539:, to have the game banned, and some of the practices described may have been exaggerated. The game was embedded in ritual practices that Father Paiva regarded as heathen superstitions. He was also concerned about the effect of community involvement in the games on the welfare of the villages and Spanish missions. In particular, he worried about towns being left defenseless against raiders when inhabitants left for a game, and that fieldwork was being neglected during game season. Other missionaries (and the visiting Bishop of Cuba) had complained about the game, but most of the Spanish (including, initially, Father Pavia) liked it (and, most likely, the associated gambling). At least, they defended it as a custom that should not be disturbed, and that helped keep the Apalachee happy and willing to work in the fields. The Apalachee themselves said that the game was "as ancient as memory", and that they had "no other entertainment ... or relief from ... misery".
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865:. Some villages surrendered without a fight, while others were destroyed. Moore returned to Carolina with 1,300 Apalachees who had surrendered and another 1,000 taken as slaves. In mid-1704 another large Creek raid captured more missions and large numbers of Apalachees. In both raids missionaries and Christian Indians were tortured and murdered, sometimes by skinning them alive. These raids became known as the
732:. They targeted Spaniards' horses, which otherwise gave the Spanish an advantage against the unmounted Apalachee. The Apalachee were described as "being more pleased in killing one of these animals than they were in killing four Christians." In the spring of 1540, de Soto and his men left the Apalachee domain and headed north into what is now the state of Georgia.
1470:"President George W. Bush and Mrs. Bush present the Preserve America award for heritage tourism to Dr. Bonnie McEwan, Executive Director, Mission San Luis of Tallahassee, Fla., left, and Mrs. Columba Bush, the First Lady of Florida, in the Oval Office Monday, May 1, 2006. White House photo by Eric Draper"
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to
Carolinian colonists. Seeing that the Spanish could not fully protect them, some Apalachees joined their enemies. Apalachee reprisal raids, made in part to try to capture English traders, pushed the base camps of the raiders eastward, from which they continued to raid Apalachee missions as well as
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the ball landed in the nest. Eleven points won the game. Play was rough.. They would try to hide the ball in their mouths; other players would choke them or kick them in the stomach to force the ball out. There were occasional deaths. According to Father Paiva, five games in a row had ended in riots.
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A village would challenge another village to a game, and the two villages would then negotiate a day and place for the match. After the
Spanish missions were established, the games usually took place on a Sunday afternoon, from about noon until dark. The two teams kicked a small ball (not much bigger
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Because of their prior experience with the Narváez expedition and reports of fighting between the de Soto expedition and tribes along the way, the
Apalachee feared and hated the Spanish. When the de Soto expedition entered the Apalachee domain, the Spanish soldiers were described as "lancing every
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The game's origin story was elaborate. Challenging a team to a game, erecting goalposts and players' benches, and other aspects were governed by strict ceremonial protocols. Christian elements became part of the game. Players began asking priests to make the sign of the cross over pileups during a
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Each team consisted of 40 to 50 men. The best players were highly prized, and villages gave them houses, planted their fields for them, and overlooked their misdeeds in an effort to keep such players on their teams. Players scored one point if they hit the goalpost with the ball, and two points if
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by the
Florida Department of Archeology. Including an Indigenous council house, it re-creates one of the Spanish missions and Apalachee culture, showing the closely related lives of Apalachee and Spanish in these settlements. The historic site received the "Preserve America" Presidential Award in
582:), made by wrapping buckskin around dried mud, trying to hit the goalpost. The single goalpost was triangular, flat, and taller than it was wide, on a long post (Bushnell described it, based on a drawing in a Spanish manuscript, as "like a tall, flat Christmas tree with a long trunk"). There were
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on top of the goalpost. Benches, and sometimes arbors to shade them, were placed at the edges of the field for the two teams. Spectators gambled heavily on the games. As the
Apalachee did not normally use money, their bets were made with personal goods.
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The
Apalachee were horticulturalists with stratified chiefdoms and sedentary towns and villages. Like many other Southeastern tribes, they have an alternating dual governmental system with a war chief and a peace chief. Leadership was hereditary and
914:, while others returned to the Pensacola area, to a village called Nuestra Señora de la Soledad y San LuĂs. A few Apalachees from the Pensacola area returned to Apalachee province around 1718, settling near a recently built Spanish fort at
922:. In late 1705, the remaining missions and ranches in the area were attacked, and Abosaya was under siege for 20 days. The Apalachees of Abosaya moved south of St. Augustine, but most of them were killed in raids within a year.
