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1041:. Unlike other Timucua groups, the Yustaga resisted Spanish missionary efforts until well into the 17th century. They maintained higher population levels significantly later than other Timucua groups, as their less frequent contact with Europeans kept them freer of introduced diseases. Like other Western Timucua groups, they participated in the Timucua Rebellion. The Asile, living immediately east of the Aucilla River, were described in early contact accounts as "a subject of Apalachee", and held some land on the western side of the Aucilla in the territory of the Apalachee chief of Ivitachuco.
594:
1366:
73:
97:
1018:. This name is purely a convention; they were known as the "Timucua" to their contemporaries. They participated in the Suwannee Valley culture and spoke the "Timucua proper" dialect. The Northern Utina appear to have been less integrated than other Timucua tribes, and seem to have been organized into several small local chiefdoms, with the leader of one being recognized as paramount chief. They were missionized beginning in 1597 and their territory was organized by the Spanish as the
1125:
417:
85:
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963:, and spoke the Acuera dialect. Unlike most of the other Timucuan chiefdoms, they maintained much of their traditional social structure during the mission period and are the only known Timucuan chiefdom to have missions in their territory for several decades, to have left the mission system, and to have remained in their original territory with much of their traditional culture and religious practices intact despite missionization.
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being large enough to hold 3,000 people. If a village grew too large, some of the families would start a new village nearby, so that clusters of related villages formed. Each village or small cluster of related villages had its own chief. Temporary alliances between villages for warfare were also formed. Ceremonial mounds might be in or associated with a village, but the mounds belonged to clans rather than villages.
344:
180:. At the time of European contact, Timucuan speakers occupied about 19,200 square miles (50,000 km) in the present-day states of Florida and Georgia, with an estimated population of 200,000. Milanich notes that the population density calculated from those figures, 10.4 per square mile (4.0/km) is close to the population densities calculated by other authors for
1382:
Children began to acquire tattoos as they took on more responsibility. The people of higher social class had more elaborate decorations. The tattoos were made by poking holes in the skin and rubbing ashes into the holes. The
Timucua had dark skin, usually brown, and black hair. They wore clothes made from moss, and cloth created from various animal skins.
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the basis that only some words appear to be cognates, and that the Tawasa are never described as
Timucua in the historical record despite frequent European encounters with them. Swanton suggests based on village placenames that the Tawasa were a confederacy of peoples with "Muskhogean, Timucua, and Yuchi affiliations."
1167:'s nest at the top of the post was worth two; the first team to score eleven points was the victor. The western Timucua game was evidently less associated with religious significance, violence, and fraud than the Apalachee version, and as such missionaries had a much more difficult time convincing them to give it up.
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A census in 1711 found 142 Timucua-speakers living in four villages under
Spanish protection. Another census in 1717 found 256 people in three villages where Timucua was the language of the majority, although there were a few inhabitants with a different native language. The population of the Timucua
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covered the pole frame, with a hole at the top for ventilation and smoke escape. The houses were 15 to 20 feet (4.5 to 6 m) across and were used primarily for sleeping. A village would also have a council house which would usually hold all of the villagers. Europeans described some council houses as
1193:
The chief had a council that met every morning when they would discuss the problems of the chiefdom and smoke. To initiate the meeting, the White Drink ceremony would be carried out (see "Diet" below). The council members were among the more highly respected members of the tribe. They made decisions
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tribe, who managed to convince first the French and later the
Spanish to join them in combined assaults against the Potano. They received missionaries in the 1590s and five missions were built in their territory by 1633. Like other Western Timucua groups they participated in the Timucua Rebellion of
951:
and spoke the Agua Dulce dialect. The area between
Palatka and downtown Jacksonville was relatively less populated, and may have served as a barrier between the Utina and Saturiwa, who were frequently at war. In the 1560s the Utina were a powerful chiefdom of over 40 villages. However, by the end of
576:
In 1763, when Spain ceded
Florida to Great Britain, the Spanish took the less than 100 Timucua and other natives to Cuba. Research is underway in Cuba to discover if any Timucua descendants exist there. Some historians believe a small group of Timucua may have stayed behind in Florida or Georgia and
456:
for other sites visited by de Soto). His army seized the food stored in the villages, forced women into concubinage, and forced men and boys to serve as guides and bearers. The army fought two battles with
Timucua groups, resulting in heavy Timucua casualties. After defeating the resisting Timucuan
370:
Timucua tribes, in common with other peoples in
Florida, engaged in limited warfare with each other. The standard pattern was to raid a town by surprise, kill and scalp as many men of the town as possible during the battle, and carry away any women and children that could be captured. The victors in
1321:
In addition to agriculture, the
Timucua men would hunt game (including alligators, manatees, and maybe even whales); fish in the many streams and lakes in the area; and collect freshwater and marine shellfish. The women gathered wild fruits, palm berries, acorns, and nuts; and baked bread made from
514:
surprised the
Huguenots and ransacked Fort Caroline, killing everyone but 50 women and children and 26 escapees. The rest of the French had been shipwrecked off the coast and picked up by the Spanish, who executed all but 20 of them; this brought French settlement in Florida to an end. These events
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Some scholars such as Julian Granberry, have suggested that the Tawasa people of Alabama spoke a language related to Timucua based on lexical similarities. The only surviving written Tawasa text is an account from an indigenous man named Lamhatty. Others like Hann have cast doubt on this theory on
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tribe lived inland from the Yufera, and had 5 towns located 14 leagues (about 50 miles) from Cumberland Island; like the Icafui and Cascangue they spoke the Itafi dialect. All these groups participated in a culture that was intermediate between the St. Johns and Wilmington-Savannah cultures. The
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yielded a mean height of 64 inches (163 cm) for nine adult males and 62 inches (158 cm) for five adult women. The conditions of the bones and teeth indicated that the population of the mission had been chronically stressed. Each person was extensively tattooed. The tattoos were gained by deeds.
