421:
time, but it was soon revealed that the plan was to kill Fray
Barreda. One of the conspirators, Juan Fernández de Diocsale, was the son of a Chisca woman and had been chief of the village where San Carlos was located. He resented being forced by Barreda to attend mass and to give up three of his four wives. Another conspirator, Ubabesa, had been scolded by Barreda in Sunday mass for having an affair with a Christian woman while her husband was away. Other alleged conspirators including Chacatos and Chiscas were later named in a Spanish inquiry.
503:
Choctawhatchee River in preparation for further warfare against the
Spanish missions. In that inquiry, Miguel, chief of San Nicolás, had been accused of being one of the principal conspirators in the 1675 revolt, and of going to St. Augustine to help Diocsale escape from arrest, but was released because of lack of credible witnesses. On being released from custody. Miguel returned to his village, recruited some of his men, and joined the Chiscas. He was also accused of helping recruit some
48:
585:
Tasquique travelling with goods to trade at San Luis. The
Chacatos attacked the Tasquiques while they slept, killing 16, and taking the trade goods. Chacatos joined a force of 800 Spaniards and Apalachees that intended to attack the former Apalachicola Province towns (the English called them the Ochise Creeks) in central Georgia in 1702. The Apalachicola towns ambused the Spanish-Apalachee force in the
454:
day word reached San Luis that
Barreda had fled to Sabacola. Pérez sent 11 gunmen after the earlier party with orders to bring Barreda and Fray Juan Ocon, the missionary at Sabacola, back to San Luis. After the failed attempt on Barreda's life, many Chacato, including essentially all of San Antonio, most of the population of San Nicolás, and an unknown number of people from San Carlos, fled to Tawasa.
487:. After the move, the Chisca began openly raiding missions in Apalachee and Timucua provinces. While the Chacato conspirator Diocsale was held under house arrest in St. Augustine, he was allowed visitors. Informants told Spanish officials that he had sent messages by those visitors inciting the Chisca to attack Spanish missions. Apalachees were killed in raids on Ivitachuco,
560:, waiting to take up his post of governor of Spanish Florida, led the land portion of an expedition to assess Pensacola Bay for a new settlement. Five Chacatos and five Apalachees went to Pensacola with Torres y Ayala to care for 100 horses he bought in Apalachee Province. At Pensacola Bay, the expedition found 20 Chacatos living in two small camps, but no Pensacolas.
617:. The governor of Pensacola, Andrés de Arriola, refused them permission to go to Mobile, but allowed them to stay in Pensacola rather than returning to Apalachee. More of the Chacato, Tawasa, and Apalachee people who had survived the attacks on the missions soon moved to Pensacola. Some of the Apalachees and Chacatos drove cattle with them to Pensacola in July 1704.
239:
scholars have recently used "Chacato". After they moved west to the area around Mobile Bay, and later to west of the
Mississippi River in Louisiana, they were often also called "Chactoo", "Chacchou", "Chaetoo" and "Chattoo". Other forms of the name have included "Chacâto", "Chaqto", and "Chactot". Galloway notes that
567:, with a small settlement on the mainland opposite the point to support the lookout post, where some Chacatos lived. Two churches were established, with one named "Our Lady of Guadaloupe" serving the Chacatos. The lookout post and settlement were shortly abandoned, perhaps within months, but certainly by 1704.
450:, on the Apalachicola River. Barreda's guides were chosen by an official who had secretly joined the conspirators, and he told them to kill Barreda after they had left San Carlos. The attack failed, although Barreda was wounded. Barreda killed one of the attackers with his musket and escaped to Santa Cruz.
