governor of Khorasan, Husayn ibn Ali Marvarrudhi, rebelled against Samanid authority. Nasr

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After not so long, disagreement over where to distribute tax money caused a conflict between the brothers. Ismail was eventually victorious in the dynastic struggle and took control of the Samanid state. However, Nasr had been the one who had been invested with Transoxiana, and the Abbasid

2004:). He was shortly invited to the Samanid court, where he stayed almost the rest of his life. Fewer than 2,000 lines of his poetry have survived, but are enough to prove his great poetic skills—he perfected every basic verse form of medieval Persian poetry: mathnawi, 1629:

state, but failed. Some time afterwards, he returned to the Zarafshan valley, where he gained the support of the Oghuz and others. A Karakhanid army was defeated in May 1004, but subsequently the Oghuz deserted Isma'il during another battle, and his army fell apart.

1415:, seized Tabaristan and Gurgan, and even took possession of Nishapur in western Khorasan. He was, however, forced to withdraw back to Tabaristan one year later, due to the threat that Samanids posed. Makan then returned to Tabaristan, where he was defeated by the 1640:. Their chief, however, killed Isma'il in 1005. His death marked the defeat of the last attempt to restore the Samanid state. Descendants of the Samanid family continued to live in Transoxiana where they were well regarded, but their power was relatively broken. 1577:, the Samanid capital. Harun died shortly afterwards, however, and the Samanids returned to Bukhara. In 999, Nasr b. Ali, a nephew of Harun, returned and took possession of Bukhara, meeting little resistance. The Samanid domains were split up between the 988:. The invasion was successful; Muhammad ibn Zayd was killed and Tabaristan was conquered by the Samanids. However, Muhammad ibn Harun shortly revolted, forcing Ismail himself to invade the region the following year. Muhammad ibn Harun thereafter fled to 930:, but was defeated and taken into captivity. Ismail thereafter sent him to Baghdad, where he was executed. Ismail was thereafter recognized as the ruler of all of Khorasan and Transoxiana by the caliph. Furthermore, he also received the investiture over 1844:

population had previously been suppressed by the Abbasid Caliphate, according to Al-Masudi, the Samanid empire still had fire-temples that were still being venerated by the present Zoroastrian population. Despite the fact that the Samanids professed

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Karakhanid army, however, forced Isma'il to give up all of his possessions, following which he travelled to Khorasan, where he captured Nishapur. Mahmud's army, however, made its way to the region, and Isma'il decided it necessary to flee again.

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By 945, the Turkic military slave faction (who were formerly recruited by the Samanid rulers in positions of governance) were fully in charge of the government. By this time, the Samanid family only held nominal power; similar to how the

2360:. He was an intelligent, just, compassionate person, one possessing reason and prescience...he conducted affairs with justice and good ethics. Whoever tyrannized people he would punish...In affairs of state he was always impartial. 2278: 1652:, or "Persian renaissance". This period has been described as having a key importance in the formation of the Islamic civilization, both politically and culturally. In political terms, it saw an effective break up of the 2298: 2242: 893:

continued to recognize him as the rightful ruler. Because of this, Ismail continued to recognize his brother as well, but Nasr was completely powerless, a situation that would continue until his death in August 892.

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was defeated at the battle of Balkh by the Samanids, which reduced the Saffarid dynasty to a minor tributary in Sistan. It was during this period that the Samanids were at their height of power, ruling as far as

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and feature either calligraphic inscriptions of Arabic proverbs, or colorful figural decorations. The Arabic proverbs often speak to the values of "Adab" culture—hospitality, generosity, and modesty.

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Fleeing to Khorasan yet again, Isma'il attempted to reenter Transoxiana in the end of 1004. The Karakhanids stopped this and Isma'il was nearly killed. Following this, he sought the hospitality of an

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Pancaroglu, Oya. "Serving wisdom: The contents of Samanid epigraphic pottery." Studies in Islamic and Later Indian Art from the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University Art Museum (2002): 58-68.

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to suppress the rebellion, which the latter managed to accomplish. After a few weeks, however, Ahmad shortly rebelled himself at Nishapur, made incursions into Gorgan, and then fortified himself in

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Following Nasr's death, Ismail moved the capital of the Samanid dynasty from Samarkand to Bukhara. A few months later the Saffarid emir, Ya'qub al-Saffar, also died and was succeeded by his brother

1981:("The Unique Pearl"). The fourth section of the anthology included a detailed account of the poets that lived under the Samanids. It also states that the poets of Khwarazm mostly wrote in Arabic. 7157: 2378:

was extremely just, and his good qualities were many. He had pure faith in God (to Him be power and glory) and he was generous to the poor – to name only one of his notable virtues.

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this later had consequences; at the end of the dynasty, the walls—earlier strong, but now falling apart—were greatly missed by the Samanids, who were constantly under attack by the

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and the rise of several successor states such as the Samanids and Buyids while in cultural terms, it witnessed the rise of new Persian as an administrative and literary language.

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Gangler, A., Gaube, H., Petruccioli, A. (2004). Bukhara, the Eastern Dome of Islam: Urban Development, Urban Space, Architecture and Population. Tyskland: Ed. Axel Menges. p. 39

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Like in the Abbasid Caliphate, Turkic slaves could rise to high office in the Samanid state, which would sometimes give them enough power to nearly make the ruler their puppet.

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version of the Shahnameh in 1010, which he presented to the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud. However, his work was not as appreciated by the Ghaznavids as it had been by the Samanids.

2058:, and was later invited to the Samanid court. Under the Samanids, a special interest arose in ancient Iranian legends and heroic traditions, thus inspiring Daqiqi to write the 661:

of Bal'ami (d. 992–997 CE) depicting al-Saffah (r. 750–754) as he receives pledges of allegiance in Kufa. This is the earliest known extant prose book in the Persian language.

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authority. However, by 945, the government was under the de facto control of the Turkic military slave faction, and the Samanid family's authority had become purely symbolic.

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making the Oxus the boundary between the two empires , for the shrunken Samanid amirate came to an inglorious end when the Ilig occupied Bukhara definitively in 999

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in the governor's honour. In 819, the governor of Greater Khorasan, Ghassan ibn Abbad, rewarded the four sons of Asad ibn Saman for their aid against the rebel

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appeared in Transoxiana and was formally recognized. The advancement of an Islamic New Persian literature thus started in Transoxiana and Khorasan instead of

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based on the history of the Iranians. However, by his death in 977, he had only managed to complete a small part of it, which was about the conflict between

2232:, Iran, in the mid-twentieth century, Samanid pottery is well-represented in Islamic art collections around the world. These ceramics are largely made from 1722:

The system of the Samanid state was modelled after the Abbasid system, which in turn was modelled after the Sasanian system. The ruler of the state was the

1485:, which resulted in a Samanid victory. Fortunately for Abu Ali Chaghani, he managed to secure the support of other Samanid vassals, such as the rulers of 2150:

in originally Khwarazmian and Sogdian areas during Samanid rule. The Persian language spread and led to the extinction of Eastern Iranian languages like

8316: 7169: 2138:. In the words of Negmatov, "they were the basis for the emergence and gradual consolidation of what became an Eastern Persian-Tajik ethnic identity." 1493:, but in the end made peace with Nuh, who allowed him to keep Chaghaniyan in return for sending his son Abu'l Muzaffar Abdallah as hostage to Bukhara. 1384:

to avoid a Samanid counter-attack. Nevertheless, the Samanid general Hamuya ibn Ali managed to lure Ahmad out of Merv, and defeated him in a battle at

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Donner, Fred M. (1999). "Muhammad and the Caliphate: Political history of the Islamic Empire up to the Mongol Conquest". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).

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is named after Ismail Samani. The mountain was formerly known as "Stalin Peak" and "Communism Peak" but in 1998 the name was officially changed to

1477:. Ibrahim, however, was unpopular with the people of Bukhara, and Nuh soon retaliated by retaking the city and blinding Ibrahim and two brothers. 7836: 7827: 7571: 7083: 7068: 6390: 4864:

Gardīzī, ed. Ḥabībī, pp. 161–62; Jūzjānī, Ṭabaqāt, I, pp. 226–27; Neẓām-al-Molk, pp. 142–58; Šabānkāraʾī, pp. 29–34; Bosworth, 1965, pp. 16–21

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During the 9th and 10th centuries, there was a large amount of growth in literature, mostly in poetry. It was during the Samanid period that

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la ilaha illa allah wahdahu la sharik lahu muhammad rasul allah al-muti' lillah al-malik al-muzaffar mansur bin nuh "There is no god but

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Before Ismail Samani's major victory against the Saffarids, he had made various expeditions in Transoxiana; in 892, he put an end to the

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Right when Nuh I ascended the throne, a revolt erupted in Khwarazm, which he managed to suppress. Later in 945, he had to deal with the

1343:, which made him unpopular among his subjects, and forced him to change it back to Persian. After Ahmad's death, his eight-year-old son 1031: 7505: 7021: 1367: 1339:

of his slaves in a tent near Bukhara. During his reign, Ahmad is also said to have replaced the language of the court from Persian to

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The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650–1041: The Persian Text of Abu Sa'id 'Abd Al-Hayy Gardizi

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Persian language and culture. This Persianate culture variant was the first to use a language besides Arabic in Islamic culture.

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The Emperor and the World: Exotic Elements and the Imaging of Middle Byzantine Imperial Power, Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries C.E

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The acknowledged founder of Persian classical poetry, and a man of great perception, was Rudaki, who was born in the village of

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The Samanids promoted the arts, giving rise to the advancement of science and literature, and thus attracted scholars such as

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An Ismaili Heresiography: The "Bab Al-Shaytan" from Abu Tammam's Kitab Al ... By Wilferd Madelung, Paul Ernest Walker, pg. 5

1996:. Rudaki was already becoming popular during his early years, due to his poems, his voice, and his great skill in using the 1423:, who managed to conquer the region. In 935, Nasr II re-established Samanid control in Gurgan and made Mardavij's successor 7189: 7179: 5216:

Arabs and Iranians in the Islamic Conquest Narrative: Memory and Identity Construction in Islamic Historiography, 750-1050

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Not long after his accession, Ahmad invaded Sistan; by 911, Sistan was under complete Samanid control, and Ahmad's cousin

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received Farghana and Samarkand, while his other son Ya'qub received Châch (areas around modern Tashkent/Chachkent).

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Bowl with Arabic inscription "Planning before work protects you from regret; prosperity and peace", 10th century CE,

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Agriculture and trading were the economic bases of the Samanid State. The Samanids heavily engaged in trade with

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In 1003 Isma'il came back to Transoxiana, where he requested and received assistance from the Oghuz Turks of the

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ravaged and its capital sacked. Another battle shortly ensued between Abu 'Ali Chaghani and a Samanid army in

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continued to enjoy a high status and was still popular among the members of the Samanid family. For example,

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platter", Iran, Samanid dynasty. 9th-10th century. Islamic Art Museum (Museum für Islamische Kunst), Berlin.

