568:
Swanton, have regarded
Chiscas, Westos and Yuchis as the same people, although Goddard argues that Chiscas spoke a language distinct from that of the Westos, and that the three groups appeared in the southeastern United States at different times; the Chiscas in 1618, the Westo in 1661, and the Yuchis just before 1707. The Spanish referred to both Chiscas and Chichimecos early in the 17th century, and used Chisca interpreters to question Chichimeco captives in 1662. The people called Chichimecos (at least, later in the 17th century) by the Spanish were probably the people called Westos by the English.
249:) in late January 1567, where they built Fort San Juan. Pardo left Sergeant Hernando Moyana in charge of the fort when he continued his journey of exploration before returning to Santa Elena. In March of that year, Moyana reported to Pardo that he had fought a chief named Chisca, killing 1,000 Chiscas and burning 50 houses. Shortly afterwards, Moyana was challenged by another chief (assumed to also be a Chisca by Hudson, et al.). In response, Moyana marched for four days with 19 Spanish soldiers and an unspecified number of Joaras, and captured a
427:
coast. This led to a place where
Chacatos and Pansacolas had settled near the coast. Those people had established a trail to the Chisca town, and then had all moved to the Chisca town. The Spanish and Apalachees used this trail to approach the Chisca town without opposition. While the Spanish and Apalachees had only 190 men, the 30 firearms carried by the Apalachees vastly outnumbered the two firearms that the Chisca were known to have. The Apalachees fired
4216:
544:. Later scholars have rejected the Westo identification, and some have questioned the identification of Yuchi with Chisca, arguing that Swanton based the connections on a misinterpretation of the route de Soto took through the Appalachian Mountains, and noting that while the different groups may have lived at the same places, they did not do so at the same time. DePratter, et al. locate Chisca in the 16th century on the upper
257:. Chiaha was also surrounded by a palisade, and Moyana settled for building a small fort nearby. The towns destroyed by Pardo and his soldiers are identified in Spanish sources as Maniatique and Guapere. Luisa Mendez, a Native American woman who was married to a Spanish soldier, was identified as the "cacica" (female chief) of the town of Guanaytique or Manaytique. Mendez's description of
382:. By the next year, a Chacato village had moved into Apalachee Province for better protection against raids by Chiscas. A Chacato casique named Miguel testified in a hearing in St. Augustine that the Chisca were responsible for the killings in Apalachee, and that they intended to continue attacking the Apalachee. Miguel was later accused by the Spanish of recruiting Chacatos and
564:. The Chisca and the Westo may have spoken related languages, although not all authorities agree. The Uchi village on the Chattahoochee River in the 18th century may have included Chichimecos as well as Chiscas. Hann states the Yuchi/Uchee were clearly descended from the Chisca. Remnants of the Westos may have been absorbed into Chiscas/Yuchis.
480:. They followed the Shawnee's later migrations (1692–1754) through Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. La Salle reported that the Chisca had originally lived in the Appalachians east of where he found them, until their town was burnt down by colonists from Florida. (He mistakenly called those colonists English; they were Spanish).
350:
governor of
Florida, described the Chisca as "our enemies, rebellious people, untamed and brought up licentiously". Diaz Vara Calderon, Bishop of Cuba, described the Chisca as living "without any fixed settlements, and sustaining themselves with the hunt, nuts, and roots of trees". Calderon gave the Chisca population as more than 4,000.
354:
otherwise conform with
Christian morality, threatened to have the Chisca in the village at the mouth of the Apalachicola River cause trouble for other Chacatos and the missions. The lone missionary in the province was forced to flee for his life. The Spanish sent a few soldiers and 25 Apalachees armed with
663:
Teresa Martin and Luisa Menéndez, Native
American women who had been taken from the Appalachian Mountains by the Spanish in the 1560s, recalled in 1600 that the people of their respective towns had obtained gold ornaments from the Chiscas, and described the Chisca (in what Hann calls "mythic terms")
616:
The
Chiscas played a ballgame that pitted men against women. There were goals at the north and south ends of the field. The goals were made of branches that formed an arch. Both sides could kick or roll the ball, but the women could also pick up the ball and run with it or pass it to other women. The
461:
and
Tennessee rivers in northern Tennessee. La Salle reported that the Cisca had taken refuge in Tennessee after their village had been burned by a combined force of English and "Apalalchites". Mason thinks it is likely that La Salle misinterpreted what he was told, and that the people of the village
426:
The
Spanish and Apalachee mounted an expedition against the town on the Choctawhatchee in 1677. They suspected that the Chisca would be watching the trail that led directly from Chacato Province to the Choctawhatchee town, so the Spanish-Apalachee force moved south to a trail that ran closer to the
353:
In 1674, Spanish missions were established in two
Chacato towns. Diocsale, a chief of the Chacato, whose mother had been a Chisca, entertained Chiscas regularly at his house. Diocsale and other Chacatos resentful of Spanish missionary attempts to force them to confine themselves to one wife, and to
567:
Hann states that the use of the name "Chisca" by the
Spanish for a specific group of people in Florida suggests that the Spanish believed they were the same as the people of the Chisca chiefdom encountered in the Appalachian Mountains by the Juan Pardo expeditions. Some authors, starting with John
349:
in their dispute with the Spanish. In 1675, the Chisca living near Apalachee Province warned the Spanish that the English were urging the Chichimeco to attack Spanish missions and other native groups that had submitted to the Spanish king. On the other hand, that same year Pablo de Hita Salazar,
499:, Apalachicola, and Tiquepache). Chiscas participated with Apalachicolas in the attacks that pushed the Spanish out of Apalachee Province. Chisca were among the force (mainly Apalachicola and some Westo) of more than 400 fighters who ambushed and defeated an Apalachee force of 800 men in the
398:
town on the Choctawhatchee River, two days journey west of the Apalachicola River. The palisade was described as a bit more than 16 feet (4.9 m) high, and about 300 paces long on each side. It had boards near the top of the walls for fighters to stand on, and features that may have been
431:, which battered the wooden houses and other structures inside the palisade, and also started fires. Many women and children who had taken refuge in various structures were burned to death. The town was on a bluff overlooking a river, and many Chisca fled by swimming across the river.
