271:
2570:
6086:
1695:
divided according to a very complex system of kinship relations and gendered speech registers. The second sub-class of animate nouns encompasses all human beings outside of the Yuchi tribe, as well as animals, and the sun and moon. The animate (Yuchi) suffixes express a very complex system of kinship and gendered speech, in much the same way as do third person pronouns.
161:
3688:
3683:
401:), which made the word essentially plural. He also said that the language was no longer in an archaic state due to the lack of a "dual," and that the language had temporal and personal inflection. Gatschet did much field study and documentation regarding the language. Many of his original vocabulary lists can be found at the
432:
423:, providing more current information regarding the language. The organization claimed that there were two currently spoken dialects: the Duck Creek/Polecat and the Bigpond variations, which were spoken by Yuchi people of those communities in Oklahoma. This contradicts Speck's 1907 claim of one dialect.
1448:
What can be contracted is dependent upon two major factors, the sound which begins the contracted syllable, and the stress of the syllable. In order for a syllable to be contracted, it must begin with a consonant, that is, a voiced sound with a relatively free passage of air. In Yuchi, this includes
462:
In 2000 the estimated number of fluent Yuchi speakers was 15, but this number dwindled to 7 by 2006, 5 by 2010, and 4 by 2013. In 2016, Yuchi elder
Josephine Wildcat Bigler died. Speaking Yuchi as her first language, she had been active in recording and preserving the language for future generations.
1694:
Nouns are classified according to a broad animate versus inanimate paradigm which is expressed using a variety of article suffixes. Within the animate class, nouns are further subdivided into two sub-classes. The first of these includes all humans belonging to the Yuchi tribe, and is itself further
522:
Yuchi has oral and nasal vowels. Oral vowels are defined as being created by the raising of the soft palate to the nasopharyngeal wall, creating a velopharyngeal space within the oral cavity; nasal vowels, on the other hand, are typically defined as being created by the lowering of the soft palate,
1370:
As mentioned above, most nouns have syllable-final primary stress; there are, however, some regularized exceptions to this rule, the most common of which are nouns with lexicalized suffixes in the stem, which have stress on the penultimate syllable. Also, contractions within compounded nouns have
1424:
Intonation varies depending upon the kinds of sentences being uttered. Declarative, negative, and command speech acts have falling intonation, while information questions and yes/no questions have rising pitch. Morphologically, intonation can also change the reception of a word and its intended
1656:
There are also two ways of expressing future tense. The first, which usually denotes intentions or events of the immediate future, is expressed by lengthening, stressing and nasalizing the final syllable of the verb stem. The second, pertaining to the distant future, is expressed by the suffix
1487:
can contract here because it is an unstressed syllable beginning with a sonorant: . CCC clusters are relatively rare, occurring in only six variations as noted by Wolff, four of them beginning with fricatives; such a construction as above would therefore likely be odd to speakers of Yuchi.
1468:
Contraction causes phonetic changes in the vowels directly preceding the deleted syllable. In order for Yuchi speakers to understand the grammatical features of the words being used in contracted forms, vowel features alternate to match the deleted sounds. So, for example, if the morpheme
1444:
One of the most significant aspects of Yuchi morphophonology is the prevalence of contractions. Contraction should not here be taken to mean only a shortening of words; rather, it is more useful to think of contraction as a deletion of sounds that in turn affects surrounding vowels.
1346:
Stress in Yuchi is fairly regular. All major parts of speech have syllable-final stress, and syllable-initial secondary stress; also, particles (one-syllable words) are stressed. There are some minimal pairs to be found due to stress; some representative samples include:
416:. He said that Yuchi had only one dialect, that inflection was not a characteristic, and that there were no true plurals. These conclusions contradict Gatschet's published 1885 study. The two authors did agree on linguistic idiosyncrasy, and the case of the third person.
470:
The Yuchi
Language Project (YLP) taught Yuchi classes in Sapulpa, Oklahoma, free of charge. The YLP opened the Yuchi Immersion School in 2018 where English is not spoken, despite an Oklahoma state law passed in 2010 declaring English the state's official language.
1548:
Much of the information in this section is drawn from Wagner (1938); some of Wagner's conclusions, particularly regarding his interpretation of Yuchi kinship terminology and certain aspects of his description of Yuchi pronouns, have been disputed.
1403:
Verb stems typically have primary stress on the ultimate syllable, as well. The two major exceptions are reduplicated verbs, which have equal stress on both the last and reduplicated syllables of the stem, and verb compounds with the head root
1371:
primary stress on the contraction. There are various other exceptions, but the two mentioned above are the most frequent and the most important in helping us to understand why Yuchi nouns often appear to have irregular stress patterns.
1963:, denotes the direct or indirect object relationship of the pronoun to the verb. It otherwise functions identically to the Subjective Series; the two pronoun sets are distinguished by their relative positions within the verb complex.
1797:, denotes the subject relationship of the pronoun to the verb. Series 1 and 2 are close variations that respectively represent a general and specific object, whereas the "independent series" represents freestanding pronouns.
860:
Vowel length indicates grammatical function, such as superlative or comparative adjective forms or emphasis. It may also indicate contracted morphemes, and thus is not a phonological process but rather a morphological one.
1491:
Contractions take on several forms and occur in many other environments. Those seeking additional information about the many kinds of contraction in Yuchi are advised to seek out Dr. Mary Linn's "A Grammar of Euchee."
337:. In 1997, 12 to 19 elders spoke the language out of an estimated Yuchi population of 1,500 speakers. In 2009, only five fluent speakers, whose first language was not English, remained, and in 2011 only one.
1721:
Inanimate nouns are divided into three groups: vertical, horizontal, and round objects or those otherwise do not conform to either of the other two groups. Each of these groups is represented by a suffix.
1749:
to claim that Yuchi has "no true plural." Animate nouns can, however, be pluralized by the addition of suffixes that correspond closely to their singular counterparts. Although tribal affiliation and
2111:
i- in the plural, refers to any older Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)
1952:
i- in the plural, refers to any older Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)
435:
Sisters Maxine
Wildcat Barnett (left) and Josephine Wildcat Bigler (1921-2016); two of the last elderly speakers of Yuchi, visiting their grandmother's grave in a cemetery behind Pickett Chapel in
1620:, which is to say that the language makes very little distinction between verbs and adjectives as parts of speech. For this reason, Yuchi verbs and adjectives are virtually identical.
869:
Yuchi has been analyzed as having from 19 to 40 consonants, chiefly depending on whether the glottalized and labialized consonants are counted, or considered to be sequences with
352:, under pressure from the powerful Cherokee in Tennessee. There they settled near the Muscogee Creek and were allied with them. In the 1830s, speakers of the Yuchi language were
7158:
7107:
514:
The language has 49 sounds, 38 of which are consonants, and the remaining 11 are vowels. This number is more than twice that of most
Southeastern Native American languages.
499:
302:
7163:
2250:
ode'- / odio'- in the plural, refers to any younger Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)
270:
2108:
o- / o- / odi in the plural, refers to any younger Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)
1949:
o- / o- / odi in the plural, refers to any younger Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)
6133:
380:
wrote about various linguistic idiosyncrasies in Yuchi. He said that adjectives are not expressed with number, but nouns are, by the addition of the particle
289:, because it is not known to be related to any other language. Various linguists have claimed, however, that the language has a distant relationship with the
3750:
6124:
2041:
i- any older male relative (used by women only)
1875:
i- any older male relative (used by women only)
1597:
7173:
2126:
are amalgamations of the
Objective Series 1 and Subjective Series 1 ("Reflexive Series 1") or Subjective Series 2 ("Reflexive Series 2") pronouns.
2196:
Plural reflexive pronouns demonstrate clusivity in the first person, and are identical to non-reflexives in terms of kinship and gendered speech.
7117:
5811:
1790:
is extremely complex. Except in a few emphatic forms, the pronoun is always suffixed to a verb or noun stem, and appears in eight distinct sets.