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priests founded a successful mission among the
Apalachee, adding several settlements over the next century. Apalachee acceptance of the priests may have related to social stresses, as they had lost population to
530:
The
Apalachee played a ball game, sometimes known as the "Apalachee ball game", described in detail by Spaniards in the 17th century. The fullest description, however, was written as part of a campaign by Father
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760:, in the process creating a syncretic fashioning of their traditions and Christianity. In February 1647, the Apalachee revolted against the Spanish near a mission named San Antonio de Bacuqua in present-day
662:, as well as to the tribe which lived in it. Narváez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528. "Appalachian" is the fourth-oldest surviving European place name in the United States.
717:, an actual source of gold, or valuable copper artifacts which the Apalachee acquired through trade. Either way, de Soto and his men went north to Apalachee territory in pursuit of the precious metal.
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849:) started in 1702, England and Spain were officially at war, and raids by English colonists and their Indian allies against the Spanish and the Mission Indians in Florida and southeastern
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class, and was celebrated with a scalp dance. The warriors wore headdresses made of bird beaks and animal fur. The village or clan of a slain warrior was expected to avenge his death.
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nearly 800 Apalachee, Chacato, and
Timucuan warriors with a few Spanish soldiers, after several Apalachee and Timucuan missions had been raided. Only 300 warriors escaped the ambush.
638:, who spoke of a country named Apalachen far to the north. Several weeks later the expedition entered the territory of Apalachee north of the Aucilla River. Eleven years later the
869:. When rumors of a third raid reached the Spanish in San Luis de Talimali, they decided to abandon the province. About 600 Apalachee survivors of Moore's raids were settled near
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entered the
Apalachee domain in 1528, and arrived at a village, which Narváez believed was the main settlement in Apalachee. Apalachee resisted attacks by the Spanish, and the
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Villages and towns were often situated by lakes, as the Native people hunted fish and used the water for domestic needs and transport. The largest Apalachee community was at
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starting about 1450 CE, but they had mostly abandoned it when Spanish started settlements in the 17th century. They first encountered Spanish explorers in 1528, when the
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764:. The revolt changed the relationship between Spanish authorities and the Apalachee. Following the revolt, Apalachee men were forced to work on public projects in
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713:. The Native Americans told him that gold could be found in "Apalachee." Historians have not determined if the Native people meant the mountains of northern
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333:). The Apalachee lived in villages of various sizes, or on individual farmsteads of .5 acres (0.20 ha) or so. Smaller settlements might have a single
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892:, along with many of the Spanish in the province. Unhappy with conditions in Pensacola, most of the Apalachees moved further west to French-controlled
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When the Spanish abandoned Apalachee province in 1704, some 800 surviving Indians, including Apalachees, Chacatos, and Yamasee, fled west to
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from distant locations through this trade. The Apalachee probably paid for such imports with shells, pearls, shark teeth, preserved fish and
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and sunflowers. They also harvested wild plants including persimmons, maypops, acorns, walnuts, hickory nuts, persimmons, sassafras,
554:, and was as significant among them as it was among the Apalachee. A related but distinct game was played by the eastern Timucua;
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in the late 18th century. The only surviving Apalachee document is a 1688 letter written by Apalachee chiefs to the Spanish king.
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918:. Many Apalachees from the village of Ivitachuco moved to a site called Abosaya near a fortified Spanish ranch in what is today
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seized the Apalachee town of Anhaico in 1539, he found enough stored food to feed his 600 men and 220 horses for five months.)
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opponents whom they killed, exhibiting the scalps as signs of warrior ability. Taking a scalp was a means of entering the
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The Red River band in Louisiana integrated with other Indian groups, and many eventually went west with the Muscogee.
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952:. Eighty-seven Indians living near St. Augustine, some of whom may have been descended from Apalachees, were taken to
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Warfare from 1701 to 1704 devastated the Apalachee, and they abandoned their homelands by 1704, fleeing north to the
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355:. This regional center had several mounds and 200 or more houses. Some of the surviving mounds are protected in
344:. They were organized around earthwork mounds built over decades for ceremonial, religious and burial purposes.
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arrived. Their tribal enemies, European diseases, and European encroachment severely reduced their population.
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Apalachee fought back with quick raiding parties and ambushes. Their arrows could penetrate two layers of
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Several organizations claim to represent descendants of the Apalachee people today. None of these are
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1985:
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The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History
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In the late 18th century, some remnant Apalachees who had converted to Christianity merged with the
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Confederacy) raided Apalachee missions and seized captives. They traded the captives to the British
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during the 16th century, suggesting that similar ball games were played across much of the region.
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Indian encountered on both sides of the road." De Soto and his men seized the Apalachee town of
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expeditions encountered the Apalachee in the first half of the 16th century. The expedition of
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expedition, they said the riches which the Spanish sought could be found in Apalachee country.