583:
Wright notes a tradition that the Yuchi had been the people of the chiefdom of Chisca encountered by de Soto, and that in 1763 they retained memories of the Chisca chiefdom and continued to speak their own language, despite domination by Muscogee speakers. They kept separate from
345:, near Apalachee Province, as early as 1661, and relations with the Spanish were friendly enough that they tried to recruit some Chiscas to serve as interpreters for questioning some Chichimecos held prisoner by the Spanish, and, in 1675, asked the Chiscas to not support the
365:
Chiscas had apparently been raiding Spanish missions for several years before 1676, when the Spanish finally realized that they were responsible for some of the raids. In 1676, Chisca were believed to have raided several missions in Apalachee Province, including Ivitachuco,
328:
valley, to settle in towns under Christian caciques, but the Chiscas remained "rebellious" in 1650 and 1651, killing some mission inhabitants, and kidnapping others. The Chisca had several settlements near the St. Johns River, from which they raided Timucua missions and the
571:
The Chisca were also known as the Ysica or Yuchi to the Spanish. Hann believes that the names Chisca, Ysica, Yuchi, Uchi, and Uchee refer to the same people, and that they were possibly related to the Westo. Hann also states that the Spanish began calling Chisca "Yuchi"
506:
Four Spaniards captured near Pensacola by Native groups, and released to St. Augustine in 1709, reported Chiscas among the various peoples supporting the English in their war against the Spanish. That group of Chiscas may have been living near the
214:, de Soto was told of the "Chisca" province that was north of Coste and produced copper and "another finer but softer metal of the same color". According to de Sotos's account, he sent out a small exploration party near the
673:
Sampeck, et al. state that it is unlikely that the town of Chisca was located along the Nolichucky River, and calculate, given that de Soto's men were gone for 10 days in very difficult terrain, that Chisca was about 25
1420:
316:, in hopes of using them to hunt fugitives from missions and defend the Florida colony. The Chisca roamed freely throughout Spanish Florida in the 1640s. In 1647, Chiscas were involved in the
358:
to support the missionary, and to expel Chiscas who had been living in the Chacato towns. In 1676, the Chisca moved their village from near the eastern mouth of the Apalachicola River to the
3088:
634:
1400:
403:. The town was big enough to hold 700 fighting men and their dependents. The Spanish were told that the Chisca intended to use the town as a base for attacking the Apalachee, Timucua,
4204:
1695:
1388:
491:
The Chisca were at war with the Apalachicola towns in the 1680s, but had formed an alliance with them by 1702. Two Chisca were reported to be among the attackers on the
1306:"Geographic Information System Modeling of de Soto's Route from Joara to Chiaha: Archaeology and Anthropology of Southeastern Road Networks in the Sixteenth Century"
503:
in 1702. The Apalachee were seeking to avenge earlier attacks on several missions in Apalachee Province, but lost more than half of their force killed or captured.
2264:
304:
was governor of Spanish Florida between 1618 and 1624, he sent soldiers 60 leagues to punish Chiscas and Chichimecos for robbing and killing Christian natives in
4095:
4166:
3121:
4182:
1826:
576:
in their language, "Euchee" in English sources) in 1715. Those people were incorporated into the Muscogee nation and survive as a separate community in
394:
By 1677, the Chisca town on the mouth of the Apalachicola was abandoned, and the Spanish learned from a Chacato informant that the Chisca had built a
3078:
1541:
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3664:
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560:. Swanton considered the people called "Chichimeco" by the Spanish to be the same as the Chisca, but Hann equates the Chichimeca with the
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1948:
1944:
518:(the site of the former Apalachicola Province) by 1715. John Swanton identified the people of that village as Chiscas (Yuchis).
483:
Chisca have been documented in Apalachicola Province by 1662, but may have been there as early as they were in Spanish Florida.
3604:
3539:
3519:
3744:
1589:
1511:
1230:
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were Chiscas who had fled the destruction of their village on the Choctawhatchee. La Salle persuaded those villagers and the
4212:
241:
departed from Santa Elena to explore the interior of what is now the Southeastern United States. Pardo's expedition reached
3107:
1788:
157:, engaged at various times and places in alternately friendly or hostile relations with the Spanish and the peoples of the
4299:
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1531:
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2086:
1715:
1690:
1594:
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in 1747. Chisca were also reported to be living 20 or 30 leagues east of Pensacola "on the road to Apalachee" in 1760.
