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after the foundation of St. Augustine, the chief of Tocoy, Pedro Márquez, moved to a new village closer to the
Spanish settlement, known as San Sebastián. Consequently, Pedro and his successor were often known as Chief of Tocoy and San Sebastián. Pedro was one of the first chiefs to submit to Spanish authority, and converted to Christianity even before missionary efforts began. His son and successor Gaspar Márquez later noted that his father and mother had been "some of the first Christians baptized in these provinces", and had requested missionaries and built churches in San Sebastián. The relocation to San Sebastián and the alignment with the Spanish evidently elevated the profile of the Chiefs of Tocoy, who had probably been marginal in the Utina chiefdom, and facilitated the break.
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decline are unclear, but the more devastating warfare and diseases introduced by the
Europeans probably contributed. The core part of the chiefdom remained inhabited, but the declining population appears to have withdrawn south, with the administrative center shifting to the village of Antonico. The Spanish referred to the inhabitants as the Agua Dulce or Agua Fresca, the Freshwater tribe. Northern villages that had not been abandoned were at that time under the authority of the Christian chiefs of Tocoy. The Tocoy chiefdom established a new town to the east, closer to St. Augustine. Additionally, the Acuera, who part of Chief Utina's confederacy in the 1560s, had become an independent chiefdom.
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Antonico southeast of the old main village. Its precise location is unclear, but it certainly would have been part of Utina's confederacy if it existed at that time. Most of the northern villages, including the main town, were evidently abandoned, and the number of villages in the chiefdom were reduced to about six, situated between the
Palatka area and Lake George. In 1595, Franciscan friars founded a mission in Antonico village, incorporating Agua Dulce province into the mission system. The chiefdom maintained good relations with the Spanish, although it had no permanent friar from 1597 to 1605. In this period, the Agua Dulce population had shrunk drastically to about 200-225 people.
579:(Acuera), distinct from the Agua Dulce dialect. The Acuera did not experience demographic decline nearly as quickly as the Agua Dulce or Tocoy chiefdoms, perhaps partially because of their remote location in the Florida interior and their less frequent contact with the Europeans. In the early mission period they may have had a population between 2,500-4,500. As such, Acuera represents one of the simpler, localized chiefdoms that proved sustainable well after more integrated societies such as Utina's confederacy had fallen.
263:
313:. However, as this area is well north of the distribution of late prehistoric archaeological sites, which are concentrated between about Palatka and Lake George, it is possible that the Utina had gained control of this northern stretch relatively recently. Other villages subject to Chief Utina were Coya and Molona on the St. Johns; moving upriver to the south were the villages of Patica, Chilili, and Enacape. French sources record that the
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of 1565, Utina exploited their situation to coerce
Laudonnière into sending more military aid. When they realized that Utina was manipulating them, the desperate French kidnapped the chief in order to ransom him for supplies. This led to battle between the French and the Utina, which had grave effects for both sides. The French were unable to secure much food, and eventually released Utina.
41:
384:, began to proliferate in Florida, and Mississippian-style chiefdoms emerged. Archaeologists have uncovered two clusters of St. Johns-related sites along the river dating to the late prehistoric period. These correspond closely with the Utina and Saturiwa chiefdoms described by the Europeans, suggesting they were long established. The Agua Dulce built burial
426:
chiefs and their villages, and was one of the most powerful figures in northern
Florida. The exact nature of Utina's chiefdom is unclear. He may have been the paramount head of an integrated chiefdom, or he may have been simply the leading chief in a confederacy of smaller chiefdoms. In any case he was treated as a powerful leader by the French and Spanish.
242:
had come to be applied to all speakers of the
Timucua language, scholars began using "Utina" as a generic term for the group the Spanish had known as the Timucua. However, this has caused confusion between the 16th-century Utina chiefdom and the "Timucua proper", who were never known as Utina by their contemporaries. Scholars
230:, another Timucua chiefdom who were enemies of the Utina, called them "Thimogona" or "Tymangoua", which is possibly the origin of the name "Timucua". The French followed the Saturiwa in this use, but later, the Spanish used the word "Timucua" for a much wider area of northern Florida, which they incorporated into their
571:, seem have become independent of the Agua Dulce chiefdom by the start of the 16th century, and founded at least one chiefdom of their own. The French sources attest that they were part of Utina's confederacy in the 1560s, though Worth notes that the level of control Utina exercised over them is arguable.
