220:, who had become governor of Spanish Florida in 1680, sent two missionaries back to Sabacola in the summer of 1681, with an escort of 12 Spanish soldiers (later reduced to eight). After a report that some Apalachicolas had killed two Christian Apalachees, more Spanish soldiers were sent to Sabacola, which may have antagonized the Apalachicolas. The missionaries were forced out again a few months later. The missionaries had baptized 36 residents of Sabacola, but were not successful at converting other Apalachicolas, reportly because of errors they made, including not having gifts for the newly converted. Cabrera suspected English influence in the hostility shown the missionaries. Threats from Cabrera led to at least the Christianized residents of the town moving south to a point west of the Flint River just above where it joins the Chattahoochee. A mission named
110:(the chief town of Apalachicola Province) for a while, due to its position near the southern end of the Apalachicola towns, close to Apalachee, and to its connections with the Spanish in Apalachee Province. Sabacola had poorly understood ties to the Apalachee. There was an Apalachee village named Sabacola, a satellite of the town of Ocuia in western Apalachee Province, whose residents spoke Apalachee as well as another language. One Spanish report said that the speech of Sabacola was distinct from that of the rest of Apalachicola, and that at least the leaders also spoke Apalachee. Goddard notes that
200:, was reported to have been abandoned by 1685.) The Christian residents of Sabacola who had moved from Sabacola el Menor requested that missionaries be sent to them. The arrival of 23 new friars in Florida may have made feasible new missionary efforts, and in late 1679, three missionaries, including the friar who had been at Santa Cruz de Sabacola before it moved north, were sent to Apalachicola to minister to the Christian Sabacolas and to convert the Apalachicolas as a counter to the growing English influence in the Chattahoochee valley. The Christians of Sabacola had not informed the chief of
278:. Peña travelled two more days to reach the town of Apalachicola, where he met the chiefs and principal men of the Apalachicola towns. Peña reported there were ten towns in the province, including Sabacola, and that Sabacola had 84 warriors, with the other towns having between 28 and 173 warriors each. Peña indicated that the Apalachicola towns spoke four different languages. Mark states that Yamassee, Muscogee, and Hitchiti were spoken by various towns, while Peña stated that the Uchi and Sabacola towns spoke distinct languages.
184:. Santa Cruz de Sabacola was still occupied when the expedition against the Chisca passed through, and Chief Baltazar and six men from the town joined the expedition into Chisca territory. The people of Santa Cruz de Sabacola el Menor moved north to join the Apalachicola towns later that year, possibly in fear of retaliation from the Chisca.
270:, ordered a retired lieutenant, Diego Peña, to return to the Chattahoochee with Chislacasliche, with orders to determine which chiefs wished to ally with the Spanish, to get such chiefs to travel to St. Augustine to submit themselves to the governor and to try to convince the towns to move into the old Apalachee Province.