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Brutal Journey: Cabeza de Vaca and the Epic Story of the First Crossing of North America
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Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced
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619:. Their reputation was such that when tribes in southern Florida first encountered the
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The densely populated Apalachee had a complex, highly stratified society of regional
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to create a buffer zone. In particular, several missions were established among the
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No indigenous name for the game has been preserved. The Spanish referred to it as
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1284:, History and Archeology, Friends of Mission San Luis, 2008, accessed 1 Feb 2010
566:
in 1564. Goalposts similar to those used by the Apalachee were also seen in the
546:, "the ballgame." The game involved kicking a small, hard ball against a single
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and placed feathers in their hair when they prepared for battle. The men smoked
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Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians.
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2015:
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The Apalachee were part of an expansive trade network that extended from the
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1533:, 9 Mar 2005; Page A1, on Weyanoke Association Website, accessed 29 Apr 2010
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Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States
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fled to Apalachee Bay, where they built five boats and attempted to sail to
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Tony Horwitz, "Apalachee Tribe, Missing for Centuries, Comes Out of Hiding
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2020:
1995:
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The Encyclopedia of Georgia Indians: Indians of Georgia and the Southeast
1678:
Bushnell, Amy. (1978). "'That Demonic Game': The Campaign to Stop Indian
1193:
964:
878:
874:
757:
616:
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150:
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Spencer C. Tucker; James R. Arnold; Roberta Wiener (30 September 2011).
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An Appalachian Symposium: Essays written in honor of Cratis D. Williams
953:
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A proposed route for the first leg of the de Soto Expedition, based on
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650:, probably near Lake Miccosukee. The Spanish subsequently adapted the
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List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
3490:
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of Florida with a large contingent of men and horses to search for
635:
608:
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422:
367:
1048:
List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes
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1928:
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1027:
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67:
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of led 50 colonists and 1,000 Apalachicolas and other Creeks in
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In the 1670s, tribes north and west of the Apalachee (including
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The Apalachee made tools from stone, bone and shell. They made
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2525:
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16:
Historical Native American tribe from Florida and Georgia, US
1709:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 669–76.
735:
1822:, Regional Folklife, Northern State University of Louisiana
957:
710:
430:
1183:
Bobby G. McEwan, "Apalachee and Neighboring Groups," 671.
1169:
Bobby G. McEwan, "Apalachee and Neighboring Groups," 670.
1099:
Bobby G. McEwan, "Apalachee and Neighboring Groups," 669.
1081:
Bobby G. McEwan, "Apalachee and Neighboring Groups," 676.
826:. Efforts were also made to establish missions along the
503:
or other plant fibers. The men painted their bodies with
476:
trees. They stored food in pits in the ground lined with
1124:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 122.
1108:
Bobby G. McEwan, "Apalachee and Neighboring Groups," 673
615:
and part of an expansive trade network reaching to the
340:
and a few houses. Larger towns (50 to 100 houses) were
1707:
Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast, Vol. 14
1705:
McEwan, Bonnie G. (2004). Fogelson, Raymond D. (ed.).
853:
accelerated. In early 1704, Carolina Militia Colonel
410:, squirrels, geese, wild turkeys, and mountain lions.
1826:
Jessica E. Saraceni, "Apalachee Surface in Louisiana"
1686:
35(1):1–19. Reprinted in David Hurst Thomas. (1991).
1555:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 326.
118:
until the early 18th century. They lived between the
1038:
List of Native American peoples in the United States
511:in ceremonial rituals, including ones for healing.
1552:Indian Tribes of Oklahoma: A Guide, Second Edition
1364:
936:, then living adjacent to the Spanish presidio of
325:visit in 1539 and 1540, the Apalachee capital was
220:meaning "a helper." It has sometimes been spelled
1314:. Boone, N.C.: Appalachian State University Press
932:in 1763, several Apalachee families from mission
3573:
1403:
725:, where they spent the winter of 1539 and 1540.
1213:
1211:
940:in a community consisting of 120 Apalachee and
658:and applied it to the coastal region bordering
550:. The same game was also played by the western
108:Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands
3607:Native American tribes in Georgia (U.S. state)
1256:Bushnell, "That Demonic Game," 6–7, 9, 13, 15.
642:expedition reached the main Apalachee town of
1851:
1814:Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park
1445:"Friends of Mission San Luis, Inc. home page"
1219:A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions
357:Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park
1387:. Florida Humanities Council. Archived from
1385:"San Luis de Talimali (or Mission San Luis)"
1221:, pp. 107–111. University Press of Florida.