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by seizing all of its lands. During the same period, he put an end to the Bukhar Khudas in Bukhara. In 893,

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school of thought. The mass conversion of the Turks to Islam eventually led to a growing influence of the

8945: 8687: 8276: 8270: 8221: 8032: 7862: 7741: 7366: 5958: 4983: 4130: 4118: 2957: 1546:, continued to rule as Samanid "governors". With the weakened Samanids facing rising challenges from the 5933:

Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran

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The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism, eds. M. Stausberg & Y. S.-D. Vevaina, 2015, pp. 112

4650:, Vol. VIII, Ed. C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs and G. Lecomte, (E.J. Brill, 1995), 1026. 969:. The same year, he conducted a campaign to gather slaves, taking ten to fifteen thousand captives. The 8940: 8491: 7952: 7817: 7285: 7063: 6961: 6235: 5820: 5657: 5612:"The Heritage of Rulership in Early Islamic Iran and the Search for Dynastic Connections with the Past" 4984:"Abu'l Qasim and the Samanid King Al-Muntasir about to engage in battle over territory in Central Asia" 4088: 4049: 2466: 1738:, and the Samanid bureaucracy used Arabic in its diplomatic discourses. The economy was managed by the 710: 1849:, however, they were much more tolerant towards its Zoroastrian population than the previous empires. 1530:

The power of the Samanids began to crumble in the latter half of the 10th century. In 962, one of the

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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the end of the 15th-century

4725: 4030: 3934: 3193: 1166: 946: 792:, subsequently appointed him as the commander of his army, and sent him on an expedition against the 339: 5984:

Schindel, Nikolaus (2017). "POLAND: The Sāmānid Hoard of Pepineg (?)/ Przemysl from the Year 1849".

5703: 1756:), but was later given to one of his most trusted slaves. The governor of Khorasan was normally the 8915: 8306: 8096: 7976: 7927: 7899: 7762: 7300: 7214: 6943: 4721: 4151: 4113: 4108: 4098: 2887: 1570: 1112: 821: 353: 5510:

The Book of Government, Or, Rules for Kings: The Siyar Al-Muluk, Or, Siyasat-nama of Nizam Al-Mulk

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and other early Iranian peoples. All these groups were of Iranian ethnicity and spoke dialects of

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Ahmad, who seized Samarkand and began minting coins there, while his son Abu Salih Mansur seized

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Davidovich, E. A. (1998), "Chapter 6 The Karakhanids", in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.),

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Pourshariati refers to the Mihrans as Parthian, while Frye refers to Bahram Chobin as Sasanian.

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Shiism. Islamic architecture and Islamo-Persian culture was spread deep into the heartlands of

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for sciences as well as religious studies. They considered themselves to be descendants of the

125: 5806: 5730: 5120:, Vol.VII, Ed. C. E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs and C. Pellat, (Brill, 1993), 18. 636:. In a famous edict, Samanid authorities declared that "here, in this region, the language is 8679: 7915: 7867: 7842: 7562: 7310: 7088: 7006: 6623: 6580: 5881: 5751: 5508: 5481: 5303: 4949: 3374: 3294: 3232: 1427:

his vassal. However, in 939 he declared independence, but was defeated the following year at

1400: 562:—founded the Samanid state. Each of them ruled territories under Abbasid suzerainty. In 892, 5330: 4301: 3004: 2220:("Storehouse of Wisdom") was put together in Bukhara, known for its various types of books. 8874: 8466: 8368: 8261: 8201: 8176: 8155: 8135: 8108: 7910: 7852: 7747: 7510: 7475: 7239: 6421: 4103: 2642: 2591: 2155: 1974: 1454: 973:

was the main trade income of the Samanid Empire, forming the base of economy of the state.

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system used by the Samanids. It was also under him that the Samanids became independent of

566:(892–907) united the Samanid state under one ruler, thus effectively putting an end to the 5000:

Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation

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Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids".

3836: 3706: 3135: 2931: 2851: 2794: 1939: 1931: 1905: 1871:, a Hanafi work, which was being used to contest Ismailism, was translated into Persian. 1617: 1562: 1462: 1177: 1037: 970: 140: 1604: 8710: 8570: 8532: 8477: 8472: 8377: 8292: 7932: 7792: 7752: 7592: 7587: 7485: 7470: 7229: 7031: 6852: 6821: 6714: 6471: 5993: 5868: 5631: 5598: 5405: 4398: 4179: 4039: 3826: 3446: 2917: 2403: 2342: 2095: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1947: 1649: 1461:. Abu 'Ali Chaghani then rebelled, and was joined by several prominent figures such as 1458: 1428: 1388:; he was captured and imprisoned in Bukhara, where he remained until his death in 920. 962: 942:. It was also during this period that the Afrighid dynasty was forced into submission. 789: 771: 582: 578: 514: 4252:"Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (September 3, 2012);" 1554:, Sebük later took control of all the provinces south of the Oxus and established the 8884: 8879: 8801: 8664: 8580: 8497: 8403: 8393: 8302: 8211: 8196: 8191: 8160: 8150: 8140: 8130: 8117: 7972: 7676: 7490: 7428: 7403: 7383: 7333: 7253: 7101: 6730: 6722: 6647: 6599: 6307: 6150: 6085: 5908: 5887: 5824: 5783: 5775: 5757: 5736: 5715: 5688: 5661: 5567: 5514: 5487: 5460: 5397: 5336: 5309: 5219: 5097: 5060: 5004: 4955: 4929: 4905: 4665: 4421: 4352: 4307: 4231: 3866: 3766: 3756: 3466: 3456: 3414: 3314: 3258: 2718: 2574: 2163: 2151: 1935: 1913: 1909: 1513: 1466: 1219: 1197: 1188: 1130: 977: 907: 781: 722: 585:

culture and identity that brought Iranian speech and traditions into the fold of the

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Marietta Stepaniants, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Apr., 2002), pp. 166

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rulers. The administrative, political and economic affairs were administered by the

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However, the most prominent poet of that age was Ferdowsi, born in Tus in 940 to a

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The Modern Uzbeks: from the fourteenth century to the present: a cultural history

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Lost Enlightenment Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane

4662:

Lost Enlightenment Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane

1954:, the homeland of the Persians. The best known poets of the Samanid period were 1856:

came to profess Islam and later under the Ghaznavids more than 55,000 under the

1465:, whom he appointed as his commander-in-chief. In 947, he installed Nuh's uncle 8760: 8427: 7947: 7772: 7260: 7224: 6887: 6805: 6564: 6077: 6069: 6061: 5922:

Negmatov, N.N. (1998). "The Samanids". In Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.).

5774:(The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 3886: 3566: 3486: 3122: 3033: 2559: 2540: 2525: 2510: 2477: 2131: 2115: 1853: 1841: 1412: 1377: 1068: 750: 742: 734: 718: 674: 559: 555: 551: 325: 168: 129: 5816:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs

5653:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs

1543: 8899: 8864: 8843: 8745: 8658: 8562: 8547: 8517: 8462: 8342: 8297: 8246: 8216: 6919: 6813: 6778: 6500: 6118: 5533: 5401: 4356: 3965: 3954: 3696: 3616: 3576: 3023: 2983: 2365: 2349: 2249: 2036: 1951: 1879: 1691: 1396: 1290: 1241: 950: 911: 870: 694: 563: 450: 97: 4394: 4378: 1777:

Great decorated panel from a Samanid residential complex, 9th-10th century,

8822: 8791: 8590: 8575: 8527: 8436: 7981: 7847: 7270: 7219: 6927: 6911: 6895: 6837: 6126: 6053: 4083: 4012: 3975: 3943: 3906: 3876: 3796: 3636: 3202: 2661: 2495: 2399: 1821: 1443: 1385: 1299: 1270: 1230: 1017: 954: 812:, only to be captured by Ya'qub al-Saffar and sent to Sistan as a hostage. 726: 586: 547: 540: 5332:

The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic

4799:

Texts, documents, and artefacts:Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards

4379:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 4303:

The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic

1496: 922:, who saw himself as the heir of the Saffarids. In the spring of 900, Amr 826: 8668: 8632: 8383: 8068: 7991: 7822: 6291: 6278: 4141: 3786: 3746: 3506: 3384: 2454: 2436: 2370: 2256:, 10th century. Islamic Art Museum (Museum für Islamische Kunst), Berlin. 2233: 2135: 2107: 2055: 1883: 1846: 1832:

in the 9th century, populations under the Samanid empire began accepting

1806: 1710: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1551: 1482: 1474: 1435: 1208: 1010: 976:

In 900, Ismail sent an army under Muhammad ibn Harun al-Sarakhsi against

858: 850: 835: 775: 702: 698: 686: 678: 666: 532: 517: 422: 394: 194: 117: 5997: 5190:

The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith

8859: 8838: 8786: 8022: 7413: 6935: 6903: 6829: 6797: 6607: 6369: 6270: 5635: 5602: 5409: 4402: 4002: 3916: 3736: 3716: 3686: 3646: 3606: 3438: 3404: 3324: 3278: 2923: 2387: 2216:

cultural centres of the Eastern world. An outstanding library known as

1993: 1926: 1900: 1861: 1798: 1598: 1578: 1555: 1547: 931: 877:, which was in an unstable condition after suffering from raids by the 658: 408: 311: 121: 5872: 8817: 7148:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

6868: 6845: 6639: 6572: 6540: 6380: 6354: 6190: 5714:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 764–766. 5687:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 643–644. 4966:

An agreement was reached at this point with the Karakhanid Ilig Nasr

3846: 3816: 3806: 3516: 3354: 3212: 2813: 2634: 2395: 2204: 2184: 2099: 2091: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2013: 1825: 1782: 1753: 1625: 1609: 1605:

Isma'il Muntasir's attempt to resurrect the Samanid state (1000–1005)

1535: 1519: 1450: 1404: 1392: 1250: 1157: 1079: 935: 878: 730: 625: 436: 70: 5627: 5594: 5393: 4339:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

2146:

Ferghana, Samarkand, and Bukhara were starting to be linguistically

1648:

Along with several other states, the Samanid Empire was part of the

8796: 8058: 7398: 7280: 6532: 6341: 6166: 5864: 5555:

The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana

4227: 3666: 3656: 3222: 3109: 2756: 2391: 2357: 2322: 2285: 2229: 2196: 2111: 1963: 1778: 1706: 1674: 1565:, Harun Bughra Khan, grandson of the paramount tribal chief of the 1424: 1420: 1372: 1359: 1002: 882: 847: 809: 746: 738: 605: 601: 5732:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

5611: 2284:

Example of figural earthenware ceramics from Samanid period. From

1728:, and the provinces were governed by appointed governors or local 1542:

and established himself there. His successors, however, including

897: 8601: 6524: 6375: 6333: 6286: 6134: 5301: 3856: 3344: 3175: 3165: 3155: 3073: 3046: 2680: 2462: 2269: 2253: 2200: 2180: 1824:

by the Samanids. Following the first complete translation of the

1817: 1810: 1678: 1653: 1574: 1566: 1531: 1486: 1434:

In 943 several Samanid army officers, angry at Nasr's support of

1416: 1355: 1344: 1259: 1101: 1057: 939: 874: 843: 805: 689:. In some sources, the Samanids claimed to be descended from the 681:. The earliest appearance of the Samanid family appears to be in 613: 609: 76: 55: 5238:

History of Bukhara, By Narshakhi trans. Richard N. Frye, pg. 143

1457:, who refused to relinquish his post as governor of Khorasan to 669:, his descendants became rulers of the Samanid Empire. He was a 8407: 7727: 6556: 6364: 6359: 6312: 6299: 6174: 6110: 5380:

Grube, Ernst J. (February 1965). "The Art of Islamic Pottery".

