Archaeology of Oman

245: 671:, al-Fuwaydah. Such sites are largely contemporary with Late Iron Age of Samad in Central Oman, especially in the Sharqiyah. In the U.A.E. such show evidence of writing such as on coins. Regarding the relative chronology of the two there is considerable consensus. However, a difficulty in order to build a chronology lies in the lack of clear artefactual parallels between the Samad assemblage and that of these sites. At the partially excavated cemetery site of al-Fuwaydah the artifacts, especially pottery and metalwork, are more similar to contemporary ones from the U.A.E. than to those of Samad. 658:, the main habitation area of nomads. Scholars have suggested a connection between the speakers of the Modern South Arabian Language, Mahra, and the triliths. To judge from Mehra place-names and the triliths, Mahri speakers lived further to the north until Bedouin tribes pushed them into the south. The triliths are the only find-category that central and southern Oman hold in common. A connection with Ṧḥahrī/Ǧibbāli is also plausible since triliths lie in areas in which today this language group still is actively spoken. 465:—after some 200–300 years without absolutely dated archaeological contexts—weak evidence appears for the Samad Late Iron Age from <100 BCE to 300 CE, as dated by thermoluminescence and a few outside artifact comparisons. This assemblage is known from 13 possible and 74 more certainly attributed archaeological sites in 30 localities. Evidence for a transition from the EIA (Early Iron Age) is rare in eastern Oman and the chronological situation is clearest at the multi-period site complex at al-Moyassar, where 2120: 529: 170:. The process was slightly different in the Arabian Peninsula; as animal husbandry was first to arise in 5500 BCE in the area of Oman and agriculture did not arise until the early Bronze Age. Rather, fishing became more diversified and tools more specialized; about 80% of the bone assemblage at Ra's al-Hamra' specifically was fish, mostly made up by larger fish caught with things like nets and line fishing—determined by a collection of fishhooks and net-sinkers. 2906: 2916: 402: 1898: 634: 351: 680: 474: 28: 198:

mostly consisting of simple jewelry. Beads from shells are found all up and down the coast into the UAE. Though certain types of shells which are not naturally occurring in the UAE are found in jewelry there, indicating that there was some sort of trade between communities in Oman, where there shells occurred, and communities in the UAE.

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the earlier Hafit period and others dating to the later Umm al-Nar period. Some of these monumental structures were towers with some evidence for copper processing; as some scholars have suggested that various stone tools—not just classical anvils and pounding stones—played important roles in the process of

241:, however such ores would leave little slag and the process did not require special conditions, so there would be little to indicate its presence in the archaeological record. Already at this time there is textual evidence from Sumer for international trade in copper and other commodities, probably from Oman. 300:

in 2015. The various pedestrian surveys found slag and metal objects, furnace fragments, stone vessels, jewelry, stone tools, and glass objects. They located approximately 200 tombs and 10 monumental structures that could be dated to circa the 3rd millennium BCE, with some more specifically dating to

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The Paleolithic age ranges from 3 million to about 10,000 years ago, with human occupation outside of Africa beginning about 100,000 years ago, bringing their ways of life with them. Theories state that the Nubian Tool Complex (c. 128,000-74,000 years ago) spread from Africa to the Arabian Peninsula

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Copper production reaches a record high to judge from the amount of slag which has survived from 150 known smelting sites. With 100,000 tons of slag, Lasail, or more properly, al-Azayl, in Wadi Jizzi is the largest smelting site in Oman. The slag showed that the hill was mined away and processed in

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kingdom in the 3rd century BCE. While this site shows a mixture of artifacts, many of which are of Old South Arabian type, the surrounding countryside reveals a mélange of different kinds of artifacts. Khor Rori owes its existence to the trading of aromatics, in particular frankincense. The type of

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this is far less certain. From ±500 BCE to ±500 CE or later, waves of migratory tribes from South and Central Arabia settle in south-eastern Arabia and Iran, as we know from oral historical sources. If so, then at least at first linguistically such populations were South Arabians and not Arabs. The

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Samad LIA sites scatter over an estimated 17,000 km (6,600 sq mi) bordered to the west in Izkī, to the north in the capital area, to the south Jaʿlān, and to the east at the coast. An assemblage attributable to the Samad period is absent in the Bāṭinah and is limited basically to the Sharqīyah

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water sites from the EIA, LIA (Late Iron Age), and medieval periods survive to this day. Over the centuries, and especially recently, the water table dropped, so that the falaj floor had to be lowered to the height of the water table. This period was witness to a drastic reduction in population for

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The number of copper-alloy artifacts reaches a peak at this time which will only be surpassed around the 9th century CE. The reason is that the technology to roast the more abundant sulfidic copper ore was developed. A hoard of over 500 copper alloy artifacts at ʿIbrī/Selme gives a fair idea of the

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The dead are interred in existing subterranean tombs or in new, hut-like free-standing ones. All of the tombs of given group may be oriented in one direction, however, different groups deviate from each other. The inhabitants must have considered their society to be a safe one since they built such

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Similar tombs to those at Shir appear in the area of Shenah, which is already slightly famous for its rock-art sites. A 2006 survey counted 325 beehive tombs, dating from the late fourth to the early third millennium. They either have single or double stacked walls of mostly limestone or sandstone,

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A site named Al-Dahariz 2, located in the Dhofar governance, has been found to contain fluted-point lithics—a form before thought to be unique to the Americas. The fluted technology has a large, linear chunk taken out from the bottom or top of the lithic, creating a lighter projectile that can keep

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techniques and dated circa the middle of the fifth to the third millennium BCE. Several sites exhibited evidence of structures; semi-circular or circular constructions delineated by postholes, hearths, and middens. Some of these middens also held human burials, which of course contained grave goods

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Parthian, and later Sasanian, invaders from Iran temporarily dominated certain towns politically and militarily, but for logistical reasons, it was only possible to occupy a few sites, as occurred during later invasions. Persian presence is inferred by a few place-names near or on the coast (e.g.