1376:
Spanish explorers were shocked at the height of the Timucua, who averaged four inches or more above them. Timucuan men wore their hair in a bun on top of their heads, adding to the perception of height. Measurement of skeletons exhumed from beneath the floor of a presumed Northern Utina mission
48:
1337:
After the establishment of Spanish missions between 1595–1620, the Timucua were introduced to European foods, including barley, cabbage, chickens, cucumbers, figs, garbanzo beans, garlic, European grapes, European greens, hazelnuts, various herbs, lettuce, melons, oranges, peas, peaches, pigs,
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may have spoken Timucua. "Urriparacoxi" was a Timucuan term for "war-prince". While leadership titles were borrowed between different languages in what is now the southeastern United States, "Urriparacoxi" is not known to have been used by any group that did not speak Timucuan.
853:, which became one of the major divisions of the Spanish mission system. They spoke a dialect also known as Mocama (Timucua for "Ocean"), which is the best attested of the Timucua dialects. At the time of European contact, there were two major chiefdoms among the Mocama, the
1210:
The Timucua of northeast Florida (the Saturiwa and Agua Dulce tribes) at the time of first contact with Europeans lived in villages that typically contained about 30 houses, and 200 to 300 people. The houses were small, made of upright poles and circular in shape. Palm leaf
1203:
1436:. The last previous discovery of a lost text by Friar Pareja was in 1886. The other sources for the language are two catechisms by another Franciscan, Gregorio de Movilla, two letters from Timucua chiefs, and scattered references in other European sources.
1022:. Over time smaller provinces were merged into the Timucua Province, thereby increasing the profile of the Northern Utina substantially. They took the forefront in the Timucua Rebellion of 1656, and their society declined severely when it was put down.
1356:
tree. The tea was consumed only by males in good status with the tribe. The drink was posited to have an effect of purification, and those who consumed it often vomited immediately. This drink was integral to most Timucua rituals and hunts.
683:– as Timucua speakers, classified by Goggin as Southern Timucua. Hann has argued that there is evidence that the Mocoso spoke a dialect of Timucua, while the other chiefdoms of the Tampa Bay area spoke a different, unknown language.
366:
The Timucua were organized into as many as 35 chiefdoms, each of which had hundreds of people in assorted villages within its purview. They sometimes formed loose political alliances, but did not operate as a single political unit.
461:
had 200 executed, in what was to be called the Napituca Massacre, the first large-scale massacre by Europeans on what later became U.S. soil (Florida). De Soto was in a hurry to reach the Apalachee domain, where he expected to find
311:. The French followed the Saturiwa in this usage, but the Spanish applied the term "Timucua" much more widely to groups within a wide section of interior North Florida. In the 16th century they designated the area north of the
1056:, which takes its name from them. Ocale was conquered by De Soto in 1538 and the people dispersed; the town is unknown from later sources. However, both French and Spanish sources note a town named Eloquale or Etoquale in the
331:. The dialect spoken in that province became known as "Timucua" (now usually known as "Timucua proper"). During the 17th century, the Province of Timucua was extended to include the area between the Suwannee River and the
1439:
Pareja noted that there were ten dialects of Timucua, which were usually divided along tribal lines. These were Timucua proper, Potano, Itafi, Yufera, Mocama, Agua Salada, Tucururu, Agua Fresca, Acuera, and Oconi.
629:, and were more focused on exploiting the resources of marine and wetland environments. All of the known Eastern Timucua tribes were incorporated into the Spanish mission system starting in the late 16th century.
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such battles did not try to pursue their defeated enemies, and there were no prolonged campaigns. Laudonnière reported that after a successful raid a tribe would celebrate its victory for three days and nights.
254:
While alliances and confederacies arose between the chiefdoms from time to time, the Timucua were never organized into a single political unit. The various groups of Timucua speakers practiced several different
1084:
The Timucua were not a unified political unit. Rather, they were made up of at least 35 chiefdoms, each consisting of about two to ten villages, with one being primary. In 1601 the Spanish noted more than 50
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Pareja, Francisco. 1628. IIII parte del catecismo, en lengua Timuquana, y castellano. En que se trata el modo de oyr Missa, y sus ceremonias. Mexico City:Imprenta de Iuan Ruyz. (In the Codrington Library,
609:, each of which spoke one of the nine or ten dialects of the Timucua language. The tribes can be placed into eastern and western groups. The Eastern Timucua were located along the Atlantic coast and on the
263:. By 1595, their population was estimated to have been reduced from 200,000 to 50,000 and thirteen chiefdoms remained. By 1700, the population of the tribe had been reduced to an estimated 1,000 due to
1306:. In order to plant, they used fire to clear the fields of weeds and brush. They prepared the soil with various tools, such as the hoe. Later the women would plant the seeds using two sticks known as
453:
2180:
Ashley, Keith H. (2009). "Straddling the Florida-Georgia State Line: Ceramic Chronology of the St. Marys Region (AD 1400–1700)". In Deagan, Kathleen; Thomas, David Hurst (eds.).
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as a dialect of Timucuan. Later scholars have noted that while the vocabulary items appear to be mostly related to Timucuan, Lamhatty's tribal identity remains uncertain.