7183:
7013:
5676:
2253:
yode'- / yondio'- in the plural, refers to any older Yuchi regardless of kinship or gender (used by women only)
503:
2788:
2189:
ode'- / odio'- younger unrelated male or any other unrelated person (used by women only)
348:
people lived in
Tennessee at the time of European contact. In the early 18th century, they moved to northwestern Georgia in the southeastern
2038:
o- / o- / odi younger unrelated male or any other unrelated person (used by women only)
1872:
o- / o- / odi younger unrelated male or any other unrelated person (used by women only)
2796:
2273:. This prefix has become fused in some cases with certain verb stems, forming a sort of instrumental verbal compound of idiomatic meaning.
1856:
Third person pronouns follow a complex pattern of kinship and gendered speech that corresponds very closely to the animate noun suffixes.
1374:
Both regular and non-regular stress patterns are exemplified below, all glossed. All data come from Wagner, 1974, unless otherwise noted.
828:; some levels of phonological or morphological variation must therefore be occurring in order for all of the sounds above to be possible.
7148:
3778:
7112:
7153:
3715:
2866:
3722:, at Columbus State University Archives. Collection includes audio/visual recordings of Yuchi language (not yet available online)
2173:
Reflexive third person pronouns function the same, in terms of kinship and gendered speech, as their non-reflexive counterparts.
6117:
2526:
In direct speech wherein the sentence does not begin with an interrogative pronoun, interrogatives are formed with the suffix
7168:
6137:
3040:
534:
inventory, those sounds which contrastively mark differences in meaning, are highlighted in the list below the vowel charts.
5191:
4772:
1530:
1214:
5301:
3726:
6986:
5804:
1273:
1263:
183:
4273:
2895:
2728:
1628:
The concept of temporal verb inflection is only weakly realized in Yuchi and corresponds more closely in some cases to
1537:. Words are formed by the addition of various prefixes and suffixes to a stem. Yuchi features separate male and female
1172:
577:
7066:
6110:
5458:
2878:
2666:
2589:
402:
2810:
2435:
Additionally, there are four very general locative suffixes that can be used in place of the prefixes listed above.
7122:
5434:
4673:
1234:
974:
2755:
1476:
Contraction must necessarily come before the phonetic change in vowels. For example, consider the following word:
7178:
6516:
6485:
4592:
4528:
3771:
2180:
siode'- / siodio'- any younger (for men, related) female (used by men and women)
1616:
The Yuchi verb consists of a mono- or polysyllabic stem modified almost exclusively by suffixing. Yuchi features
1204:
667:
597:
173:
6090:
5797:
5205:
4447:
2029:
se- / sio- / sedi any younger (for men, related) female (used by men and women)
1863:
se- / sio- / sedi any younger (for men, related) female (used by men and women)
836:
Phonological variation often occurs in different kinds of morphological environments. For example, the phoneme
638:
235:, during the period of early European colonization. Many speakers of the Yuchi language became allied with the
4956:
1711:-ono younger unrelated male or any other unrelated person (used by women only)
6102:
5925:
5671:
5318:
4453:
4278:
4064:
4058:
3982:
2267:
The relationship between an action and the instrument by which it is carried out is expressed via the prefix
1104:
647:
3610:
1473:
was contracted, the vowel preceding it would become nasalized to indicate that a nasal sound has been lost.
419:
In 1997, the Euchee United
Cultural Historical Educational Efforts (E.U.C.H.E.E.) published a work entitled
6033:
5681:
5666:
5365:
4666:
4653:
4424:
4385:
1224:
964:
606:
147:
1484:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1405:
874:
870:
849:
845:
841:
837:
825:
6834:
6040:
5661:
5655:
5440:
4713:
4631:
4604:
4308:
4298:
1566:
1538:
1246:
1160:
653:
568:
2243:
Plural reflexive pronouns function identically to their non-reflexive counterparts in the third person.
1425:
meaning, as we see in the following example of three different intonation patterns for the word "What":
7071:
6452:
5227:
4888:
4685:
4483:
4343:
4313:
4303:
4293:
3999:
3764:
1285:
954:
944:
673:
334:
2840:
2614:
5639:
5446:
5422:
5397:
5370:
5353:
4363:
4318:
4288:
4261:
3832:
3787:
2192:
yode'- / yondio'- any older male relative (used by women only)
1094:
372:
The spoken Yuchi language has changed over time, in part due to relocation. In 1885 in an article in
322:
255:
2569:
2281:
The concept of location is important to the Yuchi verb complex. Similar in some ways to the
English
2035:
e- / eyo- / edi older female relative (used by men and women)
1869:
e- / eyo- / edi older female relative (used by men and women)
7081:
6932:
6914:
6577:
6160:
5686:
5493:
5130:
5118:
4950:
4012:
4005:
3821:
844:
in 1st-person singular and impersonal 3rd-person pronouns by Big Pond speakers. Also, the phonemes
583:
2247:
hode'- / hondio'- any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
2177:
hode'- / hondio'- any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
1652:-djigo' uncertain past ("perhaps ate")
1495:
A list of the most commonly contracted morphemes is below, along with their grammatical function.
506:(Yuchi) created a phonetic transliteration. Yuchi people have adopted this to write the language.
4691:
4616:
4019:
3969:
2105:
ho- / ho- / hodi any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
2026:
ho- / ho- / hodi any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
1946:
ho- / ho- / hodi any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
1860:
ho- / ho- / hodi any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
1640:-djin incomplete past ("ate")
1084:
1074:
984:
330:
6908:
6866:
6675:
6641:
6359:
6028:
5958:
5705:
5553:
5348:
5124:
5077:
4707:
4624:
4283:
4267:
4075:
3976:
3839:
3815:
2183:
s'iode'- / s'iodio'- younger male relative (used by women only)
1746:
1534:
1148:
1136:
443:. According to the sisters, their grandmother had insisted that Yuchi be their native language.
326:
318:
5836:
indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in
Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
5343:
3630:
Wolff, Hans (1948). "Yuchi
Phonemes and Morphemes, with Special Reference to Person Markers".
1541:
and an idiosyncratic noun classification system wherein nominal distinction is made regarding
7076:
7022:
6941:
6919:
6560:
6442:
5820:
5751:
5649:
5338:
5141:
4931:
4920:
4882:
4489:
4463:
4368:
4358:
4041:
3957:
3808:
1702:-sen'o any younger (for men, related) female (used by men and women)
1316:
1306:
448:
6974:
6967:
5452:
5177:
2101:
As above, the third person plural pronouns are identical to those of the Subjective Series.
1699:-no any male or female Yuchi (used by men and women)
1646:-djinfa' habitual past ("used to eat")
6901:
6749:
6315:
6281:
5964:
5726:
5483:
5291:
5264:
5247:
5215:
5113:
4827:
4752:
4679:
4458:
4435:
4407:
4338:
4249:
4030:
1114:
479:
228:
5611:
3712:
3695:
8:
7086:
6925:
6883:
6823:
6802:
6596:
6532:
6475:
6423:
6408:
6381:
6349:
6165:
6071:
5970:
5503:
5407:
5307:
5296:
5258:
5237:
5135:
5094:
4869:
4851:
4845:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4719:
4702:
4441:
4107:
4094:
3988:
3938:
3795:
1184:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1006:
6997:
6953:
6877:
6777:
6763:
6693:
6583:
6399:
6343:
6336:
6247:
6231:
5879:
5417:
5412:
5402:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5359:
5328:
5323:
5276:
5270:
5221:
5166:
5089:
4973:
4937:
4898:
4840:
4647:
4642:
4353:
4112:
4081:
4047:
4035:
3994:
3869:
3655:
3647:
3534:
1750:
1629:
1128:
918:
890:
377:
6220:
5514:
5477:
139:
7061:
7003:
6756:
6739:
6714:
6700:
6555:
6418:
6413:
6375:
6258:
5935:
5908:
5896:
5874:
5869:
5428:
5333:
5313:
5252:
5232:
4943:
4904:
4875:
4863:
4800:
4746:
4724:
4697:
4637:
4610:
4429:
4390:
4380:
4348:
4221:
4147:
4129:
4123:
4025:
3943:
3857:
3659:
3538:
2874:
2662:
2123:
1633:
1593:
905:
895:
622:
452:
259:
5519:
5508:
5488:
3826:
2186:
e'yode- / eyondio'- older female relative (used by men and women)
2022:
The third person singular pronouns are identical to those of the Subjective Series.