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for irrigation coincides with the rapid growth of date as a main crop. The chronology for this age resembles but also differs from the better known one of the present-day U.A.E. During this Iron Age paradoxically in Oman iron artifacts are rather rare, although in neighbouring Iran after 1200 BCE

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In 2010, the French Mission of Adam located Jabal al-'Aluya; an in-land site with 127 structural remains of varying shapes and compositions, supposed to be hut-like dwellings, hearths, and graves—similar to those discussed above. Of the lithic assemblage found, cores were fairly rare, with mostly

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Where the soil is deep enough, individual stone-built graves are sunk into the earth. Such classical Samad graves have a low wall on the roof near the north-western end perpendicular to the long axis. They contain flexed skeletons, with the men usually are placed on the right side and the women

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assemblages, sometimes associated with cultures. Ages, on the other hand, are on a much larger scale; they are conventional, but difficult to date absolutely—partially due to different rates of regional development. A barometer of transition is the amount of industry and manufacturing going on,

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nearby furnaces, with part of the work also being carried out underground. Wooden supports found 40 meters underground marked evidence of the underground work, with theories supposing that the tunnels caved in. A similar site, Semdah, was undermined and over-exploited, thus a cave in occurred.

98:—and other metallic artifacts. The absolute dates for the different periods are still under study and it is difficult to assign years to the Late Iron Age of central and southern Oman. Even major monuments have been dated variously, spanning millennia. (moved from the last paragraph) 653:

found in Oman differ from ones in Europe in size and shape. The most important example are triliths (Arab. ʿathfiya/ʿathāfy) - rowed groups of three stones perched together to form a steep pyramid. A fourth stone may lie horizontally on top. Triliths usually lie in

289:, can only be approximately dated, and may date to the Hafit or Umm al-Nar Periods. During the Umm al-Nar Period, large communal, free-standing tombs contain numerous interments and were more common. Other tombs are smaller and may contain one or a few interments. 374:

and the fort at Salut. the Early Iron Age is generally accepted as lasting from 1300 to 300 BCE. This period is known from some 142 archaeological sites located in the eastern part of the U.A.E. as well as the central and northern parts of the

222:(3100-2700 BCE), known originally from a cemetery site on the Jebel Hafit in the UAE, though attributed artifacts extend well into the Sultanate. Most burials are located on hill sides, with deposits of supposed pottery imports from southern 548:

graves in both areas of Oman. Approximately 3/4 of the find inventories in Central Oman finds are attributable to the Samad assemblage, far fewer to the recent pre-Islamic period, and a few cannot be attributed to a definable assemblage.

848:

Bonilauri, Stephanie; Beuzen-Waller, Tara; Giraud, Jessica; Lemee, Marion; Gernez, Guillaume; Fouache, Eric (2015). "Occupation during the Lower and Middle/Late Paleolithic period in the Sufrat Valley (Adam region, Sultanate of Oman)".

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No coins were struck locally, and to date only two examples have turned up in contexts together with Samad Late Iron Age pottery, while the northern part of traditional Oman had at least partly a currency economy, Central Oman did not.

780:

Rose, Jeffrey I.; Usik, Vitaly I.; Marks, Anthony E.; Hilbert, Yamandu H.; Galletti, Christopher S.; Parton, Ash; Geiling, Jean Marie; Černý, Viktor; Morley, Mike W.; Roberts, Richard G. (2011-11-30). Petraglia, Michael D. (ed.).

379:. One scholar in particular offered concrete argumentation for a gradual transition as a model from the Early to Late Iron Ages at certain sites in Central Oman. However, graves goods show no similarities between the two periods. 502:, are type-sites for this non-writing population, with mostly hand-made pottery, copper-alloy, and iron artefacts. Reoccurring pottery wares and shapes, small finds, as well as a few grave structure types define the Samad 978:

Crassard R, Charpentier V, McCorriston J, Vosges J, Bouzid S, Petraglia MD (2020) ed. Biehl, P.F.. Fluted-point technology in Neolithic Arabia: An independent invention far from the Americas. PLoS ONE 15(8): e0236314.

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artifacts scattered about many hills in the Adam area, specifically in the Sufrat Valley. They dated the finds, based on typo-technological traits to mostly the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Levalloisian, wa'shah,

621:/Ayla evidently in order to transport wine, shows the area just north of Aqaba to have been a fruitful agricultural area from 400 up to possibly 1000. On the other hand, Dr. Fleitmann has studied stalagmites from 959:

Lemee, Marion; Gernez, Guillaume; Giraud, Jessica; Beuzen-Waller, Tara; Fouache, Eric (2013). "Jabal al-Aluya: an inland Neolithic settlement of the late fifth millennium BC in the Adam area, Sultanate of Oman".

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visible and vulnerable free-standing tombs with poor chances of survival and as a ready source of building materials have rapidly disappeared since 1980. No intact tomb of this period has ever been excavated.

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Very little archaeological evidence from the early Islamic Age exists; the earliest building structures which survive date to medieval times. With the coming of Islam and the diaspora of Arabian tribes, the

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of the area, with a variety of subsistence strategies used to exploit the available resources. Since archaeological field work began in the early 1970s, numerous teams have worked in the Sultanate.

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Michael J. Harrower, Matthew J. Senn and Joy McCorriston, Tombs, triliths and oases: spatial analysis of the Arabian human social dynamics (AHSD) project, archaeological survey 2009-2010,

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In the LIA a few glazed pottery imports derive from the upper Gulf and southern Mesopotamia. One class of pottery, balsamaria are wheel-turned and also are common in the late Pre-Islamic

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iron weapons are characteristic. Pre-Arabic place-names such as Nizwa, Izki, Rustaq and ʿIbri probably represent the bare remnants of the language and speakers of this and the next age.