453:
In the absence of the deputy governor for
Apalachee Province, the acting deputy governor, Andrés Pérez, sent a few Spanish soldiers and Apalachees to help guard Barreda. On hearing that the number of loyalists guarding Barreda was shrinking, Pérez sent 26 archers after the first group. Later the same
398:
estimated San Carlos's population to be just over 100, and San
Nicolas's just over 30. Later that year, acting deputy governor Andrés Pérez estimated San Carlos's population to be about 300, and that of San Nicolas, about 100. Hann suggests that the differences may be due to many of the people of the
286:
peoples. Swanton states that the language of the
Chacato is "undoubtedly" a member of the southern division of the Muskogean stock. While it has been suggested that the Chacato were part of the Apalachee people, Hann notes that the Spanish used interpreters to translate from Chacato to Apalachee, and
600:
was attacked in 1704, Apalachicolas in the attacking group demanded that
Chacatos be turned over to them in exchange for Spaniards captured in the raid, but the Spanish refused to do so. Dubcovsky says the demand by the Apalachicolas was in retaliation for the incident in which 40 Chacatos killed 16
595:
by the
English from the Province of Carolina and their Indian allies in 1704 destroyed many of the Spanish missions in Apalachee Province, with the attackers killing or taking away many of the people living at those missions. Residents of other missions survived the attacks, but soon abandoned their
580:
in Apalachee Province. The Chacatos requested that they be allowed to return to the site near San Luis where they had lived from 1676 until after 1683. A contract with the Apalachee chief to allow that was drawn up, but there is no record that the Chacatos returned to that place. Chacatos did remain
540:
In 1686, the chief of Tawasa visited Apalachee, bringing 24 Christian Chacatos who had been in Tawasa since 1675. Other Chacatos may have returned to Apalachee from Tawasa after that. Marcos Delgado, a Spanish soldier who traveled to Tawasa that year, reported that Chacatos lived in a village called
528:
Sometime between 1683 and 1685, the Chacato left the site near San Luis and moved to the Apalachicola River, near a Sabacola village and mission, Santa Cruz de Sabacola. The Sabacola of that village had recently moved downriver to be closer to Apalachee Province, so that a missionary could be placed
424:
The conspiracy quickly gained support in the community. Hann notes that this may partly be because of discontent over pressure on the Chacato from the missionaries to strictly adhere to Christian standards. Another factor was threats from the conspirators to have their Chisca friends kill anyone who
420:
In the summer of 1675, three Chacato warriors, who may have been the same as those who threatened trouble the previous year, conspired against the missionaries. They initially claimed only to want to expel Fray Barreda, the missionary at San Carlos and the sole missionary in the Chacato lands at the
382:
Two missions were established among the Chacato in June 1674. The first mission, San Carlos Borromeo, was in the principal Chacato village of Achercatane (later listed as Yatcatane), four days journey northwest of Apalachee Province. A second mission, San Nicolás de Tolentino, was established in the
584:
Chacatos and Apalachees worked for the Spanish on building the new settlement at Pensacola Bay in 1698. They may have also helped drive cattle from Apalachee Province to Pensacola Bay. In the winter of 1698–1699, 40 Chacatos led by a Spaniard were on a buffalo hunt when they encountered 24 men from
515:
west of the Apalachee capitol at San Luis. Chacatos were among the first people to take refuge in Apalachee Province. They were incorporated into Apalachee society as tributaries. The mission of San Carlos de los Chatacos was still located near San Luis in 1683. It was reported to have a population
552:
Just as Chacatos had sought refuge at Tawasa in 1675, Tawasa sought refuge with the Chacatos in the mid-1690s, and stayed until the Chacatos abandoned Apalachee Province. The Tawasa remained west of Apalachee Province, and were not converted to Christianity. They dispersed after the destruction of
510:
There is no record of the missionaries returning to the Chacato missions after the revolt. Chacatos were still living at San Carlos in early 1676, but the Chisca attacked the village soon after, and both San Carlos and San Nicolas were abandoned before September 1677. At least part of the Chacato
470:
The Spanish conducted inquiries into the revolt is late 1675 and again 1676. At the first inquiry, the Spanish honored the promise to spare the lives of the conspirators, but Diocsale and two others were taken to San Luis for further trial. Diocsale was exiled from San Carlos for life and held in
238:
In the 17th and earliest 18th centuries, when they lived in the eastern panhandle of Florida, the Spanish usually called the people "Chacato", and less often, "Chacta", "Chacto", "Chata", and "Chato". "Chatot" is the name commonly used in English sources through most of the 20th century, although
502:
In an inquiry in 1676 into recent attacks on missions, Diocsale finally admitted to inciting the Chiscas to make war on Christians, and was sentenced to exile in Mexico. Testimony was also given that the Chiscas had conducted the attacks on the missions, and were fortifying their village on the
466:
sent a few more soldiers to Apalachee. Before the Spanish could decide on a course of action, Fray Juan de Paiva, the missionary assigned to San Nicolás de Tolentino, persuaded Pérez to spare the lives of the conspirators who had fled to Tawasa if they returned to San Carlos. Some of the exiles
634:
to Oigonets, and moved the Chacatos to Dog River on Mobile Bay. The French regarded the Chacatos as warriors and good Catholics. They understood that the Chacatos and Apalachees spoke different languages, but noted that both had adopted many Spanish words. Some Chacatos may have lived with
441:
The conspirators spoke to Chacato leaders about expelling Barreda, but the leaders supported Barreda. When the conspirators then revealed that they intended to kill Barreda, the Chacato leaders placed guards to protect Barreda. Barreda sent a plea for help to the Spanish authorities in
163:
established two missions in Chacato villages in 1674. As a result of attempts by the missionaries to impose full observance of Christian rites and morals on the newly converted Chacatos, many of them rebelled, trying to murder one of the missionaries. Many of the rebels fled to
638:
Some Chacatos and Apalachees stayed at Pensacola for another year or two, with 80 or more workers receiving rations from the Spanish presidio in 1707. That year food shortages resulted in a reduction in the ration and another 150 Chacatos and 100 Apalachees left for Mobile.