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in the 16th century, was Timucuan. He suggests that the people of that chiefdom may have relocated to the village of Mocoso in Acuera province in the 17th century.
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Villages were divided into family clans, usually bearing animal names. Other villages bore the name of the residing chieftain. Children always belonged to their
1752:
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came to use the term more broadly for other peoples in the area. Eventually it became the common term for all peoples who spoke what is known as Timucuan.
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272:
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2661:. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletins. Vol. 137. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office – via HathiTrust.
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pomegranates, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, watermelons, and wheat. The native corn became a traded item and was exported to other Spanish colonies.
1163:. It involved two teams of around 40 or 50 players kicking a ball at a goal post. Hitting the post was worth one point, while landing it in an
911:. They spoke the Itafi dialect of Timucua. The Yufera tribe lived on the coast opposite to Cumberland Island and spoke the Yufera dialect. The
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resisted the Spaniards de Soto's forces when de Soto's forces tried to seize stored food from Acuera towns, killing several of the Spaniards.
1574:
Brotemarkle, Benjamin D. (Summer 2013). "The Florida Historical Society Presents an Original Courtroom Drama: Ponce de León landed HERE!!".
1037:. The Yustaga participated in the same Suwanee Valley culture as the Northern Utina, but appear to have spoken a different dialect, perhaps
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when they arrived. Over time, however, they submitted to the Spanish and were incorporated into their mission system. The important Mission
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villages was 167 in 1726. By 1759 the Timucua under Spanish protection and control numbered just six adults and five half-Timucua children.
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The eastern Timucua played a similar game in which balls were thrown, rather than kicked, at a goal post. The Timucua probably also played
493:. After initial conflict, the Huguenots established friendly relations with the local natives in the area, primarily the Timucua under the
952:
the century the confederacy had crumbled, with most of the diminished population withdrawing to six towns further south on the St. Johns.
924:. Both the Ibi and Oconi eventually received their own missions, while the coastal tribes were subject to San Pedro on Cumberland Island.
2816:
2438:
Milanich, Jerald T. (1978). "The Western Timucua: Patterns of Acculturation and Change". In Milanich, Jerold T.; Proctor, Samuel (eds.).
1400:. The language is relatively well attested compared to other Native American languages of the period. This is largely due to the work of
2821:
1044:
Other Western Timucua tribes are known from the earliest Spanish records, but later disappeared. The most significant of these are the
903:
Other Eastern Timucua groups lived in southeastern Georgia. The Icafui and Cascangue tribes occupied the Georgia mainland north of the
896:
in present-day Georgia, and controlled villages on the coast. They too were incorporated into the Spanish mission system, with Mission
1314:. Their crops were stored in granaries to protect them from vermin and the elements. Corn was ground into flour and used to make corn
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and spoke the Potano dialect. They were among the first Timucua peoples to encounter Europeans. They were frequently at war with the
2831:
2196:"Missions to the Acuera: An Analysis of the Historic and Archaeological Evidence for European Interaction With a Timucuan Chiefdom"
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Hoshower, Lisa M.; Milanich, Jerald T. (1993). "Excavations in the Fig Springs Mission Burial Area". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.).
868:, and had their main village on the river's south bank. European contact with the Eastern Timucua began in 1564 when the French
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and its tributaries; and among the rivers, swamps and associated inland forests in southeastern Georgia, possibly including the
335:, thus extending its scope. Eventually, "Timucua" was applied to all speakers of the various dialects of the Timucua language.
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or other unknown cultures. Because of their environment, they were more oriented to exploiting the resources of the hammocks.
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Weisman, Brent R. (1993). "Archaeology of Fig Springs Mission, Ichetucknee Springs State Park". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.).
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The Timucua were a semi-agricultural people and ate foods native to North Central Florida. They planted food crops such as
432:
led an army of more than 500 men through the western parts of Timucua territory, stopping in a series of villages of the
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Milanich, Jerold T. (2000). "The Timucua Indians of Northern Florida and Southern Georgia". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.).
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Reexamining the Geographical and Temporal Extent of the Suwannee Valley Culture: The Floyd's Mound and South Mound Sites
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chiefdom, suggesting that the Ocale may have migrated east and joined the Acuera. Hann has argued that the chiefdom of
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526:. From here, Spanish missionaries established missions in each main town of the Timucuan chiefdoms, including the
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2586:"Potano in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: New Excavations at the Richardson/UF Village Site, 8AL100"
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On the other side of the Suwannee River from the Northern Utina were the two westernmost Timucuan groups, the
2136:"What Dreams Are Made Of: The Rediscovered Catechism 'The Mass and Its Ceremonies' of Friar Francisco Pareja"
1521:
511:
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Deagan, Kathleen A (1978). "Cultures in Transition: Fusion and Assimilation among the Eastern Timucua". In
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and sufficient food to support his army through the winter, so he did not linger in Timucua territory. The
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possibly assimilated into other groups such as the Seminoles. Many Timucua artifacts are stored at the
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at the time of first European contact. The territory occupied by Timucua speakers stretched from the
127:
2242:"The Hutto/Martin Site of Marion County, Florida, 8MR3447: Studies at an Early Contact/Mission Site"
1753:"The First Coast's 1st People: The Timucuan Indians, Jessica Clark, First Coast News, March 9, 2015"
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The Timucua groups, never unified culturally or politically, are defined by their shared use of the
1345:" (or "white drink" because of its purifying effects) served a ceremonial purpose, and was a highly
1155:
The Timucua played two related but distinct ball games. Western Timucua played a game known as the "
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caused a rift between the natives and Spanish, though Spanish missionaries were soon out in force.