1643:-dji'nfwa complete past ("had eaten")
179:
7091:
7036:
7029:
6947:
6888:
6816:
6809:
6728:
6686:
6651:
6609:
6590:
6565:
6526:
6505:
6499:
6462:
6369:
6267:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6178:
6066:
6056:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5986:
5920:
5891:
5885:
5854:
5848:
5736:
5596:
5586:
5581:
5535:
5529:
5498:
5391:
5286:
5210:
5148:
5100:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4996:
4980:
4915:
4910:
4893:
4834:
4728:
4660:
4571:
4538:
4506:
4402:
4374:
4323:
4244:
4228:
4214:
4196:
4189:
4175:
4135:
4117:
4101:
4087:
3909:
3892:
3639:
3597:
3526:
1617:
1573:
1067:
937:
885:
456:
361:
290:
286:
244:
102:
5576:
5524:
4516:
3601:
2032:
s'e- / s'io- / s'edi younger male relative (used by women only)
1866:
s'e- / s'io- / s'edi younger male relative (used by women only)
1708:-eno older female relative (used by men and women)
1572:
The language uses clitics and particles to express a variety of things, including
6894:
6851:
6844:
6721:
6707:
6657:
6571:
6546:
6469:
6435:
6429:
6326:
6292:
6192:
6154:
6061:
5981:
5976:
5951:
5945:
5864:
5731:
5606:
5591:
5560:
5281:
5242:
5107:
5053:
4925:
4787:
4553:
4548:
4413:
4328:
4209:
4202:
4182:
4164:
4069:
4052:
3851:
3719:
2639:
1577:
1300:
900:
735:
591:
357:
94:
3745:
2661:. Vol. 14: Southeast. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. 415.
1545:, Yuchi ethnicity, kinship and, for inanimate nouns, shape or spatial position.
152:
7143:
6960:
6792:
6770:
6623:
6602:
6494:
6308:
6301:
6240:
6185:
5940:
5914:
5902:
5859:
5741:
5601:
5570:
5541:
5172:
5041:
4991:
4986:
4857:
4794:
4564:
4558:
4478:
4473:
4419:
4396:
4141:
3963:
3920:
3903:
3897:
3875:
3863:
2590:"'Race against time': Pandemic propels fight to save Native American languages"
1942:
A few of the third person singular pronouns double as plural pronouns as well.
776:
632:
409:
353:
240:
236:
6132:
1774:
In addition to suffixing, several words related to kinship are pluralized via
1714:-ino older male relative (used by women only)
7137:
6664:
6630:
6616:
6274:
6171:
5625:
5565:
5547:
5063:
5047:
5001:
4758:
4578:
4543:
4533:
4511:
4468:
4333:
3914:
3846:
2557:
1775:
1605:
1601:
1589:
1558:
877:, respectively. Some of the latter are included in the table in parentheses:
699:
550:
349:
278:
220:
46:
3756:
3678:
2899:
367:
5930:
4522:
994:
464:
294:
212:
239:
when they migrated into their territory in Georgia and Alabama. They were
123:
2282:
1760:-o'no Yuchi tribe members (female speech)
1649:-djinfwadji'n emphatic past ("happened to eat")
1257:
811:
805:
791:
782:
766:
750:
741:
723:
717:
711:
694:
562:
545:
495:
84:
5789:
2285:, these prefixes denote the location or direction of the verb's action.
2114:
we- / yo- / wedi' all animate, non-Yuchi beings
2044:
we- / yo- / wedi' all animate, non-Yuchi beings
1955:
we- / yo- / wedi' all animate, non-Yuchi beings
1878:
we- / yo- / wedi' all animate, non-Yuchi beings
1636:. The past tense is generally expressed via suffixing of the verb stem.
530:
inventory, meaning the set of all (or most) sounds in the language. The
431:
4169:
3651:
2562:
1745:
in Yuchi is not as strongly developed as in English, leading one early
799:
704:
661:
555:
483:
251:
2818:
2763:
1408:, in which primary stress is syllable-initial. Some examples include:
2657:
Jackson, Jason Baird (2004). "Yuchi". In Fogelson, Raymond D. (ed.).
1883:
1705:-s'en'o younger male relative (used by women only)
1562:
1511:
ho-: 3rd-person inanimate patient and participant, singular or plural
1198:
931:
758:
614:
298:
224:
132:
116:
219:. Historically, they lived in what is now known as the southeastern
5824:
3643:
3530:
2506:
An entire verbal complex can be negated using one of two prefixes,
459:
culture, only a few elderly speakers of the Yuchi language remain.
440:
314:
216:
191:
57:
3689:
Albert S. Gatschet's original list of Yuchi vocabulary (1832–1907)
3684:
Albert S. Gatschet's original list of Yuchi vocabulary (1878–1891)
3588:
Speck, Frank G. (1939). "Eggan's Yuchi Kinship Interpretations".
1787:
1757:-he'no Yuchi tribe members (male speech)
1542:
926:
436:
232:
187:
3555:
Gatschet, Albert S. (1885). "The Yuchi Tribe and its Language".
2532:. If the question implies some action in the future, the suffix
5765:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
5746:
5644:
1771:, which replaces the singular inanimate suffixes listed above.
1742:
1561:
language, in which words are pieced together from pre-existing
526:
Two vowel charts appears below. The vowels below represent the
1565:
to make entirely new words. The word order of the language is
1505:'o-: 3rd-person plural Yuchi actor or patient (women's speech)
1502:
we-: 3rd-person non-Yuchi actor or patient, singular or plural
474:
The Yuchi people and language are the subject of a chapter in
16:
Language of the Yuchi people in the southeastern United States
1886:, and there are several kinship-specific third person forms.
1581:
345:
160:
68:
3673:
1753:
distinctions carry over into the plural, kinship does not.
1585:
1465:. A syllable must also be unstressed in order to contract.
2925:(Third ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 136.
2896:"The Yuchi Language Primer; a Brief, Introductory Grammar"
2619:
Columbus State University Archives and Special Collections
1669:
Modality of the verb is also expressed through suffixing.
190:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3260:
2682:
2680:
2678:
368:
Contradictions in linguistic study and linguistic history
3472:
3470:
3433:
3431:
3406:
3404:
3391:
3389:
3364:
3362:
3313:
3311:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2789:"Our partners and advisors: The Euchee Language Project"
2729:"One of the Last Remaining Native Yuchi Speakers Passes"
301:
in 1951 and 1964, Elmendorf in 1964, Rudus in 1974, and
3189:
3047:
3517:
Ballard, William L. (1978). "More on Yuchi Pronouns".
3443:
3416:
3250:
3248:
3246:
2675:
254:
in the Yuchi language exist in the collections of the
3751:
gOnE Enû O’wAdAnA: A New Generation of Yuchi Speakers
3494:
3482:
3467:
3455:
3428:
3401:
3386:
3374:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3231:
3219:
3088:
3086:
3018:
3016:
3001:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
1508:
hi-: 3rd-person inanimate patient, singular or plural
467:
to speak fluent Yuchi, passing away August 27, 2021.
165:
Distribution of Yuchi at the time of European contact
7159:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast
3727:"Yuchi Language Project Attends Youth Language Fair"
3158:
3110:
3243:
3170:
3134:
3059:
2723:
2721:
3550:(Sound recording). Arlington: University of Texas.
3146:
3122:
3098:
3083:
3071:
3028:
3013:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2929:
1763:-we'no all other animate beings
1717:-weno' all other animate beings
3207:
2583:
2581:
2579:
1767:Inanimate nouns can be made plural by the suffix
523:allowing air to escape through the nasal cavity.
463:Her sister, Maxine Wildcat Barnett, was the last
7135:
2718:
2692:
7164:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
2871:Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages
476:Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages
6833:
3746:OLAC resources in and about the Yuchi language
3693:
2576:
2553:
2551:
1457:indicates a glottalized sound), the fricative
6118:
5805:
3786:
3772:
3632:International Journal of American Linguistics
3519:International Journal of American Linguistics
2873:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 53–82.