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of Acuera village had done so. According to Worth, the
Tucururu dialect, which Francisco Pareja noted was similar to but distinct from Acuera, may have been spoken in the Acuera Province, perhaps around the village of Tucuru. As such, the villages of the province may have been largely independent and
531:
to north, were among the first successful missions established in
Spanish Florida. Gaspar Márquez succeeded his father around 1595, and maintained Pedro's good relations with the Spanish. He continued to support the mission effort, and sent a petition to the King of Spain in 1606, but his people were
510:
people invited to the area by the
Spanish. In 1656, the Franciscans withdrew their friars from the entire province and established the mission town of Salamototo, which drew Indians from across the upper St. Johns. Though some Agua Dulce may have remained in their homeland, others evidently relocated
505:
By the 1640s, the Agua Dulce
Province had declined so much that it was merged with two others, Acuera and the remote Mayaca, to form the Ibiniuti Province. This change may have been dictated by the Spanish administration, but the fact that it had a Timucua name suggests the native political structure
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still sought the favor of the powerful Utina. He sent an expedition that made contact with the Utina and aided them in an assault on the Potano. Later he refused to aid Saturiwa in an offensive against the Utina, straining relations with him. However, when French stores were running low in the spring
241:
In the 17th century the Spanish thus came to know the principal tribe in the Timucua Province, who lived to the north of the former Utina chiefdom, as the Timucua. At this time, the descendants of Chief Utina's people were known instead as the Agua Dulce. In the 20th century, after the name "Timucua"
425:
first visited the area. The French noted that at this time all the villages along the middle St. Johns, as well as some farther into the interior such as those of the Acuera, were part of a chiefdom ruled by a young leader named Utina. Though only 25 years old, Utina had sovereignty over forty other
523:
The village of Tocoy on the St. Johns River became the center of an independent chiefdom in the later 16th century. Tocoy was located due west of St. Augustine and east of the old Utina village. It was thus presumably part of Utina's chiefdom in the 1560s, though at the northernmost bounds. Shortly
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The Agua Dulce chiefdom inhabited a territory comprising the former center of the Utina chiefdom in what the Spanish called the Agua Dulce province. By 1595 Chief Utina appears to have been succeeded, at some remove or another, by the Christian chief Antonico, who ruled from a village also known as
501:
site near Lake George). Anthropologist John E. Worth suggests the transfer occurred as part of the succession to Chief Antonico, who had apparently died. Antonico was succeeded by his nephew, Juan de Contreras, whose mother was evidently the chief of Enacape. Juan may have moved the administrative
540:
north of St. Augustine. Because of its strategic location as a river crossing on the St. Johns, the Spanish relocated other Timucua to a new mission, San Diego de Helaca, in the former Tocoy area. This too was abandoned by the late 1650s, the remaining population relocated to the new multi-ethnic
472:
began in the area in the 1590s, there had been a significant decrease in both population and in the number of remaining villages in the Agua Dulce area. Moreover, there appear to have been at least three smaller, independent chiefdoms in what had formerly been Utina territory. The details of the
186:
The main body of the tribe withdrew south along the St. Johns River, and were known as the Agua Dulce to the Spanish. This chiefdom was largely abandoned by 1680. Additionally, a group of Christianized Agua Dulce migrated east towards St. Augustine, and became known as the Tocoy, but this small
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By 1655 there were two further missions, Santa Lucia de Acuera in the main village and San Luis de Eloquale in Eloquale. Both of these were abandoned by 1680, and like Agua Dulce, the Acuera Province was merged into the larger Timucua Province. Any survivors may have relocated closer to St.
301:
The French record that in the 1560s Chief Utina had more than forty other village chiefs as his vassals. His main village was located about seventeen miles to the west of the St. Johns, perhaps near George's Lake (distinct from Lake George) in northwestern Putnam County. The
191:, who spoke a different dialect but appear to have been part of the Utina confederacy in the days of French settlement, also broke away and established their own chiefdom. The Acuera proved more sustainable than the Agua Dulce and Tocoy chiefdoms, but had collapsed by 1680.
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The Spanish established Mission San Blas de Avino in the town of Avino by 1612, but it was abandoned not long after. By 1640, the population had decreased to the point that Acuera was joined with Agua Dulce and Mayaca into the Ibiniuti province.