4637:, Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 142. 3242: 3145: 2775: 2606: 2383: 2212: 2208: 2103: 2071: 2009: 2005: 1959: 1955: 1875: 1868: 1857: 1813: 1802: 1794: 1729: 1539: 1509: 1340: 1048: 998: 989: 985: 966: 890: 862: 854: 815: 801: 670: 629: 621: 597: 567: 524: 367: 103: 8709: 6413: 4572: 1742:, diplomatic correspondence and important state papers by the 1473:

in Bukhara. Abu 'Ali Chaghani then returned to his domains in

697:. It has been claimed that the House of Saman belonged to the 7265: 6142: 3050: 2699: 2450: 2398:. Also, the highest mountain in Tajikistan and in the former 2188: 2040: 1833: 1734: 1714: 1702: 1439: 1331: 1121: 958: 927: 754: 706: 1438:

missionaries, formed a conspiracy to murder him. Nasr's son

7045: 6508: 6444: 6320: 6098: 4928:, vol. 4 part I, UNESCO Publishing, pp. 119–144, 4831: 4531: 3063: 2458: 2305: 2289: 2192: 2127: 2001: 1852:

Through zealous missionary work as many as 30,000 tents of

1724: 1669: 1637: 1633: 1500: 1381: 536: 148: 6034: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 1016:

Ismail died in November 907, and was succeeded by his son

992:, while Ismail reconquered Tabaristan and Gorgan. In 901, 8023:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

5842:. Translated by Walford, Naomi. Rutgers University Press. 4809: 4807: 4484: 4482: 4480: 5283: 5192:, (Archibald Constable & Co, 1896), pp. 179-180 and 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 2390:

is named after the Samanids. A notable airline based in

1601:

thus became the boundary between the two rival empires.

5361: 5349: 5262: 5241: 5158: 4819: 4596: 4584: 4494: 4453: 5302:

Kirill Nourzhanov; Christian Bleuer (8 October 2013).

5073: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4804: 4748: 4746: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4477: 616:

in its glory. Scholars note that the Samanids revived

5685:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/6: Afghanistan–Ahriman

4981: 4434: 4280: 4278: 2030:

Like a prisoner hiding from the guard." – Rudaki

2020:"Look at the cloud, how it cries like a grieving man 492: 5436:. Cambridge University Press. p. 129, Fig. 53. 5295: 5036: 4465: 1878:. Thousands of Samanid coins have been found in the 6257: 5840:

The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia

5017: 4743: 4687: 4635:

The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia

4608: 4560: 4543: 4506: 1677:with bilingual Middle Persian and Arabic minted in 1399:rulers; In 921, the Zaydids under the Gilite ruler 535:; at its greatest extent encompassing northeastern 5712:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/7: Ahriman–Alafrank 4320: 4275: 2449:(A Persian landowner from the village of Saman in 2321:In commending the Samanids, the epic Persian poet 1746:, and the royal guard and military affairs by the 765: 701:, although the veracity is unlikely. Originally a 640:, and the kings of this realm are Persian kings." 8961:States and territories disestablished in the 990s 4714: 2348:A Bukharian historian writing in 943 stated that 2027:Now and then the sun peeks from behind the clouds 1768: 589:. This later contributed to the formation of the 8897: 4338: 1969:Although Persian was the most-favored language, 1673:Silver medallion of the Samanid ruler 1391:In the west, Nasr II clashed several times with 1023: 7084:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 6405:† indicates provinces ruled by tributary rulers 5967: 5479: 4726:"ESMĀʿĪL, b. Aḥmad b. Asad SĀMĀNĪ, ABŪ EBRĀHĪM" 4578: 4295: 4293: 2024:Thunder moans like a lover with a broken heart. 898:Final unification and height of power (892–907) 673:of Iranian origin from the village of Saman in 8956:States and territories established in the 810s 7170:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 7069:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 1924:Early 14th century copy of the Samanid-period 1898:Early 14th century copy of the Samanid-period 657:Early 14th century copy of the Samanid-period 8695: 6952:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 6429: 6243: 6020: 5538:A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East 5506: 5184: 5182: 4341:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 4159: 1525: 1411:. Later in 930, a Dailamite military leader, 1330:was appointed as its governor. Meanwhile, an 237:2,850,000 km (1,100,000 sq mi) 8028:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 5930: 4997:Peacock, A. C. S.; Tor, D. G. (2017-08-30). 4795:A new text on Ismailism at the Samanid court 4537: 4290: 1538:, commander of the army in Khorasan, seized 816:The Samanid dynasty in Transoxiana (819–892) 54:Extent of the Samanid realm at the death of 27:819–999 Sunni Iranian empire in Central Asia 7138:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 5328: 5059:. Princeton University Press. p. 234. 4801:, ed. Chase F. Robinson, (Brill, 2003), 46. 4664:. Princeton University Press. p. 233. 4415: 4299: 1403:invaded Khorasan, but were defeated by the 8702: 8688: 7644:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 7506:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 7022:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 6436: 6422: 6250: 6236: 6027: 6013: 5960:The Political History of the Sāmānid State 5322: 5305:Tajikistan: A Political and Social History 5179: 5133:, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 131. 4996: 4923: 4763: 4761: 4420:. Cambridge University Press. p. 12. 4166: 4152: 1912:depicting the arrow of old Wahraz killing 48: 7153:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) 5956: 5900: 5646:(1975). "The Țāhirids and Şaffārids". In 5367: 5355: 5289: 5277: 5256: 4902:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 4376: 6972:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 5983: 5939: 5924:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5921: 5853:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5837: 5749: 5728: 5701: 5674: 5642: 5609: 5580: 5454: 5079: 5042: 4951:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 4947: 4926:History of Civilisations of Central Asia 4837: 4813: 4720: 4708: 4602: 4590: 4500: 4488: 2870: 1919: 1893: 1772: 1668: 1608: 1495: 1366:Due to Nasr's youth, his prime minister 1349: 901: 825: 652: 7758:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 5883:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936 5879: 5459:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 199. 5382:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 5096:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 178. 4779: 4758: 2313:The Samanid empire was a Tajik Empire. 2050:, began his career at the court of the 1805:. The Samanids determinedly propagated 1705:, the One, there is no partner to Him, 14: 8898: 7296:History of democracy in classical Iran 5792: 5561: 5431: 5213: 5164: 5153:Xinjiang: China's Muslim far Northwest 5003:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. xix. 4941: 4917: 4849: 4471: 4418:Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective 2000:(an Iranian instrument similar to the 1942:enthroned receives the coffin of Dara. 1268: 1257: 1248: 1239: 1206: 1186: 1175: 1164: 1155: 8683: 8094: 8018:Defense Industries Organization (DIO) 7803:Iran and the World Trade Organization 7707: 7450: 7331: 6456: 6417: 6231: 6220:indicates usurpers or rival claimants 6008: 5846: 5552: 5379: 5091: 5054: 4899: 4893: 4797:, Patricia Crone and Luke Treadwell, 4659: 4566: 2345:to the Samanids what has come upon?" 2054:ruler Abu'l Muzaffar ibn Muhammad in 1713:, the victorious king, Mansur son of 1643: 1315:The Samanids and main Asian polities 1297: 1288: 1228: 1128: 1119: 1110: 1099: 1088: 1046: 1035: 804:. After facing defeat in battle near 7190:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 7180:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 5950:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 5901:Litvinsky, Ahmad Hasan Dani (1998). 5801: 5030: 4854:. Penguin Random House. p. 150. 4825: 4752: 4696: 4621: 4554: 4525: 4459: 4326: 4284: 2170: 1217: 1195: 1146: 1137: 1066: 1055: 8423:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute 8064:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone 8038:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 7837:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 7572:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 5963:(PhD thesis). University of Oxford. 5564:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia 2860: 2840: 2821: 2802: 2783: 2764: 2745: 2726: 2707: 2688: 2669: 2650: 2627: 2614: 2599: 2582: 2567: 2548: 2533: 2518: 2503: 2485: 2444: 1864:, who would later rule the region. 1376:responded by sending an army under 1277: 1077: 665:The Samanid dynasty was founded by 482: 24: 6962:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 6401:* indicates short living provinces 5977: 5952:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 5729:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). 5540:, London: Bloomsbury, 2019, p. 68. 5457:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan 5094:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan 4948:Bosworth, C. E. (1 January 1998). 577:The Samanid Empire is part of the 527:origin. The empire was centred in 25: 8972: 8033:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 7654:Supreme National Security Council 7480:Persian Constitutional Revolution 7110:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 7017:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 7007:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 5968:de la Vaissière, Étienne (2005). 4409: 4345:Journal of World-Systems Research 2409: 1694:has increased the royal splendor" 8663: 8654: 8653: 7629:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 6389: 5513:. Psychology Press. p. 14. 4135: 2906: 2356:was indeed worthy and right for 2297: 2277: 2261: 2241: 2228:Due to extensive excavations at 1977:wrote an Arabic anthology named 1030: 455: 441: 427: 413: 399: 385: 360: 346: 332: 318: 304: 290: 276: 262: 7828:Military equipment manufactured 7394:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 7158:United States withdrawal (2018) 7079:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 6443: 5931:Pourshariati, Parvenah (2011). 5622:. Taylor & Francis: 51–62. 5527: 5500: 5473: 5448: 5425: 5416: 5373: 5232: 5207: 5198: 5170: 5145: 5136: 5123: 5110: 5085: 5048: 4990: 4975: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4843: 4788: 4770: 4678: 4653: 4640: 4627: 4383:International Studies Quarterly 4216: 4207: 953:invaded the territories of the 780:Ilyas died in 856, and his son 766:The Samanids in Herat (819–857) 608:. While under Samanid control, 298:Alid dynasties of northern Iran 8388:modern / contemporary 7634:Expediency Discernment Council 6957:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 6946:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 6470: 5756:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–169. 5155:, (RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 11. 4904:, Cambridge University Press, 4370: 4332: 4272:, (Greenwood Press, 2001), 74. 4262: 4246: 4190:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 2814:Abu'l-Harith Mansur ibn Nuh II 2179:The main Samanid towns – 2090:Under the Samanid Empire, the 2062:("The Book of Kings"), a long 1916:, the Ethiopian king of Yemen. 1769:Cultural and religious efforts 717:, and named his oldest son as 581:, which saw the creation of a 13: 1: 8911:Former countries in West Asia 7602:state-sponsorship allegations 7332: 5735:. Columbia University Press. 5308:. ANU E Press. pp. 30–. 4240: 3283: 3247: 3127: 3114: 3091: 3078: 3055: 3038: 2988: 2975: 2962: 2949: 2936: 2643:Abu Ibrahim Isma'il ibn Ahmad 2592:Abu Ibrahim Isma'il ibn Ahmad 2374:, stated that Ismail Samani: 2085: 1988:, which is today part of the 1889: 1664: 1512:held de facto power over the 1316: 1024:Intermediate period (907–961) 798:Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar 100:, court, academia, literary), 8936:Empires and kingdoms of Iran 8719:Persian and Caspian kingdoms 8059:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 7451: 7360:twin towns and sister cities 6666:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 6543:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 6519:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 5940:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). 5886:. Brill. pp. 579–1203. 5847:Gutas, Dimitri (1982). "The 5486:. Hoover Press. p. 19. 5455:Collinet, Annabelle (2022). 5442:10.1017/CBO9780511791895.007 5329:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007). 5055:Starr, S. Frederick (2015). 4776:Madelung (1975), pp. 211–212 4660:Starr, S. Frederick (2015). 4646:"Samanids", C. E. Bosworth, 4416:Canfield L., Robert (2002). 4300:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007). 2118:by the Ferghanans; southern 2046:Daqiqi, who was a native of 1347:(r. 914–943) succeeded him. 861:. He died in 864/5; his son 7: 8338:Water supply and sanitation 8095: 8069:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 7708: 7128:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 6503:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 6457: 5795:The Oxford History of Islam 5553:Blair, Sheila, ed. (1992). 5335:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 5–. 4306:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 6–. 2877: 2651:ابو ابراهیم اسماعیل بن احمد 2600:ابو ابراهیم اسماعیل بن احمد 2158:with only a tiny amount of 2141: 2035:Another prominent poet was 1709:is the messenger of Allah, 709:during the governorship of 705:, Saman Khuda converted to 493: 10: 8977: 7818:Economy of the Middle East 7195:2021–2022 Iranian protests 7185:2019–2020 Iranian protests 7165:2017–2018 Iranian protests 6626:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 5970:Sogdian Traders: A History 5821:Cambridge University Press 5797:. Oxford University Press. 5658:Cambridge University Press 5557:. Vol. V. E.J. Brill. 5546: 4982:Jami' al-tawarikh (1314). 4900:Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990), 4890:. Retrieved 17 August 2014 4450:by Elton L. Daniel, pg. 74 2757:Abu Salih Mansur ibn Nuh I 2467:Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri 2335:"Where have all the great 2331:ز بهرامیان تا به سامانیان 1816:but were more tolerant of 1659: 1526:Decline and fall (961–999) 819: 784:became his successor. The 769: 711:Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri 677:, in present-day northern 648: 643: 620:and culture more than the 8852: 8831: 8810: 8769: 8718: 8649: 8615: 8561: 8364: 8355: 8285: 8237: 8169: 8116: 8107: 8103: 8090: 8051: 8043:National Development Fund 8006: 7963:Telecommunications and IT 7957:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 7886: 7783:Foreign direct investment 7728:Bonyad (charitable trust) 7720: 7716: 7703: 7662: 7621: 7463: 7459: 7446: 7340: 7327: 7207: 7074:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 7064:Interim Government (1979) 7043: 6991: 6984: 6880: 6790: 6707: 6698: 6675: 6592: 6485: 6478: 6469: 6465: 6452: 6398: 6387: 6266: 6218: 6097: 6047:Regional rulers (819–857) 6046: 5957:Treadwell, W. L. (1991). 