1208:
188:, about which little more is known. It went
41:Apalachee territory in the Florida Panhandle
1786:, Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc.
1145:Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009).
974:
786:. The historic site is being operated as a
212:term for "people on the other side" or the
1858:
1844:
1611:
1609:
35:
1588:National Conference of State Legislatures
752:brought by the Europeans. Many Apalachee
736:Spanish missions and 18th-century warfare
290:Learn how and when to remove this message
1682:Playing in Spanish America, 1675–1684."
1376:
669:
302:The Apalachee are thought to be part of
253:This article includes a list of general
1606:
1498:
1332:
1205:Bushnell, "That Demonic Game," 5, 6–15.
1117:
906:Later, some Apalachees moved on to the
698:. Only four men survived their ordeal.
646:, somewhere in the area of present-day
3574:
1704:
1194:http://earlyfloridalit.net/?page_id=59
1179:
1177:
1175:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
306:, a Florida culture influenced by the
1839:
1737:
1584:"Federal and State Recognized Tribes"
1548:
1370:Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun
1340:. New York: Random House. p. 17.
1302:
1265:Bushnell, "That Demonic Game," 10–15.
1144:
665:
1192:Available in English translation at
1138:
239:
59:Regions with significant populations
1474:georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
1247:Bushnell, "That Demonic Game," 5–6.
1172:
1084:
903:in the town and lost more people.
845:(the North American theater of the
558:recorded seeing this played by the
449:leaves and twigs (used to make the
149:The Apalachee occupied the site of
13:
1874:Mississippian and related cultures
1776:
1690:. Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks
1382:
1121:The Indian Tribes of North America
996:Talimali Band of Apalachee Indians
834:tribe. In 1702, the Apalachicolas
495:The Apalachee men wore a deerskin
259:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3618:
3602:Native American tribes in Florida
1797:
630:" place name is derived from the
499:. The women wore a skirt made of
464:. They built houses covered with
1867:
1694:. New York: Garland Publishing.
1537:Encyclopedia of Georgia Indians,
1506:Encyclopedia of Georgia Indians,
1238:Bushnell, "That Demonic Game," 5
967:and neighboring tribes into the
928:When Florida was transferred to
877:the New Windsor band joined the
705:landed on the west coast of the
488:food on racks over fires. (When
366:, beans, and squash, as well as
244:
3508:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1688:The Missions of Spanish Florida
1576:
1542:
1511:
1489:
1480:
1462:
1437:
1344:
1326:
1296:
1287:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1011:Apalachee Indians Talimali Band
3587:Extinct Native American tribes
1890:Timeline of Mississippi valley
1372:. University of Georgia Press.
1199:
1186:
1163:
1111:
1102:
1075:
634:'s encounter in 1528 with the
421:, and westward to what is now
1:
3090:Grand Village of the Illinois
1810:, University of South Florida
1727:University Press of Florida.
1638:
1617:"List of Petitoners By State"
1310:. In Williamson, J.W. (ed.).
1305:"On the Naming of Appalachia"
768:or on Spanish-owned ranches.
535:, a priest at the mission of
2867:Grand Village of the Natchez
1723:Milanich, Jerald T. (2006).
1669:Resources in other libraries
809:and other groups within the
556:René Goulaine de Laudonnière
525:
351:, just north of present-day
112:Indigenous people of Florida
7:
1885:List of Mississippian sites
1021:
981:federally recognized tribes
871:New Windsor, South Carolina
863:Spanish missions in Florida
570:chiefdom of present-day in
175:
10:
3623:
1053:Mississippian shatter zone
1004:Apalachee Indian Tribe of
817:, where they were sold as
780:National Historic Landmark
602:
235:
21:Apalachee (disambiguation)
18:
3535:
3424:
3356:
3288:
3227:
3220:
3173:
3045:
3034:
2964:
2815:
2772:
2704:
2412:
2286:
2198:
2117:
2044:
1907:
1898:
1880:
1744:. Native American Books.
1664:Resources in your library
1517:Milanich: 187-8, 191, 195
1149:. McFarland. p. 10.
1118:Swanton, John R. (2003).
847:War of Spanish Succession
774:, the western capital of
425:. The Apalachee acquired
362:The Apalachee cultivated
91:
86:
79:
74:
63:
58:
51:
46:
34:
2802:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
1782:Brown, Robin C. (1994).
1416:. ABC-CLIO. p. 27.
1068:
975:Cultural heritage groups
778:from 1656 to 1704, is a
3432:Ballgame (Southeastern)
3328:Long-nosed god maskette
3208:SunWatch Indian Village
3155:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
3016:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
1531:The Wall Street Journal
985:state-recognized tribes
944:Indians, were moved to
920:Alachua County, Florida
881:, and many returned to
611:. They were one of the
586:, a nest and a stuffed
460:, wove cloth and cured
274:more precise citations.