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Neither of Tocoy's missions is mentioned in records after 1608, and Tocoy was abandoned by 1616, leaving the area virtually unpopulated. The area was merged with Agua Dulce Province, and any survivors may have relocated to Mission
591:
only loosely associated with the main town. Alternately, the missionized villages, all located in the eastern part of the province, may have represented another small chiefdom or chiefdoms situated between Acuera and Agua Dulce.
457:, joining them in driving the Potano from their main village. However, over the next two decades the Spanish paid little attention to the Utina. Concurrently the once-powerful confederacy declined significantly and fragmented.
586:(female chief). The chiefdom may have been relatively unintegrated. Some villages in the Acuera Province were missionized years before the main town, and some village chiefs rendered their obedience to the Spanish before the
395:, among the largest found in the United States. They grew crops, but were not as dependent on agriculture as were tribes to the north; those living on the lagoons along the coast may not have practiced agriculture at all.
506:
may also have changed based on the severe population changes. In this period the distant province became a haven for Timucua fleeing the colonial labor system along the Spanish royal road, the Camino Royal, as well as
340:. The stretch of river between about Palatka and Jacksonville was relatively less populated, and may have served as a boundary between the Utina and the Saturiwa. Up the river south of Lake George were the
453:, sieged Fort Caroline and ejected the French from Florida. The Utina quickly allied with the Spanish. In 1567, the Spanish assisted them against a coalition of the Saturiwa, Potano, and
218:
at the time of contact with the Europeans, Olata Ouae Utina; other spellings of the name include "Outina". The name "Utina" does not appear to be a designation specific to this group;
183:
in its territory. However, the chiefdom declined significantly in the last decades of the 16th century, and the confederacy fragmented into at least three chiefdoms.
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refugees in the 1680 mission lists. As with other Timucua peoples, remaining Agua Dulce probably mixed with other peoples and lost their independent identity.
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1319:
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332:, another Timucua group who were enemies of the Utina. Down the St. Johns to the north, in an area stretching roughly from what is now downtown
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farther south and who spoke a different dialect, were also part of the Utina chiefdom, as were groups on the east side of the St. Johns.
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1967:
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1827:
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250:, respectively. According to scholar John H. Hann, the village that served as the center of the chiefdom was later referred to as
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emerged around 500 BC, and was still extant at the time of contact with the Europeans. At some point after the 8th century,
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The Spanish established missions in both Tocoy and San Sebastián in 1587; these, together with the missions to the
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center due to his filial connections to the town. The Spanish established a mission there, San Antonio de Enacape.
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mission town of Salamototo. The short-lived chiefdom of Tocoy left its mark on the landscape in the name of the
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or "Salt Water" who lived along the coast. The Utina chiefdom of the late 16th century is so called after its
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By 1616, the administrative center of the Agua Dulce had shifted south again, to Enacape (perhaps the
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in a state of precipitous decline. In 1606, there were only about 90 people left in the chiefdom.
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409:'s expedition in 1539. De Soto stole corn from the Acuera while camped out in the nearby town of
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20:. "Freshwater tribe" redirects here; for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, see
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498:
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206:(both meaning "Freshwater") was a Spanish term for Timucua living along the freshwater lower
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402:, one of the peoples noted by the French as part of Chief Utina's alliance, encountered the
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The area had been populated for thousands of years. An archaeological culture known as the
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with the aid of French forces. This engraving supposedly based on an original painting by
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At this time the Utina appear to have been at war with two other powerful chiefdoms: the
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Spanish records from the late 16th century indicate that Acuera village was ruled by a
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413:. However, extensive contact with Europeans did not occur until 1564, when the French
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Augustine, perhaps to the Puebla de Timucua, and lost their independent identity.
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and Ken Johnson have suggested classing the two groups as eastern Utina and
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309:, derived from Utina, still survives through this area, for instance in
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16:"Utina people" redirects here; for the north-central Florida group, see
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to the west. The French had forged a treaty of friendship with
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53:, depicting Chief Utina consulting his "sorcerer" before battle
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1273:
Timucua Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida. Volume 1: Assimilation
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to the mouth of the river, were another enemy chiefdom, the
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40:
159:
In the 1560s, Agua Dulce villages were organized into the
324:
To the west of the Utina, in the area around present-day
171:
in Florida. Utina had dealings with the French colony of
368:
is unlikely to depict Native American warfare accurately
511:
to Salamototo. San Antonio de Enacape was occupied by
449:
Later that year, the Spanish, recently established in
575:
noted that the Acuera spoke their own dialect of the
351:
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where the erstwhile village of San Sebastián stood.