5218:. Routledge. p. 45. 5118:The Encyclopedia of Islam 4648:The Encyclopedia of Islam 2850: 2831: 2812: 2793: 2774: 2755: 2736: 2717: 2698: 2679: 2660: 2641: 2605: 2558: 2476: 2435: 2316: 2248:Lute player. Samanid (or 2122:by Khorasanians; and the 2114:by the Khwarazmians; the 1688:khvarrah apzut shahanshah 1368:Abu 'Abd-Allah al-Jaihani 947:Principality of Ushrusana 340:Principality of Ushrusana 241: 233: 228: 224: 214: 204: 200: 190: 186: 174: 162: 158: 146: 136: 113: 86: 63: 47: 42: 32: 7793:International oil bourse 7558:Ministry of Intelligence 7143:Syrian civil war (2011–) 6967:1921 Persian coup d'état 5986:The Numismatic Chronicle 5838:Grousset, Renee (1991). 5750:Bosworth, C. E. (2011). 5702:Bosworth, C. E. (1984). 5677:"AḤMAD B. SAHL B. HĀŠEM" 5675:Bosworth, C. E. (1984). 5610:Bosworth, C. E. (1973). 5480:Edward Allworth (2013). 5131:The Ghaznavids: 994–1040 5116:"Mihragan", J. Calmard, 4850:Hansen, Valerie (2020). 4377:Taagepera, Rein (1997). 4200: 1571:Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan 1503:in the mid-10th century. 1114:YENESEI KYRGYZ KHAGANATE 984:ruler of Tabaristan and 822:Samanid Civil War of 888 628:while continuing to use 354:Principality of Farghana 8713:dynasties (800–1100 AD) 8317:scientists and scholars 7823:Milad Tower and complex 7613:Women's rights movement 7608:White Revolution (1963) 7276:Peoples of the Caucasus 6618:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 6511:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 5880:Houtsma, M. Th (1993). 5432:Walker, Alicia (2012). 4954:. UNESCO. p. 106. 4785:Madelung (1975), p. 212 4395:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 4195:Samanid Epigraphic Ware 2958:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 2833:Abd al-Malik ibn Nuh II 2822:ابو الحارث منصور بن نوح 2364:The celebrated scholar 2223: 760: 106:(theology, bureaucracy) 8628:Anti-Iranian sentiment 8623:Science and technology 8448:Intellectual movements 8328:International rankings 8312:Intellectual movements 7798:International rankings 7291:Heads of state of Iran 7097:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 6658:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 6495:culture (3400–2000 BC) 6210:(pretender, 1000–1004) 5770:Daniel, Elton. (2001) 5566:. Vol. 9. Brill. 5507:Niẓām al-Mulk (2002). 5214:Savran, Scott (2017). 4986:. Stanford University. 3497:Masmughans of Damavand 2971:Zayandeh River Culture 2738:Abd al-Malik ibn Nuh I 2465:governor of Khorasan, 2380: 2362: 2333: 2329:کجا آن بزرگان ساسانیان 1943: 1917: 1786: 1762:(commander-in-chief). 1719: 1614: 1516:around the same time. 1504: 1363: 915: 842:In 839/40, Nuh seized 839: 788:governor of Khorasan, 662: 216:• Disestablished 8951:999 disestablishments 7916:Shetab Banking System 7906:Banking and insurance 7868:Tehran Stock Exchange 7788:Intellectual property 7133:PJAK conflict (2004–) 6906:Turcomans (1378–1508) 6898:Turcomans (1374–1468) 6847:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 6650:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 5562:Bregel, Yuri (2003). 5092:Rante, Rocco (2022). 4185:List of kings of Iran 3375:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 3329:3rd-century BC–132 BC 3295:Kingdom of Cappadocia 3251: 6th century BC 3233:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2765:ابو صالح منصور بن نوح 2453:province in northern 2376: 2368:, in his famous work 2354: 2327: 1923: 1897: 1789:The Samanids revived 1776: 1672: 1612: 1499: 1353: 910:, the burial site of 905: 829: 770:Further information: 656: 497:), also known as the 87:Common languages 8931:10th century in Iran 8875:Nizari Ismaili state 8811:Khwarezmian kingdoms 7877:Technology start-ups 7778:Environmental issues 7768:Economic Reform Plan 7682:Provincial governors 7372:Environmental issues 7120:Iran Air Flight 655 6861:Jalayirid Sultanate 6733:Caliphate (750–1258) 6575:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 5823:. pp. 136–161. 4887:Encyclopædia Iranica 4767:Nazim (1987), p. 164 4730:Encyclopædia Iranica 4724:(15 December 1998). 4579:de la Vaissière 2005 4255:Buyids (945–1055)... 2861:اسماعیل منتصر بن نوح 2689:ابوالحسن نصر بن احمد 2461:to the court of the 2126:and environs by the 1446:after a few months. 1312:class=notpageimage| 8926:9th century in Iran 8870:Kara-Khanid Khanate 8277:Freedom of religion 7863:Supreme Audit Court 7742:Automotive industry 7389:Iranian Balochistan 7115:1987 Mecca incident 7012:Iran crisis of 1946 7001:dynasty (1925–1979) 6930:Dynasty (1751–1794) 6871:dynasty (1338–1357) 6863:dynasty (1335–1432) 6855:dynasty (1314–1393) 6840:dynasty (1244–1381) 6824:dynasty (1077–1231) 6808:dynasty (1011–1215) 6725:Caliphate (661–750) 6717:Caliphate (632–661) 6685:Empire (AD 224–651) 6602:Empire (550–330 BC) 6583:Empire (626–539 BC) 6567:Empire (678–549 BC) 6551:Empire (911–609 BC) 6183:Abd al-Aziz ibn Nuh 5772:The History of Iran 5660:. pp. 90–135. 4840:, pp. 764–766. 4828:, pp. 149–151. 4722:Bosworth, C. Edmund 4448:The History of Iran 4031:Contemporary period 3935:Early modern period 3837:Jalayirid Sultanate 3707:Khwarazmian dynasty 3136:Neo-Assyrian Empire 3014:Kura–Araxes culture 2932:Baradostian culture 1686:in Middle Persian: 1463:Abu Mansur Muhammad 1013:and other enemies. 971:Samanid slave trade 961:and converting the 808:in 857, he fled to 543:, from 819 to 999. 509:, or simply as the 206:• Established 141:Hereditary monarchy 8946:819 establishments 8711:Iranian Intermezzo 8408:Persian New Year ( 7813:Main economic laws 7384:Iranian Azerbaijan 7286:Monarchs of Persia 7230:Persianate society 6938:Empire (1789–1925) 6922:Empire (1736–1796) 6914:Empire (1501–1736) 6890:Empire (1370–1507) 6816:Empire (1037–1194) 6781:dynasty (934–1062) 6773:dynasty (931–1090) 6765:dynasty (861–1003) 6634:Empire (312–63 BC) 6535:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 5942:"SASANIAN DYNASTY" 4462:, p. 145-146. 4180:Iranian Intermezzo 4050:Interim Government 4040:Iranian Revolution 3827:Muzaffarid dynasty 3531:864 – 14th century 3521:791 – 11th century 3447:Rashidun Caliphate 3269:Kingdom of Armenia 2918:Prehistoric period 2404:Ismoil Somoni Peak 2292:, 10th century CE. 2110:by the Bactrians; 2102:were populated by 1990:Panjakent District 1948:Persian literature 1944: 1918: 1787: 1720: 1650:Iranian Intermezzo 1644:Iranian intermezzo 1615: 1505: 1459:Ibrahim ibn Simjur 1401:Lili ibn al-Nu'man 1364: 916: 840: 790:Muhammad ibn Tahir 772:Anarchy at Samarra 663: 579:Iranian Intermezzo 8941:Medieval Khorasan 8893: 8892: 8885:Fatimid Caliphate 8880:Abbasid Caliphate 8802:Hadhabani (tribe) 8677: 8676: 8645: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8611: 8610: 8518:Opium consumption 8351: 8350: 8187:Ethnic minorities 8161:Iranian languages 8086: 8085: 8082: 8081: 7699: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7578:Political parties 7516:Children's rights 7501:Foreign relations 7495:2009 presidential 7442: 7441: 7404:Iranian Kurdistan 7323: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7203: 7202: 7175:COVID-19 pandemic 7034:Revolution (1979) 6980: 6979: 6800:Empire (977–1186) 6757:dynasty (864–928) 6749:dynasty (821–873) 6741:dynasty (819–999) 6694: 6693: 6610:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 6411: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6346: 6338: 6325: 6317: 6304: 6296: 6283: 6275: 6258:Provinces of the 6225: 6224: 6211: 6203: 6195: 6187: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6155: 6151:Ibrahim ibn Ahmad 6147: 6139: 6131: 6123: 6115: 6090: 6086:Ibrahim ibn Ilyas 6082: 6074: 6066: 6058: 6041: 5851:Cycle of Texts". 5788:978-0-313-30731-7 5763:978-1-84885-353-9 5721:978-0-71009-096-6 5694:978-0-71009-095-9 5520:978-07-00-71228-1 5493:978-08-17-98733-6 5342:978-1-84511-283-7 5315:978-1-925021-16-5 5010:978-0-85772-743-5 4961:978-92-3-103467-1 4935:978-92-3-103467-1 4911:978-0-521-24304-9 4538:Pourshariati 2011 4427:978-0-521-52291-5 4313:978-1-84511-283-7 4268:Elton L. Daniel, 4176: 4175: 4068: 4067: 4021: 4020: 3984: 3983: 3925: 3924: 3867:Afrasiyab dynasty 3767:Khorshidi dynasty 3757:Pishkinid dynasty 3647:Ghaznavid dynasty 3467:Abbasid Caliphate 3457:Umayyad Caliphate 3423: 3422: 3419:550s–11th century 3315:Kingdom of Pontus 3259:Achaemenid Empire 3223:Anshanite Kingdom 3184: 3183: 3087:Oxus Civilization 2995: 2994: 2875: 2874: 2864:1000 – 1005 2719:Ibrahim ibn Ahmad 2662:Ahmad ibn Isma'il 2575:Ibrahim ibn Ilyas 2470: 2171:Intellectual life 1936:Persian miniature 1910:Persian miniature 1514:Abbasid Caliphate 1489:, and the Kumiji 1467:Ibrahim ibn Ahmad 1455:Abu 'Ali Chaghani 978:Muhammad ibn Zayd 926:with Ismail near 908:Samanid Mausoleum 846:from the nomadic 782:Ibrahim ibn Ilyas 723:Rafi ibn al-Layth 491: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 381:Ghaznavid dynasty 373: 372: 284:Abbasid Caliphate 164:• 819–864/5 16:(Redirected from 8968: 8832:Sogdian kingdoms 8770:Kurdish kingdoms 8756:Sallarid dynasty 8731:Saffarid dynasty 8704: 8697: 8690: 8681: 8680: 8667: 8657: 8656: 8508:National symbols 8362: 8361: 8177:Iranian citizens 8114: 8113: 8105: 8104: 8092: 8091: 8074:Research centers 7763:Economic history 7718: 7717: 7705: 7704: 7639:Guardian Council 7461: 7460: 7448: 7447: 7329: 7328: 7306:Electric history 7301:Military history 7215:Ancient Persians 7123: 7122:shootdown (1988) 7105: 7092: 7089:Iranian Embassy 7059: 7048: 7046:Islamic Republic 7035: 7027:1953 coup d'état 7002: 6989: 6988: 6947: 6944:Khanates of the 6939: 6931: 6923: 6915: 6907: 6899: 6891: 6872: 6864: 6856: 6848: 6841: 6833: 6825: 6817: 6809: 6801: 6782: 6774: 6766: 6758: 6750: 6742: 6734: 6726: 6718: 6705: 6704: 6686: 6667: 6659: 6651: 6643: 6635: 6627: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6584: 6576: 6568: 6560: 6552: 6544: 6536: 6528: 6520: 6512: 6504: 6496: 6483: 6482: 6467: 6466: 6454: 6453: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6415: 6414: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6344: 6336: 6323: 6315: 6302: 6294: 6281: 6273: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6229: 6228: 6209: 6207:Isma'il Muntasir 6201: 6193: 6185: 6177: 6169: 6161: 6153: 6145: 6137: 6129: 6121: 6113: 6088: 6080: 6072: 6064: 6056: 6039: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5973: 5964: 5953: 5946:Yarshater, Ehsan 5936: 5927: 5918: 5897: 5876: 5843: 5834: 5811:Frye, Richard N. 5798: 5767: 5746: 5725: 5708:Yarshater, Ehsan 5698: 5681:Yarshater, Ehsan 5671: 5648:Frye, Richard N. 5639: 5606: 5577: 5558: 5541: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5260: 5254: 5239: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5196: 5186: 5177: 5174: 5168: 5167:, p. 39-40. 5162: 5156: 5151:Michael Dillon, 5149: 5143: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5015: 5014: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4897: 4891: 4880: 4874: 4873:Flury, pp. 62–63 4871: 4865: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4802: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4756: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4657: 4651: 4644: 4638: 4633:Renee Grousset, 4631: 4625: 4619: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4432: 4431: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4297: 4288: 4282: 4273: 4266: 4260: 4250: 4234: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4109:Military history 4099:Economic history 4077:Related articles 4060:Islamic Republic 4036: 4035: 3999: 3998: 3940: 3939: 3897:Kar-Kiya dynasty 3817:Chobanid dynasty 3807:Ilkhanate Empire 3587:Sallarid dynasty 3557:Saffarid dynasty 3443: 3442: 3288: 3285: 3253:–11th century AD 3252: 3249: 3213:Scythian Kingdom 3199: 3198: 3129: 3116: 3093: 3080: 3057: 3040: 3010: 3009: 2990: 2977: 2964: 2951: 2938: 2928: 2927: 2910: 2900: 2882: 2881: 2862: 2852:Isma'il Muntasir 2842: 2841:عبدالمالک بن نوح 2823: 2804: 2785: 2766: 2747: 2728: 2709: 2690: 2671: 2652: 2629: 2621:Ya'qub ibn Ahmad 2616: 2601: 2584: 2583:ابراهیم بن الیاس 2569: 2550: 2535: 2520: 2505: 2487: 2457:, he arrived in 2448: 2446: 2414: 2413: 2301: 2281: 2265: 2245: 1809:, and repressed 1618:Isma'il Muntasir 1556:Ghaznavid Empire 1409:Simjur al-Dawati 1328:Abu Salih Mansur 1321: 1318: 1306: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1286: 1284: 1275: 1273: 1266: 1264: 1255: 1253: 1246: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1204: 1202: 1193: 1191: 1184: 1182: 1173: 1171: 1162: 1160: 1153: 1151: 1144: 1142: 1135: 1133: 1126: 1124: 1117: 1115: 1108: 1106: 1097: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1075: 1073: 1064: 1062: 1053: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1034: 1001:in the west and 963:Nestorian church 920:Amr ibn al-Layth 879:Afrighid dynasty 683:Greater Khorasan 618:Persian language 496: 486: 484: 