5775:Families with more than 30 languages are in
7012:
2783:
2781:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2513:
2507:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2268:
1676:-wo exhortative ("should go")
387:
381:
34:
6125:
6111:
5812:
5798:
3779:
3765:
2518:, both of which are identical in meaning.
313:Yuchi is primarily spoken in northeastern
308:
159:
6134:Indigenous language families and isolates
5819:
3545:
3039:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWagner1974 (
2995:
2858:
831:
317:, where Yuchi people live in present-day
211:(Children of the Sun), also known as the
6738:
3574:. Kansas City, KS: University of Kansas.
3554:
2778:
2756:"Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma"
2686:
2646:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2262:
1882:First person pronouns in the plural are
1679:-go potential ("might go")
1336:
852:can become in unstressed environments.
430:
269:
7174:Native American language revitalization
3516:
3449:
3422:
3176:
2920:
2656:
184:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
7136:
3608:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3461:
3437:
3410:
3395:
3380:
3368:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3302:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3237:
3225:
3152:
3034:
2923:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
2638:
6106:
5793:
3760:
3629:
3615:Handbook of American Indian Languages
3587:
3578:
3254:
3213:
3164:
3140:
3116:
2864:
2698:
2644:The Languages of Native North America
2118:
1682:-ho emphatic ("did go")
882:
3569:
3128:
3104:
3092:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3022:
3007:
2978:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2753:
1685:-te ability ("can go")
1673:-no imperative ("go!")
1531:Indigenous languages of the Americas
1499:ne- : 2nd-person singular actor
5931:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
2893:
2845:First Nations Development Institute
2587:
2276:
13:
7149:Language isolates of North America
3583:. Philadelphia: University Museum.
2659:Handbook of North American Indians
1793:The first pronoun set, termed the
1429:– "What?" (requesting information)
14:
7195:
3667:
2714:. Sapulpa, OK: E.U.C.H.E.E. 1997.
2615:"Joseph Mahan Collection (MC 32)"
2521:
1315:
1305:
1284:
1272:
1262:
1245:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
993:
983:
973:
963:
953:
943:
824:The phonemic vowels of Yuchi are
810:
804:
790:
781:
765:
749:
740:
722:
716:
672:
666:
652:
646:
637:
621:
605:
596:
582:
576:
567:
426:
403:National Anthropological Archives
265:
7154:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma
6085:
6084:
2588:Din, Benjamin (April 13, 2021).
2568:
2333:inside the earth or under water
2257:
1435:– "What?" (frightened/surprised)
498:until the 1970s, when linguists
3617:. Vol. 3. pp. 300–374
3182:
2914:
2887:
2841:"The Yuchi Language Comes Home"
2833:
2803:
2747:
1552:
1439:
386:(coming from the original term
3510:
2867:"4. Unseen And Unheard: Yuchi"
2704:
2650:
2632:
2607:
489:
227:, western Carolinas, northern
1:
7184:Subject–object–verb languages
3602:10.1525/aa.1939.41.1.02a00330
1419:
864:
494:The language had no standard
7169:Endangered language isolates
6034:Black American Sign Language
2760:Intertribal Wordpath Society
1729:-'e horizontal
1480:– 'Did you look in the box?'
509:
7:
5926:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
3674:The Euchee Language Project
3572:A Grammar of Euchee (Yuchi)
2815:The Euchee Language Project
2501:
1781:
1664:
247:in the early 19th century.
10:
7200:
3581:Ethnology of Yuchi Indians
3546:Edmondson, Jerold (2011).
1726:-fa vertical
1524:
1451:/n/,/ˀn/,/w/,/ˀw/,/j/,/ˀj/
414:Ethnology of Yuchi Indians
340:
335:tribal jurisdictional area
275:Cheeaexeco, a Yuchi woman,
7100:
7054:
6985:
6865:
6791:
6674:
6640:
6545:
6515:
6484:
6451:
6398:
6358:
6325:
6291:
6257:
6230:
6144:
6080:
6049:
6021:
5841:
5831:
5760:
5719:
5696:
5635:
5624:
5468:
5201:
5190:
5158:
5085:
5076:
4965:
4782:
4771:
4738:
4600:
4591:
4499:
4257:
4243:
4157:
3952:
3934:
3885:
3803:
3794:
3788:Primary language families
3570:Linn, Mary Sarah (2001).
3190:"Euchee Language Project"
2712:Euchees: Past and Present
1959:The next set, termed the
1736:
1341:
1299:
1256:
1197:
925:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
855:
517:
421:Euchees: Past and Present
285:Yuchi is classified as a
256:Columbus State University
170:
158:
146:
130:
114:
109:
91:
75:
63:
52:
42:
33:
28:
23:
4605:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
3613:. In Boas, Franz (ed.).
3609:Wagner, Gunther (1938).
3579:Speck, Frank G. (1909).
2541:
1732:-dji round
1689:
1623:
1611:
826:/i,u,e,o,æ,a,ĩ,ẽ,õ,æ̃,ã/
5886:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
5772:have no living members.
3713:Joseph Mahan Collection
3694:Gunther Wagner (1931).
3590:American Anthropologist
3194:Euchee Language Project
2921:Crystal, David (2010).
2534:
2528:
2514:
2508:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2269:
1884:inclusive and exclusive
1432:– "What?" (didn't hear)
1351:– "Creek person, tribe"
840:is often pronounced as
388:
382:
331:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
309:Geographic distribution
207:is the language of the
35:
7179:Macro-Siouan languages
7118:Unclassified languages
6029:American Sign Language
5752:Unclassified languages
5706:list of sign languages
4674:Northeastern Tasmanian
2222:ondzeo'- / nondzeno'-
832:Phonological variation
444:
282:
172:This article contains
5727:Constructed languages
3679:Yuchi Language Primer
2263:Instrumental prefixes
2219:ondzeo'- / nondzeno'-
1520:-e: active verbalizer
1517:-ne-: habitual aspect
1337:Stress and intonation
434:
405:or on their website.
329:counties, within the
273:
4274:Binanderean–Goilalan
2902:on November 25, 2023
2865:Abley, Mark (2005).
2321:inside of an object
480:endangered languages
223:, including eastern
7067:Algonquian–Wakashan
5556:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
5459:Tequiraca–Canichana
5302:Harákmbut–Katukinan
4065:Northwest Caucasian
4059:Northeast Caucasian
3983:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3753:, Cultural Survival
3056:, pp. 100–103.
2440:
2290:
2211:Reflexive Series 2
2141:Reflexive Series 2
1972:
1806:
1567:subject–object–verb
1533:, Yuchi grammar is
1393:~ – today, morning
1177:⟨ch'⟩
1165:⟨ts'⟩
1048:⟨chʰ⟩
1038:⟨tsʰ⟩
688:
539:
482:by Canadian writer
7055:Proposed groupings
6145:Language families
5178:Tarascan/Purépecha
4667:Northern Tasmanian
4425:South Bougainville
4386:North Bougainville
3718:2017-08-23 at the
3700:. Internet Archive
3269:, p. 351-352.
2459:on, at, away from
2439:Locative Suffixes
2438:
2289:Locative Prefixes
2288:
2208:Reflexive Series 1
2138:Reflexive Series 1
2124:Reflexive pronouns
2119:Reflexive pronouns
2074:ondzio- / nondzio-
1970:
1805:Subjective Series
1804:
1354:– "go see someone"
1239:⟨sh⟩
1189:⟨k'⟩
1153:⟨t'⟩
1141:⟨p'⟩
1099:⟨dz⟩
1058:⟨kʰ⟩
1028:⟨tʰ⟩
1018:⟨pʰ⟩
979:⟨ch⟩
969:⟨ts⟩
686:
537:
478:(2003), a book on
445:
408:In 1907, American
378:Albert S. Gatschet
354:forcibly relocated
297:in 1921 and 1929,
283:
241:forcibly relocated
7131:
7130:
7113:Extinct languages
7050:
7049:
7046:
7045:
6861:
6860:
6787:
6786:
6541:
6540:
6517:Takelma–Kalapuyan
6100:
6099:
5909:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
5787:
5786:
5737:Language isolates
5715:
5714:
5620:
5619:
5186:
5185:
5072:
5071:
4767:
4766:
4714:Western Tasmanian
4632:Eastern Tasmanian
4587:
4586:
4309:East Geelvink Bay
4239:
4238:
3930:
3929:
3731:Cultural Survival
3010:, pp. 86–87.