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Abdalaziz Ja’afar bin ‘Aqil & Joy McCorriston, Prehistoric small scale monument types in Hadramawt (southern Arabia): convergences in ethnography, linguistics and archaeology,

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Jürgen Schreiber, Transformationsprozesse in Oasensiedlungen Omans. Die vorislamische Zeit am Beispiel von Izki, Nizwa und dem Jebel Akhdar. Dissertation, Munich, 1977. URL

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its sharpness. However, the current theory is that the lithics were non-functional and actually communicated cultural value and exhibited the skill of the craftsperson.

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impressed with what appeared to be ropes, reed mats, and wood planks, with a few of the fragments still housing barnacles; implying it was caulking for an early boat.

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with short, rectangular entrances that face the East. All of them built directly on top of the bedrock, with no indication of any digging before building took place.

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characteristic assemblage. For example, the weapons are differently fashioned, as in one grave at Bawshar. Curiously, some of the monuments previously described as

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The Late Bronze Age is mostly represented by grave goods and excavated settlements. It includes the last 200, 1500 to 1300 BCE, years of the Wadi Suq period.

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In November, 2019, 45 well-preserved tombs covering a 50-80 square metre area and a settlement, dating back to beginning of the Iron Age, were discovered in

1311:

R. Borger, Beiträge zum Inschriftenwrk Assurbanipals, die Prismenklassen A, B,C=K, D, E, F, G, H, J und T sowie andere Inschriften, Wiesbaden, 1996, 28, 294

725:, La péninsule d’Oman de la fin de l’âge du fer au début de la période sasanide (250 av. – 350 ap. JC), 1992, BAR International Series 1776, (printed 2008). 561:

dominance of Oman is firmly entrenched in the secondary literature; thus, it is easy to criticize the integrity of the definition of the Samad assemblage.

51:, which corresponds roughly with the present-day central provinces of the Sultanate. In the north, the Oman Peninsula is more specific, and juts into the 617:

in the 7th and 8th centuries CE, first to the metropolitan centres. The occurrence in Arabia and the Red Sea littoral of ribbed amphorae manufactured in

1212:

Christian Velde, Wadi Suq and Late Bronze Age in the Oman Peninsula, in Proceedings of the First Archaeological Conference on the U.A.E., London, 102–13

968:(Papers from the forty-sixth meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held at the British Museum, London). Archaeopress: 197–211 – via JSTOR. 770:

Jeffrey I. Rose & Anthony E. Marks, “Out of Arabia” and the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in the southern Levant, Quartär 61, 2014, 49-85.

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Various survey and a few excavations have shed light on the archaeology of the South Province of the Sultanate; the largest and best-known site is

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in central Oman and has gathered information for a series of megadroughts especially around 530 CE. These may have afflicted the entire Peninsula.

324:. It was considered landmark proof that at least coastal Oman was connected to India in the third millennium BCE. Also found there, were pieces of 286: 166:

and sees the advent of a food producing, or agricultural, society, as opposed to hunting and gathering; it ranges loosely from about 10,000-3,500

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cores—a recognizable type of the complex—Wadi Abyut, central Dhofar. The team had ruled that the Nubian Complex only extended into Western Oman.

101:

Archaeologically speaking, differences increase between the area of the present-day U.A.E. and the Sultanate particularly toward the end of the

1864:(Proceedings of the Thirteenth SEMINAR FOR ARABIAN STUDIES held at the Middle East Centre, Cambridge). Archaeopress: 115–126 – via JSTOR. 1390:

Nāṣir ʾal-Jahwarī wa- ʿAlī ʾal-Tījānī ʾal-Māḥī, juġrāfiyyat ʾal-mawqiʿ wa-ṯaqāfat ʾal-makān natāʾij ḥafriyyāt mawqiʿ Bawšar, Salṭanat ʿUmān,

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Of the structures found Al-Khashbah, only six tombs, all of them subterranean, could be dated to the 2nd millennium and the Wadi Suq period.

1691:

kayfa btadaynt wa-kayfa rtaqaynā bi-l-ḥaḍāra l-ʾinsāniyya min šibh al-žazīra l-ʿarabiyya Ẓafār kitābātuhā wa-nuqušuhā l-qadīma ʾaṭ-ṭabʿūlā

1225:, Al-Wāsiṭ Tomb W1 and other Sites, Materials for a Definition of the Second Half of the 2nd Millennium BCE, Anschnitt, 2015, 9‒108. 1329:(Papers from the forty-second meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held in London). Archaeopress: 307–320 – via JSTOR. 737:, Cross-roads – Early and Late Iron Age South-eastern Arabia, Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 30, Wiesbaden 2014, 2820: 2795: 1911: 410:

production at this time. In 2012, another copper and iron metal-working workshop came to light first reported incorrectly as at '

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tribal grounds of the Azd tribes in south-eastern Arabia of course are far larger and more diverse than the area of the Samad

2013: 1786: 1727: 1615: 1456: 1435: 1271: 892: 750: 742: 1650:, Sultan Qaboos University Publications, Archaeology & Cultural Heritage Series, vol. 1, Muscat, 2001, 134-5 fig. 65 map 649:, are now described as 'small stone monuments'. The term megalith has been used and misused in a wide variety of meanings; 2547: 421:

An important connection with the outside world comes to bear in a cuneiform inscription (640 BCE) of the Neo-Assyrian king

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sherd depicted was for many years considered to be Late Iron Age, but recent research re-dates it to the medieval period.