298:
on the south bank of
Hatchechubbee Creek where it joins the Chattahoochee River, has been identified as "probably one of the sites of Sabacola", based on a map from around 1773. In the late 18th century a new settlement called "Big Sauocola" was located on the Alabama side of the Chattahoochee River,
215:
by the province of
Carolina and their allies, the Savannahs, in 1680, some surviving Westos sought refuge at Coweta. The towns on the Chattahoochee that had been friendly with the Westos now turned from the English and sought better relations with the Spanish. In late 1680 the chief of Sabacola went
273:
Peña kept a journal of his journey, which describes the disposition of the towns on the
Chattahoochee River. He crossed the Flint River (which the Spanish called the "Pedernales") where it joined the Apalachicola River, then traveled half a league to the village of Chislacasliche, satellite town of
252:
near Coweta in 1689, manned with
Spanish soldiers and Apalachee militia. The blockhouse was intended to prevent the English from passing through the area. Instead, the Chattahoochee towns were enticed by trade with the English to move closer to the English settlements in Carolina. Some of the towns
265:
started, the towns along the
Okmulgee River, including Sabacola, moved back to the Chattahoochee River in 1716. Chislacalich (Cherokeeleechee, meaning "Cherokee killer", to the English) was the chief of a town settled near the former site of Sabacola where the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers join,
232:. On leaving Apalachee Province he traveled to Sabacola Chuba at the juncture of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. A number of residents of Sabacola accompanied Delgado as porters. Sabacola had about 30 families and 30 Christians, including the chief, in 1689. The mission town may have included
289:
and the vicinity of San Marcos. Some residents of those towns were
Christians. Christians from the town of Sabacola probably moved to the old Apalachee Province as a result of the Spanish entreaties. Some people called Sabacolas were evacuated from San Marco to Havana in 1763, when Spain ceded
171:
valley west of the
Apalachicola River) rebelled that summer, unsuccessfully attempting to kill a missionary. Several Spanish soldiers and a number of Apalachee archers were sent to protect the missionary, who had reached Santa Cruz de Sabacola. Chief Baltazar of Santa Cruz de Sabacola told the
293:
Sabacola relocated more than once during the 18th century. A 1757 map shows "Ofwaggloe" (Sabacola) on the north side of "Catchefe Creek" (tentatively identified as Little
Barbour Creek) where it enters the Chattahoochee River, and "O: old town" on the south side of the creek. Site 1RU28, in
257:
near its juncture with the
Ocmulgee River. The Spanish then abandoned the blockhouse on the Chattahoochee River. By 1694, Sabacolas were participating with other "Uchises" (the Spanish name for the people who had settled in the Ochese Creek area) in raids on missions in Apalachee Province.
266:
while
Sabacola was located a little upstream. Chislacaliche traveled to St. Augustine that July (1716) to ask the Spanish to resume friendly relations with the Chattahoochee towns. The Spanish thought he was the emperor of the Province of Coweta (i.e., Apalachicola). The Spanish governor,
315:
As was common with Native American names, Europeans wrote the name of the town and people in a variety of ways. The Spanish recorded the name of the town as Sabacola, Sabocola, Sauocola, and Savacola. The English recorded it as Sawokli, Sauwoogelo, Swaglaw, Sauqoogolo, Sowoolla, and
285:. Peña reported that while the town of Tasquique spoke Yamassee, and Euchitto (Achito), Apalachicola, and Ocone spoke Uchise (Hitchiti), Uchi and Sabacola spoke different languages. Sabacola was one of the towns Peña stated in October 1717 were expected to move to the mouth of the
118:
is not, but might be Apalachee, instead. Sabacola was the only Apalachicola town whose residents showed interest in becoming Christians, and in having close ties with the Spanish. Apalachee men named Savocola Caurenti and Savacola Adrian were recorded in 1694. Juan Ysfane was the
179:
living in western Florida, west of the Apalachicola River, were responsible for a number of raids in Apalachee Province in which Christian natives had been killed. The Spanish and Apalachee mounted an expedition against the Chisca in 1677, capturing a Chisca fortification on the
94:
of the Apalachicola towns, including Sabacola, had developed in place over several centuries. The towns on the lower Chattahoochee were likely originally Hitchiti speaking, although Sabacola may have been an exception. Population losses following the passage of the
253:
moved to the Ochese Creek (later Okmulgee River) area in central Georgia in 1690, with the rest following by the end of 1691, including Sabacola Chuba, which was reported to be uninhabited by 1692. Sabacola, known as Sowagles to the English, was established on the
274:
Sabacola. From Chislacasliche, Peña traveled for six days, crossing the Chattahoochee River into Alabama to reach Sabacola. The town of Sabacola was probably then at the McClendon site (1Ru28), south of the mouth of Hatcheechubbee Creek in
299:
possibly at Welaumee Creek, while "Little Sauocola" was on the Georgia side of the river. In 1798/1799, Sabacola was at the Blackmon site (1BR25), close to the 1BR30 site, one of which was the likely site of the town a century before.
103:-speaking towns settling among the Apalachicola towns by the mid-16th century. At the same time, at least some of the Apalachicola people may have migrated south towards the Apalachee towns.