459: 458: 445: 444: 431: 430: 417: 416: 403: 402: 389: 388: 377: 376: 364: 363: 350: 349: 336: 335: 322: 321: 308: 307: 294: 293: 280: 279: 270:Saffarid dynasty 266: 265: 259: 258: 243: 242: 181:'Abd al-Malik II 52: 30: 29: 21: 8976: 8975: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8916:Sunni dynasties 8896: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8848: 8827: 8806: 8777:Rawadid dynasty 8765: 8751:Kakuyid dynasty 8741:Ziyarid dynasty 8736:Samanid dynasty 8726:Tahirid dynasty 8714: 8708: 8678: 8673: 8637: 8607: 8586:Rap and hip-hop 8557: 8538:Public holidays 8523:Persian gardens 8512:Imperial Anthem 8503:National Jewels 8458:Iranian studies 8347: 8281: 8233: 8165: 8126:Persian (Farsi) 8099: 8078: 8047: 8009: 8002: 7937:Pharmaceuticals 7882: 7873:Venture capital 7848:Rial (currency) 7833:Nuclear program 7712: 7691: 7658: 7617: 7568:Nuclear program 7533:Judicial system 7455: 7438: 7409:Iranian plateau 7336: 7315: 7199: 7121: 7103: 7090: 7058:History (1979–) 7057: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7000: 6976: 6945: 6937: 6929: 6921: 6913: 6905: 6897: 6889: 6876: 6870: 6862: 6854: 6846: 6839: 6831: 6823: 6815: 6807: 6799: 6786: 6780: 6772: 6764: 6756: 6748: 6740: 6732: 6724: 6716: 6700: 6690: 6684: 6671: 6665: 6657: 6649: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6588: 6582: 6581:Neo-Babylonian 6574: 6566: 6559:(860 BC–590 BC) 6558: 6550: 6542: 6534: 6527:(c.2300–675 BC) 6526: 6518: 6510: 6502: 6494: 6474: 6461: 6448: 6442: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6394: 6385: 6262: 6256: 6226: 6221: 6214: 6199:Abd al-Malik II 6093: 6042: 6033: 5980: 5978:Further reading 5915: 5894: 5831: 5764: 5743: 5722: 5695: 5668: 5628:10.2307/4300484 5595:10.2307/4299599 5574: 5549: 5544: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5453: 5449: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5394:10.2307/3258167 5378: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5263: 5255: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5187: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5129:C.E. Bosworth, 5128: 5124: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5018: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4980: 4976: 4962: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4898: 4894: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4805: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4751: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4658: 4654: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4435: 4428: 4414: 4410: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4276: 4270:History of Iran 4267: 4263: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4172: 4142:Iran portal 4136: 4134: 4133: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4114:Women's history 4078: 4070: 4069: 4033: 4023: 4022: 3996: 3986: 3985: 3937: 3927: 3926: 3777:Qutlugh-Khanids 3727:Atabegs of Yazd 3627:Rawadid dynasty 3597:Ziyarid dynasty 3537:Tahirid dynasty 3435: 3433:Medieval period 3425: 3424: 3409:6th century–785 3395:Sasanian Empire 3365:Kings of Persis 3335:Parthian Empire 3305:Seleucid Empire 3286: 3250: 3196: 3194:Imperial period 3186: 3185: 3100:Akkadian Empire 3047:Lullubi Kingdom 3007: 2997: 2996: 2945:Zarzian culture 2920: 2898: 2891: 2880: 2863: 2855: 2843: 2835: 2824: 2816: 2805: 2797: 2786: 2778: 2767: 2759: 2748: 2746:عبدالملک بن نوح 2740: 2729: 2727:ابراهیم بن احمد 2721: 2710: 2702: 2691: 2683: 2672: 2670:احمد بن اسماعیل 2664: 2653: 2645: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2617: 2609: 2602: 2594: 2585: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2551: 2543: 2536: 2528: 2521: 2513: 2506: 2498: 2488: 2480: 2447: 2439: 2412: 2340: 2330: 2319: 2309: 2302: 2293: 2282: 2273: 2266: 2257: 2246: 2226: 2173: 2144: 2124:Pamir mountains 2116:Ferghana valley 2088: 2033: 1979:Yatimat al-Dahr 1892: 1793:by patronizing 1791:Persian culture 1771: 1749:sahib al-shurta 1744:diwanal-rasa'il 1711:al-Muti' lillah 1695: 1682: 1667: 1662: 1646: 1607: 1593:, who received 1550:for control of 1528: 1491:mountain people 1336:Hasan al-Utrush 1324: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1026: 906:Picture of the 900: 824: 818: 778: 768: 763: 691:House of Mihran 651: 646: 634:Sasanian Empire 612:was a rival to 507:Samanid amirate 503:Samanid dynasty 499:Samanian Empire 456: 442: 428: 414: 400: 386: 361: 347: 333: 319: 305: 291: 277: 263: 217: 207: 177: 165: 109: 82: 59: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8974: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8906:Samanid Empire 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8835: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8814: 8812: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8761:Bavand dynasty 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8715: 8707: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8684: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8661: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8619: 8617: 8613: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8605: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8567: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8555: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8489: 8475: 8470: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8381: 8375: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8300: 8295: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8264: 8259: 8249: 8243: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8184: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8122: 8120: 8111: 8101: 8100: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8014: 8012: 8004: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7970: 7960: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7903: 7892: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7735: 7730: 7724: 7722: 7714: 7713: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7687:Supreme Leader 7684: 7679: 7674: 7668: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7649:Local councils 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7549: 7544: 7535: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7526:Women's rights 7523: 7518: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7488: 7483: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7457: 7456: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7377:Climate change 7369: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7325: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7261:Jiroft culture 7258: 7257: 7256: 7249:Iranic peoples 7246: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7225:Persianization 7222: 7217: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7099: 7094: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7053: 7051: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6995: 6993: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6941: 6933: 6925: 6917: 6909: 6901: 6893: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6843: 6835: 6832:(1135/36-1225) 6827: 6819: 6811: 6803: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6776: 6768: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6736: 6728: 6720: 6711: 6709: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6661: 6653: 6645: 6642:(c.295–220 BC) 6637: 6629: 6621: 6613: 6605: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6578: 6570: 6562: 6554: 6546: 6538: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6506: 6501:Proto-Elamite 6498: 6489: 6487: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6463: 6462: 6450: 6449: 6441: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6418: 6409: 6408: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6339: 6331: 6326: 6318: 6310: 6305: 6297: 6289: 6284: 6276: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6260:Samanid Empire 6255: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6188: 6180: 6172: 6164: 6159:Abd al-Malik I 6156: 6148: 6140: 6132: 6124: 6116: 6107: 6105: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6083: 6078:Ilyas ibn Asad 6075: 6070:Ahmad ibn Asad 6067: 6062:Yahya ibn Asad 6059: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6037:Samanid Empire 6035:Rulers of the 6032: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5965: 5954: 5937: 5935:. I.B. Tauris. 5928: 5919: 5913: 5898: 5892: 5877: 5865:10.2307/601973 5859:(4): 645–650. 5849:Ṣiwān al-Ḥikma 5844: 5835: 5829: 5807:"The Sāmānids" 5799: 5790: 5768: 5762: 5747: 5741: 5726: 5720: 5699: 5693: 5672: 5666: 5644:Bosworth, C.E. 5640: 5607: 5578: 5572: 5559: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5526: 5519: 5499: 5492: 5472: 5466:978-8412527858 5465: 5447: 5424: 5415: 5388:(6): 209–228. 5372: 5368:Litvinsky 1998 5360: 5356:Litvinsky 1998 5348: 5341: 5321: 5314: 5294: 5292:, p. 101. 5290:Litvinsky 1998 5282: 5278:Litvinsky 1998 5261: 5257:Litvinsky 1998 5240: 5231: 5224: 5206: 5197: 5178: 5169: 5157: 5144: 5135: 5122: 5109: 5103:978-8412527858 5102: 5084: 5072: 5065: 5047: 5035: 5033:, p. 143. 5016: 5009: 4989: 4974: 4960: 4940: 4934: 4916: 4910: 4892: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4803: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4757: 4755:, p. 141. 4742: 4713: 4701: 4699:, p. 140. 4686: 4677: 4670: 4652: 4639: 4626: 4624:, p. 138. 4607: 4605:, p. 142. 4595: 4593:, p. 116. 4583: 4581:, p. 296. 4571: 4559: 4557:, p. 137. 4542: 4540:, p. 463. 4530: 4528:, p. 136. 4505: 4503:, p. 162. 4493: 4476: 4464: 4452: 4433: 4426: 4408: 4389:(3): 475–504. 4369: 4331: 4329:, p. 145. 4319: 4312: 4289: 4287:, p. 146. 4274: 4261: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4215: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4094:Heads of state 4091: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4034: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4005: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3938: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3887:Timurid Empire 3883: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3677:Nasrid dynasty 3673: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3571:pre-879 – 1215 3569: 3567:Ghurid dynasty 3563: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3547:Samanid Empire 3543: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3527:Alid dynasties 3523: 3522: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3125: 3123:Avestan period 3119: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3053: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3034:Jiroft culture 3030: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3008: 3005:Ancient period 3003: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2991:5th millennium 2986: 2980: 2979: 2978:6th millennium 2973: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2921: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2903: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2776:Nuh ibn Mansur 2772: 2771: 2769: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2639: 2638: 2632: 2619: 2604: 2588: 2587: 2572: 2560:Ahmad ibn Asad 2557: 2554: 2553: 2541:Ilyas ibn Asad 2538: 2526:Yahya ibn Asad 2523: 2511:Ahmad ibn Asad 2508: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2478:Asad ibn Saman 2475: 2472: 2471: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2411: 2410:Samanid rulers 2408: 2394:is also named 2325:says of them: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2296: 2294: 2283: 2276: 2274: 2267: 2260: 2258: 2252:) metal work, 2247: 2240: 2225: 2222: 2218:Siwān al-Hikma 2172: 2169: 2143: 2140: 2132:Middle Iranian 2087: 2084: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2018: 1891: 1888: 1770: 1767: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1645: 1642: 1606: 1603: 1569:confederation 1527: 1524: 1413:Makan ibn Kaki 1378:Ahmad ibn Sahl 1310: 1309: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020:(r. 907–914). 