2821:on March 22, 2010
2799:on April 8, 2016.
2793:Cultural Survival
2766:on March 16, 2009
2754:Anderton, Alice.
2733:Cultural Survival
2566:(21st ed., 2018)
2538:is used instead.
2499:
2498:
2433:
2432:
2237:
2236:
2167:
2166:
2157:2nd Person Sing.
2146:1st Person Sing.
2095:
2094:
2016:
2015:
2003:2nd Person Sing.
1989:1st Person Sing.
1971:Objective Series
1936:
1935:
1850:
1849:
1837:2nd Person Sing.
1823:1st Person Sing.
1795:Subjective Series
1618:attributive verbs
1334:
1333:
1321:⟨n⟩
1311:⟨m⟩
1290:⟨y⟩
1278:⟨l⟩
1268:⟨w⟩
1251:⟨h⟩
1229:⟨s⟩
1219:⟨ł⟩
1209:⟨f⟩
1131:
1119:⟨g⟩
1109:⟨j⟩
1089:⟨d⟩
1079:⟨b⟩
1070:
1009:
999:⟨'⟩
989:⟨k⟩
959:⟨t⟩
949:⟨p⟩
940:
921:
914:
822:
821:
684:
683:
376:, Swiss linguist
260:Columbus, Georgia
198:
197:
180:rendering support
176:phonetic symbols.
7191:
7123:Linguistic areas
7010:
7009:
6831:
6830:
6736:
6735:
6449:
6448:
6228:
6227:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6104:
6103:
6088:
6087:
6041:Plains Sign Talk
5814:
5807:
5800:
5791:
5790:
5633:
5632:
5587:Huaorani/Waorani
5471:(extant in 2000)
5435:Esmeralda–Yaruro
5206:Andoque–Urequena
5199:
5198:
5083:
5082:
4889:Plateau Penutian
4780:
4779:
4755:(Northern Daly?)
4598:
4597:
4484:Northwest Papuan
4448:Trans–New Guinea
4314:East New Britain
4289:Central Solomons
4255:
4254:
4000:Great Andamanese
3950:
3949:
3801:
3800:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3733:. April 26, 2012
3709:
3707:
3705:
3663:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3605:
3584:
3575:
3564:
3551:
3542:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2898:. Archived from
2894:Hackett, David.
2891:
2885:
2884:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2817:. Archived from
2807:
2801:
2800:
2795:. Archived from
2785:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2762:. Archived from
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2673:
2672:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2640:Mithun, Marianne
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2555:
2537:
2531:
2517:
2511:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2441:
2437:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2309:static location
2306:
2291:
2287:
2277:Locative affixes
2272:
2203:
2202:
2133:
2132:
2071:ondze- / ondzio-
2052:
2051:
1973:
1969:
1961:Objective Series
1901:Subject Series 2
1898:Subject Series 1
1893:
1892:
1815:Subject Series 2
1812:Subject Series 1
1807:
1803:
1486:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1407:
1381:– sparks of fire
1322:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1291:
1288:
1279:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1252:
1249:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1190:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1005:
1000:
997:
990:
987:
980:
977:
970:
967:
960:
957:
950:
947:
936:
917:
912:
880:
879:
876:
872:
851:
847:
843:
839:
827:
814:
808:
794:
785:
769:
753:
744:
726:
720:
689:
685:
676:
670:
656:
650:
641:
625:
609:
600:
586:
580:
571:
540:
536:
457:English-speaking
400:
397:
394:
391:
385:
362:Indian Territory
287:language isolate
245:Indian Territory
215:, now living in
163:
142:
126:
119:
103:Language isolate
97:
38:
21:
20:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7096:
7042:
7008:
6990:linguistic area
6989:
6981:
6870:linguistic area
6869:
6857:
6829:
6783:
6734:
6679:linguistic area
6678:
6670:
6644:linguistic area
6643:
6636:
6537:
6511:
6480:
6447:
6394:
6354:
6321:
6287:
6253:
6226:
6146:
6140:
6131:
6101:
6096:
6076:
6045:
6017:
5837:
5827:
5818:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5756:
5742:Mixed languages
5711:
5692:
5627:
5616:
5470:
5464:
5319:Katembri–Taruma
5193:
5182:
5154:
5068:
4961:
4774:
4763:
4734:
4583:
4495:
4454:Turama–Kikorian
4364:Lower Mamberamo
4319:East Strickland
4247:
4235:
4153:
3941:
3936:
3926:
3881:
3790:
3785:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3720:Wayback Machine
3703:
3701:
3670:
3620:
3618:
3611:"Yuchi grammar"
3513:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2985:
2977:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2676:
2669:
2655:
2651:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2577:
2567:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2524:
2504:
2471:along, back to
2279:
2265:
2260:
2227:2nd Person Pl.
2216:1st Person Pl.
2121:
2082:2nd Person Pl.
2077:ontso / nonsto
2068:1st Person Pl.
2060:Direct Series 2
2057:Direct Series 1
1981:Direct Series 2
1978:Direct Series 1
1923:2nd Person Pl.
1909:1st Person Pl.
1784:
1741:The concept of
1739:
1692:
1667:
1626:
1614:
1555:
1527:
1514:'yu-: verb root
1449:sounds such as
1442:
1422:
1412:– to hold it up
1344:
1339:
1320:
1310:
1289:
1277:
1267:
1250:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1057:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1017:
998:
988:
978:
968:
958:
948:
930:
867:
858:
834:
520:
512:
492:
429:
398:
395:
392:
370:
358:Muscogee people
343:
311:
268:
178:Without proper
166:
138:
122:
115:
105:
98:
95:Language family
93:
82:
78:
77:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
7197:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7108:Classification
7104:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7082:Macro-Chibchan
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7033:
7026:
7018:
7016:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6993:
6991:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6945:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6929:
6917:
6915:Tequistlatecan
6912:
6905:
6898:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6873:
6871:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6848:
6840:
6838:
6828:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6798:
6796:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6745:
6743:
6733:
6732:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6682:
6680:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6648:
6646:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6578:Tequistlatecan
6575:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6522:
6520:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6509:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6466:
6458:
6456:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6373:
6365:
6363:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6340:
6332:
6330:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6297:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6263:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6244:
6236:
6234:
6225:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6150:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6130:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6107:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6050:Non-Indigenous
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6025:
6023:
6022:Sign languages
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5967:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5911:
5906:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5817:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5794:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5667:Indo-Pakistani
5664:
5659:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5630:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5550:
5545:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5474:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5366:Piaroa–Saliban
5363:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5267:
5262:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5133:
5131:Tequistlatecan
5128:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5044:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4977:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4935:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4867:
4860:
4855:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4798:
4791:
4783:
4777:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4717:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4658:
4654:Marrku–Wurrugu
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4225:
4218:
4212:
4207:
4199:
4194:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4079:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4016:
4013:Hurro-Urartian
4009:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3961:
3953:
3947:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3844:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3743:
3723:
3710:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3668:External links
3666:
3665:
3664:
3644:10.1086/464011
3638:(4): 240–243.
3627:
3606:
3596:(1): 171–172.
3585:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3552:
3543:
3531:10.1086/465527
3525:(2): 103–112.
3512:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:, p. 357.
3493:
3491:, p. 361.
3481:
3479:, p. 358.
3466:
3464:, p. 333.
3454:
3452:, p. 104.
3442:
3440:, p. 330.
3427:
3425:, p. 103.
3415:
3413:, p. 325.
3400:
3398:, p. 324.
3385:
3383:, p. 311.
3373:
3371:, p. 323.
3358:
3356:, p. 322.
3346:
3344:, p. 310.
3334:
3332:, p. 326.
3322:
3320:, p. 321.
3307:
3305:, p. 320.
3295:
3293:, p. 354.
3283:
3281:, p. 352.