441:, in whose territory their fort stood, but governor
282:. They occupied an area to the west in what are now
1191:
380:models, common throughout what is now the eastern
2396:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
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1327:
49:'s engravings, supposedly based on drawings by
1313:
1179:A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions
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1828:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1138:The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida
1125:The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida
1103:The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida
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936:The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida
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907:The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida
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842:The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida
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175:, and later allied with the Spanish of
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545:, the small river that flows into the
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1301:
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69:Regions with significant populations
2299:Norse colonization of North America
13:
2401:Native American history of Florida
1245:The Indian tribes of North America
552:
489:site, probably the town of Enacape
352:Early history and European contact
187:chiefdom disappeared by 1616. The
14:
2417:
2406:Native American tribes in Florida
518:
460:
27:Timucua tribe in Spanish Florida
2319:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1276:. University Press of Florida.
1181:. University Press of Florida.
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1130:
1117:
1108:
1075:
1062:
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1020:
1007:
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954:
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317:, another Timucua tribe on the
270:The Agua Dulce lived along the
266:A map of the Agua Dulce peoples
1203:. University of Alabama Press.
665:
656:
647:
608:
417:from the recently established
1:
1171:
152:, and spoke a dialect of the
2284:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
2234:Eastern Agricultural Complex
443:René Goulaine de Laudonnière
290:Counties, and on freshwater
274:, from north of present-day
7:
1668:Bandelier National Monument
1542:List of Mississippian sites
1329:Pre-Columbian North America
1248:. Genealogical Publishing.
10:
2422:
2088:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1693:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1402:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
556:
179:, who established several
156:also known as Agua Dulce.
15:
2357:
2329:Three Sisters agriculture
2184:
2116:
1648:
1377:
1335:
1197:Bennett, Charles E. (Ed.)
1085:, Vol. 2, pp. 32–33, 100.
115:
110:
103:
98:
90:
85:
73:
68:
63:
58:
38:
1868:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1427:Buttermilk Creek complex
883:, Vol. 1, pp. 54, 58–59.
602:
360:Chief Utina defeats the
2068:Town Creek Indian Mound
2038:Sierra de San Francisco
1893:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
1270:Worth, John E. (1998).
614:Milanich, p. 42, 98–99.
348:of the Atlantic coast.
257:
254:by historical sources.
194:
140:people of northeastern
1723:Coso Rock Art District
1610:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1513:List of Hopewell sites
1177:Hann, John H. (1996).
490:
369:
267:
2131:Arlington Springs Man
1973:Portsmouth Earthworks
973:Swanton, pp. 130–131.
547:Intracoastal Waterway
484:
433:to the north and the
378:Mississippian culture
359:
294:and inlets along the
265:
169:European colonization
111:Related ethnic groups
94:, Agua Fresca dialect
2339:Transoceanic contact
2229:Container Revolution
1803:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1768:Etowah Indian Mounds
1140:, Vol. 1, pp. 65–66.
1046:, Vol. 1, pp. 68–69.
1004:, Vol. 1, pp. 23–25.
951:, Vol. 2, pp. 32–35.
909:, Vol. 1, pp. 62–63.
793:, Vol. 1, pp. 21–22.
768:, Vol. 1, pp. 20–21.
755:, Vol. 1, pp. 19–20.
662:Milanich, p. 46; 51.
210:, as opposed to the
144:. They lived in the
2259:Green Corn Ceremony
2073:Turkey River Mounds
1863:Lake Jackson Mounds
1683:Blue Spring Shelter
1217:. Wiley-Blackwell.
844:, Vol. 1, p. 23–24.
543:San Sebastian River
477:Agua Dulce chiefdom
222:means "my land" in
148:watershed north of
35:
2344:Underwater panther
2018:Rosenstock Village
1888:Marmes Rockshelter
1873:L'Anse aux Meadows
1240:Swanton, John Reed
644:, Vol. 1, p. xxii.