284:
chief, Juan de Diocsale, who had a Chisca mother, was born by 1595. (Chacato Province was roughly coterminous with the
108:
474:, to live under French protection. Around this time, these Chisca seem to have joined with the Shawnee under the name
312:
provinces. In 1639, the Spanish unsuccessfully invited some Chiscas to settle near a Timucuan mission 10 leagues from
4294:
1357:
1258:
320:. After the Spanish suppressed the rebellion, Chiscas ambushed Spanish soldiers and Christian natives in neighboring
1116:"A Multidimensional Investigation of Bicultural Relationships among Three Late Prehistorical Societies in Tennessee"
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towns in Alabama. Around the turn of the 18th century some Chisca, by then generally called Yuchi, joined the
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town, killing a claimed 1,500 inhabitants and burning the town. Moyana then marched another four days to
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182:
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3130:
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269:. On the other hand, DePratter, et al. place the Chisca towns on the upper Nolichucky River or the
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3819:
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289:
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3314:
3248:
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2011:
1871:
1763:
1748:
1675:
522:
375:
313:
246:
211:
4268:
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3998:
3932:
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3396:
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2006:
1971:
1614:
1404:
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238:
203:
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147:
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3421:
3293:
3001:
2196:
2031:
1561:
1506:
703:
496:
416:
359:
276:
People that the Spanish called Chisca were in the western part of what is now the state of
128:
165:
in 1677, some Chisca took refuge in northern Tennessee, where they were absorbed into the
8:
4411:
4263:
4060:
3356:
3283:
3258:
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3006:
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2600:
2536:
2521:
2474:
2236:
1956:
1856:
1743:
618:
515:
434:
Surviving Chiscas sought refuge in various places. Some went to Atassi (relatives of the
262:
362:. After the move, the Chisca began raiding missions in Apalachee and Timucua provinces.
300:
By the 1620s, Spanish records indicated that many Chiscas were living in the area. When
4145:
3689:
3684:
3544:
3391:
3327:
3308:
3243:
3238:
3170:
3053:
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1336:
1328:
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speakers along the Chattahoochee River. Other Yuchis lived in separate villages on the
342:
309:
3263:
378:, killing Christian Apalachees, although some of the raids may have been committed by
4335:
4330:
4171:
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3436:
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2506:
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2387:
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2211:
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2121:
2036:
1831:
1793:
1738:
1521:
1484:
1353:
1254:
1226:
1159:
1150:
1088:"From Joara to Chiaha: Spanish Exploration of the Appalachian Summit Area, 1540–1568"
585:
207:
1340:
4115:
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3904:
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1893:
1866:
1836:
1639:
1629:
1320:
1284:
1130:
589:
545:
514:
A village called Uchi was among the Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy on the
458:
439:
383:
215:
136:
1288:
185:". A few Chiscas remained in western Florida into the middle of the 18th century.
146:
expedition heard of, and may have had brief contact with, the Chisca in 1540. The
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1566:
1439:
533:
325:
301:
226:
219:
154:
72:
1305:
1194:
1163:
1087:
333:. In 1651, the Spanish succeeded in driving the Chisca out of Timucua province.
324:
Province. The Spanish then ordered Chiscas, including some that had reached the
4497:
4315:
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4075:
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3704:
3534:
3489:
3386:
3298:
3253:
3083:
3016:
3011:
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2728:
2595:
2442:
2166:
2016:
1991:
1981:
1496:
601:
178:
85:
3967:
3099:
1324:
1269:
1115:
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4395:
3947:
3942:
3834:
3784:
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2625:
2479:
2412:
2407:
2377:
2226:
2201:
2111:
2061:
1976:
1913:
1846:
1599:
1546:
1454:
1164:"The Route of Juan Pardo's Explorations in the Interior Southeast, 1566–1568"
675:
557:
549:
447:
443:
330:
285:
270:
266:
153:
By early in the 17th century, Chisca people were present in several parts of
796:
593:
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4105:
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3894:
3849:
3829:
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2873:
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2705:
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2556:
2459:
2417:
2191:
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1996:
1923:
1908:
1898:
1886:
1798:
1783:
1700:
1655:
1399:
1190:
467:
258:
1304:
Sampeck, Kathryn; Thayn, Jonathan; Earnest, Howard H. Jr. (January 2015).
4365:
4345:
4003:
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3864:
3729:
3589:
3579:
3464:
3208:
2974:
2826:
2770:
2718:
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1986:
1930:
1881:
1660:
1551:
1526:
1479:
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435:
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1182:
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4426:
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2675:
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2585:
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2151:
1961:
1903:
1861:
1851:
1705:
1584:
428:
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1296:
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150:
expeditions of 1566 and 1568 encountered the Chisca and fought them.
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2795:
2785:
2765:
2660:
2469:
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2249:
2026:
1710:
1624:
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game with a single goal, similar to games played by Muskogee people.
605:
162:
112:
64:
635:
List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
457:
found what his expedition recorded as a "Cisca" village between the
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116:
68:
51:
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in central Georgia, thus becoming part of the "Lower Towns of the
161:. After the capture of a fortified Chisca town by the Spanish and
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135:
in the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries, and were removed to
132:
124:
47:
20:
808:
261:
in the area has been taken as evidence that Maniatique was near
4431:
4406:
4390:
3366:
2577:
2447:
2096:
2001:
820:
400:
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to join the Chiscas in their attacks on the mission Apalachee.
254:
1396:
552:. Beck equates the town of Chisca during the same period with
4416:
4110:
2780:
2526:
2056:
1918:
639:
561:
541:
537:
242:
120:
43:
1051:
856:
222:, where they were attacked and defeated by Chisca warriors.
4070:
892:
844:
450:. Others apparently went to Tennessee. In 1683 the French
991:
967:
832:
786:
784:
664:
as "white-skinned, blue-eyed, red-haired, and clothing".
928:
617:
games were part of a set of rituals culminating in the
1114:
Boyd, C. Clifford Jr.; Boyd, Donna C. (January 1991).