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During this age, metal production increased considerably in relation to that of the preceding Hafit Period, with several

17: 234:

type. As for copper, crucibles with metal traces, small furnaces, and about 300 copper tools were found at Ras al-Jinz.

1477: 1353:

Internationales Frontinus-Symposium: Wasserversorgung aus Qanaten-Qanate als Vorbilder im Tunnelbau, 2.-5. Oktober 2003

126:. This theory was headed by the Dhofar Archaeological Project (DAP) in 2010 to 2011, when they surveyed and discovered 1750: 1535: 1412: 1299: 1201: 1130: 1515:

Fleitmann, D., Mudelsee, M., Bradley, R. S., Burns, S. J., Cheng, H., Mangini, A., Edwards, R., Matter, A.. (2010).

2233: 1146:

Al-Belushi, Mohammed Ali; ElMahi, Ali Tigani (2009). "Archaeological investigations in Shenah, Sultanate of Oman".

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The Iron Age is divided into two different periods, 'Iron Age A' (1300-300 BCE) and 'Iron Age B' (325 BCE-650 CE).

641:

Several Late Iron Age sites do not link in terms of form and details of manufacture of their artifacts with the

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Paul Yule, Late Pre-Islamic Oman: The Inner Evidence – The Outside View, Hoffmann-Ruf–M. al-Salami, A. (eds.),

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P. Yule‒C. Pariselle, Silver phiale said to be from al-Juba (al-Wusṭa Governorate) ‒ an archaeological puzzle,

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Northern face of the Jebel Radhania (or Ruwadhah), on top of which the Early Iron Age Lizq fort, L1, was built.

226:. Such finds have been documented on the eastern coast of the Sultanate near Ra's al-Hadd, especially HD-6 and 1826:

G. W. Goettler, N. Firth, C. C. Huston, A preöiminary discussion of ancient min ing in the Sultanate of Oman,

605:. However, Omani Arabic has its own words and is not just an import from Central Arabia. It is assumed that 2940: 2281: 2109: 2099: 2755: 1606:, Late Pre-Islamic Oman: The Inner Evidence – The Outside View, in: M. Hoffmann-Ruf–A. al-Salami (eds.), 1321:

Petersen, Andrew (2009). "Islamic urbanism in eastern Arabia: the case of the al-'Ayn-al-Buryami oasis".

418:. More than 400 metallic artifacts often found close shape correspondences with those from ʿIbrī/Selme. 2570: 2334: 2324: 2150: 1946: 514: 1592:

Die Beduinen in Südarabien. Eine ethnologische Studie zur Entwicklung der Kamelhirtenkultur in Arabien

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typically ranges from 3300 to 1300 BCE, encompassing part of the Hafit period (3100-2700 BCE) and the

2580: 2402: 2319: 2211: 2006: 1961: 664: 317: 1720:

La péninsule d’Oman de la fin de l’âge du fer au début de la période sasanide (250 av. – 350 ap. JC)

1070: 297: 105:, conditioned locally by the different geographical situations. The amount of moisture dictates the 2760: 2640: 2562: 2540: 2365: 2349: 2140: 1262:

Stephan Kroll, The Early Iron Age Lizq Fort, Sultanate of Oman, translated and revised by P. Yule,

202:

blades and laminar flakes being observed. The site is associated with the latter part of 4000 BCE.

1766:

The Land of Incense. Archaeological Work in the Governorate of Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman 1990-1995

1741:, ʿAmlah, al-Zahirah (Sultanat Oman) – späteisenzeitliche Gräberfelder 1997, in: Paul Yule (ed.), 1648:

The Land of Incense, Archaeological Work in the Governorate of Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman 1990–1995

1502:

C. Holes, A participial infix in the eastern Arabian dialects ‒ an ancient pre-conquest feature?,

1379:

Archaeological Rescue Excavations on Packages 3 and 4 of the Batinah Expressway, Sultanate of Oman

1239:

The Land of Incense. Archaeological Work in the Governorate of Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman 1990-1995

2780: 2735: 2705: 2605: 2454: 2419: 2276: 2119: 331:

In Dhofār weapons came to light in a confirmed grave context datable to the 3rd millennium BCE.

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in the land of Qade. It yielded to date nearly 700 metallic artifacts. The introduction of the

90: 1251: 244: 2850: 2785: 2750: 2665: 2655: 2615: 2469: 2314: 2170: 1057: 783:"The Nubian Complex of Dhofar, Oman: An African Middle Stone Age Industry in Southern Arabia" 586:

sites. To judge from the Samad stone graves and from evidence about their diet, this was not

450: 1519:

Abstract PP51B-06 presented at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, California, 13-17 Dec.

47:, though its prehistoric remains differ in some respects from the more specifically defined 2810: 2745: 2725: 2635: 2625: 2610: 2409: 2261: 2216: 2160: 2047: 1999: 794: 574: 470:

reasons unknown. Evident during this period is also a loss of copper producing technology.

44: 1981: 1150:. Papers from the forty-second meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held in London. 522: 453:. Archaeologists believed that the site was inhabited by the miners of the nearby copper. 8: 2860: 2645: 2533: 2377: 2309: 2238: 2221: 2104: 2052: 1041: 127: 1986: 798: 415: 2429: 2248: 1878: 1405:

Die Gräberfelder in Samad al-Shan (Sultanat Oman) Materialien zu einer Kulturgeschichte

1125:. Beiträge zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Archäologie (BAVA) 18. pp. 183–241. 825: 782: 278: 262: 231: 194: 56: 1323:

Papers from the Forty-second Meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies Held in London

1165:

Tosi, Maurizio (1987). "Die Indus-Zivilisation jenseits des indischen Subkontinents".