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31:
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in Saturiwa territory. The Saturiwa forged an alliance with the French, and at first opposed the
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176:, many leading thousands of people. The various groups of Timucua spoke several dialects of the
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Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period
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Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period
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Sloan, David; Duncan, David Ewing (1996). "Hernando de Soto: A Savage Quest in the Americas".
1159:". Despite the name, it was as closely associated with the western Timucua as it was with the
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The Western Timucua lived in the interior of the upper Florida peninsula, extending to the
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102:
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8:
983:, were incorporated into the Spanish mission system in the late 16th and 17th centuries.
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181:
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2003:
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1408:, who in the 17th century produced a grammar of the language, a confessional, three
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and other vegetables. Archaeologists' findings suggest that they may have employed
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By 1700, the Timucuan population had been reduced to just 1,000. In 1703, Governor
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The Acuera of the Oklawaha River Valley: Keepers of Time in the Land of the Waters
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From Santa Elena to St. Augustine: Indigenous Ceramic Variability (A.D. 1400-1700)
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The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida: Volume II: Resistance and Destruction
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The Saturiwa were concentrated around the mouth of the St. Johns in what is now
172:. They were the largest indigenous group in that area and consisted of about 35
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1421:
1334:. Fish were filleted and dried or boiled. Broths were made from meat and nuts.
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completed their extinction as a tribe soon after the turn of the 18th century.
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1093:, on Cumberland Island), Timucua (Northern Utina) and Potano. The Tacatacuru,
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Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve and Fort Caroline National Memorial
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on the west and into Georgia to the north. They usually lived in villages in
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2303:. Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida. pp. 89–119.
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1089:(chiefs) subject to the head caciques of Santa Elena (Yustaga), San Pedro (
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traditions. The people suffered severely from the introduction of Eurasian
1424:, written in Latin with Spanish and Timucua commentary, was discovered at
837:, who lived in the coastal areas of what are now Florida and southeastern
2764:
SJCPLS Video: Dr. Timithy Johnson's 2019 Discovery of a Rare Timucua Book
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Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory
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Bushnell, Amy (1991) . "'That Demonic Game': The Campaign to Stop Indian
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621:. They usually lived in villages close to waterways, participated in the
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2627:. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin. Vol. 30. pp. 752–754.
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506:, one of the French settlers, have proven valuable resources for modern
2562:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 165–192.
2382:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 217–243.
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Playing in Spanish America, 1675-1684.". In Thomas, David Hurst (ed.).
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undertook his studies of the Timucua language. The Tacatacuru lived on
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A proposed route for the first leg of the de Soto Expedition, based on
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New-York Historical Society, Five Timucua Language Imprints, 1612-1635
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2276:. Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks. Vol. 23. Garland Publishing.
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534:. By 1595, the Timucuan population had shrunk by 75%, primarily from
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list of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
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The word "Timucuan" may derive from "Thimogona" or "Tymangoua", an
232:
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47:
2596:(3–4): 75–96 – via University of Florida Digital Collection.
2442:. Gainesville: The University Presses of Florida. pp. 59–88.
2252:(3): 122–139 – via University of Florida Digital Collection.
861:, each of which had a number of smaller villages subject to them.
833:
The largest and best known of the eastern Timucua groups were the
2668:
The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida: Volume I: Assimilation
2632:
Milanich, Jerald T. (2004). "Timucua". In Fogelson, R. D. (ed.).
2189:. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 125–139.
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One of the sketches by Jacques le Moyne showing a Timucua village
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A map of the definite and possible extent of the Timucua peoples.
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2636:. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 219–228.
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church (tentatively identified as San Martín de Timucua) at the
939:(Freshwater) tribe. They lived along the river from roughly the
2320:
A Grammar and Dictionary of the Timucua Language, Third Edition
1412:
in parallel Timucua and Spanish, as well as a newly-discovered
1369:
Timucuan village and inhabitants depicted on a painting in the
1326:. Meat was cooked by boiling or over an open fire known as the
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1105:, neighbors of the Tacatacuru and Cascangue, were independent.
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Up the St. Johns River to the south of the Saturiwa were the
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against the Timucua, killing and enslaving hundreds of them.
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in understanding the people. The next year the Spanish under
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passed along the western fringes of the Timucua territory.
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The Timucua history changed after the Spanish established
2481:. Gainesville, Florida: The University Press of Florida.
2461:. Gainesville, Florida: The University Press of Florida.
1993:
1991:
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and possibly extending west to Cofa at the mouth of the
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and attempted to establish further settlements along the
351:'s drawings, depicting Athore, son of the Timucuan chief
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888:
was established at their main village; it was here that
613:
of northern Florida and southeastern Georgia; along the
2052:
1873:
1837:
1798:
1709:
1697:
1029:
and the Asile. They lived between the Suwannee and the
1010:
North of the Potano, living in a wide area between the
2158:
1988:
1673:
1468:
1466:
1464:
702:
Based on a vocabulary list collected from a man named
2697:. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press.
2670:. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press.
2540:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
2520:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
2360:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
2341:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
1928:
1786:
1543:
1528:
1512:
Cassanello, Robert; Clarke, Bob (November 18, 2013).
1478:
2015:
1774:
1685:
1555:
990:
lived in north central Florida, in an area covering
920:
lived further west, perhaps on the east side of the
601:
The Timucua were divided into a number of different
2228:(PhD thesis). University of Florida. Archived from
1952:
1888:
1733:
1721:
1461:
2091:
2038:. Sarasota, FL.: Pineapple Press Inc. p. 29.