904:
781:
16:
Extinct Native American tribe originating in Tennessee
1063:
1015:
1003:
957:
955:
868:
1352:(Paperback ed.). University of Nebraska Press.
1244:. Vol. II. G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 93–95.
1157:
985:
940:
802:
769:
727:
1303:
1039:
751:
1027:
952:
880:
336:
1270:"A Reconsideration of Westo-Yuchi Identification"
757:
733:
4444:
1253:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
495:mission in 1689 (the others were from Sabacola,
3129:
389:
4198:
3115:
1382:
225:The Spanish established the first capital of
341:Some Chisca had settled at the mouth of the
119:in the 16th century. Their descendants, the
1195:"The Indigenous Languages of the Southeast"
528:
4205:
4191:
3122:
3108:
1389:
1375:
1223:The Native American World Beyond Apalachee
3630:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
697:
695:
1113:
973:
4458:South Appalachian Mississippian culture
1189:
1009:
466:north of the Cumberland to relocate to
42:Extinct as a tribe. Descendants became
4445:
1347:
1248:
1057:
775:
692:
588:speakers, living with Shawnees on the
4186:
3103:
1370:
1267:
1251:Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun
1239:
910:
898:
521:Chisca were living in a mission near
4493:Spanish colonization of the Americas
4463:Native American history of Tennessee
1268:Mason, Carol Irwin (December 1963).
1220:
1085:
1069:
1045:
1033:
1021:
997:
961:
946:
934:
922:
886:
874:
862:
850:
838:
826:
814:
790:
763:
739:
58:Regions with significant populations
4483:Native American tribes in Tennessee
4468:Native American history of Virginia
4300:Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia
4285:Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe
4101:Norse colonization of North America
1162:; Smith, Marvin T. (October 1983).
701:
13:
4488:Pre-statehood history of Tennessee
4478:Native American tribes in Virginia
1405:Mississippian and related cultures
1086:Beck, Robin A. Jr. (Winter 1997).
986:DePratter, Hudson & Smith 1983
803:DePratter, Hudson & Smith 1983
728:DePratter, Hudson & Smith 1983
245:(at a site about 20 miles east of
206:in North Carolina. At the town of
14:
4509:
4295:Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia
752:Sampeck, Thayn & Earnest 2015
4214:
1398:
1240:Hanna, Charles Augustus (1911).
1171:The Florida Historical Quarterly
202:expedition entered the southern
4121:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
3039:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1225:. University Press of Florida.
486:
337:Among the Chacato and Apalachee
295:
280:by late in the 16th century. A
193:
4453:Extinct Native American tribes
1421:Timeline of Mississippi valley
1348:Wright, J. Leitch Jr. (1986).
1343:– via Knowledge Library.
1299:– via Knowledge Library.
1216:– via Knowledge Library.
1185:– via Knowledge Library.
1153:– via Knowledge Library.
1109:– via Knowledge Library.
925:, pp. 49, 67–68, 80, 131.
667:
657:
111:living in present-day eastern
19:For the town in Colombia, see
1:
2621:Grand Village of the Illinois
1289:10.1525/aa.1963.65.6.02a00080
1079:
235:Parris Island, South Carolina
218:in the vicinity of the upper
4086:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
4036:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2398:Grand Village of the Natchez
817:, pp. 52–53, 55–56, 63.
685:
621:. The Chiscas also played a
611:
536:equated the Chisca with the
177:towns that resettled around
7:
3470:Bandelier National Monument
3344:List of Mississippian sites
3131:Pre-Columbian North America
1416:List of Mississippian sites
1249:Hudson, Charles M. (1997).
1202:Anthropological Linguistics
829:, pp. 56–58, 88 (map).
628:
390:On the Choctawhatchee River
10:
4514:
3890:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
3495:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
3204:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
493:San Carlos de los Chacatos
188:
18:
4308:
4277:
4231:
4159:
4131:Three Sisters agriculture
3986:
3918:
3450:
3179:
3137:
3066:
2955:
2887:
2819:
2758:
2751:
2704:
2576:
2565:
2495:
2346:
2303:
2235:
1943:
1817:
1729:
1648:
1575:
1438:
1429:
1411:
1325:10.7183/0002-7316.79.4.46
96:
91:
84:
79:
62:
57:
41:
36:
3670:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
3229:Buttermilk Creek complex
2333:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
1095:Southeastern Archaeology
650:
529:Affiliation and survival
237:. In late 1566, Captain
4290:Mattaponi Indian Nation
3870:Town Creek Indian Mound
3840:Sierra de San Francisco
3695:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2963:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2859:Long-nosed god maskette
2739:SunWatch Indian Village
2686:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
2547:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
1277:American Anthropologist
1158:DePratter, Chester B.;
865:, p. 60, 88 (map).
805:, p. 131, 134–135.
678:(87 miles ) from Coste.
470:in what is now western
290:Jackson County, Florida
63:United States (Eastern
4221:Native American tribes
3525:Coso Rock Art District
3412:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
3315:List of Hopewell sites
2714:Alligator Effigy Mound
2328:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
2280:Leon-Jefferson culture
1676:Caborn-Welborn culture
1221:Hann, John H. (2006).
1060:, pp. 9, 110–111.
853:, pp. 38, 41, 59.
708:Tennessee Encyclopedia
247:Marion, North Carolina
212:Little Tennessee River
159:Spanish mission system
3933:Arlington Springs Man
3775:Portsmouth Earthworks
1443:and Upper Mississippi
1000:, pp. 12, 64–65.
901:, pp. 1343–1344.