208:, who were in turn allied with the English in Carolina. On hearing of the arrival of the missionaries, the chief traveled to Sabacola and forced the missionaries to leave three days later.
62:
English and French sources refer to Sabacola as Sawokli, Saowoolla, Chaouakale, Chaogouloux, and Sauwoogelo. The suffix -ukli means 'town' in Hitchiti, and appears frequently in indigenous
163:
from San Luis, chief town of Apalachee Province, with the other Apalachicola towns 30 leagues to the north. There were less than 30 men at the Santa Cruz de Sabacola mission in 1675. Some
54:
established by the Spanish. The Apalachicola towns, including Sabacola, evolved into the Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy (called the Lower Creeks by the English).
281:
Peña returned to the towns on the Chattahoochee River again in 1717, trying to recruit six towns to move from the Chattahoochee River to close to the Spanish outpost at
196:, near the northern end of the towns in Apalachicola Province. (The earlier site of Sabacola el Grande, which had been at the southern end of the Apalachicola towns in
123:, or "beloved son", of the town of Sabacola el Grande, and Esfane and Isfane were recorded as names of Apalachee individuals. A connection to the lower part of the
1377:
1447:
679:
Boyd, Mark F. (October 1952). "Documents Describing the Second and Third Expeditions of Lieutenant Diego Peña to Apalachee and Apalachicola in 1717 and 1718".
192:
The people from Santa Cruz de Sabacola el Menor settled in Sabacola el Grande on the Chattahoochee River a few leagues south of the falls at present-day
968:
479:
808:
Hann, John H. (April 1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries".
148:
329:
in the 1670s. That site had been abandoned by 1684, as Sabacola had moved south, closer to the juncture of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers.
204:, the strongest town in the Apalachicola Province, of the request. Coweta and other towns associated with it were in communication with the
50:
area of central Georgia for about 25 years, before returning to the Chattahoochee River. Sabacola was the only Apalachicola town to have a
30:
in what is now the Southeastern United States of America during the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries. Usually regarded as belonging to
658:
Boyd, Mark F. (July 1949). "Diego Pena's Expedition to Apalachee and Apalchicola in 1716: A Journal Translated and with an Introduction".
228:) before 1686. In 1686 Marcos Delgado was sent by Governor Cabrera to discover if the French had established a colony in the vicinity of
1442:
1359:
42:, at least one source stated that the Sabacola spoke another, unidentified language. The town moved to several locations along the
96:
889:
854:
732:
870:(Report to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), Report of Investigations 42, Office of Archaeological Research, pp. 111–112
1235:
920:
46:, sometimes with more than one town including Sabacola in its name at the same time. The town of Sabacola moved to the
139:
was established by 1675 in the town of Sabacola el Menor, located just south of the juncture of the Chattahoochee and
798:
624:
90:
On first contact with the Spanish in the 17th century, Sabacola was the southernmost of the Apalachicola towns. The
1386:
1266:
865:
144:
172:
Spanish after the Chacato rebellion that he would leave with all of his people once the Spanish soldiers left.
1437:
1199:
1168:
1391:
1332:
1271:
1063:
1032:
788:
722:
1411:
1396:
399:
127:
is suggested by reports that "Sabacola" was the name of the eastern mouth of the Apalachicola River delta.
1343:
51:
981:
267:
107:
1322:
1416:
1338:
637:(July 1937). "The Expedition of Marcos Delgado from Apalachee to the Upper Creek Country in 1686".
745:
A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians: With a Linguistic, Historic and Ethnographic Introduction
1406:
724:
Apalachicola: Resilience and Adaptation of a Native American Community on the Chattahoochee River
326:
295:
275:
237:
197:
614:
217:
1327:
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913:
876:
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91:
67:
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953:
610:
140:
31:
1401:
1251:
1194:
1153:
201:
181:
70:
refers to Sáwokli, or Sá-ukli, describing it as a Lower Creek town on the west bank of the
8:
1158:
1104:
1094:
634:
43:
511:
325:
Sabacola was probably located at the Blackmon site (1BR25) or the nearby site 1BR30, in
1348:
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193:
100:
1225:
1127:
1112:
1069:
817:
1366:
1204:
1148:
1017:
867:
Walter F. George Lake Archeological Survey of Fee Owned Lands Alabama and Georgia
743:
547:
875:
Worth, John E. (2000). "The Lower Creeks: Origin and History". In McEwan (ed.).