3271:
3259:
3242:
3240:, p. 343.
3230:
3228:, p. 312.
3218:
3206:
3181:
3169:
3167:, p. 171.
3157:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3119:, p. 241.
3109:
3097:
3082:
3070:
3068:, p. 103.
3058:
3046:
3027:
3012:
3000:
2996:Edmondson 2011
2983:
2964:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2913:
2886:
2879:
2857:
2832:
2802:
2777:
2746:
2717:
2703:
2691:
2689:, p. 253.
2674:
2667:
2649:
2631:
2606:
2575:
2558:Yuchi language
2546:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2523:
2522:Interrogatives
2520:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2417:up in the air
2415:
2407:
2406:
2405:above or over
2403:
2395:
2394:
2391:
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1982:
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1937:
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1910:
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1663:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1625:
1622:
1613:
1610:
1606:demonstratives
1554:
1551:
1526:
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1506:
1503:
1500:
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1417:
1416:
1413:
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1400:
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1379:
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1361:
1358:
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1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
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1313:
1303:
1297:
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1282:
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1270:
1260:
1254:
1253:
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1241:
1231:
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1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1180:
1168:
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1144:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1111:
1101:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1063:
1062:
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1002:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
961:
951:
941:
934:
923:
922:
915:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
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863:
857:
854:
833:
830:
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819:
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802:
796:
795:
788:
786:
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773:
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770:
763:
761:
755:
754:
747:
745:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
714:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
682:
681:
679:
677:
664:
658:
657:
644:
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635:
629:
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626:
619:
617:
611:
610:
603:
601:
594:
588:
587:
574:
572:
565:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
519:
516:
511:
508:
500:James Crawford
491:
488:
428:
427:Current status
425:
410:Frank G. Speck
369:
366:
342:
339:
310:
307:
267:
266:Classification
264:
237:Muscogee Creek
196:
195:
182:, you may see
168:
167:
164:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
136:
128:
127:
120:
112:
111:
110:Language codes
107:
106:
101:
99:
92:
89:
88:
79:
76:
73:
72:
65:
61:
60:
54:
50:
49:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7196:
7185:
7182:
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7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
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7141:
7139:
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7119:
7116:
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7111:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7039:
7038:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6934:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6835:Calusa–Tunica
6832:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6790:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6138:North America
6135:
6128:
6123:
6121:
6116:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6093:
6092:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5959:Plains Apache
5956:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5815:
5810:
5808:
5803:
5801:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5677:Original Thai
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5623:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5467:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5441:Hibito–Cholón
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5189:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4957:Yuman–Cochimí
4955:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4692:Southern Daly
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:Darwin Region
4614:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4299:Demta–Sentani
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4020:Indo-European
4017:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3970:Austroasiatic
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3257:, p. 15.
3256:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3210:
3199:September 12,
3195:
3191:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3143:, p. 16.
3142:
3137:
3131:, p. 59.
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3107:, p. 62.
3106:
3101:
3095:, p. 60.
3094:
3089:
3087:
3080:, p. 58.
3079:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3031:
3025:, p. 87.
3024:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2981:, p. 85.
2980:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2962:, p. 52.
2961:
2956:
2950:, p. 43.
2949:
2944:
2938:, p. 55.
2937:
2932:
2924:
2917:
2906:September 12,
2901:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2880:0-618-56583-3
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2687:Gatschet 1885
2683:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2668:0-16-072300-0
2664:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2624:September 19,
2620:
2616:
2610:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2258:Other affixes
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:odi' / nodi'
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1779:
1778:of the stem.
1777:
1776:reduplication
1772:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1747:descriptivist
1744:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:instrumentals
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:agglutinative
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:agglutinative
1532:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1446:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
996:
992:
986:
982:
976:
972:
966:
962:
956:
952:
946:
942:
939:
935:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
910:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
881:
878:
862:
853:
829:
818:
816:
813:
807:
803:
801:
798:
797:
793:
789:
787:
784:
780:
778:
775:
774:
771:
768:
764:
762:
760:
757:
756:
752:
748:
746:
743:
739:
737:
734:
733:
730:
728:
725:
719:
715:
713:
710:
709:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
690:
687:Nasal Vowels
680:
678:
675:
669:
665:
663:
660:
659:
655:
649:
645:
643:
640:
636:
634:
631:
630:
627:
624:
620:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
604:
602:
599:
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
579:
575:
573:
570:
566:
564:
561:
560:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
541:
535:
533:
529:
524:
515:
507:
505:
501:
497:
487:
485:
481:
477:
472:
468:
466:
460:
458:
454:
450:
442:
438:
433:
424:
422:
417:
415:
411:
406:
404:
390:
384:
379:
375:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:United States
347:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Siouan family
288:
280:
279:George Catlin
276:
272:
263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
243:with them to
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:United States
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:
169:
162:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
135:
134:
129:
125:
121:
118:
113:
108:
104:
100:
96:
90:
86:
81:0 (2021)
80:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
56:East central
55:
51:
48:
47:United States
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
7072:Aztec–Tanoan
7035:
7028:
7023:Guanahatabey
7021:
7014:Pre-Arawakan
6996:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6952:
6940:
6931:
6924:
6909:Oto-Manguean
6907:
6900:
6893:
6876:
6867:Mesoamerican
6850:
6843:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6755:
6748:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6676:Coahuiltecan
6663:
6656:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6589:
6582:
6570:
6525:
6504:
6486:Coast Oregon
6468:
6461:
6428:
6388:
6387:
6380:
6368:
6360:Macro-Siouan
6342:
6335:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6246:
6239:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6153:
6147:and isolates
6089:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5969:
5957:
5950:
5913:
5901:
5884:
5833:
5776:
5769:
5768:Families in
5703:
5654:
5552:
5540:
5390:
5358:
5349:Pano-Tacanan
5306:
5269:
5257:
5228:Arutani–Sape
5220:
5165:
5147:
5140:
5125:Oto-Manguean
5123:
5106:
5099:
5058:
5046:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4979:
4972:
4949:
4942:
4930:
4903:
4881:
4874:
4862:
4850:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4793:
4786:
4745:
4712:
4708:Western Daly
4686:Pama–Nyungan
4684:
4672:
4665:
4652:
4630:
4625:Eastern Daly
4623:
4615:
4570:
4446:
4434:
4412:
4395:
4373:
4344:Kaure–Kosare
4304:Doso–Turumsa
4294:Chimbu–Wahgi
4284:Bulaka River
4268:Austronesian
4266:
4227:
4220:
4201:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4076:Sino-Tibetan
4074:
4057:
4040:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3987:
3977:Austronesian
3975:
3968:
3956:
3902:
3840:Nilo-Saharan
3838:
3831:
3816:Austronesian
3814:
3807:
3735:. Retrieved
3730:
3702:. Retrieved
3696:
3635:
3631:
3619:. Retrieved
3614:
3593:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3560:
3556:
3547:
3522:
3518:
3496:
3484:
3457:
3450:Ballard 1978
3445:
3423:Ballard 1978
3418:
3376:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3193:
3184:
3177:Ballard 1978
3172:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3030:
3003:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2922:
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2900:the original
2889:
2870:
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2844:
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2819:the original
2814:
2805:
2797:the original
2792:
2768:. Retrieved
2764:the original
2759:
2749:
2739:December 13,
2737:. Retrieved
2732:
2711:
2706:
2694:
2658:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2622:. Retrieved
2618:
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:
2561:
2525:
2505:
2495:to, towards
2434:
2280:
2266:
2242:
2195:
2172:
2122:
2100:
2021:
1960:
1958:
1941:
1904:Independent
1881:
1855:
1818:Independent
1794:
1792:
1785:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1740:
1720:
1693:
1668:
1658:
1655:
1632:rather than
1627:
1615:
1571:
1557:Yuchi is an
1556:
1553:Morphosyntax
1547:
1528:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1447:
1443:
1440:Contractions
1423:
1402:
1396:– misty rain
1373:
1369:
1366:– "squirrel"
1345:
868:
859:
835:
823:
538:Oral Vowels
531:
527:
525:
521:
513:
504:Addie George
493:
475:
473:
469:
465:tribal elder
461:
449:assimilation
446:
420:
418:
413:
407:
373:
371:
344:
312:
284:
274:
258:Archives in
249:
213:Yuchi people
208:
204:
200:
199:
171:
131:
18:
7077:Macro-Mayan
6942:Uto-Aztecan
6920:Totozoquean
6750:Coahuilteco
6561:Palaihnihan
6443:Tsimshianic
5662:Germanosign
5566:Mura-Pirahã
5447:Lule–Vilela
5423:Bora-Witoto
5398:Uru–Chipaya
5371:Ticuna–Yuri
5354:Peba–Yaguan
5339:Nambikwaran
5142:Uto-Aztecan
5078:Mesoamerica
4932:Uto-Aztecan
4921:Tsimshianic
4883:Palaihnihan
4753:Malak-Malak
4490:Papuan Gulf
4464:West Papuan
4369:Lower Sepik
4359:Lakes Plain
4262:Arai–Samaia
4250:the Pacific
3958:Afroasiatic
3833:Niger–Congo
3809:Afroasiatic
3697:Yuchi Tales
3563:(112): 253.