841:, pp. 29–33, 45.
645:Mississippian culture
501:Battle of Flint River
288:basin in what is now
204:Appalachian Mountains
175:Apalachicola Province
123:lived in present-day
4244:Chickahominy–Eastern
4232:Federally recognized
4141:Transoceanic contact
4031:Container Revolution
3605:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3570:Etowah Indian Mounds
3002:Earth/fertility cult
2706:Fort Ancient culture
1590:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
1576:Lower Ohio River and
1562:Steed-Kisker culture
1350:Creeks and Seminoles
1242:The Wilderness Trail
974:Boyd & Boyd 1991
702:Buchner, C. Andrew.
360:Choctawhatchee River
210:at the mouth of the
183:Muscogee Confederacy
4473:Appalachian culture
4061:Green Corn Ceremony
3875:Turkey River Mounds
3665:Lake Jackson Mounds
3485:Blue Spring Shelter
3007:Green Corn Ceremony
2567:Upper Mississippian
2517:Blue Spring Shelter
2237:Fort Walton culture
1691:Hovey Lake District
937:, pp. 134–135.
793:, pp. 165–166.
619:Green Corn Ceremony
516:Chattahoochee River
423:and other peoples.
318:Apalachee Rebellion
263:Saltville, Virginia
97:Indigenous religion
33:
4146:Underwater panther
3820:Rosenstock Village
3690:Marmes Rockshelter
3675:L'Anse aux Meadows
3089:de Soto Expedition
3054:Underwater panther
2900:Central Algonquian
2611:Fisher Mound Group
2255:Apalachee Province
2222:Waddells Mill Pond
1313:American Antiquity
1160:Hudson, Charles M.
1123:American Antiquity
343:Apalachicola River
31:
4440:
4439:
4403:(now in Oklahoma)
4180:
4179:
4172:Pre-Columbian era
3973:Spirit Cave mummy
3770:Plum Bayou Mounds
3680:Lynch Quarry Site
3199:Ancient Beringian
3097:
3096:
3062:
3061:
2747:
2746:
2363:Atchafalaya Basin
2305:Pensacola culture
2270:Fort Walton Mound
2162:Punk Rock Shelter
2122:Mouse Creek phase
1945:South Appalachian
1939:
1938:
1818:Central and Lower
1759:Castalian Springs
1749:Brentwood Library
1649:Middle Ohio River
1502:Emerald Acropolis
1232:978-0-8130-2982-5
1072:, pp. 65–66.
1024:, pp. 53–54.
913:, pp. 93–95.
877:, pp. 60–62.
754:, pp. 60–61.
115:and southwestern
101:
100:
4505:
4278:State-recognized
4219:
4218:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4184:
4183:
4116:Projectile point
3953:Leanderthal Lady
3880:Upward Sun River
3855:Stallings Island
3845:Shell ring sites
3795:Recapture Canyon
3710:Moorehead Circle
3555:El Fin del Mundo
3540:Cueva de la Olla
3346:
3333:Maritime Archaic
3317:
3147:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3101:
3100:
2864:Mill Creek chert
2854:Duck River cache
2756:
2755:
2574:
2573:
2338:Pensacola people
2132:Muscogee (Creek)
1972:Bell Field Mound
1686:Hovey Lake-Klein
1640:Wickliffe Mounds
1615:Rowlandton Mound
1532:Lunsford-Pulcher
1436:
1435:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1344:
1310:
1300:
1283:(6): 1342–1346.
1274:
1264:
1245:
1236:
1217:
1199:
1186:
1168:
1154:
1120:
1110:
1092:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
976:, p. 83–84.
971:
965:
959:
950:
949:, pp. 9–10.
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
718:
716:
714:
699:
679:
671:
665:
661:
590:Tallapoosa River
546:Nolichucky River
440:Tallapoosa River
216:Nolichucky River
200:Hernando de Soto
144:Hernando de Soto
137:Indian Territory
109:Native Americans
107:were a tribe of
37:Total population
34:
30:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4304:
4273:
4269:Upper Mattaponi
4227:
4213:
4211:
4181:
4176:
4167:Genetic history
4155:
4009:Ceremonial pipe
3982:
3963:Minnesota Woman
3920:
3914:
3735:Ocmulgee Mounds
3715:Morrison Mounds
3660:Kolomoki Mounds
3650:Kimball Village
3510:Candelaria Cave
3452:
3446:
3427:Suwannee Valley
3362:Old Cordilleran
3342:
3313:
3181:
3175:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3098:
3093:
3079:Clarksdale bell
3058:
3044:Stone box grave
2985:Ceremonial pipe
2951:
2910:Mobilian Jargon
2883:
2815:
2743:
2700:
2568:
2561:
2498:
2491:
2349:
2342:
2299:
2231:
2177:Rucker's Bottom
1967:Beaverdam Creek
1947:
1935:
1819:
1813:
1774:Hiwassee Island
1731:
1725:
1716:Welborn Village
1644:
1605:Millstone Bluff
1578:Confluence area
1577:
1571:
1567:Sugarloaf Mound
1507:Emmons Cemetery
1442:
1440:American Bottom
1431:
1425:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1360:
1308:
1272:
1261:
1233:
1197:
1193:(Spring 2005).
1166:
1118:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
953:
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
881:
873:
869:
861:
857:
849:
845:
837:
833:
825:
821:
813:
809:
801:
797:
789:
782:
774:
770:
762:
758:
750:
746:
738:
734:
726:
722:
712:
710:
704:"Yuchi Indians"
700:
693:
688:
683:
682:
672:
668:
662:
658:
653:
631:
614:
534:John R. Swanton
531:
489:
392:
339:
326:St. Johns River
302:Juan de Salinas
298:
227:Spanish Florida
220:Tennessee River
196:
191:
155:Spanish Florida
139:in the 1830s.