366:
There are isolated Spanish reports of people migrating into the Chacato and Apalachee provinces in the 1660s and 1670s. They were described as "warrior Indians, their faces striped, and who use firearms". The Spanish called some of the invaders "Chichimecos" (probably
625:
Most of the Chacatos and the Apalachees from San Luis and Escambe who had fled to Pensacola continued on to the French settlement at Mobile. Between 200 and 250 Chacatos arrived in Mobile in 1704. Some of the Chacatos seeking refuge at Mobile were reported to be from
258:. Galloway says that the Chacatos and Choctaws should not be confused, that the names are phonetically distinct, and were consistently used to refer to distinct peoples in the 18th century. Swanton states that the Choctawhatchee River in Florida and Bayou Chattique,
541:
Okchai in Tiquepache Province, beyond Tawasa. Such returning Chacatos may have made up the 350 people in the mission of San Nicolás de los Chacatos that appeared around that time. Some Chacatos may also have been among the some 150 people at the Sabacola mission of
402:
The missionaries at the two missions claimed to have converted more than 300 Chacatos, including the chiefs of the settlements, to Christianity by late September. Three warriors complained that they were being pressured to convert, and threatened to have
330:
The Chacatos appear to be an exception to their neighbors in that inheritance of the chieftainship did not necessarily pass to the offspring of the previous chief's eldest sister. The Chacato, along with the Apalachees and Muscogees, applied the title
319:, a fortified village site with two mounds, may have been occupied by the ancestors of the historic Chacato. Pottery found in the historic Chacato settlement area is more closely related to that of Apalachee Province than to that of the peoples of the
299:. A map in Martin shows the Chacato occupying an area along the Gulf Coast of Florida between the Apalachicola and Choctawhatchee rivers. At the time of first contact with the Spanish, the people they called Chacato lived in the upper part of the
575:
Sabacolas participated with Apalachicolas and Tiquepaches in an attack on the Chacato mission in 1694, killing five Chacatos and taking 42 Chacatos to the Province of Carolina to sell as slaves. After the attack, the Chacatos retreated to
407:
living in the Chacato villages and in their own nearby village make trouble for the missionaries and converts. The Spanish lieutenant-governor in Apalachee Province took some soldiers and 25 Apalachees armed with
662:
living near Mobile had a total of 251 men at that time. Some Chacatos may have remained near Mobile. A small tribe known as "Chatos" was reported to have lived on the Mississippi coast and been absorbed into the
799:
The English were buying Chacato slaves from the Shawnee by 1684. In 1681, three Indians captured by the English of the Province of Carolina and sent to the West Indies as slaves were identified as "Chattoee".
612:
sent a party to intercept them, but the delegation reached Pensacola safely. When they reached Pensacola, rather than asking for supplies for Apalachee Province, they asked for permission to continue to
412:
to the Chacato missions. The three reluctant warriors were nominally converted to Christianity and the Chiscas were expelled from the Chacato villages while the Spanish-Apalachee party was there.
355:
The first mention of the Chacato in Spanish records was in 1638, when a representative of the Spanish governor of Florida was able to stop a war between the allied Chacato, Apalachicola, and
516:
of 216 in 1681, apparently not including children; most of the adults were Christians. Chacatos from that settlement were drafted by the Spanish as guides for an expedition in 1677 that
608:
seeking help. Chacatos were included because they knew the land between Apalachee and Pensacola Bay and had connections in that area. Hearing about the delegation from a spy, the
1761:
Goddard, Ives; Galloway, Patricia; Jeter, Marvin D.; Waselkov, Gregory A.; Worth, John E. (2004). "Small Tribes of the Western Southeast". In Fogelson, Raymond D. (ed.).
772:
expeditions passed through the area. By the end of the century, Chiscas had migrated into Florida. A Chisca settlement was at the mouth of the Apalachicola River by 1661.
549:(Big Savacola) in 1690. The Sabacola mission was gone by 1693, when the Chacato village on the Apalchicola was mentioned as the "most outlying mission" in the region.
630:. The French placed the Chacatos on a site called "Oigonets" at the mouth of the Mobile River. In 1711, the French moved their settlement from its original site at
446:, the capitol of Apalachee Province. Some of the loyal Chacatos defected to the conspirators and those remaining loyal advised Barreda to flee to the mission of
635:
Apalachees. Swanton repeats population estimates of 250 Chacato men when they were first settled at Mobile, but only 40 men in 1725-1726, and 30 men in 1817.
287:
other interpreters to translate from Apalachee to Spanish. Martin states that suggestions that the Chacato language is related to Choctaw are unreliable.
214:
and their Native American allies in 1704, the surviving Chacatos moved west with Apalachees and other peoples of the province, settling in the vicinity of
601:
Tasquiques five years earlier. Dudcovsky also says the raiders struck Ayubale first because that is where the Chacatos had returned after the killings.