43:. There are different definitions for Oman: traditional Oman includes the present-day 2915: 2414: 2344: 2228: 2165: 2128: 1782: 1746: 1723: 1677: 1631: 1611: 1578: 1531: 1473: 1452: 1431: 1408: 1295: 1267: 1197: 1170: 1126: 941: 888: 830: 812: 746: 738: 550: 376: 321: 238: 106: 40: 36: 1779:

A Port in Arabia between Rome and the Indian Ocean (3rd century BC – 5th century AD)

1049: 872: 2459: 2199: 2185: 2175: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2057: 1045: 1017: 1006:"Ground stone tools from the copper production site Al-Khashbah, Sultanate of Oman" 980: 931: 884: 880: 820: 802: 606: 598: 487: 405:

Orthographic view of an Early Iron Age hut tomb at Bilād al-Maʿdin in eastern Oman.

266: 52: 2493: 2397: 2339: 2297: 2271: 2266: 2155: 2077: 2072: 2062: 2034: 1931: 1883: 1839: 1810: 1530:

Studies in the Archaeology of the Sultanate of Oman, Rahden, 1999, 22, 27 Fig. 5

1348: 1289: 1283: 1222: 1093: 807: 728: 706: 692: 558: 554: 499: 182: 2382: 1966: 1936: 1738: 1603: 1423: 1189: 1016:(3). School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh: 24. 920:"Neolithic material cultures of Oman and the Gulf seashores from 5500-4500 BCE" 734: 578: 462: 306: 190: 102: 79: 1339:"Iron Age tombs discovered in Oman | Archaeology World". Retrieved 2020-09-17. 89:

and the Age of Islam. A "period" is an inferred classification from recurring

2934: 2909: 2509: 2474: 2464: 2444: 2392: 2387: 1971: 1715: 945: 816: 722: 622: 610: 583: 545: 518: 503: 483: 391: 302: 83: 67: 63: 1110:. Vereinigung der Freunde von Kunst und Kultur im Bergbau. pp. 174–263. 667:

is known from different sites in the Sultanate, for example probably ʿAmlāʾ/

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The site known as Al-Khashbah, was the focus of a surveying project by the

282: 219: 1005: 536:

tetradrachm found in the Late Iron Age settlement al-Nejd in eastern Oman.

2919: 2514: 1941: 1903: 442: 387: 227: 223: 186: 119: 48: 1856:

Weisgerber, Gerd (1980). "PATTERNS OF EARLY ISAMIC METALLURGY IN OMAN".

1381:, British Foundation for the Study of Arabia monograph 18, Oxford, 2016. 510:

usually on the left, their heads generally point toward the south-east.

2329: 1976: 1916: 919: 646: 258: 215: 167: 138: 134: 75: 71: 2525: 1430:, Abhandlungen Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, vol. 30, Wiesbaden 2014, 1192:, A Prehistoric Grave Inventory from Aztaḥ, Ẓafār, in: P. Yule (ed.), 936: 1517:

Megadroughts at the Dawn of Islam Recorded in a Stalagmite from Oman,

1022: 688: 566: 411: 386:

fort is most similar to that from the latest Early Iron Age sites at

159: 143: 1575:

Die Nomaden Dhofars/Sultanat Oman traditional Lebensformen im Wandel

394:. In terms of pottery chronology, its beginnings there are obscure. 1926: 1351:, The Impact of the Dynamics of Qanats and Aflaj on Oases in Oman, 528: 491: 313: 163: 147: 1672:

Ali Aḥmad Maḥāsh al-Shaḥrī, Grave types and "triliths" in Dhofar,

633: 320:

was found at Ras al-Jinz, located at the easternmost point of the

847: 650: 587: 495: 325: 123: 1991: 1528:

P. Yule, G. Costa, C. Philipps, Grave IIb, in: Paul Yule (ed.),

133:

A slightly more recent series of surveys, the French Mission of

2449: 879:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 9663–9679, 594: 367: 178: 174: 958: 350: 1921: 1799:

Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

1108:

Mehr als Kupfer in Oman : Ergebnisse der Expedition 1981

984: 679: 668: 642: 618: 614: 533: 434: 1196:, Orient-Archäologie, vol. 2, Rahden/Westfalia, 1999, 91–6, 473: 370:

producing sites, especially the fort on the Jebel Radhania,

305:

of copper. However, some other buildings had indications of

59:

develops separately from that of central and northern Oman.

31:

table of the chronology for the archaeology of Central Oman.

27: 2022: 1956: 1951: 1252:

http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7548/1/Schreiber_Juergen.pdf

655: 602: 573:. It appears that, at this time in Central Oman, so-called 570: 446: 430: 426: 401: 383: 371: 281:

copper ingots, weighing 1–2 kg, being found. Tower or

95: 1428:

Cross-roads – Early and Late Iron Age South-eastern Arabia

1123:

The Tower Tombs at Shir, Eastern Hajar, Sultanate of Oman

683:

Sherd of medieval pottery from Khor Rori in southern Oman

218:

in this geographic location partially coincides with the

62:

Different ages are reflected in typological assemblages,

637:

A trilith at the site near al-Jawābī in the Ṣūr Wilayat.