73:Spanish Florida
67:, Southwestern
46:or merged into
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4511:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:Mound Builders
4088:
4083:
4078:
4076:Medicine wheel
4073:
4068:
4066:Horned Serpent
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3805:Roberts Island
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3740:Old Stone Fort
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3705:Moaning Cavern
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3655:Kincaid Mounds
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:Cuarenta Casas
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3490:Bluefish Caves
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3451:Archaeological
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Caloosahatchee
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:Caborn-Welborn
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3180:Archaeological
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3084:Mound Builders
3081:
3076:
3071:
3070:Related topics
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3032:Village bundle
3024:
3019:
3017:Platform mound
3014:
3012:Horned Serpent
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2879:Stone statuary
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:Leo Petroglyph
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:Moccasin Bluff
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Gentleman Farm
2613:
2608:
2603:
2601:Carcajou Point
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:Caddoan Mounds
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Dauphin Island
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1992:Bussell Island
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:Beasley Mounds
1741:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:Kincaid Mounds
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Horseshoe Lake
1509:
1504:
1499:
1497:Dickson Mounds
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1345:
1301:
1265:
1259:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1218:
1187:
1177:(2): 125–158.
1155:
1135:10.2307/280974
1111:
1101:(2): 162–169.
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1048:, p. 151.
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
988:, p. 135.
978:
966:
951:
939:
927:
915:
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
795:
780:
778:, p. 203.
768:
756:
744:
732:
730:, p. 146.
720:
690:
689:
687:
684:
681:
680:
666:
655:
654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
642:
637:
630:
627:
613:
610:
602:Savannah River
530:
527:
488:
485:
468:Fort St. Louis
391:
388:
338:
335:
297:
294:
195:
192:
190:
187:
99:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
86:Yuchi language
82:
81:
77:
76:
60:
59:
55:
54:
39:
38:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4510:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:Falcon dancer
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:Miscellaneous
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:Melbourne Man
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:La Brea Woman
3946:
3944:
3943:Kennewick Man
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Serpent Mound
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3785:Pueblo Bonito
3783:
3781:
3780:Poverty Point
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Pinson Mounds
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Painted Bluff
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Horr's Island
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Effigy Mounds
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Crystal River
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3442:Weeden Island
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Safety Harbor
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Poverty Point
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Paleo-Indians
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3338:Mississippian
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:Sacred bundle
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2847:Wulfing cache
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2832:Copper plates
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Three Sisters
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Little barley
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Serpent Mound
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2696:Summer Island
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2499:Mississippian
2494:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2350:Mississippian
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:Corbin–Tucker
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Roods Landing
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Moccasin Bend
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Hoojah Branch
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1949:Mississippian
1946:
1942:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:Menard-Hodges
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1809:Swallow Bluff
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1730:Tennessee and
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Marshall Site
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:Mississippian
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1361:
1359:0-8032-9728-9
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1260:0-8203-1888-4
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1191:Goddard, Ives
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1036:, p. 80.
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1012:, p. 35.
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
987:
982:
975:
970:
964:, p. 68.
963:
958:
956:
948:
943:
936:
931:
924:
919:
912:
907:
900:
895:
889:, p. 66.
888:
883:
876:
871:
864:
859:
852:
847:
840:
835:
828:
823:
816:
811:
804:
799:
792:
787:
785:
777:
772:
766:, p. 52.
765:
760:
753:
748:
742:, p. 53.
741:
736:
729:
724:
709:
705:
698:
696:
691:
677:
670:
660:
656:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
626:
624:
620:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
581:
579:
575:
569:
565:
563:
559:
558:Holston River
555:
551:
550:Watauga River
547:
543:
539:
535:
526:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
504:
502:
498:
494:
484:
481:
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
460:
456:
453:
449:
448:Alabama River
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
363:
361:
357:
351:
348:
344:
334:
332:
331:La Chua ranch
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:St. Augustine
311:
307:
303:
293:
291:
287:
286:Chipola River
283:
279:
274:
272:
271:Watauga River
268:
267:Holston River
264:
260:
259:brine springs
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:In 1540, the
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
95:
90:
87:
83:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
26:
22:
4412:Wachapreague
4340:
4264:Rappahannock
4239:Chickahominy
4151:Water glyphs
4106:Oasisamerica
4096:N.A.G.P.R.A.
4056:Folsom point
4046:Effigy mound
4026:Clovis point
3994:Aridoamerica
3895:Wickiup Hill
3850:Spiro Mounds
3830:Salmon Ruins
3825:Russell Cave
3620:Helen Blazes
3615:Grimes Point
3595:Fort Juelson
3585:Fort Ancient
3560:El Vallecito
3520:Chaco Canyon
3460:Angel Mounds
3422:Steed-Kisker
3372:Paleo-Arctic
3294:Glacial Kame
3279:Fort Ancient
3171:Post-Classic
3142:
3074:Chevron bead
2980:Burial mound
2874:Shell gorget
2842:Spiro plates
2837:Rogan plates
2656:Knoll Spring
2631:Hartley Fort
2591:Beattie Park
2475:Transylvania
2313:Bottle Creek
2275:Lake Jackson
2157:Pisgah phase
2087:Little Egypt
2037:Garden Creek
2022:Dallas phase
1909:Tipton phase
1887:Nodena phase
1784:Mound Bottom
1769:Fewkes Group
1754:Brick Church
1656:Angel Mounds
1522:Kuhn Station
1517:John Chapman
1349:
1319:(1): 46–66.