2101:
604:
Following the attack on the missions, the province was low on supplies. In early June 1704, Solano sent a delegation of Chacatos and Apalachees to
687:
in 1817. Some groups from the tribes that had taken refuge in Louisiana settled in the Red River area and survived there into the 20th century.
2096:
429:. The Spanish found little evidence, however, that any Chisca had been involved in the conspiracy. The conspirators planned to seek refuge at
399:
villages being on hunting or fishing trips at the time of the bishop's visit. Another report places about 80 men at San Antonio in that year.
2091:
2081:
614:
781:
The Spanish, believing that the Chiscas were friendly, had asked them to not support the Chacatos in their dispute with the Spanish.
2076:
738:
A Spanish account indicates that the site of the San Nicolás mission was close to a cave, which may have been Rock Arch Cave in
764:
The Chisca chiefdom was located in southwestern Virginia and southeatern Tennessee in the middle of the 16th century when the
2057:
2038:
2007:
1875:
1669:
462:
The deputy governor for Apalachee, Juan Fernandez de Hita y Salazar, soon returned to San Luis, and the governor of Florida,
144:
327:
bays. The subsistence economy of the Chacatos also resembled that of the Apalachees, rather than the peoples to their west.
1988:
1969:
1779:
243:
is Spanish for "flat" or "roman-nosed", and speculates that the Spanish called the people that because they practiced
395:
1686:""All of Us Will Have to Pay for These Activities": Colonial and Native Narratives of the 1704 Attack on Ayubale"
488:
179:
In the late 17th century, one village of Chacatos moved from the center of Apalachee Province to near where the
684:
244:
1951:
Lankford, George E. (2004). "Chacato, Pensacola, Tohomé, Naniaba, and Mobila". In Fogelson, Raymond D. (ed.).
605:
443:
363:
in 1646, when both peoples requested missionaries. The Chacatos requested missionaries again in the 1660s.
1650:"Debitage of the Shatter Zone: Indoctrination, Asylum, and the Law of Towns in the Provinces of Florida"
530:
739:
557:
646:
in 1763, most of the Chacatos, along with other small tribes that had settled around Mobile, moved to
2086:
1743:
672:
483:
In 1676, the Chisca moved their village from near the eastern mouth of the Apalachicola River to the
274:, which may have been the same as that of several other peoples in western Florida, including the
1719:"Defying Indian Slavery: Apalachee Voice and Spanish Sources in the Eighteenth-Century Southeast"
463:
388:
316:
312:
172:, who had become openly hostile to the Spanish. Other Chacatos moved to missions in or closer to
1770:
Gregory, Hiram F. (2004). "Survival and Maintenance Among Louisiana Tribes". In Fogelson (ed.).
335:(beloved son) to one of the chief's sons. The Chacatos also shared use of the leadership titles
676:
671:, and Pascagoulas totaled about 100 men after the move to Louisiana. Chacatos were reported at
597:
472:
17:
769:
647:
586:
426:
360:
192:
564:
517:
484:
211:
1654:
Petitioning in the Atlantic World, c. 1500–1840: Empires, Revolutions and Social Movements
720:(chief) Chine" as a Chacato. Swanton took that to mean that the Chine people were Chacato.
8:
667:. A Chacato was reportedly mentioned in a Mobile newspaper in the early 1850s. Chacatos,
308:
304:
271:
259:
180:
31:
1939:
1854:
1821:
704:
680:
592:
534:
475:
while the other two were sentenced to four years of labor for the colonial government.
372:
296:
255:
207:
173:
148:
563:
In 1701, the Spanish established a lookout post on St. Joseph Point on the end of the
2053:
2034:
2003:
1984:
1965:
1931:
1871:
1846:
1813:
1775:
1705:
1665:
425:
did not support the conspiracy. Diocsale also falsely claimed to be supported by the
196:
1983:(Raymond D. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 669–676.
1774:(Raymond D. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 653–658.
1119:
2026:
1923:
1898:
1734:
1730:
1697:
1657:
765:
504:
283:
230:
was transferred to Great Britain in 1763, other Chacatos moved west to Louisiana.
130:
118:
1964:(Raymond D. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 68–86.
2030:
1979:
McEwan, Bonnie G. (2004). "Apalachee and Neighboring Groups". In Fogelson (ed.).
1790:
631:
447:
160:
2023:
Archaeology of Culture Contact and Colonialism in Spanish and Portuguese America
1661:
467:
returned to San Carlos, but others rejected the amnesty and remained in Tawasa.