899: 896: 853:living in the 817: 814: 767: 764: 762: 759: 751:Ilyas ibn Asad 743:Yahya ibn Asad 735:Ahmad ibn Asad 719:Asad ibn Saman 675:Balkh province 650: 647: 645: 642: 546:Four brothers— 475:Samanid Empire 469: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 453: 447: 446: 439: 433: 432: 425: 419: 418: 411: 405: 404: 397: 391: 390: 383: 374: 371: 370: 365: 357: 356: 351: 343: 342: 337: 329: 328: 326:Bukhar Khudahs 323: 315: 314: 309: 301: 300: 295: 287: 286: 281: 273: 272: 267: 255: 254: 249: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 226: 225: 222: 221: 218: 215: 212: 211: 208: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 192: 191:Historical era 188: 187: 184: 183: 178: 175: 172: 171: 169:Ahmad ibn Asad 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 130:Zoroastrianism 115: 111: 110: 108: 107: 101: 90: 88: 84: 83: 81: 80: 74: 67: 65: 61: 60: 53: 45: 44: 40: 39: 36: 34:Samanid Empire 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8973: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8865:Seljuk Empire 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8844:Sajid dynasty 8842: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8746:Buyid dynasty 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8705: 8700: 8698: 8693: 8691: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8660: 8652: 8651: 8648: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8482:news agencies 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8389: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8236: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7843:Privatization 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7335: 7330: 7326: 7312: 7311:Years in Iran 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7235:Turco-Persian 7233: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7104:War (1980–88) 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6942: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6926: 6924: 6918: 6916: 6910: 6908: 6902: 6900: 6896:Qara Qoyunlu 6894: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6865: 6859: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6844: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6812: 6810: 6804: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6761: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6697: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6622: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593:550 BC–AD 224 6591: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6563: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6549:Neo-Assyrian 6547: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6507: 6505: 6499: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6439: 6434: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6397: 6392: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6343: 6340: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6322: 6319: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6301: 6298: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6280: 6277: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6248: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6217: 6208: 6205: 6200: 6197: 6192: 6189: 6184: 6181: 6176: 6173: 6168: 6165: 6160: 6157: 6152: 6149: 6144: 6141: 6136: 6133: 6128: 6125: 6120: 6119:Ismail Samani 6117: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6087: 6084: 6079: 6076: 6071: 6068: 6063: 6060: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6018: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5914:9789231032110 5910: 5906: 5905: 5899: 5895: 5893:9789004097964 5889: 5885: 5884: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5830:0-521-20093-8 5826: 5822: 5819:. Cambridge: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5780:0-313-30731-8 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5742:9780748621378 5738: 5734: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5704:"ĀL-E MOḤTĀJ" 5700: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5667:0-521-20093-8 5663: 5659: 5656:. Cambridge: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5573:9789004123212 5569: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5539: 5535: 5534:Richard Foltz 5530: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5503: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5476: 5468: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5370:, p. 94. 5369: 5364: 5358:, p. 93. 5357: 5352: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5325: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5280:, p. 98. 5279: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5259:, p. 97. 5258: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5235: 5227: 5225:9780415749688 5221: 5217: 5210: 5201: 5194: 5191: 5188:T.W. Arnold, 5185: 5183: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5154: 5148: 5139: 5132: 5126: 5119: 5113: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5082:, p. 86. 5081: 5080:Negmatov 1998 5076: 5068: 5066:9780691165851 5062: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5043:Shahbazi 2005 5039: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5012: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4993: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4944: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4870: 4861: 4853: 4852:The Year 1000 4846: 4839: 4838:Bosworth 1984 4834: 4827: 4822: 4816:, p. 63. 4815: 4814:Bosworth 2011 4810: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4762: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4711:, p. 35. 4710: 4709:Bosworth 1968 4705: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4681: 4673: 4671:9780691165851 4667: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4643: 4636: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4603:Grousset 1991 4599: 4592: 4591:Bosworth 1975 4587: 4580: 4575: 4569:, p. 27. 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4534: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4502: 4501:Bosworth 2004 4497: 4491:, p. 58. 4490: 4489:Bosworth 1973 4485: 4483: 4481: 4474:, p. 20. 4473: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4296: 4294: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4249: 4245: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4222:Specifically 4219: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4074: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3994:Modern period 3990: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3967: 3966:Afsharid Iran 3964: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3955:Hotak dynasty 3952: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3698: 3697:Seljuk Empire 3695: 3694: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3617:Buyid dynasty 3615: 3614: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3577:Sajid dynasty 3575: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3434: 3429: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3369:132 BC–224 AD 3368: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3359:141 BC–222 AD 3358: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3349:147 BC–224 AD 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3339:247 BC–224 AD 3338: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3299:320s BC–17 AD 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3287: 323 BC 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3273:331 BC–428 AD 3272: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3263:550 BC–330 BC 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3237:626 BC–539 BC 3236: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3227:635 BC–550 BC 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3204: 3203:Median Empire 3201: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3025: 3024:Proto-Elamite 3022: 3021: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2987: 2985: 2984:Dalma culture 2982: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2952:20,000–10,000 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2939:36,000–18,000 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2869: 2866: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2628:یعقوب بن احمد 2625: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2366:Nizam al-Mulk 2361: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2350:Ismail Samani 2346: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2176:literature." 2168: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2037:Shahid Balkhi 2029: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1962:(d. 977) and 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1840:Although the 1838: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1692:King of Kings 1689: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1657: 1655: 1654:Abbasid power 1651: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1611: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581:, who gained 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1313: 1305: 1294: 1285: 1274: 1265: 1254: 1245: 1236: 1225: 1214: 1203: 1192: 1183: 1172: 1161: 1152: 1143: 1134: 1125: 1116: 1107: 1105: 1096: 1094: 1085: 1083: 1074: 1063: 1061: 1052: 1043: 1033: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1006: 1005:in the east. 1004: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 965:there into a 964: 960: 956: 952: 951:Ismail Samani 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 913: 912:Ismail Samani 909: 904: 895: 892: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 849: 845: 837: 833: 828: 823: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 777: 773: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 695:Bahram Chobin 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 660: 655: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 594: 592: 591:Turko-Persian 588: 587:Islamic world 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 564:Ismail Samani 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 523: 519: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 489: 480: 476: 454: 452: 451:Buyid dynasty 449: 448: 440: 438: 435: 434: 426: 424: 421: 420: 412: 410: 407: 406: 398: 396: 393: 392: 384: 382: 379: 378: 375: 369: 366: 359: 358: 355: 352: 345: 344: 341: 338: 331: 330: 327: 324: 317: 316: 313: 310: 303: 302: 299: 296: 289: 288: 285: 282: 275: 274: 271: 268: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 250: 248: 245: 244: 240: 236: 232: 227: 223: 219: 213: 209: 203: 199: 196: 193: 189: 185: 182: 179: 173: 170: 167: 161: 157: 153: 150: 145: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 116: 112: 105: 102: 99: 98:lingua franca 95: 92: 91: 89: 85: 78: 75: 72: 69: 68: 66: 62: 57: 51: 46: 41: 31: 19: 18:Samanid State 8792:Hasanwayhids 8616:Other topics 8600: 8528:Persian name 8467:Islamization 8409: 8369:Architecture 8322:universities 8267:Zoroastrians 8262:Christianity 8252:Baháʼí Faith 8202:Azerbaijanis 8109:Demographics 7923:Construction 7911:Central Bank 7853:Space Agency 7748:Child labour 7583:Principlists 7563:Cyberwarfare 7511:Human rights 7476:Constitution 7271:Azerbaijanis 7240:Indo-Persian 7220:Greater Iran 7091:siege (1980) 7050:1979–present 6738: 6701:early modern 6699:Medieval and 6493:Kura-Araxes 6259: 6127:Ahmad Samani 6054:Nuh ibn Asad 6036: 5989: 5985: 5969: 5959: 5949: 5932: 5923: 5903: 5882: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5815: 5794: 5771: 5752: 5731: 5711: 5684: 5652: 5619: 5615: 5586: 5582: 5563: 5554: 5537: 5529: 5509: 5502: 5482: 5475: 5456: 5450: 5433: 5427: 5418: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5363: 5351: 5331: 5324: 5304: 5297: 5285: 5234: 5215: 5209: 5200: 5189: 5172: 5160: 5152: 5147: 5138: 5130: 5125: 5117: 5112: 5093: 5087: 5075: 5056: 5050: 5038: 4999: 4992: 4977: 4965: 4950: 4943: 4925: 4919: 4901: 4895: 4885: 4883:"GHAZNAVIDS" 4878: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4733:. 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Retrieved 4348: 4344: 4334: 4322: 4302: 4269: 4264: 4253: 4248: 4218: 4209: 4104:LGBT history 4064:1979–present 4013:Pahlavi Iran 3976:Zand dynasty 3944:Safavid Iran 3907:Qara Qoyunlu 3797:Kurt dynasty 3637:Hasanwayhids 3546: 3437: 3415:Qarinvandids 3319:281 BC–62 BC 3309:312 BC–63 BC 2922: 2784:نوح بن منصور 2549:الیاس بن اسد 2534:یحییٰ بن اسد 2496:Nuh ibn Asad 2486:اسد بن سامان 2400:Soviet Union 2386:currency of 2381: 2377: 2369: 2363: 2358:padishahship 2355: 2347: 2334: 2328: 2320: 2312: 2227: 2217: 2178: 2174: 2145: 2096:Kashka Darya 2089: 2078: 2076: 2045: 2034: 2019: 1983: 1978: 1975:al-Tha'alibi 1968: 1945: 1925: 1899: 1873: 1866: 1851: 1839: 1822:Central Asia 1788: 1764: 1757: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1700: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1647: 1631: 1623: 1616: 1560: 1529: 1518: 1506: 1479: 1470: 1448: 1444:tuberculosis 1433: 1390: 1386:Marw al-Rudh 1365: 1358:, minted in 1325: 1148: 1103: 1092: 1081: 1059: 1018:Ahmad Samani 1015: 1007: 975: 955:Karluk Turks 944: 917: 887: 869:his brother 867: 841: 779: 727:Nuh ibn Asad 685:rather than 664: 595: 576: 545: 541:Central Asia 518:Sunni Muslim 510: 506: 502: 498: 474: 472: 252:Succeeded by 251: 246: 126:Nestorianism 8633:Tehrangeles 8596:Traditional 8333:Nationality 8271:persecution 8256:persecution 8207:Circassians 8156:Neo-Aramaic 8136:Azerbaijani 8008:State-owned 7933:Health care 7896:Agriculture 7733:Brain drain 7672:Ambassadors 7367:Earthquakes 6904:Aq Qoyunlu 6853:Muzaffarid 6830:Eldiguzids 6822:Anushtegin 6648:Kingdom of 6624:Kingdom of 6616:Kingdom of 6608:Atropatene 6600:Achaemenid 6541:Kingdom of 6486:3400–539 BC 6376:Tukharistan 6292:Gharchistan 6279:Chaghaniyan 5992:: 451–458. 