567:, who lived along
491:
470:missionary efforts
370:
268:
33:
2378:
2377:
2370:Pre-Columbian era
2171:Spirit Cave mummy
1968:Plum Bayou Mounds
1878:Lynch Quarry Site
1397:Ancient Beringian
1193:Laudonnière, René
1127:, Vol. , pp. 7–8.
964:, Vol. 2, p. 100.
374:St. Johns culture
122:
121:
78:along the middle
22:Freshwater people
2413:
2314:Projectile point
2151:Leanderthal Lady
2078:Upward Sun River
2053:Stallings Island
2043:Shell ring sites
1993:Recapture Canyon
1908:Moorehead Circle
1753:El Fin del Mundo
1738:Cueva de la Olla
1544:
1531:Maritime Archaic
1515:
1345:
1322:
1315:
1308:
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1235:
1233:
1231:
1209:Milanich, Jerald
1204:
1166:
1165:Milanich, p. 99.
1163:
1157:
1156:Swanton, p. 120.
1154:
1141:
1134:
1128:
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1115:
1114:Milanich, p. 43.
1112:
1106:
1105:, Vol. 1, p. 25.
1099:
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1073:
1072:, Vol. 1, p. 62.
1066:
1060:
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1031:
1030:, Vol. 1, p. 47.
1024:
1018:
1017:, Vol. 1, p. 46.
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982:Swanton, p. 151.
980:
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939:
938:, Vol. 2, p. 32.
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923:
922:, Vol. 1, p. 63.
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903:
897:
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884:
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871:
870:, Vol. 1, p. 48.
864:
858:
857:, Vol. 1, p. 24.
851:
845:
838:
832:
831:, Vol. 1, p. 23.
825:
812:
811:Hann, pp. 63–64.
809:
803:
802:Hann, pp. 38–49.
800:
794:
787:
781:
778:
769:
762:
756:
749:
743:
742:, Vol. 1, p. 22.
736:
727:
726:Milanich, p. 53.
724:
715:
714:Milanich, p. 52.
712:
697:
696:, Vol. 1, p. 21.
690:
681:
680:Milanich, p. 51.
678:
672:
669:
663:
660:
654:
651:
645:
638:
629:
628:Milanich, p. 46.
626:
615:
612:
577:Timucua language
573:Francisco Pareja
407:Hernando de Soto
366:Jacques le Moyne
236:Timucua Province
154:Timucua language
92:Timucua language
64:Extinct as tribe
59:Total population
43:
36:
32:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2365:Genetic history
2353:
2207:Ceremonial pipe
2180:
2161:Minnesota Woman
2118:
2112:
1933:Ocmulgee Mounds
1913:Morrison Mounds
1858:Kolomoki Mounds
1848:Kimball Village
1708:Candelaria Cave
1650:
1644:
1625:Suwannee Valley
1560:Old Cordilleran
1540:
1511:
1379:
1373:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1059:, Vol. 2, p. 7.
1054:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1008:
999:
986:
981:
977:
972:
968:
959:
955:
946:
942:
933:
926:
917:
913:
904:
900:
896:, Vol. 2, p. 3.