2018:
627:
609:
275:
122:
1718:
1649:
2070:
1935:
1886:
1850:
1817:
1709:
1685:
668:
512:
430:
320:
300:
215:
165:
152:
102:
73:
250:
Milanich notes that confusion of the names "Chatot" and "Chactato" with the
1419:
643:
279:
227:
195:
and others. Other Chacatos lived in small settlements scattered across the
106:
47:
1902:
1701:
2019:"Fort San José, a Remote Spanish Outpost in Northwest Florida, 1700–1721"
191:
village and mission. That village was abandoned after it was attacked by
184:
1858:
1834:
1825:
1801:
533:
was in the vicinity of the Sabacola mission, but was listed as being in
387:
called San Antonio by the Spanish, may have been located in what is now
664:
659:
495:, and Ayubale, although some of the raids may have been carried out by
359:
peoples, and the Apalachees. The next governor visited the Chacato and
324:
219:
1943:
1911:
1835:"Late Seventeenth-Century Forebears of the Lower Creeks and Seminoles"
729:
Swanton states that some of the Chacato lived in southwestern Georgia.
262:, and Choctaw Swamp near Mobile are probably named after the Chacato.
655:
409:
90:
2052:(Reprint ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
1927:
496:
356:
188:
1789:
Halbert, H. S. (1902). "The Small Indian Tribes of Mississippi".
1028:
651:
577:
492:
376:
295:
The Chacato may have lived along one or more rivers flowing into
251:
223:
200:
156:
77:
1443:
1150:
755:
typically was a church that did not have a resident missionary.
404:
169:
52:
Tribal territory of Chacato during the 16th century highlighted
1955:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 664–668.
1765:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 174–190.
1120:"San Carlos de Chacatos - Washington County's Spanish Mission"
315:. A number of archaeological sites in the area, including the
2025:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 297–311.
1656:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 137–155,
368:
222:
bays. Some of those Chacatos may have been absorbed into the
126:
2021:. In Funari, Pedro Paulo A.; Senatore, Maria Ximena (eds.).
1760:
1425:
176:, abandoning their villages west of the Apalachicola River.
1802:"Political Leadership among the Natives of Spanish Florida"
1648:
Bushnell, Amy Turner (2022), da Cruz, Miguel Dantas (ed.),
1365:
518:
destroyed the Chisca settlement on the Choctawhatchee River
1601:
1589:
1552:
1550:
1409:
1407:
1340:
1338:
992:
982:
980:
978:
511:
people had moved into Apalachee Province, settling half a
1953:
Handbook of North American Languages, Volume 14 Southeast
1792:
Report of the Mississippi Historical Commission, Volume V
863:
861:
790:
Chacatos had a reputation for being skillful with horses.
254:
of Mississippi may have been responsible for the name of
210:
of the Apalachee Province missions by the English of the
1960:
Martin, Jack B. (2004). "Languages". In Fogelson (ed.).
1511:
1394:
1392:
893:
891:
878:
876:
1547:
1404:
1377:
1335:
975:
187:
rivers join to form the Apalachicola River, close to a
1981:
Handbook of North American Indians Volume 14 Languages
1962:
Handbook of North American Indians Volume 14 Languages
1772:
Handbook of North American Indians Volume 14 Languages
1763:
Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 14 Southest
1625:
1613:
1577:
1455:
1138:
1052:
1004:
951:
939:
927:
858:
846:
1567:
1565:
1535:
1523:
1501:
1499:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1389:
1355:
1353:
1311:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1258:
1246:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1174:
1162:
915:
888:
873:
834:
350:
963:
2017:Saccente, Julie Rogers; White, Nancy Marie (2015).
2002:(paperback ed.). University Press of Florida.
1562:
1496:
1479:
1431:
1350:
1323:
1299:
1282:
1270:
1234:
1186:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1040:
1016:
903:
620:
30:"Chatot" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2068:
822:
371:). Hann suggests that most of the migrants were
1887:"Apalachee Identity on the Gulf Coast Frontier"
347:) with the Apalachee and the Timucua peoples.
2016:
1449:
383:village of Atanchia. A third village, with a
27:Native American tribe in 17th century Florida
2000:Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe
808:Oigonots was later known as "Choctaw Point".
523:
581:in Apalachee Province until 1704, however.
199:, and in Tawasa and Tiquepache villages in
1868:The Native American World Beyond Apalachee
46:
1716:
1683:
1517:
1344:
716:At least one Spanish source referred to "
703:"Chato" was also the name of part of the
457:
436:
1997:
1950:
1741:
1647:
1556:
1413:
1383:
986:
882:
867:
852:
2102:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
2047:
1909:
1884:
1788:
1769:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1461:
1058:
1010:
945:
921:
897:
840:
14:
2069:
1978:
1959:
1529:
998:
969:
303:basin and the adjacent section of the
2097:Native American tribes in Mississippi
545:. The Sabacola mission was listed as
1865:
1832:
1799:
1571:
1541:
1505:
1490:
1473:
1437:
1398:
1371:
1359:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1046:
1034:
1022:
957:
933:
909:
828:
589:, killing or capturing 500 of them.
478:
68:Regions with significant populations
1717:Dubcovsky, Alejandra (April 2018).