1661:
2479:Florida Indians from Ancient Times to the Present
2012:, pp. 6, 21, 24, 34–5, 105, 114, 117–8, 135.
1964:
1861:
530:mission in what is now southern Georgia, for the
386:in 1513. However, claims have also been made for
2812:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
2793:
2374:
2109:
1511:
1178:peoples, but there is no firm evidence of this.
1101:were subject to San Pedro, while the Yufera and
2358:Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513-1763
686:A chiefdom in central Florida (in southeastern
542:introduced by contact with Europeans, and war.
2535:
2263:, The Florida Anthropologist 2021 74(2):88-106
1985:, pp. 6–7, 9, 13–14, 41–44, 154–155, 200.
1855:
219:The name "Timucua" (recorded by the French as
2658:The Indians of the Southeastern United States
2634:Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast
2584:Boyer, Willet III (September–December 2015).
2536:Milanich, Jerald T.; Hudson, Charles (1993).
2339:A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions
2624:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
2459:Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe
1428:in Oxford in 2019 by Dr. Timothy Johnson of
721:
522:in 1565 as the capital of their province of
319:(roughly the area of the group known as the
271:settlers and their Indian allies. The local
2538:Hernando de Soto and the Indians of Florida
1612:
1573:
1258:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1079:
2600:
448:branches of the Timucua on his way to the
46:
2476:
2456:
2317:
2164:
2152:
2085:
1831:
1807:
1655:
1600:
1499:
1278:Learn how and when to remove this message
143:Numerous internal chiefdoms, 11 dialects
2631:
2515:
2496:
2437:
2267:
2121:
2073:
2033:
1909:"The Mocama: New name for an old people"
1768:
1537:
1487:
1472:
1455:
1364:
1201:
971:Three major Western Timucua groups, the
712:
592:
415:
342:
2651:
2554:
2133:
1906:
1549:
1174:, as did the neighboring Apalachee and
659:identified tribes and chiefdoms around
196:in present-day Georgia as far south as
14:
2794:
2692:
2665:
2418:
2396:
2290:
2179:
2142:. pp. 18–20 – via Academia.
2097:
2021:
1946:
1934:
1819:
1780:
1667:
1360:
1033:, which served as a boundary with the
625:or in unnamed cultures related to the
2617:
2583:
2421:Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun
2256:
2239:
2218:
2193:
2134:Johnson, Timothy (July–August 2021).
1997:
1958:
1691:
1679:
2747:A History of Central Florida Podcast
2613:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2355:
2336:
2240:Boyer, Willet III (September 2017).
2061:
2009:
1982:
1970:
1894:
1882:
1867:
1843:
1792:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1561:
1256:adding citations to reliable sources
1223:
1119:
651:Early 20th-century scholars such as
374:The Timucua may have been the first
216:at no more than a couple of points.
65:Regions with significant populations
2322:. The University of Alabama Press.
1900:
502:. Sketches of the Timucua drawn by
327:, which they incorporated into the
243:, another group to the west of the
24:
2817:Native American history of Florida
2577:
1420:, a guide for Catholics attending
966:
828:
223:but this is likely a misprint for
25:
2843:
2822:Native American tribes in Florida
2723:
2601:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2404:. University of Tennessee Press.
2246:The Florida Anthropologist Volume
1615:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
758:Northern Utina (Timucua "Proper")
579:Florida Museum of Natural History
200:in central Florida, and from the
2827:History of Jacksonville, Florida
2807:Formative period in the Americas
1576:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1352:, brewed from the leaves of the
1228:
1123:
1064:, located near the mouth of the
706:in 1708, Swanton classified the
95:
83:
71:
2832:Extinct Native American peoples
2501:. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
2423:. University of Georgia Press.
2274:The Missions of Spanish Florida
2127:
2027:
1949:, pp. 95, 104, 108–9, 111.
1745:
1606:
1014:and St. Johns Rivers, were the
347:One of the engravings based on
1567:
1505:
1197:
849:. They gave their name to the
549:led a force of colonists from
13:
1:
2477:Milanich, Jerald T. (1998b).
2457:Milanich, Jerald T. (1998a).
2219:Boyer, Willet A. III (2010).
2194:Boyer, Willet A. III (2009).
2173:
1907:Soergel, Matt (18 Oct 2009).
1522:University of Central Florida
1404:, a Franciscan missionary at
1190:were other popular pastimes.
845:to south of the mouth of the
299:, who lived inland along the
2497:Milanich, Jerald T. (1999).
2110:Hoshower & Milanich 1993
1518:A History of Central Florida
1502:, pp. 82–83, 86, 90–91.
874:René Goulaine de Laudonnière
479:René Goulaine de Laudonnière
402:as the site of the landing.
7:
2419:Hudson, Charles M. (1997).
2112:, pp. 217, 222, 234–5.
1514:"Episode 03: Indian Canoes"
1385:
998:. They participated in the
947:. They participated in the
900:being established in 1587.
627:Wilmington-Savannah culture
504:Jacques le Moyne de Morgues
382:, if that landing was near
10:
2848:
2735:More about Timucua Indians
2590:The Florida Anthropologist
2318:Granberry, Julian (1993).
2257:Boyer, Willet III (2021),
2200:The Florida Anthropologist
1856:Milanich & Hudson 1993
1389:
1115:
1052:, near the modern city of
738:Eastern Utina (Agua Dulce)
640:, and participated in the
338:
315:between the St. Johns and
278:
29:
2621:, ed. (1910). "Timucua".