757:
1291:
991:
976:
254:
47:
114:(the usual English name for the town) appears to be a Hitchiti name, but that
1431:
1281:
1245:
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898:
383:
367:
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168:
160:
563:
39:
1189:
753:
262:
463:
1163:
1047:
1042:
958:
878:
Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory
784:
27:
776:
713:
692:
671:
650:
1240:
1007:
829:
249:
229:
447:
236:
from the earlier mission of San Carlos de los Chacatos in present-day
159:("great chief") of the town of Sabocola el Grande. The mission was 14
1084:
986:
884:(Bonnie G. ed.). University of Florida Press. pp. 265–298.
212:
99:, even though it did not enter the Chattahoochee Valley, resulted in
35:
821:
1027:
1012:
1002:
996:
929:
700:
Covington, James W. (April 1972). "Apalachee Indians, 1704–1763".
1089:
164:
63:
1215:
1079:
1022:
943:
864:
Knight, Vernon James Jr.; Mistovich, Tim S. (August 31, 1984),
233:
176:
531:
216:
to St. Augustine to request missionaries return to the town.
205:
143:
rivers that forms the Apalachicola River. That year, Bishop
106:
Sabacola may have held power rivalling that of the town of
355:
85:
343:
34:, Sabacola had poorly understood connections to the
38:people. Although usually described as speaking the
1429:
863:
589:
557:
373:
1448:Native American tribes in Georgia (U.S. state)
928:
914:
790:The Invention of the Creek Nation, 1670–1763
758:"The Indigenous Languages of the Southeast"
155:. Attendees at the dedication included the
16:Native American town in the Southeastern US
921:
907:
847:The Native American World Beyond Apalachee
153:La Incarnación a la Santa Cruz de Sabacola
699:
573:
167:(the Chacato people were centered in the
1360:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
741:
361:
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493:
421:
393:
1430:
609:
485:
902:
874:
593:
525:
389:
377:
844:
807:
783:
678:
657:
633:
613:(1964). Bannon, John Francis (ed.).
585:
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553:
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537:
521:
517:
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497:
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473:
469:
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224:was established in the town (called
175:In 1676, the Spanish realized that
151:dedicated the mission, renaming it
13:
616:Bolton and the Spanish Borderlands
86:Between Apalachee and Apalachicola
14:
1459:
1443:Native American tribes in Alabama
187:
74:river. He says the Hitchiti word
1387:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
793:. University of Nebraska Press.
742:Gatschet, Albert Samuel (1884).
702:The Florida Historical Quarterly
681:The Florida Historical Quarterly
660:The Florida Historical Quarterly
639:The Florida Historical Quarterly
619:. University of Oklahoma Press.
130:
1267:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
849:. University Press of Florida.
444:, pp. 88 (map), 93, 96–97.
1169:College of the Muscogee Nation
779:– via Knowledge Library.
721:Forster, H. Thomas II (2022).
319:
309:
243:
1:
1392:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
1328:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
1272:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
1033:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
504:, pp. 494–495, 510–511;
392:, pp. 267–269, 271–273;
336:
1412:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
1397:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
1212:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
748:. D.G. Brinton. p. 144.
476:, pp. 88 (map), 95, 97.
7:
1378:Federally recognized tribes
1344:Treaty of Washington (1826)
765:Anthropological Linguistics
592:, pp. 81–82, 111–112;
590:Knight & Mistovich 1984
558:Knight & Mistovich 1984
374:Knight & Mistovich 1984
10:
1464:
1333:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
930:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
416:, pp. 10–11, 45, 90;
268:Pedro de Olivera y Fullana
145:Gabriel Díaz Vara Calderón
1376:
1323:Treaty of New York (1790)
1315:
1177:
1141:
1103:
1056:
967:
936:
603:
572:, pp. 113–114, 134;
556:, pp. 19–22, 25–26;
1417:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
1339:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
645:(1): 2–32, Map on p. 1.