24:
2050:The Indian Tribes of North America
665:Six Towns division of the Choctaws
351:Spanish contact and early missions
25:
2113:
2092:Native American tribes in Alabama
2082:Native American tribes in Florida
1806:The Florida Historical Quarterly
2077:Extinct Native American peoples
1870:. University Press of Florida.
1112:
802:
793:
784:
775:
758:
745:
732:
723:
710:
1735:10.5309/willmaryquar.75.2.0295
1723:The William and Mary Quarterly
697:
621:Refuge at Mobile and dispersal
394:In the winter of 1675, Bishop
245:artificial cranial deformation
147:people who lived in the upper
133:, and other Muskogean peoples
13:
1:
1885:Johnson, Patrick Lee (2013).
1684:Dubcovsky, Alejandra (2017).
1037:, pp. 195, 203–204, 207.
815:
415:
2031:10.1007/978-3-319-08069-7_16
1998:Milanich, Jerald T. (1995).
1744:"Choctaw Genesis, 1500-1700"
650:. The Chacatos, Pensacolas,
596:villages. Immediately after
396:Gabriel DĂaz Vara y CalderĂłn
7:
1662:10.1007/978-3-030-98534-9_7
1159:, pp. 52–56, 88 (map).
642:When the British took over
311:, primarily in what is now
265:
10:
2118:
2048:Swanton, John R. (1969) .
1641:
740:Florida Caverns State Park
570:
558:Laureano de Torres y Ayala
531:San Carlos de los Chacatos
529:with them. The mission of
168:, while others joined the
29:
1910:Juricek, John T. (1964).
1905:– via Project MUSE.
1450:Saccente & White 2015
683:in 1803–1805, and on the
524:Beyond Apalachee Province
290:
159:in the 17th century. The
117:
112:
101:
96:
89:
84:
72:
67:
62:
57:
45:
1839:Southeastern Archaeology
690:
553:the Apalachee Missions.
339:(second-in-command) and
464:Pablo de Hita y Salazar
433:after killing Barreda.
389:Houston County, Alabama
317:Waddells Mill Pond Site
313:Jackson County, Florida
233:
1866:Hann, John H. (2006).
1833:Hann, John H. (1996).
1800:Hann, John H. (1992).
1374:, p. 46, 103–104.
1124:ExploreSouthernHistory
543:San Carlos de Çabacola
458:Amnesty and punishment
448:Santa Cruz de Sabacola
437:Attack on a missionary
155:basins in what is now
1903:10.1353/nso.2013.0004
1702:10.1353/nso.2017.0001
587:Battle of Flint River
507:to join the Chiscas.
361:Apalachicola Province
113:Related ethnic groups
1742:Galloway, Patricia.
565:St. Joseph Peninsula
485:Choctawhatchee River
270:The Chacato spoke a
212:Province of Carolina
1912:"The Westo Indians"
1598:, pp. 128–129.
1452:, pp. 301–302.
1426:Goddard et al. 2004
1001:, p. 69 (map).
309:Fort Walton culture
307:in the area of the
305:Appalachicola River
42:
1610:, p. 302–303.
535:Apalachee Province
297:Choctawhatchee Bay
272:Muskogean language
256:Choctawhatchee Bay
174:Apalachee Province
149:Apalachicola River
63:Extinct as a tribe
40:
2059:978-0-874-74179-7
2040:978-3-319-08069-7
2009:978-0-8130-1636-8
1877:9-780-8130-2982-5
1671:978-3-030-98534-9
1544:, pp. 50–51.
1476:, pp. 47–49.
1401:, pp. 46–48.
1320:, pp. 39–40.
1267:, pp. 36–38.
1255:, pp. 35–36.
1231:, pp. 34–35.
1219:, pp. 33–34.
1207:, pp. 32–33.
1183:, pp. 31–32.
1171:, pp. 29–30.
1147:, p. 30, 33.
960:, p. 36, 43.
936:, p. 11, 42.
648:Spanish Louisiana
479:The Chisca threat
343:(assistant to an
197:Florida panhandle
137:
136:
16:(Redirected from
2109:
2087:Muskogean tribes
2063:
2044:
2013:
1994:
1975:
1956:
1947:
1906:
1881:
1862:
1829:
1796:
1785:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1738:
1713:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
886:
880:
871:
865:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
809:
806:
800:
797:
791:
788:
782:
779:
773:
766:Hernando de Soto
762:
756:
749:
743:
736:
730:
727:
721:
714:
708:
701:
675:in 1773, on the
471:house-arrest in
58:Total population
50:
43:
39:
32:Chatot (Pokémon)
21:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2041:
2010:
1991:
1972:
1878:
1782:
1752:
1750:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
976:
968:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
889:
881:
874:
866:
859:
851:
847:
839:
835:
827:
823:
818:
813:
812:
807:
803:
798:
794:
789:
785:
780:
776:
763:
759:
750:
746:
737:
733:
728:
724:
715:
711:
705:Matagalpa tribe
702:
698:
693:
623:
573:
526:
481:
460:
439:
418:
353:
293:
268:
236:
145:Native American
53:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2045:
2039:
2014:
2008:
1995:
1990:978-0160723001
1989:
1976:
1971:978-0160723001
1970:
1957:
1948:
1928:10.2307/480855
1922:(2): 134–173.