208:may have come from the
195:
130:, an area known as the
3183:Alligator Effigy Mound
2797:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
2749:Leon-Jefferson culture
2145:Caborn-Welborn culture
1784:Florida's First People
1738:Ricky, Donald (2001).
1033:Leon-Jefferson culture
679:
613:Mississippian cultures
468:leaves or the bark of
70:, southwestern Georgia
1912:and Upper Mississippi
1303:Davis, Aaron (1977).
1217:Hann, John H. (1996)
1196:, retrieved 6/5/2015.
1006:Alexandria, Louisiana
934:San Joseph de Escambe
896:. They encountered a
673:
564:Jacksonville, Florida
544:el juego de la pelota
429:artifacts, sheets of
308:Mississippian culture
87:Related ethnic groups
3471:Earth/fertility cult
3175:Fort Ancient culture
2059:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
2045:Lower Ohio River and
2031:Steed-Kisker culture
1549:Clark, Blue (2020).
1391:on November 16, 2013
1293:Schneider, pp102-103
1275:"Apalachee Province"
1015:Stonewall, Louisiana
1000:Pineville, Louisiana
784:Tallahassee, Florida
772:San Luis de Talimali
762:Leon County, Florida
648:Tallahassee, Florida
537:San Luis de Talimali
331:Tallahassee, Florida
19:For other uses, see
3592:Fort Walton culture
3476:Green Corn Ceremony
3036:Upper Mississippian
2986:Blue Spring Shelter
2706:Fort Walton culture
2160:Hovey Lake District
1495:Milanich:184-5, 187
1058:Muskogean languages
989:unrecognized tribes
750:infectious diseases
304:Fort Walton Culture
114:, who lived in the
31:
3558:de Soto Expedition
3523:Underwater panther
3369:Central Algonquian
3080:Fisher Mound Group
2724:Apalachee Province
2691:Waddells Mill Pond
1622:. 12 November 2013
1594:on 25 October 2022
1525:2016-11-06 at the
1366:Hudson, Charles M.
1280:2014-10-19 at the
916:St. Marks, Florida
867:Apalachee massacre
828:Apalachicola River
815:colony of Carolina
692:Narváez expedition
688:Pánfilo de Narváez
680:
666:Spanish encounters
632:Narváez Expedition
621:Pánfilo de Narváez
323:Hernando de Soto's
186:Muskogean language
182:Apalachee language
155:Narváez expedition
136:Muskogean language
132:Apalachee Province
110:, specifically an
53:extinct as a tribe
29:
3566:
3565:
3531:
3530:
3216:
3215:
2832:Atchafalaya Basin
2774:Pensacola culture
2739:Fort Walton Mound
2631:Punk Rock Shelter
2591:Mouse Creek phase
2414:South Appalachian
2408:
2407:
2287:Central and Lower
2228:Castalian Springs
2218:Brentwood Library
2118:Middle Ohio River
1971:Emerald Acropolis
1645:Library resources
1423:978-1-85109-697-8
1350:Schneider, p. 145
1156:978-0-7864-5169-2
859:a series of raids
676:Charles M. Hudson
300:
299:
292:
210:Hitchiti language
202:John Reed Swanton
126:, at the head of
124:Ochlockonee River
116:Florida Panhandle
100:
99:
3614:
3597:Muskogean tribes
3333:Mill Creek chert
3323:Duck River cache
3225:
3224:
3043:
3042:
2807:Pensacola people
2601:Muscogee (Creek)
2441:Bell Field Mound
2155:Hovey Lake-Klein
2109:Wickliffe Mounds
2084:Rowlandton Mound
2001:Lunsford-Pulcher
1905:
1904:
1872:
1871:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1755:
1720:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1590:. Archived from
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1546:
1540:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1447:. Archived from
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1383:McEwan, Bonnie.