1316:
1312:
1280:
1276:
1250:
1241:
1222:
1205:
1201:
1174:
1170:
1129:(1): 75–88.
1126:
1122:
1098:
1094:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1010:Goddard 2005
1005:
993:
981:
969:
942:
930:
918:
906:
894:
882:
870:
858:
846:
834:
822:
810:
798:
771:
759:
747:
735:
723:
711:. Retrieved
707:
669:
659:
615:
582:
573:
570:
566:
532:
520:
513:
505:
490:
487:18th century
482:
475:
433:
425:
405:Apalachicola
393:
364:
352:
340:
299:
296:17th century
275:
224:
197:
194:16th century
179:Ochisi Creek
152:
141:
104:
102:
28:Ethnic group
25:
4366:Nacotchtank
4136:Thunderbird
4004:Black drink
3968:Peñon woman
3905:Winterville
3885:Velda Mound
3865:Taos Pueblo
3760:Parkin Park
3745:Orwell site
3730:Nodena site
3625:Holly Bluff
3600:Four Mounds
3590:Fort Center
3515:Casa Grande
3465:Anzick site
3357:Monongahela
3284:Fort Walton
3259:Coles Creek
3224:Belle Glade
3209:Anishinaabe
3049:Thunderbird
2975:Black drink
2827:Emmons mask
2771:Chenopodium
2759:Agriculture
2681:Plum Island
2636:Hotel Plaza
2485:Winterville
2465:Scott Place
2403:Holly Bluff
2323:Fort Walton
2077:Lamar phase
1931:Walls phase
1827:Belle Meade
1820:Mississippi
1764:Dunbar Cave
1666:Annis Mound
1661:Angel phase
1635:Ware Mounds
1630:Twin Mounds
1480:Ramey state
1465:Monks Mound
1208:(1): 1–60.
1058:Wright 1986
776:Hudson 1997
604:, and near
598:Flint River
436:Tukabatchee
407:, Chacato,
370:, Bacuqua,
356:harquebuses
273:, or both.
231:Santa Elena
4447:Categories
4427:Wicocomico
4381:Patawomeck
4376:Occaneechi
4336:Chesapeake
4331:Assateague
4326:Arrohattoc
4321:Appomattoc
4081:Metallurgy
4041:Eden point
3938:Buhl Woman
3810:Rock Eagle
3800:River Styx
3725:Mummy Cave
3720:Moundville
3700:Mesa Verde
3685:Marksville
3432:Tchefuncte
3392:Plaquemine
3328:Las Palmas
3244:Calf Creek
3239:Cades Pond
2786:Marshelder
2671:Oak Forest
2641:Hoxie Farm
2455:Pocahontas
2348:Plaquemine
2285:Letchworth
2217:Town Creek
2152:Park Mound
2117:Moundville
2102:Mandeville
2092:Long Swamp
2052:Jere Shine
1904:Quigualtam
1852:Chucalissa
1739:Backusburg
1732:Cumberland
1721:Yankeetown
1706:Slack Farm
1681:Ellerbusch
1585:Adams site
1492:Cloverdale
1080:References
911:Hanna 1911
899:Mason 1963
554:Maniatique
459:Cumberland
419:, Usichi,
384:Pansacolas
239:Juan Pardo
148:Juan Pardo
4386:Paspahegh
4254:Nansemond
4126:Stickball
3815:Rock Hawk
3645:Key Marco
3437:Troyville
3417:St. Johns
3402:Red Ocher
3161:Formative
2915:Muskogean
2888:Languages
2801:Sunflower
2661:Mero site
2596:Blood Run
2250:Apalachee
2197:Summerour
2137:Nacoochee
1894:Owl Creek
1789:Riverview
1779:Link Farm
1671:Bone Bank
1625:Turk Site
1620:Towosahgy
1485:Woodhenge
1151:161073758
1070:Hann 2006
1046:Hann 2006
1034:Hann 2006
1022:Hann 2006
998:Hann 2006
962:Hann 2006
947:Hann 2006
935:Hann 2006
923:Hann 2006
887:Hann 2006
875:Hann 2006
863:Hann 2006
851:Hann 2006
839:Hann 2006
827:Hann 2006
815:Hann 2006
791:Beck 1997
764:Hann 2006
740:Hann 2006
686:Citations
623:stickball
612:Ballgames
606:Tampa Bay
523:Pensacola
438:) on the
421:Ayjichito
396:palisaded
310:Apalachee
251:palisaded
169:, and in
163:Apalachee
113:Tennessee
80:Languages
65:Tennessee
4422:Weyanoke
4371:Nottoway
4361:Meherrin
4351:Manahoac
4309:Historic
4259:Pamunkey
4225:Virginia
4014:Chanunpa
3999:Ballgame
3978:Vero man
3928:Anzick-1
3900:Windover
3860:SunWatch
3790:Rassawek
3610:Glenwood
3500:Brewster
3352:Mogollon
3323:La Jolla
3309:Hopewell
3269:Deptford
3182:cultures
3022:Red Horn
2990:Chanunpa
2968:Northern
2956:Religion
2937:Timucuan
2905:Cherokee
2691:Schwerdt
2651:Juntunen
2626:Griesmer
2569:cultures
2522:Bluffton
2408:Jaketown