1907:
1882:
1876:
1863:
1830:
1812:(2): 188–208.
1797:
1786:
1781:978-0160723001
1780:
1767:
1758:
1748:Nebraska Press
1739:
1729:(2): 295–322.
1714:
1681:
1670:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:, p. 653.
1624:
1622:, p. 191.
1612:
1600:
1588:
1586:, p. 114.
1576:
1561:
1559:, p. 665.
1546:
1534:
1532:, p. 674.
1522:
1520:, p. 316.
1518:Dubcovsky 2018
1510:
1495:
1478:
1466:
1464:, p. 158.
1454:
1442:
1430:
1428:, p. 186.
1418:
1416:, p. 144.
1403:
1388:
1386:, p. 178.
1376:
1364:
1349:
1345:Dubcovsky 2017
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1061:, p. 115.
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1013:, p. 105.
1003:
991:
989:, p. 664.
974:
962:
950:
948:, p. 128.
938:
926:
924:, p. 123.
914:
902:
900:, p. 129.
887:
872:
870:, p. 168.
857:
855:, p. 669.
845:
843:, p. 617.
833:
820:
819:
817:
814:
811:
810:
801:
792:
783:
774:
757:
744:
731:
722:
709:
695:
694:
692:
689:
628:St. Joseph Bay
622:
619:
572:
569:
547:Çabacola Chuba
525:
522:
480:
477:
459:
456:
438:
435:
417:
414:
352:
349:
292:
289:
282:, Pacara, and
267:
264:
235:
232:
135:
134:
115:
114:
110:
109:
99:
98:
94:
93:
87:
86:
82:
81:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2114:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1574:, p. 51.
1573:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1557:Lankford 2004
1553:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1508:, p. 50.
1507:
1502:
1500:
1493:, p. 49.
1492:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1440:, p. 48.
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1414:Bushnell 2022
1410:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1385:
1384:Milanich 1995
1380:
1373:
1368:
1362:, p. 46.
1361:
1356:
1354:
1347:, p. 11.
1346:
1341:
1339:
1332:, p. 41.
1331:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1308:, p. 39.
1307:
1302:
1296:, p. 38.
1295:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1279:, p. 59.
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1243:, p. 45.
1242:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1195:, p. 57.
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1109:, p. 33.
1108:
1103:
1097:, p. 31.
1096:
1091:
1085:, p. 29.
1084:
1079:
1073:, p. 71.
1072:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1049:, p. 26.
1048:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1025:, p. 21.
1024:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
988:
987:Lankford 2004
983:
981:
979:
972:, p. 81.
971:
966:
959:
954:
947:
942:
935:
930:
923:
918:
912:, p. 42.
911:
906:
899:
894:
892:
885:, p. 96.
884:
883:Milanich 1995
879:
877:
869:
868:Galloway 1995
864:
862:
854:
853:Lankford 2004
849:
842:
837:
830:
825:
821:
805:
796:
787:
778:
771:
767:
761:
754:
748:
741:
735:
726:
719:
713:
706:
700:
696:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
636:
633:
629:
618:
616:
611:
607:
602:
599:
594:
590:
588:
582:
579:
568:
566:
561:
559:
554:
550:
548:
544:
538:
536:
532:
521:
519:
514:
508:
506:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
476:
474:
473:St. Augustine
468:
465:
455:
451:
449:
445:
434:
432:
428:
422:
413:
411:
406:
400:
397:
392:
390:
386:
380:
378:
374:
370:
364:
362:
358:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:Chipola River
298:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
260:Choctaw Point
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
231:
229:
226:nation. When
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
193:Apalachicolas
190:
186:
182:
181:Chattahoochee
177:
175:
171:
167:
162:
158:
154:
153:Chipola River
150:
146:
142:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
108:
104:
100:
95:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
74:United States
71:
66:
61:
56:
49:
44:
33:
19:
2049:
2022:
1999:
1980:
1961:
1952:
1919:
1916:Ethnohistory
1915:
1894:
1891:Native South
1890:
1867:
1845:(1): 66–80.
1842:
1838:
1809:
1805:
1791:
1771:
1762:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1726:
1722:
1693:
1690:Native South
1689:
1675:, retrieved
1653:
1632:Gregory 2004
1627:
1620:Swanton 1969
1615:
1608:Halbert 1902
1603:
1596:Swanton 1969
1591:
1584:Johnson 2013
1579:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1469:
1462:Juricek 1964
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1379:
1367:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1059:Swanton 1969
1054:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1011:Swanton 1969
1006:
994:
965:
953:
946:Swanton 1969
941:
929:
922:Swanton 1969
917:
905:
898:Swanton 1969
848:
841:Swanton 1969
836:
831:, p. 6.