1426:All Souls College Library
1330:, the origin of the word
722:List of associated tribes
588:
528:Santa Isabel de Utinahica
142:
137:
126:
121:
114:
109:
69:
64:
59:
54:
45:
2557:The Spanish Missions of
2402:The Southeastern Indians
2377:The Spanish Missions of
1443:
1379:Fig Springs mission site
1080:Organization and classes
1068:on the eastern shore of
512:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
291:chiefdom of present-day
212:, though it reached the
32:Timucua (disambiguation)
2604:"Timucua Indians"
2034:Andersen, Lars (2001).
1914:The Florida Times-Union
1603:, pp. 79, 119–123.
1310:. They also cultivated
1219:
295:for their enemies, the
2730:Florida of the Indians
2356:Hann, John H. (2003).
2337:Hann, John H. (1996).
2140:St. Augustine Catholic
2124:, pp. xvii–xviii.
2076:, pp. 5, 13, 167.
1822:, pp. 95, 97–101.
1434:St. Augustine, Florida
1373:
1207:
718:
598:
585:and in other museums.
425:
392:unnamed barrier island
378:to see the landing of
363:
27:Native American people
2693:Worth, John (1998b).
2666:Worth, John (1998a).
2619:Hodge, Frederick Webb
2610:Catholic Encyclopedia
1858:, pp. 73–74, 76.
1371:United States Capitol
1368:
1205:
931:, later known as the
716:
665:Safety Harbor culture
596:
583:University of Florida
419:
359:a monument placed by
346:
138:Related ethnic groups
2703:10.2307/j.ctv18x4j2b
2676:10.2307/j.ctv18x4j3v
2088:, pp. 44, 46–9.
1341:A black tea called "
1252:improve this section
390:, the portion of an
303:. Both groups spoke
157:people who lived in
103:Georgia (U.S. state)
30:For other uses, see
2293:Milanich, Jerold T.
2155:, pp. xv–xvii.
2064:, pp. 107–111.
1885:, pp. 131–134.
1846:, pp. 117–118.
1718:, pp. 308–311.
1706:, pp. 304–305.
1658:, pp. 131–134.
1406:San Juan del Puerto
1361:Physical appearance
1157:Apalachee ball game
898:San Pedro de Mocama
886:San Juan del Puerto
540:infectious diseases
388:Ponce de Leon Inlet
261:infectious diseases
42:
2787:Timucua Dictionary
2780:2023-04-12 at the
2740:2014-08-26 at the
2398:Hudson, Charles M.
2235:on 20 August 2018.
1771:, pp. 59, 62.
1374:
1208:
1135:. You can help by
907:, adjacent to the
751:Icafui / Cascangue
719:
667:area) – including
599:
426:
407:Pánfilo de Narváez
380:Juan Ponce de León
364:
239:) to refer to the
60:Extinct as a tribe
40:
2712:978-0-8130-6840-4
2685:978-0-8130-6839-8
2547:978-0-8130-1170-7
2430:978-0-8203-2062-5
2000:, pp. 92–94.
1834:, pp. 4, 11.
1795:, pp. 14–15.
1682:, pp. 42–43.
1564:, pp. 41–42.
1458:, pp. 60–61.
1288:
1287:
1280:
1153:
1152:
949:St. Johns culture
894:Cumberland Island
843:St. Simons Island
694:counties) led by
623:St. Johns culture
422:Charles M. Hudson
210:Florida Panhandle
194:Cumberland Island
147:
146:
16:(Redirected from
2839:
2759:Hotoon Owl Totem
2716:
2689:
2662:
2653:Swanton, John R.
2647:
2628:
2614:
2606:
2597:
2573:
2551:
2531:
2512:
2492:
2472:
2453:
2434:
2415:
2393:
2371:
2352:
2333:
2314:
2287:
2264:
2253:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2215:
2190:
2188:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1627:10.2307/40030985
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1459:
1453:
1402:Francisco Pareja
1398:Timucua language
1392:Timucua language
1283:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1232:
1224:
1148:
1145:
1127:
1120:
1020:Timucua Province
959:lived along the
922:Okefenokee Swamp
890:Francisco Pareja
690:or southwestern
619:Okefenokee Swamp
473:In 1564, French
459:Hernando de Soto
430:Hernando de Soto
405:Later, in 1528,
376:American natives
357:René Laudonnière
349:Jacques le Moyne
325:Timucua Province
309:Timucua language
235:(of what is now
227:) came from the
178:Timucua language
101:
99:
98:
89:
87:
86:
77:
75:
74:
55:Total population
50:
43:
39:
21:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2792:
2791:
2782:Wayback Machine
2742:Wayback Machine
2726:
2720:
2713:
2686:
2644:
2580:
2578:Further reading
2570:
2548:
2528:
2509:
2489:
2469:
2450:
2431:
2412:
2390:
2368:
2349:
2330:
2311:
2297:Proctor, Samuel
2284:
2232:
2225:
2186:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1905:
1901:
1897:, pp. 1–5.
1893:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1529:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1430:Flagler College
1394:
1388:
1363:
1284:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1249:
1233:
1222:
1200:
1194:for the tribe.