3511:Works cited
3501:Wagner 1938
3489:Wagner 1938
3477:Wagner 1938
3462:Wagner 1938
3438:Wagner 1938
3411:Wagner 1938
3396:Wagner 1938
3381:Wagner 1938
3369:Wagner 1938
3354:Wagner 1938
3342:Wagner 1938
3330:Wagner 1938
3318:Wagner 1938
3303:Wagner 1938
3291:Wagner 1938
3279:Wagner 1938
3267:Wagner 1938
3238:Wagner 1938
3226:Wagner 1938
3153:Wagner 1938
3035:Wagner 1974
2825:February 7,
2770:February 7,
2735:. June 2016
2483:over there
2345:into water
2283:preposition
2233:andzea'yo-
2160:nendze ne'-
1598:simulatives
1574:possessives
1378:– young man
1258:Approximant
496:orthography
490:Orthography
277:painted by
252:audio tapes
186:instead of
85:L2 speakers
7138:Categories
6933:Mixe–Zoque
6902:Misumalpan
6824:Chitimacha
6316:Algonquian
6282:Athabaskan
6161:Yuki–Wappo
6072:Vietnamese
5971:Potawatomi
5842:Indigenous
5656:Francosign
5504:Chiquitano
5484:Alacalufan
5292:Guaicuruan
5265:Chapacuran
5248:Cahuapanan
5216:Araucanian
5119:Mixe–Zoque
5114:Misumalpan
4828:Comecrudan
4680:Nyulnyulan
4459:Upper Yuat
4436:Torricelli
4408:Senu River
4339:Foja Range
4245:New Guinea
4170:Burushaski
4031:Kartvelian
4006:Hmong–Mien
3822:Khoe–Kwadi
3255:Speck 1909
3214:Wolff 1948
3165:Speck 1939
3141:Speck 1909
3117:Wolff 1948
2699:Speck 1909
2563:Ethnologue
2357:on top of
1786:The Yuchi
1529:Like many
1420:Intonation
1360:– she sees
865:Consonants
484:Mark Abley
412:published
7087:Tolatecan
6987:Caribbean
6975:Alagüilac
6968:Purépecha
6954:Cuitlatec
6926:Totonacan
6884:Jicaquean
6803:Muskogean
6778:Mamulique
6764:Comecrudo
6694:Karankawa
6597:Jicaquean
6584:Chimariko
6533:Kalapuyan
6476:Sahaptian
6424:Yok-Utian
6409:Chinookan
6382:Iroquoian
6350:Chimakuan
6166:Chumashan
5880:Chickasaw
5821:Languages
5687:Tanzanian
5628:languages
5525:Hodï/Joti
5469:Isolates
5408:Yanomaman
5344:Otomákoan
5308:Jirajaran
5297:Guajiboan
5259:Catacaoan
5238:Barbacoan
5167:Cuitlatec
5136:Totonacan
5095:Jicaquean
4974:Chimariko
4870:Muskogean
4852:Kalapuyan
4846:Iroquoian
4821:Chumashan
4814:Chinookan
4807:Chimakuan
4725:Yangmanic
4720:Worrorran
4703:Wagaydyic
4593:Australia
4442:Trans-Fly
4108:Yeniseian
4095:Tyrsenian
3989:Dravidian
3737:August 8,
3660:143409598
3539:143787970
3129:Linn 2001
3105:Linn 2001
3093:Linn 2001
3078:Linn 2001
3066:Linn 2001
3054:Linn 2001
3023:Linn 2001
3008:Linn 2001
2979:Linn 2001
2960:Linn 2001
2948:Linn 2001
2936:Linn 2001
2811:"Classes"
2599:April 13,
2063:Indirect
1984:Indirect
1743:plurality
1602:ablatives
1590:locatives
1563:morphemes
1539:registers
1390:– the sun
1363:– "weeds"
1357:– he sees
1199:Fricative
1007:aspirated
932:Affricate
736:Close-mid
592:Close-mid
510:Phonology
356:with the
305:in 1979.
225:Tennessee
133:Glottolog
117:ISO 639-3
64:Ethnicity
6998:Arawakan
6878:Chibchan
6757:Cotoname
6715:Quinigua
6701:Maratino
6400:Penutian
6344:Wakashan
6337:Salishan
6248:Eskimoan
6232:Eskaleut
6091:Category
5936:Muscogee
5903:Delaware
5897:Comanche
5875:Cheyenne
5870:Cherokee
5825:Oklahoma
5720:See also
5697:Isolates
5672:Japanese
5612:Yuracaré
5494:Candoshi
5453:Macro-Jê
5418:Zaparoan
5413:Zamucoan
5403:Witotoan
5386:Tucanoan
5381:Tiniguan
5376:Timotean
5360:Quechuan
5329:Matacoan
5324:Mascoian
5314:Jivaroan
5277:Chibchan
5271:Charruan
5222:Arawakan
5159:Isolates
5090:Chibchan
4966:Isolates
4938:Wakashan
4899:Salishan
4841:Eskaleut
4747:Giimbiyu
4739:Isolates
4648:Jarrakan
4643:Iwaidjan
4500:Isolates
4354:Kutubuan
4222:Sumerian
4158:Isolates
4113:Yukaghir
4082:Tungusic
4048:Mongolic
4036:Koreanic
3995:Eskaleut
3886:Isolates
3870:Ubangian
3716:Archived
2850:July 31,
2642:(2001).
2594:Politico
2502:Negation
2381:through
2230:andzea'-
1915:o- / no-
1912:o- / no-
1782:Pronouns
1665:Modality
1129:ejective
919:sibilant
891:Alveolar
777:Open-mid
633:Open-mid
532:phonemic
528:phonetic
453:Muscogee
441:Oklahoma
323:Okmulgee
315:Oklahoma
303:Crawford
217:Oklahoma
192:Help:IPA
140:yuch1247
58:Oklahoma
7062:Amerind
7037:Ciguayo
7030:Macorix
7004:Cariban
6978: ?
6837: ?
6817:Atakapa
6810:Natchez
6795: ?
6742: ?
6740:Pakawan
6729:Tonkawa
6687:Aranama
6642:Pueblo
6610:Salinan
6591:Esselen
6556:Shastan
6549: ?
6527:Takelma
6519: ?
6506:Siuslaw
6488: ?
6463:Klamath
6455: ?
6453:Plateau
6419:Maiduan
6414:Wintuan
6402: ?
6376:Caddoan
6362: ?
6329: ?
6268:Tlingit
6259:Na-Dene
6214:Waikuri
6207:Timucua
6200:Kutenai
6179:Beothuk
6067:Spanish
6057:English
6007:Wyandot
6000:Wichita
5993:Tonkawa
5987:Shawnee
5921:Koasati
5892:Choctaw
5855:Arapaho
5849:Alabama
5834:Italics
5770:italics
5747:Pidgins
5732:Creoles
5682:Swedish
5650:Chinese
5597:Urarina
5582:Puinave
5536:Itonama
5530:Irantxe
5499:Chimane
5429:Chimuan
5334:Nadahup
5253:Cariban
5233:Aymaran
5194:America
5036:Waikuri
5029:Tonkawa
5022:Timucua
5015:Takelma
5008:Siuslaw
4997:Kutenai
4981:Esselen
4944:Wintuan
4905:Shastan
4876:Na-Dene
4864:Maiduan
4801:Caddoan
4775:America
4729:Wagiman
4727:(incl.