824:
804:
795:
786:
777:
760:
752:
747:
734:
725:
717:
712:
707:of Honduras.
699:
685:Sabine River
679:in 1796, at
644:West Florida
641:
637:
624:
603:
591:
583:
574:
562:
555:
551:
546:
542:
539:
527:
509:
501:
482:
469:
461:
452:
440:
427:Apalachicola
423:
419:
401:
393:
384:
381:
365:
354:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
294:
269:
249:
240:
237:
228:West Florida
205:
178:
140:
138:
107:Christianity
37:Ethnic group
1897:: 110–141.
1530:McEwan 2004
999:Martin 2004
970:Martin 2004
681:Bayou Boeuf
660:Pascagoulas
491:, Bacuqua,
410:harquebuses
208:destruction
2071:Categories
1753:2023-03-08
1677:2023-10-29
816:References
770:Juan Pardo
654:, Washas,
632:Old Mobile
505:Pensacolas
416:Conspiracy
206:After the
1936:0014-1801
1851:0734-578X
1818:0015-4113
1710:2152-4025
1572:Hann 2006
1542:Hann 2006
1506:Hann 2006
1491:Hann 2006
1474:Hann 2006
1438:Hann 2006
1399:Hann 2006
1372:Hann 2006
1360:Hann 2006
1330:Hann 2006
1318:Hann 2006
1306:Hann 2006
1294:Hann 2006
1277:Hann 2006
1265:Hann 2006
1253:Hann 2006
1241:Hann 2006
1229:Hann 2006
1217:Hann 2006
1205:Hann 2006
1193:Hann 2006
1181:Hann 2006
1169:Hann 2006
1157:Hann 2006
1145:Hann 2006
1107:Hann 2006
1095:Hann 2006
1083:Hann 2006
1071:Hann 1996
1047:Hann 2006
1035:Hann 1992
1023:Hann 2006
958:Hann 2006
934:Hann 2006
910:Hann 2006
829:Hann 2006
677:Red River
656:Chawashas
606:Pensacola
556:In 1693,
497:Yamassees
321:Pensacola
284:Pensacola
216:Pensacola
131:Pensacola
119:Apalachee
91:Muskogean
85:Languages
1859:40713051
1826:30150360
1696:: 1–18.
652:Capinans
610:Alabamas
444:San Luis
357:Yamassee
266:Language
189:Sabacola
141:Chacatos
97:Religion
1725:. 3rd.
1642:Sources
1130:May 18,
718:cacique
673:Rapides
669:Biloxis
598:Ayubale
593:Attacks
578:Escambé
571:Attacks
493:Escambé
405:Chiscas
377:Yamasee
333:usinulo
276:Amacano
252:Choctaw
224:Choctaw
201:Alabama
170:Chiscas
161:Spanish
157:Florida
143:were a
123:Amacano
78:Florida
41:Chacato
2056:
2037:
2006:
1987:
1968:
1944:480855
1942:
1934:
1874:
1857:
1849:
1824:
1816:
1778:
1708:
1668:
1126:. 2011
753:visita
658:, and
615:Mobile
513:league
489:Patale
431:Tawasa
385:visita
369:Westos
341:chacal
325:Mobile
291:Origin
220:Mobile
166:Tawasa
103:Native
18:Chatot
1940:JSTOR
1855:JSTOR
1822:JSTOR
691:Notes
345:inija
337:inija
280:Chine
241:chato
185:Flint
127:Chine
2054:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1932:ISSN
1872:ISBN
1847:ISSN
1814:ISSN
1776:ISBN
1706:ISSN
1666:ISBN
1132:2024
768:and
375:and
373:Tama
323:and
234:Name
218:and
183:and
151:and
139:The
2027:doi
1924:doi
1899:doi
1731:doi
1698:doi
1658:doi
2073::
2033:.
1938:.
1930:.
1920:11
1918:.
1914:.
1893:.
1889:.
1853:.
1843:15
1841:.
1837:.
1820:.
1810:71
1808:.
1804:.
1746:.
1727:75
1721:.
1704:.
1694:10
1692:.
1688:.
1664:,
1652:,
1564:^
1549:^
1498:^
1481:^
1406:^
1391:^
1352:^
1337:^
1284:^
1122:.
977:^
890:^
875:^
860:^
751:A
537:.
520:.
499:.
391:.
379:.
278:,
247:.
203:.
129:,
125:,
121:,
105:,
2062:.
2043:.
2029::
2012:.
1993:.
1974:.
1946:.
1926::
1901::
1895:6
1880:.
1861:.
1828:.
1795:.
1784:.
1756:.
1737:.
1733::
1712:.
1700::
1660::
1134:.
742:.
80:)
76:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