891:
887:
878:
874:
865:
861:
852:
848:
839:
835:
826:
815:
810:
806:
801:
797:
788:
784:
779:
772:
763:
759:
750:
746:
737:
730:
725:
718:
713:
700:
691:
684:
679:
675:
670:
666:
661:
657:
652:
648:
639:
632:
627:
618:
613:
609:
605:
569:Ocklawaha River
561:
555:
553:Acuera chiefdom
521:
479:
463:
421:in present-day
388:and left large
354:
272:St. Johns River
260:
244:Jerald Milanich
216:paramount chief
208:St. Johns River
197:
146:St. Johns River
80:St. Johns River
54:
51:Jacques LeMoyne
31:
28:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2419:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:Mound Builders
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:Medicine wheel
2271:
2266:
2264:Horned Serpent
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Roberts Island
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:Old Stone Fort
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:Moaning Cavern
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:Kincaid Mounds
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:Cuarenta Casas
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1688:Bluefish Caves
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1649:Archaeological
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Caloosahatchee
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Caborn-Welborn
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1378:Archaeological
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1282:
1267:
1254:
1236:
1223:
1205:
1189:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1142:
1129:
1116:
1107:
1087:
1074:
1061:
1048:
1032:
1019:
1006:
984:
975:
966:
953:
940:
924:
911:
898:
885:
872:
859:
846:
833:
813:
804:
795:
782:
770:
757:
744:
728:
716:
698:
682:
673:
664:
655:
646:
630:
616:
606:
604:
601:
557:Main article:
554:
551:
538:Nombre de Dios
520:
519:Tocoy chiefdom
517:
478:
475:
462:
459:
439:Chief Saturiwa
353:
350:
319:Oklawaha River
259:
256:
248:Northern Utina
232:mission system
196:
193:
120:
119:
113:
112:
108:
107:
101:
100:
96:
95:
88:
87:
83:
82:
71:
70:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
47:Theodor de Bry
44:
29:
26:
18:Northern Utina
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2418:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:Falcon dancer
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:Miscellaneous
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Melbourne Man
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:La Brea Woman
2144:
2142:
2141:Kennewick Man
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Serpent Mound
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Pueblo Bonito
1981:
1979:
1978:Poverty Point
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Pinson Mounds
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Painted Bluff
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Horr's Island
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:Effigy Mounds
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:Crystal River
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1640:Weeden Island
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:Safety Harbor
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Poverty Point
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:Paleo-Indians
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:Mississippian
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1285:
1283:0-8130-1574-X
1279:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1257:
1255:0-8063-1730-2
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1224:0-631-21864-5
1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:Three Voyages
1198:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1187:0-8130-1424-7
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1003:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
979:
970:
963:
957:
950:
944:
937:
931:
929:
921:
915:
908:
902:
895:
889:
882:
876:
869:
863:
856:
850:
843:
837:
830:
824:
822:
820:
818:
808:
799:
792:
786:
777:
775:
767:
761:
754:
748:
741:
735:
733:
723:
721:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
695:
689:
687:
677:
668:
659:
650:
643:
637:
635:
625:
623:
621:
611:
607:
600:
596:
592:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
560:
550:
548:
544:
539:
533:
530:
525:
516:
514:
509:
503:
500:
495:
488:
483:
474:
471:
468:
461:Fragmentation
458:
456:
452:
451:St. Augustine
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
424:
420:
419:Fort Caroline
416:
412:
408:
405:
401:
396:
394:
391:
387:
383:
382:United States
379:
375:
367:
363:
358:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
311:Etoniah Creek
308:
305:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
264:
255:
253:
249:
245:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
192:
190:
184:
182:
178:
177:St. Augustine
174:
173:Fort Caroline
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
118:
114:
109:
106:
102:
97:
93:
89:
84:
81:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
48:
42:
37:
23:
19:
2349:Water glyphs
2304:Oasisamerica
2294:N.A.G.P.R.A.
2254:Folsom point
2244:Effigy mound
2224:Clovis point
2192:Aridoamerica
2093:Wickiup Hill
2048:Spiro Mounds
2028:Salmon Ruins
2023:Russell Cave
1818:Helen Blazes
1813:Grimes Point
1793:Fort Juelson
1783:Fort Ancient
1758:El Vallecito
1718:Chaco Canyon
1658:Angel Mounds
1620:Steed-Kisker
1570:Paleo-Arctic
1492:Glacial Kame
1477:Fort Ancient
1369:Post-Classic
1340:
1287:. Retrieved
1272:
1259:. Retrieved
1244:
1228:. Retrieved
1213:
1200:
1178:
1161:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1102:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1001:
978:
969:
961:
956:
948:
943:
935:
919:
914:
906:
901:
893:
888:
880:
875:
867:
862:
854:
849:
841:
836:
828:
807:
798:
790:
785:
765:
760:
752:
747:
739:
693:
676:
667:
658:
649:
641:
610:
597:
593:
587:
583:
581:
562:
534:
526:
522:
504:
496:
492:
465:By the time
464:
448:
428:
423:Jacksonville
404:conquistador
397:
371:
334:Jacksonville
323:
306:
300:
269:
251:
240:
219:
203:
199:
198:
185:
164:
158:
133:
129:
125:
123:
30:Ethnic group
2334:Thunderbird
2202:Black drink
2166:Peñon woman
2103:Winterville
2083:Velda Mound
2063:Taos Pueblo
1958:Parkin Park
1943:Orwell site
1928:Nodena site
1823:Holly Bluff
1798:Four Mounds
1788:Fort Center
1713:Casa Grande
1663:Anzick site
1555:Monongahela
1482:Fort Walton
1457:Coles Creek
1422:Belle Glade
1407:Anishinaabe
1214:The Timucua
780:Hann, p. 13
671:Hann, p. 10
653:Hann, p. 16
499:Mount Royal
487:Mount Royal
328:, were the
326:Gainesville
280:Lake George
204:Agua Fresca
150:Lake George
130:Agua Fresca
2385:Categories
2279:Metallurgy
2239:Eden point
2136:Buhl Woman
2008:Rock Eagle
1998:River Styx
1923:Mummy Cave
1918:Moundville
1898:Mesa Verde
1883:Marksville
1630:Tchefuncte
1590:Plaquemine
1526:Las Palmas
1442:Calf Creek
1437:Cades Pond
1172:References
467:Franciscan
304:place name
200:Agua Dulce
134:Freshwater
126:Agua Dulce
2324:Stickball
2013:Rock Hawk
1843:Key Marco
1635:Troyville
1615:St. Johns
1600:Red Ocher
1359:Formative
415:Huguenots
252:Nyaautina
136:) were a
86:Languages
2212:Chanunpa
2197:Ballgame
2176:Vero man
2126:Anzick-1
2098:Windover
2058:SunWatch
1988:Rassawek
1808:Glenwood
1698:Brewster
1550:Mogollon
1521:La Jolla
1507:Hopewell
1467:Deptford
1380:cultures
1289:June 13,
1242:(2003).
1230:June 11,
1211:(1999).
1199:(2001).
513:Yamassee
431:Saturiwa
338:Saturiwa
298:coast.
296:Atlantic
228:Saturiwa
224:Timucuan
181:missions
161:chiefdom
99:Religion
2391:Timucua
2361:Related
2219:Chunkey
2119:remains
2108:Wupatki
1948:Paquime
1838:Huápoca
1703:Cahokia
1673:Bastian
1580:Patayan
1502:Hohokam
1487:Fremont
1462:Comondú
1417:Baytown
1412:Avonlea
1392:Alachua
1364:Classic
1354:Archaic
1342:Periods
1261:June 8,
1136:Worth,
1123:Worth,
1101:Worth,
1081:Worth,
1068:Worth,
1055:Worth,
1042:Worth,
1026:Worth,
1013:Worth,
1000:Worth,
960:Worth,
947:Worth,
934:Worth,
918:Worth,
905:Worth,
892:Worth,
879:Worth,
866:Worth,
853:Worth,
840:Worth,
827:Worth,
789:Worth,
764:Worth,
751:Worth,
738:Worth,
692:Worth,
640:Worth,
393:middens
307:Etoniah
292:lagoons
276:Palatka
234:as the
142:Florida
138:Timucua
117:Timucua
76:Florida
45:One of
1778:Folsom
1743:Cutler
1678:Benson
1565:Oneota
1497:Glades
1472:Folsom
1452:Clovis
1349:Lithic
1280:
1252:
1221:
1185:
588:Cacica
584:cacica
565:Acuera
559:Acuera
529:Mocama
508:Chisca
455:Mayaca
435:Potano
400:Acuera
386:mounds
362:Potano
342:Mayaca
330:Potano
315:Acuera
288:Putnam
226:. The
220:uti-na
212:Mocama
189:Acuera
105:Native
74:North
2309:Piasa
2117:Human
1748:Eaker
1651:sites
1585:Plano
1387:Adena
603:Notes
411:Ocale
390:shell
165:Utina
34:Utina
2269:Kiva
1291:2010
1278:ISBN
1263:2010
1250:ISBN
1232:2010
1219:ISBN
1183:ISBN
563:The
485:The
398:The
286:and
284:Clay
258:Area
195:Name
124:The
1773:Eva
346:Ais
278:to
202:or
163:of
128:or
2387::
1195:;
1145:^
1090:^
1035:^
987:^
927:^
816:^
773:^
731:^
719:^
701:^
685:^
633:^
619:^
238:.
1321:e
1314:t
1307:v
1293:.
1265:.
1234:.
132:(
24:.
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