4698:Tangkic
4638:Garawan
4611:Bunuban
4572:Tambora
4539:Maybrat
4507:Abinomn
4430:Teberan
4391:Pauwasi
4381:Mairasi
4349:Kiwaian
4229:Tambora
4215:Shompen
4197:Kusunda
4190:Kenaboi
4176:Elamite
4148:Siangic
4130:Kho-Bwa
4124:Hrusish
4042:Kra–Dai
4026:Japonic
3935:Eurasia
3910:Sandawe
3893:Bangime
3858:Songhay
3704:July 7,
3652:1262878
3621:July 7,
3557:Science
2429:across
2393:out of
2149:tse di-
2088:andzio-
1788:pronoun
1582:affixes
1543:animacy
1525:Grammar
1453:(where
1415:– light
1387:– earth
1384:– water
927:Plosive
906:Glottal
896:Palatal
700:Central
551:Central
447:Due to
437:Sapulpa
374:Science
341:History
233:Alabama
229:Georgia
209:Tsoyaha
188:Unicode
36:Tsoyaha
7092:Waroid
6948:Xincan
6889:Lencan
6852:Calusa
6845:Tunica
6722:Solano
6708:Naolan
6652:Tanoan
6566:Pomoan
6500:Coosan
6495:Alsean
6470:Molala
6430:Yokuts
6370:Siouan
6221:Pericú
6193:Cayuse
6062:German
5982:Seneca
5977:Quapaw
5952:Pawnee
5946:Ottawa
5865:Cayuga
5645:BANZSL
5607:Yamana
5592:Trumai
5561:Movima
5515:Fulniô
5478:Aikanã
5392:Tupian
5287:Chonan
5211:Arauan
5149:Xincan
5101:Lencan
5054:Yokuts
4951:Yukian
4916:Tanoan
4911:Siouan
4894:Pomoan
4835:Coosan
4661:Mirndi
4554:Porome
4549:Pawaia
4403:Senagi
4375:Madang
4324:Eleman
4279:Border
4210:Nihali
4203:Minoan
4183:Hattic
4165:Basque
4136:Mijiic
4118:Digaro
4102:Uralic
4088:Turkic
3939:Europe
3796:Africa
3658:
3650:
3537:
2877:
2665:
2447:Gloss
2444:Suffix
2369:under
2297:Gloss
2294:Prefix
2085:andze-
1932:a'dze
1751:gender
1737:Number
1630:aspect
1604:, and
1461:, and
1399:– meat
1342:Stress
1068:voiced
938:tenuis
886:Labial
856:Length
518:Vowels
389:wahále
325:, and
281:, 1838
231:, and
205:Euchee
87:(2016)
71:(2007)
67:1,500
53:Region
29:Euchee
7144:Yuchi
7101:Lists
6961:Huave
6895:Mayan
6771:Garza
6658:Keres
6624:Washo
6603:Karuk
6572:Yuman
6547:Hokan
6436:Utian
6389:Yuchi
6327:Mosan
6309:Yurok
6302:Wiyot
6293:Algic
6241:Aleut
6186:Bidai
6155:Haida
6013:Yuchi
5965:Ponca
5941:Osage
5915:Kansa
5860:Caddo
5602:Warao
5571:Nukak
5542:Kunza
5520:Guató
5509:Cofán
5489:Camsá
5282:Choco
5243:Boran
5192:South
5173:Huave
5108:Mayan
5059:Yuchi
5042:Washo
4992:Karuk
4987:Haida
4926:Utian
4858:Keres
4795:Alsea
4788:Algic
4773:North
4565:Taiap
4559:Sulka
4414:Sepik
4329:Engan
4070:Ongan
4053:Nivkh
3921:Shabo
3904:Jalaa
3898:Hadza
3852:Mande
3656:S2CID
3648:JSTOR
3548:Yuchi
3535:S2CID
2542:Notes
2340:toya-
2163:yo'-
2152:do'-
1929:a'yo-
1690:Nouns
1634:tense
1624:Tense
1612:Verbs
1586:ideas
1578:cases
1301:Nasal
913:plain
901:Velar
712:Close
695:Front
563:Close
546:Front
451:into
346:Yuchi
327:Creek
319:Tulsa
295:Sapir
250:Some
201:Yuchi
153:Yuchi
69:Yuchi
24:Yuchi
6793:Gulf
6665:Zuni
6631:Yana
6617:Seri
6275:Eyak
6172:Adai
5777:bold
5704:See
5640:Arab
5626:Sign
5577:Páez
5554:Maku
5548:Leco
5064:Zuni
5048:Yana
5002:Seri
4759:Tiwi
4579:Wiru
4544:Mpur
4534:Kuot
4517:Anêm
4512:Abun
4479:Yuat
4474:Yawa
4420:Skou
4397:Ramu
4248:and
4142:Miju
3964:Ainu
3944:Asia
3942:and
3915:Laal
3876:Kadu
3864:Ijaw
3827:Kx'a
3739:2012
3706:2012
3623:2012
3201:2009
3041:help
2908:2009
2875:ISBN
2852:2023
2827:2009
2772:2009
2741:2020
2663:ISBN
2626:2023
2601:2021
2376:kya-
2328:f'o-
2091:aso
2012:tse
1846:tse
1659:e'le
1485:/nɛ/
1471:/ne/
1459:/ˀh/
1406:/ju/
873:and
848:and
800:Open
705:Back
662:Open
556:Back
502:and
455:and
396:many
299:Haas
6136:of
5823:of
4529:Kol
4523:Ata
4469:Yam
4334:Fas
3847:Tuu
3640:doi
3598:doi
3527:doi
2560:at
2535:-yi
2529:-le
2515:ha-
2512:or
2509:na-
2490:-fa
2478:-ke
2466:-le
2454:-he
2424:ya-
2412:yu-
2400:pe-
2388:la-
2364:po-
2352:ta-
2316:ti-
2270:hi-
2009:yo-
2006:ne-
1998:di
1995:do-
1992:di-
1843:yo-
1840:ne-
1832:di
1829:do-
1826:di-
1769:-ha
1463:/ʔ/
1455:/ˀ/
1173:tʃʼ
1161:tsʼ
1044:tʃʰ
1034:tsʰ
875:/w/
871:/ʔ/
850:/o/
846:/a/
842:/ʊ/
838:/o/
759:Mid
615:Mid
360:to
333:'s
203:or
174:IPA
148:ELP
124:yuc
83:12
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3729:.
3654:.
3646:.
3636:14
3634:.
3594:41
3592:.
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3533:.
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3521:.
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3430:^
3403:^
3388:^
3361:^
3310:^
3245:^
3192:.
3085:^
3015:^
2986:^
2967:^
2869:.
2843:.
2813:.
2791:.
2780:^
2758:.
2731:.
2720:^
2677:^
2617:.
2592:.
2578:^
2550:^
2304:a-
1926:a-
1661:.
1608:.
1600:,
1596:,
1592:,
1588:,
1584:,
1580:,
1576:,
1569:.
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1185:kʼ
1179:)
1167:)
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1149:tʼ
1143:)
1137:pʼ
1105:dʒ
1095:dz
1054:kʰ
1024:tʰ
1014:pʰ
975:tʃ
965:ts
809:,
806:æ̃
792:ɔ̃
783:ɛ̃
767:ə̃
724:ɪ̃
721:,
671:,
651:,
581:,
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439:,
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321:,
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2628:.
2603:.
1657:-
1317:n
1307:m
1286:j
1274:l
1264:w
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1235:ʃ
1225:s
1215:ɬ
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1115:ɡ
1085:d
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929:/
812:ã
751:õ
742:ẽ
718:ĩ
674:a
668:æ
654:ɔ
648:ʌ
639:ɛ
623:ə
607:o
598:e
584:u
578:ʊ
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