508:, p. 88 (map), 100.
460:, pp. 59–62, 95–97.
302:
26:) was a Native American
1407:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
327:Barbour County, Alabama
296:Russell County, Alabama
276:Russell County, Alabama
238:Jackson County, Florida
198:Barbour County, Alabama
57:
1302:Creek National Capitol
1262:Kimbell-James Massacre
1221:Leon-Jefferson culture
845:Hann, John H. (2006).
611:Bolton, Herbert Eugene
520:, pp. 49–51, 54;
222:San Carlos de Sabacola
1438:Muscogee tribal towns
1307:Crazy Snake Rebellion
1210:Apalachicola Province
1185:Mississippian culture
1066:(Francis the Prophet)
211:When the Westos were
32:Apalachicola Province
1402:Kialegee Tribal Town
1252:Battle of Burnt Corn
1154:Four Mothers Society
524:, pp. 510–511;
376:, pp. 111–112;
290:Florida to Britain.
248:The Spanish built a
218:Juan Márquez Cabrera
182:Choctawhatchee River
1159:Green Corn Ceremony
1095:William Weatherford
528:, pp. 280–282.
44:Chattahoochee River
1349:Indian Removal Act
1287:Indian Removal Act
1277:Battle of Ocheesee
1257:Fort Mims Massacre
500:, p. 35, 51;
408:, pp. 25–26;
147:of the Diocese of
125:Apalachicola River
97:de Soto expedition
78:means racoon, and
1425:
1424:
1354:Treaty of Cusseta
1297:Creek War of 1836
1248:(Creek civil war)
1231:State of Muskogee
1133:Mikasuki-Hitchiti
937:Four mother towns
891:9-780-8130-2086-0
856:978-0-8130-2982-5
734:978-1-032-20125-2
352:, pp. 8, 10.
135:A mission called
40:Hitchiti language
1455:
1316:Politics and law
1226:Battle of Taliwa
1070:William McIntosh
999:(four locations)
969:Groups and towns
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540:, pp. 4–7;
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492:, pp. 4–6;
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149:Santiago de Cuba
92:material culture
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1367:Sharp v. Murphy
1311:
1236:Forbes purchase
1205:Long Swamp Site
1173:
1137:
1099:
1052:
963:
932:
927:
892:
881:
857:
822:10.2307/1006866
801:
785:Hahn, Steven C.
760:
756:(Spring 2005).
735:
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488:, p. 138;
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440:, p. 495;
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66:in the region.
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1380:(20th century)
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1292:Trail of Tears
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1123:Creek-Seminole
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816:(4): 470–471.
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708:(4): 366–384.
697:
687:(2): 109–139.
676:
655:
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596:, p. 277.
588:, p. 93;
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576:, p. 384.
574:Covington 1972
562:
546:
530:
510:
496:, Appendix C;
478:
472:, p. 34;
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446:
436:, p. 30;
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412:, p. 29;
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382:
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366:
364:, p. 144.
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255:Towaliga River
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226:Sabacola Chuba
189:
188:Later missions
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59:
56:
48:Ocmulgee River
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1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Seminole Wars
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:Red Stick War
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:Peter McQueen
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
972:
970:
966:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
939:
935:
931:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
905:
904:
901:
893:
887:
880:
879:
873:
869:
868:
862:
858:
852:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
802:
800:0-8032-2414-1
796:
792:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
759:
755:
754:Goddard, Ives
751:
747:
746:
740:
736:
730:
727:. Routledge.
726:
725:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:Boyd, Mark F.
632:
628:
626:0-8061-0612-3
622:
618:
617:
612:
608:
607:
595:
591:
587:
582:
575:
571:
566:
560:, p. 81.
559:
555:
550:
544:, p. 90.
543:
539:
534:
527:
523:
519:
514:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
475:
471:
466:
459:
455:
450:
443:
439:
435:
430:
424:, p. 36.