1149:
1143:
1140:
1133:needs expansion
1118:
1082:
1048:, who lived in
1000:Alachua culture
969:
967:Western Timucua
961:Ocklawaha River
851:Mocama Province
847:St. Johns River
831:
829:Eastern Timucua
724:
708:Tawasa language
646:Suwannee Valley
615:St. Johns River
591:
491:St. Johns River
485:in present-day
396:Melbourne Beach
341:
317:Suwannee Rivers
301:St. Johns River
281:
245:St. Johns River
155:Native American
96:
94:
84:
82:
72:
70:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2744:
2732:
2725:
2724:External links
2722:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2690:
2684:
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2598:
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2237:
2216:
2206:(1–2): 45–56.
2191:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:Granberry 1993
2157:
2153:Granberry 1993
2145:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2086:Milanich 1998b
2078:
2066:
2051:
2044:
2036:Paynes Prairie
2026:
2014:
2002:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1937:, p. 127.
1927:
1899:
1887:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1832:Granberry 1993
1824:
1812:
1808:Milanich 1998b
1797:
1785:
1773:
1758:
1744:
1742:, p. 323.
1732:
1730:, p. 317.
1720:
1708:
1696:
1694:, p. 123.
1684:
1672:
1660:
1656:Milanich 1998a
1648:
1605:
1601:Milanich 1998a
1593:
1582:(1): 106–127.
1566:
1554:
1552:, p. 170.
1542:
1527:
1504:
1500:Milanich 1998a
1492:
1477:
1460:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1390:Main article:
1387:
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1196:
1151:
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1130:
1128:
1117:
1114:
1081:
1078:
1016:Northern Utina
996:Suwannee River
992:Alachua County
977:Northern Utina
968:
965:
943:area south to
830:
827:
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442:Northern Utina
340:
337:
329:mission system
321:Northern Utina
313:Santa Fe River
280:
277:
214:Gulf of Mexico
202:Atlantic Ocean
190:Altamaha River
168:and southeast
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2527:0-8130-1778-5
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2508:0-631-21864-5
2504:
2500:
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2329:0-8173-0704-4
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2122:Milanich 1999
2118:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2074:Bushnell 1991
2070:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2024:, p. 91.
2023:
2018:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1961:, p. 45.
1960:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1810:, p. 56.
1809:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1783:, p. 92.
1782:
1777:
1770:
1769:Milanich 1978
1765:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1540:, p. 62.
1539:
1538:Milanich 1978
1534:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1490:, p. 46.
1489:
1488:Milanich 1999
1484:
1482:
1474:
1473:Milanich 2000
1469:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1456:Milanich 1999
1452:
1448:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1383:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:crop rotation
1301:
1297:
1293:
1282:
1279:
1271:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1237:This section
1235:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1214:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1147:
1144:December 2009
1138:
1134:
1131:This section
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Marion County
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:Aucilla River
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
964:
962:
958:
953:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
905:Satilla River
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:Fort Caroline
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
808:
806:
803:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
715:
711:
709:
705:
700:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:Aucilla River
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
595:
586:
584:
580:
574:
570:
568:
565:and launched
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:St. Augustine
516:
513:
509:
508:ethnographers
505:
501:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
483:Fort Caroline
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:
418:
414:
412:
408:
403:
401:
400:Jupiter Inlet
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:St. Augustine
381:
377:
372:
368:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
336:
334:
333:Aucilla River
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
206:Aucilla River
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
163:North Central
160:
156:
152:
141:
136:
133:
129:
125:
120:
117:
113:
108:
104:
92:
80:
79:United States
68:
63:
58:
53:
49:
44:
33:
19:
2719:
2694:
2667:
2657:
2633:
2623:
2608:
2593:
2589:
2560:
2556:
2537:
2517:
2498:
2478:
2458:
2439:
2420:
2401:
2380:
2376:
2357:
2338:
2319:
2300:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2249:
2245:
2230:the original
2221:
2203:
2199:
2182:
2167:, p. 6.
2160:
2148:
2139:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2035:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1978:
1973:, p. 9.
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1912:
1902:
1890:
1870:, p. 5.
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1788:
1776:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1596:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1557:
1550:Weisman 1993
1545:
1517:
1507:
1495:
1451:
1438:
1417:
1413:
1395:
1375:
1354:yaupon holly
1340:
1336:
1327:
1320:
1307:
1289:
1274:
1265:
1250:Please help
1238:
1209:
1192:
1169:
1154:
1141:
1137:adding to it
1132:
1107:
1083:
1074:
1066:Alafia River
1043:
1024:
1009:
985:
970:
954:
936:
932:
926:
902:
876:established
866:Jacksonville
863:
832:
701:
696:Urriparacoxi
685:
653:John Swanton
650:
631:
600:
575:
571:
553:with allied
544:
517:
494:
487:Jacksonville
472:
452:domain (see
427:
404:
373:
369:
365:
361:Jean Ribault
293:Jacksonville
287:used by the
282:
253:
237:Jacksonville
231:used by the
224:
220:
218:
204:west to the
150:
148:
37:Ethnic group
2499:The Timucua
2098:Hudson 1976
2022:Deagan 1978
1947:Deagan 1978
1935:Ashley 2009
1820:Deagan 1978
1781:Deagan 1978
1668:Hudson 1997
1520:(Podcast).
1350:Cassina tea
1347:caffeinated
1343:black drink
1198:Settlements
945:Lake George
937:Agua Fresca
798:Guadalquini
657:John Goggin
611:Sea Islands
567:slave raids
547:James Moore
424:map of 1997
273:slave trade
265:slave raids
198:Lake George
182:the Bahamas
2796:Categories
2559:La Florida
2379:La Florida
2174:References
2045:1561642258
1998:Boyer 2021
1959:Boyer 2009
1692:Boyer 2017
1680:Boyer 2010
1621:(3): 327.