1355:, Luxemburg, Heft 26, 2003, 61–97, esp. 74–7 fig. 24–9. 425:; he mentions emissaries sent by a king by the name of 382:

Usually hand-made and hard-fired, the pottery from the

1813:, Die Suche nach dem altsumerischen Kupferland Makan, 1042:"Die 14. Deutsche Archäologische Oman-Expedition 1995" 230:. Also present in the tombs was diagnostic pottery of 1722:, BAR International Series 1776, 1992 (printed 2008) 1547:

Walter Dostal, Zur Megalithenfrage in Südarabien, in

1264:

Zeitschrift für die Kultur außereuropäischen Kulturen

731:, The Persian Gulf in Antiquity, 2 vols., Oxford 1992 1893: 779: 1743:

Studies in the archaeology of the Sultanate of Oman

1194:

Studies in the Archaeology of the Sultanate of Oman

1489:John Wilkinson, The origins of the aflāj of Oman, 1294:. Prähistorische Bronzefunde xx7, Stuttgart 2001, 918:Méry, Sophie; Charpentier, Vincent (2013-04-18). 2932: 1145: 1105: 917: 517:, Nejd Madirah, Qaryat al-Saiḥ in Wadi Maḥram, 1858:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Seminar 1745:, Orient-Archäologie 2, Rahden, 1999, 119–186 1608:Studies on Ibadism and Oman, Oman and Overseas 1449:Studies on Ibadism and Oman, Oman and Overseas 1148:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 1120: 1039: 962:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 851:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 597:, linguistic variety with them as far east as 593:These tribes brought the South Arabian, later 150:lithic remains were primary tool types found. 2541: 2007: 590:population, but rather consisted of farmers. 173:Key sites on the Western Coast include shell 137:conducted from 2007 to 2013, found numerous 2548: 2534: 2014: 2000: 1855: 628: 1106:Weisgerber, Gerd; Kroll, Stephan (1981). 1021: 935: 824: 806: 414:', when in reality this site is known as 1468:Heinz Halm, Der vordere Orient um 1200, 1320: 1154:. Archaeopress: 31–41 – via JSTOR. 857:. Archaeopress: 21–34 – via JSTOR. 678: 632: 527: 472: 400: 349: 243: 162:Age coincides with the beginning of the 26: 2555: 1912:List of archaeological sites by country 1693:, Dubai 1994, pages 273-4 figs. 248-251 94:particularly that of copper—refused as 14: 2933: 1659:Dostal 1967, 184-8; W. Müller, Mahra, 1084: 1082: 1080: 1003: 525:, Ṭīwī site TW2—have been documented. 513:Few fragmentary settlements—Mahaliya, 456: 248:Tomb at Shir of the Umm an-Nar Period. 2529: 1995: 1504:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 1407:. Orient-Archäologie 4, Rahden 2001, 1121:Yule, Paul; Weisgerber, Gerd (1998). 1040:Yule, Paul; Weisgerber, Gerd (1996). 999: 997: 995: 993: 870: 674: 1169:. Mainz am Rhein. pp. 132–133. 1164: 1035: 1033: 913: 911: 909: 866: 864: 691:, a trading fort established by the 2282:Consultative Assembly (lower house) 1610:, vol. 2, Hildesheim, 2013, 13–33, 1472:, sheet B VIII 1, Wiesbaden, 1985, 1470:Tübinger Atlas Des Vorderen Orients 1451:, vol. 2, Hildesheim, 2013, 13–33, 1077: 272: 55:. The archaeology of southern Oman 24: 1099: 990: 877:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology 873:"Shell Middens of the Arabian Sea" 366:Known from different cemetery and 334: 25: 2952: 2021: 1872: 1030: 924:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 906: 861: 477:Eastern Oman, Late Iron Age sites 361: 237:Copper smelting began perhaps at 193:. Their middens were dated using 2914: 2905: 2904: 2118: 1896: 1292:: عبري)-Selme, Sultanate of Oman 2110:2018–2019 unemployment protests 1849: 1833: 1820: 1804: 1801:, vol. 15, Munich 1978, 699-777 1791: 1771: 1755: 1732: 1709: 1696: 1683: 1666: 1653: 1637: 1620: 1597: 1584: 1567: 1554: 1541: 1522: 1509: 1496: 1483: 1462: 1441: 1417: 1397: 1384: 1371: 1358: 1342: 1333: 1314: 1305: 1276: 1256: 1244: 1228: 1215: 1206: 1183: 1158: 1139: 1114: 1050:10.11588/propylaeumdok.00000577 577:languages were spoken. For the 2872:British Indian Ocean Territory 2277:Council of State (upper house) 972: 952: 885:10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_3462 841: 773: 764: 699: 112: 13: 1: 1797:W. W. Müller, Weihrauch, in: 757: 252: 209: 45:United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) 1702:Ali Ahmad Mahash al-Shahri, 1689:Ali Ahmad Mahash al-Shahri, 1551:, Brill, Leiden, 1968, 53-61 1549:Festschrift Werner Caskel... 808:10.1371/journal.pone.0028239 153: 7: 2105:2011 protests (Arab Spring) 1889: 1842:, Mehr als Kupfer in Oman, 1288:The Metal Hoard from ʿIbrī( 486:and smaller sites, such as 345: 269:Periods (2000 - 1300 BCE). 64:Old Stone (Paleolithic) Age 10: 2957: 1947:al-Nejd, Sultanate of Oman 1846:, 5-6, 1981, 184-5 fig. 7. 1167:Vergessene Städte am Indus 1004:Döpper, Stephanie (2020). 