5165:Donner 1999 4472:Bregel 2003 3787:Mihrabanids 3747:Hazaraspids 3507:Baduspanids 3385:Paratarajas 3379:19 AD–224/5 2897:History of 2795:Abd al-Aziz 2615:نصر بن احمد 2568:احمد بن اسد 2519:احمد بن اسد 2455:Afghanistan 2437:Saman Khuda 2371:Siyasatnama 2234:earthenware 2162:-descended 2156:Khwarezmian 2148:Persianized 2136:New Persian 2108:Tukharistan 2056:Chaghaniyan 2043:about him. 1966:(d. 1020). 1884:Scandinavia 1847:Sunni Islam 1842:Zoroastrian 1807:Sunni Islam 1759:sipah-salar 1699:in Arabic: 1636:tribe near 1595:Transoxiana 1591:Karakhanids 1587:Afghanistan 1573:, captured 1552:Transoxiana 1548:Karakhanids 1544:Sebük Tigin 1483:Tukharistan 1475:Chaghaniyan 1011:Karakhanids 994:Amr Saffari 859:Transoxiana 836:Transoxiana 776:Fifth Fitna 703:Zoroastrian 699:Oghuz Turks 687:Transoxiana 679:Afghanistan 667:Saman Khuda 533:Transoxiana 520:empire, of 423:Farighunids 395:Karakhanids 247:Preceded by 195:Middle Ages 176:• 999 118:Sunni Islam 8921:Tabaristan 8900:Categories 8860:Ghaznavids 8839:Banu Ilyas 8787:Shaddadids 8533:Philosophy 8492:newspapers 8473:Literature 8378:architects 8373:Achaemenid 8293:Corruption 7753:Corruption 7593:Reformists 7588:Propaganda 7486:Corruption 7471:Censorship 7414:Lake Urmia 7102:Iran–Iraq 6798:Ghaznavid 6676:AD 224–651 6640:Frataraka 6472:Prehistory 6370:Tabaristan 6202:(999–1004) 5907:. UNESCO. 5803:Frye, R.N. 4735:24 January 4567:Blair 1992 4351:(2): 222. 4241:References 4003:Qajar Iran 3917:Aq Qoyunlu 3901:1370s–1592 3737:Salghurids 3717:Eldiguzids 3687:Shabankara 3661:990/1–1117 3405:Zarmihrids 3325:Fratarakas 3279:Atropatene 3217:652–625 BC 3207:678–550 BC 2854:ibn Nuh II 2708:نوح بن نصر 2571:819–864/5 2522:819–864/5 2507:819–841/2 2504:نوح بن اسد 2420:Samarkand 2388:Tajikistan 2167:Samanids. 2086:Population 1994:Tajikistan 1958:(d. 941), 1938:depicting 1927:Tarikhnama 1901:Tarikhnama 1890:Literature 1862:Ghaznavids 1665:Government 1599:Oxus River 1589:, and the 1579:Ghaznavids 1563:Karakhanid 1561:In 992, a 1320: 900 1170:PRATIHARAS 1039:KARAKHANID 932:Tabaristan 820:See also: 659:Tarikhnama 583:Persianate 515:Persianate 409:Banu Ilyas 312:Banijurids 137:Government 122:Shia Islam 120:(minority 8823:Ma'munids 8818:Afrighids 8782:Marwanids 8498:Mythology 8404:Calendars 8394:Astronomy 8303:Education 8212:Georgians 8197:Assyrians 8192:Armenians 8118:Languages 8010:companies 7973:Transport 7953:Petroleum 7738:Companies 7677:President 7664:Officials 7598:Terrorism 7547:Air Force 7491:Elections 7429:Provinces 7424:Mountains 7334:Geography 7254:languages 6992:1925–1979 6920:Afsharid 6881:1370–1925 6869:Chobanid 6763:Saffarid 6715:Rashidun 6683:Sasanian 6664:Kings of 6656:Parthian 6632:Seleucid 6573:Scythian 6533:Kassites 6517:Akkadian 6381:Ushrusana 6194:(997–999) 6191:Mansur II 6178:(976–997) 6170:(961–976) 6162:(954–961) 6146:(943–954) 6138:(914–943) 6130:(907–914) 6122:(892–907) 6114:(864–892) 6089:(856–867) 6081:(819–856) 6073:(819–864) 6065:(819–855) 6057:(819–841) 6040:(819–999) 5589:: 33–44. 5402:0026-1521 5195:on pp 161 5031:Frye 1975 4826:Frye 1975 4753:Frye 1975 4697:Frye 1975 4622:Frye 1975 4555:Frye 1975 4526:Frye 1975 4460:Frye 1975 4357:1076-156X 4327:Frye 1975 4285:Frye 1975 4017:1925–1979 4007:1789–1925 3980:1751–1794 3970:1736–1796 3960:1722–1729 3948:1501–1736 3921:1468–1508 3911:1406–1468 3891:1370–1507 3881:1359–1596 3877:Mar'ashis 3871:1349–1504 3861:1335–1357 3851:1337–1376 3847:Sarbadars 3841:1337–1376 3831:1335–1393 3821:1335–1357 3811:1256–1335 3801:1244–1396 3791:1236–1537 3781:1223-1306 3771:1184-1597 3761:1155–1231 3751:1155–1424 3741:1148–1282 3731:1141–1319 3721:1135–1225 3711:1077–1231 3701:1037–1194 3691:1030–1355 3681:1029–1236 3671:1008–1141 3517:Justanids 3487:Bavandids 3355:Characene 3117:1500–1155 3104:2400–2150 3094:2400–1700 3081:2550-2020 3041:3100–2200 3028:3200–2700 3018:3400–2000 2965:6000–5000 2803:عبدالعزیز 2635:Saffarids 2445:سامان خدا 2423:Ferghana 2396:Somon Air 2343:Bahrāmids 2341:From the 2337:Sasanians 2205:Bunjikath 2185:Samarkand 2100:Usrushana 2092:Zarafshan 2064:epic poem 2060:Shahnameh 1986:Panjrudak 1940:Alexander 1783:Samarkand 1754:Muhtajids 1626:Zarafshan 1536:Alp Tigin 1520:Alp Tigin 1393:Daylamite 1281:BYZANTINE 1252:DVARAVATI 1201:CALIPHATE 1159:SRIVIJAYA 1141:SAFFARIDS 1082:Pechenegs 957:, taking 753:received 745:received 737:received 731:Samarkand 729:received 626:Saffarids 593:culture. 494:Sāmāniyān 488:romanized 437:Muhtajids 114:Religion 79:(892–999) 73:(819–892) 71:Samarkand 8853:See also 8797:Annazids 8659:Category 8552:football 8543:Scouting 8453:Iranians 8443:Folklore 8239:Religion 8151:Georgian 8131:Armenian 7992:shipping 7987:railways 7977:airlines 7943:Industry 7808:Taxation 7622:Councils 7538:Military 7453:Politics 7434:Wildlife 7399:Caucasus 7281:Persians 7208:See also 7032:Iranian 6999:Pahlavi 6912:Safavid 6888:Timurid 6791:977–1432 6771:Ziyarid 6747:Tahirid 6739:Samanid 6731:Abbasid 6723:Umayyad 6708:632–1090 6525:Lullubi 6509:Elamite 6342:Khwarazm 6329:Khorasan 6287:Farghana 6167:Mansur I 6103:Khorasan 5998:26637395 5972:. Brill. 5805:(1975). 4232:Khorasan 4228:Sijistan 4131:Timeline 4089:Monarchs 3667:Kakuyids 3657:Annazids 3651:977–1186 3641:959–1095 3631:955–1070 3621:934–1062 3607:Ilyasids 3601:930–1090 3591:919–1062 3561:861–1003 3511:665–1598 3491:651–1349 3477:Dabuyids 3471:750–1258 3130:1500–500 3110:Kassites 3068:2700–539 3058:3100-675 2924:BCE / BC 2888:a series 2886:Part of 2878:See also 2825:997–999 2787:976–997 2768:961–976 2749:954–961 2711:943–954 2692:914–943 2673:907–914 2654:892–907 2618:864–892 2603:892–907 2586:856–867 2552:819–856 2537:819–855 2417:Bukhara 2392:Dushanbe 2323:Ferdowsi 2286:Nishapur 2230:Nishapur 2197:Nishapur 2164:Yaghnobi 2152:Bactrian 2142:Language 2120:Khorasan 2112:Khwarezm 2104:Sogdians 2094:valley, 2068:Gushtasp 2052:Muhtajid 1964:Ferdowsi 1779:Afrasiab 1740:mustawfi 1707:Muhammad 1675:Mansur I 1583:Khorasan 1451:Muhtajid 1436:Isma'ili 1429:Iskhabad 1425:Vushmgir 1421:Mardavij 1407:general 1405:Simjurid 1373:Nishapur 1362:(933/4). 1360:Nishapur 1354:Coin of 1179:RASHTRA- 1168:GURJARA- 1150:SAMANIDS 1003:Peshawar 883:Khwarazm 832:Khorasan 810:Nishapur 794:Saffarid 747:Tashkent 739:Farghana 715:Khorasan 624:and the 606:Avicenna 602:Ferdowsi 529:Khorasan 513:, was a 511:Samanids 483:سامانیان 234:928 est. 37:سامانیان 8602:Ey Iran 8550: ( 8510: ( 8486:student 8484: ( 8480: ( 8465: ( 8433:Cuisine 8418:Fashion 8406: ( 8386: ( 8371: ( 8357:Culture 8305: ( 8269: ( 8254: ( 8227:Turkmen 8179: ( 8170:Peoples 8141:Kurdish 8097:Society 7998:Tourism 7975: ( 7965: ( 7955: ( 7935: ( 7928:Defense 7898: ( 7888:Sectors 7875: ( 7835: ( 7740: ( 7721:General 7710:Economy 7600: ( 7570: ( 7540: ( 7493: ( 7478: ( 7464:General 7419:Islands 7355:largest 7345:Borders 6814:Seljuk 6806:Ghurid 6755:Alavid 6565:Median 6557:Urartu 6479:Ancient 6459:History 6334:Khuttal 6135:Nasr II 5948:(ed.). 5813:(ed.). 5710:(ed.). 5683:(ed.). 5650:(ed.). 5636:4300484 5603:4299599 5547:Sources 5410:3258167 4403:2600793 3857:Injuids 3611:932–968 3581:889–929 3551:819–999 3541:821–873 3501:651–760 3481:642–760 3461:661–750 3451:632-661 3439:CE / AD 3399:224–651 3389:125–300 3345:Elymais 3289:–226 AD 3180:720-670 3176:Saparda 3170:750-521 3166:Zikirti 3160:850–616 3156:Mannaea 3150:860–590 3140:911–609 3074:Marhaši 2857:Persian 2837:Persian 2818:Persian 2799:Persian 2780:Persian 2761:Persian 2742:Persian 2723:Persian 2704:Persian 2685:Persian 2681:Nasr II 2666:Persian 2647:Persian 2624:Persian 2611:Persian 2596:Persian 2579:Persian 2564:Persian 2545:Persian 2530:Persian 2515:Persian 2500:Persian 2482:Persian 2463:Umayyad 2441:Persian 2270:Simurgh 2254:Khorezm 2201:Khujand 2181:Bukhara 2160:Sogdian 1934:, with 1932:Bal'ami 1908:, with 1906:Bal'ami 1830:Persian 1818:Twelver 1811:Ismaili 1799:Bal'ami 1697:Reverse 1684:Obverse 1679:Bukhara 1660:Culture 1575:Bukhara 1532:ghulams 1487:Khuttal 1417:Ziyarid 1356:Nasr II 1345:Nasr II 1234:DYNASTY 1199:ABBASID 1104:Khitans 1041:KHANATE 940:Isfahan 924:clashed 891:caliphs 875:Bukhara 844:Isfijab 830:Map of 806:Pushang 786:Tahirid 649:Origins 644:History 638:Persian 614:Baghdad 610:Bukhara 572:Abbasid 522:Iranian 490:: 479:Persian 94:Persian 77:Bukhara 64:Capital 56:Nasr II 43:819–999 8669:Portal 8428:Cinema 8410:Nowruz 8307:higher 8181:abroad 8146:Hebrew 8052:Places 7948:Mining 7773:Energy 7350:Cities 7266:Aryans 6985:Modern 6936:Qajar 6779:Buyid 6447:topics 6365:Sogdia 6360:Sistan 6350:Kirman 6313:Guzgan 6308:Gurgan 6300:Ghazna 6175:Nuh II 6111:Nasr I 5996: 5911: 5890: 5873:601973 5871: 5827: 5786: 5778: 5760: 5739: 5718: 5691: 5664: 5634: 5601: 5570: 5517: 5490: 5463: 5408: 5400: 5339: 5312: 5222: 5100: 5063: 5007: 4968:b. Ali 4958: 4932: 4908: 4668: 4424: 4401: 4355: 4310: 4230:, and 4224:Kirman 3243:Sogdia 3146:Urartu 2890:on the 2607:Nasr I 2429:Herat 2426:Shash 2384:Somoni 2317:Legacy 2250:Seljuk 2213:Termez 2209:Hulbuk 2079:dehqan 2072:Arjasp 2014:ruba'i 2010:ghazal 2006:qasida 1971:Arabic 1960:Daqiqi 1956:Rudaki 1914:Masruq 1880:Baltic 1876:Europe 1869:Nuh II 1867:Under 1858:Hanafi 1826:Qur'an 1814:Shiism 1803:Daqiqi 1795:Rudaki 1730:vassal 1597:; the 1567:Karluk 1540:Ghazna 1510:Buyids 1453:ruler 1419:ruler 1397:Gilite 1341:Arabic 1334:named 1303:SHAHIS 1283:EMPIRE 1223:YABGUS 1212:EMPIRE 1190:MULTAN 1132:KHOTAN 1093:Kimeks 1070:KIEVAN 1060:Cumans 999:Qazvin 990:Daylam 986:Gorgan 980:, the 967:mosque 871:Ismail 863:Nasr I 855:steppe 802:Sistan 796:ruler 749:, and 671:dehqan 630:Arabic 622:Buyids 604:, and 598:Rudaki 568:feudal 558:, and 525:dehqan 368:Sogdia 154: 147:Amir ( 104:Arabic 58:in 943 8563:Music 8548:Sport 8478:Media 8463:Islam 8399:Blogs 8343:Women 8298:Crime 8286:Other 8247:Islam 8217:Kurds 7982:metro 7900:fruit 7858:Setad 6928:Zand 6838:Kart 6186:(992) 6154:(947) 6143:Nuh I 6099:Amirs 5994:JSTOR 5944:. In 5869:JSTOR 5809:. In 5706:. In 5679:. In 5632:JSTOR 5599:JSTOR 5406:JSTOR 4399:JSTOR 4201:Notes 3051:Zamua 2700:Nuh I 2451:Balkh 2339:gone? 2189:Balkh 2041:elegy 1998:chang 1854:Turks 1834:Islam 1828:into 1735:divan 1703:Allah 1690:"the 1440:Nuh I 1301:HINDU 1292:SILLA 1272:KHMER 1243:PAGAN 1221:OGHUZ 1181:KUTAS 1123:QOCHO 982:Zaydi 959:Talas 928:Balkh 851:Turks 848:pagan 755:Herat 707:Islam 560:Ilyas 556:Yahya 552:Ahmad 8591:Rock 8576:Jazz 8571:Folk 8437:wine 8222:Jews 7552:Navy 7542:Army 7521:LGBT 6445:Iran 6321:Ilaq 6271:Bust 5909:ISBN 5888:ISBN 5825:ISBN 5784:ISBN 5776:ISBN 5758:ISBN 5737:ISBN 5716:ISBN 5689:ISBN 5662:ISBN 5616:Iran 5583:Iran 5568:ISBN 5515:ISBN 5488:ISBN 5461:ISBN 5398:ISSN 5337:ISBN 5310:ISBN 5220:ISBN 5098:ISBN 5061:ISBN 5005:ISBN 4956:ISBN 4930:ISBN 4906:ISBN 4737:2015 4666:ISBN 4422:ISBN 4364:2016 4353:ISSN 4308:ISBN 4119:Wars 4084:Name 4054:1979 4044:1979 3064:Elam 2899:Iran 2844:999 2806:992 2730:947 2459:Merv 2382:The 2306:Iran 2290:Iran 2224:Arts 2193:Merv 2154:and 2134:and 2128:Saka 2098:and 2070:and 2012:and 2002:harp 1952:Fars 1882:and 1801:and 1725:amir 1638:Merv 1634:Arab 1585:and 1501:Iran 1471:amir 1395:and 1382:Merv 1332:Alid 1263:ZHAO 1261:NAN- 1232:TANG 1210:PALA 1072:RUS' 938:and 834:and 774:and 761:Rise 539:and 537:Iran 531:and 473:The 229:Area 149:Emir 8581:Pop 8384:Art 7967:TCI 6355:Ray 6101:of 5990:177 5861:doi 5857:102 5624:doi 5591:doi 5438:doi 5390:doi 4391:doi 4257:". 2048:Tus 1992:in 1930:of 1904:of 1715:Nuh 1469:as 1050:900 936:Ray 881:of 873:to 800:in 713:in 693:of 548:Nuh 220:999 210:819 8902:: 5988:. 5867:. 5855:. 5782:, 5630:. 5620:11 5618:. 5614:. 5597:. 5585:. 5536:, 5404:. 5396:. 5386:23 5384:. 5264:^ 5243:^ 5181:^ 5019:^ 4964:. 4806:^ 4760:^ 4745:^ 4728:. 4689:^ 4610:^ 4545:^ 4508:^ 4479:^ 4436:^ 4397:. 4387:41 4385:. 4381:. 4349:12 4347:. 4343:. 4292:^ 4277:^ 4226:, 3284:c. 3248:c. 3128:c. 3115:c. 3092:c. 3079:c. 3056:c. 3039:c. 2989:c. 2976:c. 2963:c. 2950:c. 2937:c. 2871:? 2859:: 2839:: 2820:: 2801:: 2782:: 2763:: 2744:: 2725:: 2706:: 2687:: 2668:: 2649:: 2631:? 2626:: 2613:: 2598:: 2581:: 2566:: 2547:: 2532:: 2517:: 2502:: 2484:: 2443:: 2406:. 2352:: 2288:, 2211:, 2207:, 2203:, 2199:, 2195:, 2191:, 2187:, 2183:, 2106:; 2074:. 2016:. 2008:, 1886:. 1797:, 1781:, 1558:. 1534:, 1431:. 1317:c. 934:, 757:. 741:; 733:; 725:. 600:, 554:, 550:, 505:, 501:, 485:, 481:: 128:, 124:, 8703:e 8696:t 8689:v 8554:) 8514:) 8494:) 8488:) 8469:) 8439:) 8435:( 8414:) 8412:) 8390:) 8380:) 8324:) 8273:) 8258:) 8183:) 7994:) 7969:) 7959:) 7939:) 7902:) 7879:) 7839:) 7744:) 7604:) 7574:) 7554:) 7497:) 7482:) 6437:e 6430:t 6423:v 6372:* 6345:† 6337:† 6324:† 6316:† 6303:† 6295:† 6282:† 6274:† 6251:e 6244:t 6237:v 6028:e 6021:t 6014:v 6000:. 5917:. 5896:. 5875:. 5863:: 5833:. 5766:. 5745:. 5724:. 5697:. 5670:. 5638:. 5626:: 5605:. 5593:: 5587:6 5576:. 5523:. 5496:. 5469:. 5444:. 5440:: 5412:. 5392:: 5345:. 5318:. 5228:. 5106:. 5069:. 5045:. 5013:. 4739:. 4674:. 4430:. 4405:. 4393:: 4366:. 4316:. 4167:e 4160:t 4153:v 3957:) 3953:( 3049:/ 2308:. 2268:" 1785:. 1717:. 1681:. 914:. 838:. 477:( 151:) 132:) 96:( 20:)

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