2373:Fitzhugh
2227:Wilbanks
2207:Tomotley
2182:Savannah
2147:Ocmulgee
2127:Mulberry
2062:Joe Bell
1982:Biltmore
1977:Bessemer
1842:Campbell
1804:Old Town
1610:Orr-Herl
1547:Orendorf
1542:Mitchell
1475:Mound 72
1470:Mound 34
1455:Big Eddy
1341:55737001
1333:43186087
1214:25132315
1183:30146259
1107:40713105
629:See also
594:Hitchiti
586:Muscogee
578:Oklahoma
540:and the
509:Choctaws
477:Chaskepe
472:Illinois
455:La Salle
452:explorer
429:bar shot
409:Sabacola
347:Chacatos
171:Muscogee
117:Virginia
92:Religion
69:Virginia
52:Muscogee
4401:Shawnee
4356:Manskin
4316:Accomac
4249:Monacan
4163:Related
4021:Chunkey
3921:remains
3910:Wupatki
3750:Paquime
3640:Huápoca
3505:Cahokia
3475:Bastian
3382:Patayan
3304:Hohokam
3289:Fremont
3264:ComondĂş
3219:Baytown
3214:Avonlea
3194:Alachua
3166:Classic
3156:Archaic
3144:Periods
2997:Chunkey
2942:Tunican
2920:Natchez
2895:Caddoan
2869:Pottery
2820:Artwork
2811:Tobacco
2791:Pumpkin
2752:Culture
2606:Fifield
2537:Gahagan
2512:Belcher
2497:Caddoan
2480:Venable
2443:Natchez
2428:Mazique
2383:Fosters
2378:Flowery
2368:Emerald
2245:Anhaica
2202:Taskigi
2167:Rembert
2142:Nikwasi
2107:McMahan
2082:Liddell
1957:Adamson
1867:Janet's
1857:Denmark
1832:Boone's
1794:Sellars
1701:Prather
1460:Cahokia
1450:Aztalan
676:leagues
556:on the
464:Shawnee
446:on the
413:Casista
380:Yamasee
376:Ayubale
372:Escambe
322:Yustaga
306:Timucua
282:Chacato
278:Florida
265:on the
189:History
167:Shawnee
133:Florida
129:Georgia
125:Alabama
48:Shawnee
21:Chiscas
4432:Xualae
4407:Tutelo
4396:Senedo
4391:Saponi
4341:Chisca
3580:Folsom
3545:Cutler
3480:Benson
3367:Oneota
3299:Glades
3274:Folsom
3254:Clovis
3151:Lithic
2932:Siouan
2925:Taensa
2796:Squash
2719:Clover
2578:Oneota
2552:Keller
2542:Hughes
2507:Battle
2448:Taensa
2433:Medora
2423:Mangum
2418:Julice
2413:Jordan
2260:Cayson
2192:Sixtoe
2187:Shiloh
2097:Mabila
2032:Etowah
2012:Citico
2002:Chiaha
1997:Chauga
1914:Tunica
1899:Parkin
1882:Nodena
1877:Murphy
1847:Carson
1696:Murphy
1552:Sleeth
1537:McCune
1527:Larson
1430:Middle
1356:
1339:
1331:
1297:668456
1295:
1257:
1229:
1212:
1181:
1149:
1143:280974
1141:
1105:
713:May 4,
600:, the
574:Yujiha
497:Coweta
444:Tawasa
417:Oconee
401:glacis
374:, and
368:Patale
255:Chiaha
131:, and
105:Chisca
44:Yuchis
32:Chisca
4498:Yuchi
4417:Westo
4111:Piasa
3919:Human
3550:Eaker
3453:sites
3387:Plano
3189:Adena
2947:Yuchi
2781:Maize
2766:Beans
2724:Dodge
2676:Palos
2646:Huber
2586:Anker
2557:Spiro
2527:Caddo
2460:Routh
2393:Glass
2388:Ghost
2290:Velda
2212:Toqua
2072:Lamar
2057:Joara
2047:Irene
2017:Coosa
2007:Chota
1987:Blair
1962:Avery
1924:Yazoo
1919:Koroa
1862:Eaker
1799:Obion
1557:Starr
1337:S2CID
1329:JSTOR
1309:(PDF)
1293:JSTOR
1273:(PDF)
1210:JSTOR
1198:(PDF)
1179:JSTOR
1167:(PDF)
1147:S2CID
1139:JSTOR
1119:(PDF)
1103:JSTOR
1091:(PDF)
651:Notes
640:Joara
562:Westo
542:Westo
538:Yuchi
243:Joara
233:, on
208:Coste
121:Yuchi
4346:Doeg
4071:Kiva
2470:Sims
2438:Mott
2358:Anna
2067:King
2027:Dyar
1837:Boyd
1711:Tolu
1354:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1227:ISBN
715:2024
592:and
442:and
308:and
292:.)
142:The
103:The
50:and
4223:in
3575:Eva
2295:Yon
1321:doi
1285:doi
1131:doi
548:or
229:at
4449::
1335:.
1327:.
1317:80
1315:.
1311:.
1291:.
1281:65
1279:.
1275:.
1206:47
1204:.
1200:.
1175:62
1173:.
1169:.
1145:.
1137:.
1127:56
1125:.
1121:.
1099:16
1097:.
1093:.
954:^
783:^
706:.
694:^
608:.
580:.
511:.
415:,
411:,
127:,
71:,
4206:e
4199:t
4192:v
3123:e
3116:t
3109:v
1390:e
1383:t
1376:v
1362:.
1323::
1287::
1263:.
1235:.
1133::
717:.
572:(
75:)
23:.
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