716: 185:fishhooks were located--, 181:—where indication of some 39:lies in the south-eastern 2900: 2859: 2819: 2561: 2487: 2373: 2364: 2305: 2296: 2247: 2207: 2198: 2136: 2127: 2116: 2033: 1962:Pre-Islamic recent period 1706:, Dubai 2000, 188-9 figs. 1674:Arab. Archaeol. Epigraphy 1010:Journal of Lithic Studies 665:Pre-Islamic recent period 318:Indus Valley Civilization 68:New Stone (Neolithic) Age 2621:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 1879:University of Heidelberg 569:) and personal names in 2882:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 629:non-Samad Late Iron Age 445:by archaeologists from 2435:International rankings 2176:Rub' al Khali (desert) 1088:Story of Ras Al Jinz. 1065:Cite journal requires 684: 638: 537: 478: 406: 355: 298:University of Tübingen 249: 177:at Ra's al-Ḥamrā' and 32: 1661:Encyclopedia of Islam 1366:Arab. Arch. Epigraphy 1241:, Muscat 2001, 79-104 871:Biagi, Paolo (2020), 682: 636: 531: 476: 451:Heidelberg University 404: 353: 247: 30: 2796:United Arab Emirates 2181:World heritage sites 987:journal.pone.0236314 575:Modern South Arabian 265:(2700-2000 BCE) and 2941:Archaeology of Oman 2823:limited recognition 2556:Archaeology of Asia 2053:Incense trade route 1704:The Language of Aad 799:2011PLoSO...628239R 709:took hold in Oman. 457:Samad Late Iron Age 390:(or al-Maysar) and 285:, such as those at 18:Samad Late Iron Age 2335:Telecommunications 1630:18, 2014, 145-151 1628:Journal Oman Stud. 1266:5, 2013, 159–220, 1092:2016-09-10 at the 685: 675:Iron Age in Dhofar 639: 551:Persian Achaemenid 538: 479: 461:At the end of the 407: 356: 316:attributed to the 250: 232:Jemdet Nasr period 33: 2928: 2927: 2865:other territories 2523: 2522: 2483: 2482: 2470:Traditional games 2360: 2359: 2292: 2291: 2212:Foreign relations 2194: 2193: 1787:978-88-8265-469-6 1728:978-1-4073-0264-5 1676:2, 1991, 190-193 1616:978-3-487-14798-7 1573:Cf. Jörg Janzen, 1493:6.1, 1983, 182-3. 1457:978-3-487-14798-7 1436:978-3-447-10127-1 1272:978-3-89500-649-4 937:10.1111/aae.12010 894:978-3-030-30016-6 751:978-3-447-19287-3 743:978-3-447-10127-1 609:arrived with the 377:Sultanate of Oman 322:Arabian Peninsula 107:carrying capacity 41:Arabian Peninsula 37:Sultanate of Oman 16:(Redirected from 2948: 2918: 2908: 2907: 2877:Christmas Island 2563:Sovereign states 2550: 2543: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2503: 2496: 2371: 2370: 2303: 2302: 2205: 2204: 2134: 2133: 2122: 2100:1970 coup d'état 2093:Battle of Mirbat 2088:Dhofar Rebellion 2083:Jebel Akhdar War 2058:Tribes of Arabia 2016: 2009: 2002: 1993: 1992: 1987:ʿUqdat al-Bakrah 1906: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1866: 1865: 1853: 1847: 1837: 1831: 1828:Jour. Oman Stud. 1824: 1818: 1817:37, 1991, 76-90. 1808: 1802: 1795: 1789: 1775: 1769: 1759: 1753: 1736: 1730: 1713: 1707: 1700: 1694: 1687: 1681: 1670: 1664: 1663:, v. 6, 1991, 82 1657: 1651: 1641: 1635: 1624: 1618: 1601: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1577:, Bamberg, 1980 1571: 1565: 1564:83, 2009, 602-18 1558: 1552: 1545: 1539: 1526: 1520: 1513: 1507: 1500: 1494: 1487: 1481: 1466: 1460: 1445: 1439: 1421: 1415: 1401: 1395: 1388: 1382: 1375: 1369: 1362: 1356: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1303: 1282:Paul Yule & 1280: 1274: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1232: 1226: 1221:Paul Yule & 1219: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1097: 1096:Oman Information 1086: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1053: 1037: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1023:10.2218/jls.3082 1001: 988: 976: 970: 969: 956: 950: 949: 939: 915: 904: 903: 902: 901: 868: 859: 858: 845: 839: 838: 828: 810: 777: 771: 768: 607:Classical Arabic 416:ʿUqdat al-Bakrah 273:Early Bronze Age 189:, Ra's Dah, and 118:during the Late 53:Strait of Hormuz 35:The present-day 21: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2896: 2864: 2855: 2836:Northern Cyprus 2822: 2815: 2557: 2554: 2524: 2519: 2506: 2499: 2492: 2479: 2455:Public holidays 2356: 2330:Rial (currency) 2288: 2243: 2229:Law enforcement 2190: 2123: 2114: 2078:Battle of Dhank 2073:Muscat and Oman 2063:Imamate of Oman 2029: 2020: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1875: 1870: 1869: 1854: 1850: 1840:Gerd Weisgerber 1838: 1834: 1825: 1821: 1811:Gerd Weisgerber 1809: 1805: 1796: 1792: 1776: 1772: 1760: 1756: 1737: 1733: 1714: 1710: 1701: 1697: 1688: 1684: 1671: 1667: 1658: 1654: 1642: 1638: 1625: 1621: 1602: 1598: 1590:Walter Dostal, 1589: 1585: 1572: 1568: 1559: 1555: 1546: 1542: 1527: 1523: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1497: 1488: 1484: 1467: 1463: 1446: 1442: 1422: 1418: 1402: 1398: 1389: 1385: 1376: 1372: 1363: 1359: 1349:Gerd Weisgerber 1347: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1284:Gerd Weisgerber 1281: 1277: 1261: 1257: 1249: 1245: 1233: 1229: 1223:Gerd Weisgerber 1220: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1188: 1184: 1177: 1163: 1159: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1119: 1115: 1104: 1100: 1094:Wayback Machine 1087: 1078: 1066: 1064: 1055: 1054: 1038: 1031: 1002: 991: 977: 973: 957: 953: 916: 907: 899: 897: 895: 869: 862: 846: 842: 778: 774: 769: 765: 760: 729:Daniel T. Potts 719: 707:Arabic language 702: 677: 631: 459: 429:who resides in 364: 348: 337: 335:Late Bronze Age 275: 255: 212: 183:mother-of-pearl 156: 115: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2954: 2944: 2943: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2912: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2504: 2497: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2253: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2004: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1967:Qaryat al-Saih 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1937:Mahri language 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1874: 1873:External links 1871: 1868: 1867: 1848: 1832: 1819: 1803: 1790: 1770: 1768:, Muscat 2001 1754: 1739:Paul Alan Yule 1731: 1708: 1695: 1682: 1665: 1652: 1636: 1619: 1596: 1594:, Vienna, 1967 1583: 1566: 1553: 1540: 1521: 1508: 1495: 1491:Jour Om. Stud. 1482: 1478:978-3882267372 1461: 1440: 1438:, pages 62-66. 