1380:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1324:
1323:
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1142:
1136:
1135:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1082:
1079:
1063:Queen Anne's War
873:. Following the
843:Queen Anne's War
824:Timucua Province
740:About 1600, the
703:Hernando de Soto
640:Hernando de Soto
490:Hernando de Soto
445:meat, salt, and
295:
288:
284:
281:
275:
270:this article by
261:inline citations
248:
247:
240:
214:Choctaw language
47:Total population
39:
32:
28:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3548:Clarksdale bell
3527:
3513:Stone box grave
3454:Ceremonial pipe
3420:
3379:Mobilian Jargon
3352:
3284:
3212:
3169:
3037:
3030:
2967:
2960:
2818:
2811:
2768:
2700:
2646:Rucker's Bottom
2436:Beaverdam Creek
2416:
2404:
2288:
2282:
2243:Hiwassee Island
2200:
2194:
2185:Welborn Village
2113:
2074:Millstone Bluff
2047:Confluence area
2046:
2040:
2036:Sugarloaf Mound
1976:Emmons Cemetery
1911:
1909:American Bottom
1900:
1894:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1816:– official site
1808:Florida lessons
1800:
1779:
1777:Further reading
1759:Schneider, Paul
1752:
1717:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1623:
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1607:
1597:
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1582:
1581:
1577:
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1547:
1543:
1534:
1527:Wayback Machine
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1349:
1345:
1334:Stewart, George
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1282:Wayback Machine
1273:
1269:
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1204:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1131:978-0-806317304
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1024:
977:
910:in present-day
776:Spanish Florida
738:
668:
652:Native American
605:
562:of what is now
528:
394:). They hunted
321:At the time of
296:
285:
279:
276:
266:Please help to
265:
249:
245:
238:
198:
178:
142:, which is now
134:. They spoke a
42:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3620:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3553:Mound Builders
3550:
3545:
3540:
3539:Related topics
3536:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3501:Village bundle
3493:
3488:
3486:Platform mound
3483:
3481:Horned Serpent
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3348:Stone statuary
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3298:
3292:
3290:
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3285:
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3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
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3237:
3231:
3229:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3198:Leo Petroglyph
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Moccasin Bluff
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:Gentleman Farm
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Carcajou Point
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3001:Caddoan Mounds
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2951:
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2926:
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2909:
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2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2787:Dauphin Island
2784:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
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2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2461:Bussell Island
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
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2410:
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2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2213:Beasley Mounds
2210:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Kincaid Mounds
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Horseshoe Lake
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Dickson Mounds
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1895:
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1892:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1799:
1798:External links
1796:
1795:
1794:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1765:. Henry Holt.
1756:
1750:
1735:
1721:
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1497:
1488:
1486:Milanich:183-4
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1375:
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1008:
1002:
976:
973:
788:living history
737:
734:
667:
664:
604:
601:
527:
524:
514:The Apalachee
381:Sabal palmetto
298:
297:
252:
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237:
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197:
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174:
98:
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3521:
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3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3496:Sacred bundle
3494:
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3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3316:Wulfing cache
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3301:Copper plates
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Three Sisters
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Little barley
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Serpent Mound
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3165:Summer Island
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
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3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
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3128:
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3027:
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3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2968:Mississippian
2963:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
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2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2819:Mississippian
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
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2777:
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2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Corbin–Tucker
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
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2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:Roods Landing
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Moccasin Bend
2579:
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2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
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2534:
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2514:
2512:
2511:Hoojah Branch
2509:
2507:
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2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2418:Mississippian
2415:
2411:
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2398:
2394:
2391:
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2384:
2381:
2379:
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2366:
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2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
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2344:
2342:
2341:Menard-Hodges
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
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2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:Swallow Bluff
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
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2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:Tennessee and
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
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2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:Marshall Site
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
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1947:
1945:
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1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:Mississippian
1897:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1832:, 29 Jul 1997
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1792:1-56164-032-8
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1771:0-8050-6835-X
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1751:9780403097456
1747:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1733:0-8130-2966-X
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1716:0-16-072300-0
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1700:0-8240-2098-7
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1564:
1562:9780806167619
1558:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1451:on 2006-02-12
1450:
1446:
1440:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1227:0-8130-1424-7
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1180:
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1176:
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1158:
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1123:
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1078:
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1064:
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1059:
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1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
992:
990:
986:
982:
972:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:Apalachicolas
800:
795:
792:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
767:
766:St. Augustine
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
743:
733:
731:
726:
724:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
677:
672:
663:
661:
660:Apalachee Bay
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
600:
596:
592:
589:
585:
581:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
533:Juan de Paiva
523:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
387:
383:
382:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:(present-day
328:
324:
319:
317:
311:
309:
305:
294:
291:
283:
273:
269:
263:
262:
256:
251:
242:
241:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:Ethnographer
193:
191:
187:
183:
173:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:Apalachee Bay
125:
121:
120:Aucilla River
117:
113:
109:
105:
95:
90:
85:
82:
78:
73:
69:
66:
65:United States
62:
57:
54:
50:
45:
38:
33:
22:
3568:
3543:Chevron bead
3449:Burial mound
3343:Shell gorget
3311:Spiro plates
3306:Rogan plates
3125:Knoll Spring
3100:Hartley Fort
3060:Beattie Park
2944:Transylvania
2782:Bottle Creek
2744:Lake Jackson
2718:
2626:Pisgah phase
2556:Little Egypt
2506:Garden Creek
2491:Dallas phase
2378:Tipton phase
2356:Nodena phase
2253:Mound Bottom
2238:Fewkes Group
2223:Brick Church
2125:Angel Mounds
1991:Kuhn Station
1986:John Chapman
1829:
1807:
1783:
1762:
1740:
1724:
1706:
1691:
1687:
1684:The Americas
1683:
1679:
1659:Online books
1649:
1624:. Retrieved
1596:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1587:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1551:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:the original
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1412:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:the original
1378:
1369:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1311:
1298:
1289:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1218:
1201:
1188:
1165:
1146:
1140:
1120:
1113:
1104:
1077:
978:
965:Lower Creeks
962:
927:
924:
905:
898:yellow-fever
887:
840:
822:missions in
796:
770:
739:
727:
719:
700:
681:
655:
625:
606:
597:
593:
584:snail shells
576:
543:
541:
529:
513:
501:Spanish moss
494:
455:
412:
389:
386:saw palmetto
379:
376:cabbage palm
372:yaupon holly
361:
349:Lake Jackson
346:
320:
312:
301:
286:
280:January 2014
277:
258:
229:
225:
221:
217:
205:
199:
179:
159:
148:
103:
101:
52:
26:Ethnic group
3518:Thunderbird
3444:Black drink
3296:Emmons mask
3240:Chenopodium
3228:Agriculture
3150:Plum Island
3105:Hotel Plaza
2954:Winterville
2934:Scott Place
2872:Holly Bluff
2792:Fort Walton
2546:Lamar phase
2400:Walls phase
2296:Belle Meade
2289:Mississippi
2233:Dunbar Cave
2135:Annis Mound
2130:Angel phase
2104:Ware Mounds
2099:Twin Mounds
1949:Ramey state
1934:Monks Mound
1820:"Apalachee"
1804:"Apalachee"
879:Lower Creek
875:Yamasee War
855:James Moore
758:Catholicism
678:map of 1997
628:Appalachian
617:Great Lakes
580:musket ball
451:black drink
419:Great Lakes
400:black bears
353:Tallahassee
316:matrilinear
272:introducing
204:wrote that
151:Velda Mound
3576:Categories
3255:Marshelder
3140:Oak Forest
3110:Hoxie Farm
2924:Pocahontas
2817:Plaquemine
2754:Letchworth
2686:Town Creek
2621:Park Mound
2586:Moundville
2571:Mandeville
2561:Long Swamp
2521:Jere Shine
2373:Quigualtam
2321:Chucalissa
2208:Backusburg
2201:Cumberland
2190:Yankeetown
2175:Slack Farm
2150:Ellerbusch
2054:Adams site
1961:Cloverdale
1830:Archeology
1639:References
1568:2 November
1455:2006-05-16
954:Guanabacoa
745:Franciscan
730:chain mail
443:sea turtle
435:greenstone
415:Gulf Coast
255:references
3582:Apalachee
3384:Muskogean
3357:Languages
3270:Sunflower
3130:Mero site
3065:Blood Run
2719:Apalachee
2666:Summerour
2606:Nacoochee
2363:Owl Creek
2258:Riverview
2248:Link Farm
2140:Bone Bank
2094:Turk Site
2089:Towosahgy
1954:Woodhenge
1650:Apalachee
1626:23 August
1598:23 August
1395:April 13,
991:include:
969:Seminoles
938:Pensacola
912:Louisiana
908:Red River
890:Pensacola
754:converted
707:peninsula
701:In 1539,
656:Apalachee
609:chiefdoms
526:Ball game
505:red ochre
497:loincloth
342:chiefdoms
335:earthwork
206:Apalachee
162:Carolinas
140:Apalachee
104:Apalachee
94:Muskogean
81:Apalachee
75:Languages
30:Apalachee
3491:Red Horn
3459:Chanunpa
3437:Northern
3425:Religion
3406:Timucuan
3374:Cherokee
3160:Schwerdt
3120:Juntunen
3095:Griesmer
3038:cultures
2991:Bluffton
2877:Jaketown
2842:Fitzhugh
2696:Wilbanks
2676:Tomotley
2651:Savannah
2616:Ocmulgee
2596:Mulberry
2531:Joe Bell
2451:Biltmore
2446:Bessemer
2311:Campbell
2273:Old Town
2079:Orr-Herl
2016:Orendorf
2011:Mitchell
1944:Mound 72
1939:Mound 34
1924:Big Eddy
1761:(2006).
1523:Archived
1429:13 April
1368:(1997).