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
396:, p. 36.
395:
391:
386:
379:
375:
370:
363:
362:Gatschet 1884
358:
351:
346:
342:
328:
322:
312:
308:
300:
297:
291:
288:
287:Wakulla River
284:
279:
277:
271:
269:
264:
259:
256:
251:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
185:
183:
178:
173:
170:
169:Chipola River
166:
162:
158:
157:cacique mayor
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
131:First mission
128:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
93:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1365:
1358:
1335:(unratified)
1190:Pisgah phase
1037:
982:Apalachicola
877:
866:
846:
813:
810:The Americas
809:
789:
768:
764:
744:
723:
705:
701:
684:
680:
663:
659:
642:
638:
615:
581:
565:
549:
533:
513:
494:Forster 2022
481:
465:
449:
429:
422:Goddard 2005
401:
394:Goddard 2005
385:
369:
357:
345:
321:
311:
292:
280:
272:
263:Yamassee War
260:
247:
225:
221:
210:
191:
174:
156:
152:
136:
134:
120:
115:
111:
108:Apalachicola
105:
89:
82:means town.
79:
75:
71:
61:
23:
19:
18:
1164:Stomp dance
1048:Tribal town
959:Tukabatchee
771:(1): 1–60.
666:(1): 1–27.
486:Bolton 1964
244:Relocations
28:tribal town
1432:Categories
1241:Red Sticks
1200:Moundville
1043:Tallapoosa
1008:Miccosukee
594:Worth 2000
526:Worth 2000
390:Worth 2000
378:Worth 2000
337:References
283:San Marcos
261:After the
250:blockhouse
230:Mobile Bay
137:Santa Cruz
72:Chatahuchi
1118:Apalachee
1105:Languages
1085:Neamathla
987:Coushatta
838:147329347
586:Hann 2006
570:Boyd 1952
554:Boyd 1949
542:Hahn 2004
538:Boyd 1949
522:Hann 1990
518:Hahn 2004
506:Hann 2006
502:Hann 1990
498:Hahn 2004
490:Boyd 1937
474:Hann 2006
470:Hahn 2004
458:Hann 2006
454:Hann 1990
442:Hann 2006
438:Hann 1990
434:Hahn 2004
418:Hann 1990
414:Hann 2006
410:Hahn 2004
406:Boyd 1949
350:Hann 2006
316:Chaoakle.
36:Apalachee
1149:Religion
1038:Sabacola
1028:Okfuskee
1018:Muscogee
1013:Muklassa
1003:Hitchiti
997:Fowltown
787:(2004).
777:25132315
714:30147307
693:30145372
672:30138729
651:30138266
213:defeated
194:Columbus
116:Sabacola
101:Muskogee
68:Gatschet
64:autonyms
20:Sabacola
1178:History
1142:Culture
1128:Koasati
1113:Alabama
1090:Osceola
1057:Leaders
992:Eufaula
977:Alabama
954:Kasihta
830:1006866
234:Chatots
177:Chiscas
165:Chacato
161:leagues
121:osinudo
112:Sawolki
52:mission
24:Sawokli
1216:Chiaha
1195:Etowah
1080:Menawa
1023:Okchai
949:Coweta
944:Abihka
888:
853:
836:
828:
797:
775:
731:
712:
691:
670:
649:
623:
604:Source
206:Westos
202:Coweta
882:(PDF)
834:S2CID
826:JSTOR
773:JSTOR
761:(PDF)
710:JSTOR
689:JSTOR
668:JSTOR
647:JSTOR
303:Notes
141:Flint
886:ISBN
851:ISBN
795:ISBN
729:ISBN
621:ISBN
80:úkli
76:sáwi
58:Name
22:(or
818:doi
1434::
832:.
824:.
814:46
812:.
769:47
767:.
763:.
706:50
704:.
685:31
683:.
664:28
662:.
643:16
641:.
240:.
922:e
915:t
908:v
894:.
859:.
840:.
820::
803:.
737:.
716:.
695:.
674:.
653:.
629:.
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