1416: 1396: 1394:15, 2007, 7‒32 1383: 1377:Ben Saunders, 1370: 1368:27, 2016, 153. 1357: 1341: 1332: 1313: 1304: 1275: 1255: 1243: 1227: 1214: 1205: 1182: 1175: 1157: 1138: 1131: 1113: 1098: 1076: 1067:|journal= 1029: 989: 971: 951: 905: 893: 860: 840: 793:(11): e28239. 772: 762: 761: 759: 756: 755: 754: 732: 726: 718: 715: 701: 698: 676: 673: 630: 627: 579:Early Iron Age 521:sites S1, S7, 463:Early Iron Age 458: 455: 363: 362:Early Iron Age 360: 347: 344: 336: 333: 307:flint knapping 274: 271: 254: 251: 211: 208: 155: 152: 114: 111: 103:Early Iron Age 80:Early Iron Age 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2953: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2846:South Ossetia 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1982:ʿUmq al-Rabaḫ 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1972:Samad al-Shan 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1894: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1844:Der Anschnitt 1841: 1836: 1829: 1823: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1781:, Rome 2008, 1780: 1777:A. Avanzini, 1774: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1752: 1751:3-89646-632-1 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716:Michel Mouton 1712: 1705: 1699: 1692: 1686: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1662: 1656: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1593: 1587: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1563: 1557: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1536:3-89646-632-1 1533: 1525: 1518: 1512: 1505: 1499: 1492: 1486: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1414: 1413:3-89646-634-8 1410: 1406: 1400: 1393: 1387: 1380: 1374: 1367: 1361: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1317: 1308: 1301: 1300:3-515-07153-9 1297: 1293: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1253: 1247: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1224: 1218: 1209: 1203: 1202:3-89646-632-1 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1178: 1172: 1168: 1161: 1153: 1149: 1142: 1134: 1132:3-8053-2518-5 1128: 1124: 1117: 1109: 1102: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1072: 1059: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1036: 1034: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 986: 982: 975: 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2249:Government 1977:Tiwi, Oman 1917:al-Akhdhar 1176:3805309570 900:2020-11-05 758:References 745:, E-Book: 693:Hadhramite 647:megalithic 488:al-Akhdhar 482:province. 263:Umm al-Nar 259:Bronze Age 253:Bronze Age 216:Copper Age 210:Copper Age 122:, via the 76:Bronze Age 72:Copper Age 2887:Hong Kong 2841:Palestine 2766:Sri Lanka 2761:Singapore 2641:Indonesia 2415:Education 2345:Transport 2325:Petroleum 2320:Companies 2166:Provinces 2129:Geography 1932:al-Bustan 1680:0905-7196 1634:0378-8180 1604:Paul Yule 1581:0344-6557 1562:Antiquity 1424:Paul Yule 1190:Paul Yule 946:0905-7196 817:1932-6203 735:Paul Yule 689:Khor Rori 567:al-Rustaq 532:Imported 500:al-Bustan 412:al-Saffah 239:al-Batina 160:Neolithic 154:Neolithic 2935:Category 2910:Category 2831:Abkhazia 2781:Thailand 2736:Pakistan 2716:Mongolia 2711:Maldives 2706:Malaysia 2606:Cambodia 2510:Category 2460:Religion 2440:Language 2403:regional 2350:airports 2234:Military 2200:Politics 2186:Wildlife 2027:articles 1927:al-Amqat 1890:See also 1884:heidICON 1090:Archived 985:10.1371/ 835:22140561 787:PLOS ONE 651:triliths 599:Khorasan 559:Sasanian 555:Parthian 492:al-Amqat 346:Iron Age 314:potsherd 267:Wadi Suq 164:Holocene 148:bifacial 91:artifact 2806:Vietnam 2721:Myanmar 2701:Lebanon 2631:Georgia 2586:Bahrain 2576:Armenia 2494:Outline 2398:Culture 2393:Cuisine 2366:Society 2340:Tourism 2298:Economy 2272:Council 2267:Cabinet 2156:Geology 2141:Borders 2035:History 1392:Adumatu 826:3227647 795:Bibcode 717:Sources 588:Bedouin 515:al-Nejd 496:Bawshar 326:bitumen 191:Maṣīrah 175:middens 144:laminar 124:Red Sea 2851:Taiwan 2786:Turkey 2751:Russia 2686:Kuwait 2666:Jordan 2656:Israel 2616:Cyprus 2601:Brunei 2596:Bhutan 2515:Portal 2450:People 2420:Emblem 2383:Cinema 2378:Anthem 2257:Sultan 2171:Rivers 2146:Cities 2025: 1785: 1749: 1726: 1614: 1534: 1476: 1455: 1434: 1411: 1298: 1290:Arabic 1270: 1200: 1173: 1129: 944: 891: 833: 823: 815: 749: 741: 595:Arabic 557:, and 368:copper 179:Suwayh 146:, and 139:lithic 57:Dhofar 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