1410:catechisms
1091:Tacatacuru
933:Agua Dulce
859:Tacatacuru
793:Tacatacuru
457:warriors,
411:expedition
355:, showing
269:Carolinian
186:Hispaniola
2212:0015-3893
2062:Hann 1996
2010:Hann 2003
1983:Hann 1996
1971:Hann 1996
1895:Hann 1996
1883:Hann 1996
1868:Hann 2003
1844:Hann 2003
1793:Hann 1996
1740:Hann 1996
1728:Hann 1996
1716:Hann 1996
1704:Hann 1996
1635:0004-1823
1562:Hann 1996
1322:the root
1268:June 2021
1239:does not
1213:thatching
1161:Apalachee
1099:Cascangue
1070:Tampa Bay
1035:Apalachee
870:Huguenots
813:Utinahica
661:Tampa Bay
607:chiefdoms
536:epidemics
532:Utinahica
475:Huguenots
450:Apalachee
428:In 1539,
323:) as the
225:Thimogoua
221:Thimogona
174:chiefdoms
159:Northeast
110:Languages
2778:Archived
2775:Oxford.)
2738:Archived
2655:(1946).
2400:(1976).
2299:(eds.).
1920:July 30,
1643:40030985
1588:43487551
1418:Doctrina
1414:Doctrina
1386:Language
1332:barbecue
1328:barbacoa
1316:fritters
1294:(corn),
1110:mother's
1095:Saturiwa
1087:caciques
1012:Suwannee
857:and the
855:Saturiwa
809:Tucururu
805:Surruque
788:Saturiwa
704:Lamhatty
669:Tocobaga
663:(in the
638:hammocks
551:Carolina
500:Saturiwa
481:founded
353:Saturiwa
305:dialects
289:Saturiwa
257:cultural
233:Saturiwa
184:and for
132:Catholic
122:Religion
18:Timucuan
2802:Timucua
1312:tobacco
1260:removed
1245:sources
1188:dancing
1184:running
1180:Archery
1172:chunkey
1116:Customs
1027:Yustaga
981:Yustaga
941:Palatka
882:Spanish
841:, from
839:Georgia
823:Yustaga
733:Arapaha
642:Alachua
559:Catawba
538:of new
524:Florida
496:cacique
477:led by
446:Yustaga
339:History
307:of the
279:Meaning
249:Spanish
208:in the
170:Georgia
166:Florida
153:were a
151:Timucua
116:Timucua
91:Florida
41:Timucua
2709:
2682:
2640:
2566:
2544:
2524:
2505:
2485:
2465:
2446:
2427:
2408:
2386:
2364:
2345:
2326:
2307:
2280:
2270:Pelota
2210:
2042:
1641:
1633:
1586:
1416:. The
1324:koonti
1300:squash
1186:, and
1112:clan.
1062:Mocoso
1058:Acuera
1039:Potano
1007:1656.
988:Potano
979:, and
973:Potano
957:Acuera
872:under
835:Mocama
818:Yufera
783:Mocama
778:Potano
763:Mocoso
742:Itafi
728:Acuera
692:Orange
681:Mocoso
679:, and
603:tribes
589:Tribes
581:, the
561:, and
468:Acuera
444:, and
438:Potano
398:, and
285:exonym
247:. The
229:exonym
128:Native
100:
88:
76:
2755:Celts
2233:(PDF)
2226:(PDF)
2187:(PDF)
1639:JSTOR
1584:JSTOR
1444:Notes
1296:beans
1292:maize
1176:Guale
1165:eagle
1054:Ocala
1046:Ocale
1004:Utina
929:Utina
918:Oconi
909:Guale
773:Oconi
768:Ocale
677:Pohoy
673:Uzita
563:Yuchi
555:Creek
434:Ocale
297:Utina
267:from
241:Utina
2707:ISBN
2680:ISBN
2638:ISBN
2564:ISBN
2542:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2208:ISSN
2040:ISBN
1922:2010
1631:ISSN
1422:Mass
1243:any
1241:cite
1220:Diet
1097:and
986:The
955:The
688:Lake
655:and
464:gold
192:and
161:and
149:The
93:and
2699:doi
2672:doi
1623:doi
1432:in
1308:coa
1254:by
1139:.
1103:Ibi
935:or
913:Ibi
746:Ibi
605:or
409:'s
394:in
2798::
2757:,
2753:,
2749:-
2705:.
2678:.
2607:.
2594:68
2592:.
2588:.
2295:;
2250:70
2248:.
2244:.
2204:62
2202:.
2198:.
2138:.
2054:^
1990:^
1911:.
1875:^
1800:^
1761:^
1637:.
1629:.
1619:55
1617:.
1580:92
1578:.
1530:^
1516:.
1480:^
1463:^
1318:.
1298:,
1182:,
975:,
675:,
671:,
644:,
557:,
440:,
436:,
130:;
2715:.
2701::
2688:.
2674::
2648:.
2646:.
2572:.
2550:.
2532:.
2530:.
2511:.
2493:.
2491:.
2473:.
2471:.
2452:.
2433:.
2414:.
2392:.
2370:.
2351:.
2332:.
2313:.
2286:.
2214:.
2100:.
2048:.
1924:.
1755:.
1670:.
1645:.
1625::
1590:.
1524:.
1475:.
1281:)
1275:(
1270:)
1266:(
1262:.
1248:.
1146:)
1142:(
105:)
81:(
34:.
20:)
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