1336:(1945).
1278:Archived
1022:See also
987:. These
946:Veracruz
901:epidemic
836:ambushed
811:Muscogee
807:Yamasees
654:name as
636:Tocobaga
560:Saturiwa
548:goalpost
462:buckskin
423:Oklahoma
408:opossums
368:amaranth
230:Abolachi
226:Abalachi
222:Abalache
218:apelachi
176:Language
106:were an
96:peoples
3466:Chunkey
3411:Tunican
3389:Natchez
3364:Caddoan
3338:Pottery
3289:Artwork
3280:Tobacco
3260:Pumpkin
3221:Culture
3075:Fifield
3006:Gahagan
2981:Belcher
2966:Caddoan
2949:Venable
2912:Natchez
2897:Mazique
2852:Fosters
2847:Flowery
2837:Emerald
2714:Anhaica
2671:Taskigi
2636:Rembert
2611:Nikwasi
2576:McMahan
2551:Liddell
2426:Adamson
2336:Janet's
2326:Denmark
2301:Boone's
2263:Sellars
2170:Prather
1929:Cahokia
1919:Aztalan
1535:Ricky,
1504:Ricky,
1318:12 July
1028:Anhaica
942:Yamasee
930:Britain
883:Florida
851:Georgia
832:Chacato
799:Chiscas
742:Spanish
723:Anhaica
715:Georgia
684:Spanish
644:Anhaica
603:History
578:than a
572:Alabama
552:Timucua
520:warrior
516:scalped
509:tobacco
478:matting
470:cypress
458:pottery
447:cassina
417:to the
404:rabbits
391:Serenoa
384:), and
327:Anhaica
268:improve
236:Culture
190:extinct
170:Alabama
166:Georgia
144:extinct
138:called
68:Florida
3401:Siouan
3394:Taensa
3265:Squash
3188:Clover
3047:Oneota
3021:Keller
3011:Hughes
2976:Battle
2917:Taensa
2902:Medora
2892:Mangum
2887:Julice
2882:Jordan
2729:Cayson
2661:Sixtoe
2656:Shiloh
2566:Mabila
2501:Etowah
2481:Citico
2471:Chiaha
2466:Chauga
2383:Tunica
2368:Parkin
2351:Nodena
2346:Murphy
2316:Carson
2165:Murphy
2021:Sleeth
2006:McCune
1996:Larson
1899:Middle
1790:
1769:
1748:
1731:
1713:
1698:
1680:Pelota
1647:about
1559:
1539:76–77.
1420:
1225:
1153:
1128:
950:Mexico
894:Mobile
819:slaves
794:2006.
791:museum
696:Mexico
599:game.
482:smoked
480:, and
474:poplar
439:galena
437:, and
427:copper
257:, but
184:was a
168:, and
92:other
3416:Yuchi
3250:Maize
3235:Beans
3193:Dodge
3145:Palos
3115:Huber
3055:Anker
3026:Spiro
2996:Caddo
2929:Routh
2862:Glass
2857:Ghost
2759:Velda
2681:Toqua
2541:Lamar
2526:Joara
2516:Irene
2486:Coosa
2476:Chota
2456:Blair
2431:Avery
2393:Yazoo
2388:Koroa
2331:Eaker
2268:Obion
2026:Starr
1620:(PDF)
1308:(PDF)
1069:Notes
841:When
626:The "
588:eagle
568:Coosa
486:dried
364:maize
338:mound
228:, or
216:word
2939:Sims
2907:Mott
2827:Anna
2536:King
2496:Dyar
2306:Boyd
2180:Tolu
1788:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1628:2022
1600:2022
1570:2023
1557:ISBN
1431:2013
1418:ISBN
1397:2013
1320:2015
1223:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1126:ISBN
958:Cuba
711:gold
682:Two
466:palm
431:mica
396:deer
196:Name
180:The
122:and
102:The
2764:Yon
1529:",
1508:77.
1013:of
998:of
983:or
861:on
782:in
756:to
484:or
472:or
453:).
3578::
1828:,
1806:,
1692:23
1608:^
1586:.
1472:.
1355:^
1210:^
1174:^
1086:^
971:.
960:.
956:,
948:,
885:.
805:,
801:,
433:,
406:,
402:,
398:,
374:,
359:.
318:.
310:.
232:.
224:,
172:.
164:,
146:.
1859:e
1852:t
1845:v
1754:.
1719:.
1630:.
1602:.
1572:.
1476:.
1458:.
1433:.
1399:.
1322:.
1229:.
1159:.
1134:.
1017:.
388:(
378:(
293:)
287:(
282:)
278:(
264:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
