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1544:, and the unity of humanity. These spiritual principles give rise to new forms of architectural expression that serve as spaces in which people of all beliefs, cultures, and backgrounds gather together, meditate, reflect, and pray, and around which will be built social, humanitarian, educational, and scientific institutions. The design of each Bahá'í House of Worship reflects unifying elements of their environment, emerging from a grassroots approach of consultation with the native people, each having nine sides and nine entrances, the number nine being symbolic of unity. Eight continental and two local Bahá’í Houses of Worship have been built so far.
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1381:, the tall, slender tower that usually is situated at one of the corners of the mosque structure. The top of the minaret is always the highest point in mosques that have one, and often the highest point in the immediate area. The first mosques had no minarets, and even nowadays the most conservative Islamic movements, like
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suggests that entering into a religious building is a metaphor for entering into spiritual relationship. Kieckhefer suggests that sacred space can be analyzed by three factors affecting spiritual process: longitudinal space emphasizes the procession and return of sacramental acts, auditorium space is
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fountains or other facilities for washing in their entryways or courtyards. However, worshipers at much smaller mosques often have to use restrooms to perform their ablutions. In traditional mosques, this function is often elaborated into a freestanding building in the center of a courtyard. Modern
1316:
introduced 'central dome' mosques in the 15th century that have a large dome centered over the prayer hall. In addition to having one large dome at the center, there are often smaller domes that exist off-center over the prayer hall or throughout the rest of the mosque, in areas where prayer is not
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temples, to the dozens of modern temples built today. Early temples, and some modern temples, have a priesthood assembly room with two sets of pulpits at each end of the room, with chairs or benches that can be altered to face either way. Most, but not all temples have the recognizable statue of
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in Rome as a precursor to the
Baroque style; this can be recognized by broader interior spaces (replacing long narrow naves), more playful attention to light and shadow, extensive ornamentation, large frescoes, focus on interior art, and frequently, a dramatic central exterior projection. The most
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as well as weathering invasions by foreigners, resulting in multiple influences of foreign elements on native styles. The diversity of Indian culture is represented in its architecture. Indian architecture comprises a blend of ancient and varied native traditions, with building types, forms and
369:
were replaced by stone columns. With the spread of this process to other sanctuary structures a few stone buildings have survived through the ages. Since temples are the only buildings which survive in numbers, most of our concept of classical architecture is based on religious structures. The
1475:. Worshipers pray in rows parallel to the qibla wall and thus arrange themselves so they face Mecca. In the qibla wall, usually at its center, is the mihrab, a niche or depression indicating the qibla wall. Usually the mihrab is not occupied by furniture either. Sometimes, especially during
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Sacred, religious and holy structures often evolved over centuries and were the largest buildings in the world, prior to the modern skyscraper. While the various styles employed in sacred architecture sometimes reflected trends in other structures, these styles also remained unique from the
318:
at Thebes, Egypt was constructed across a period of 1300 years and its numerous temples comprise what may be the largest religious structure ever built. Ancient
Egyptian religious architecture has fascinated archaeologists and captured the public imagination for millennia.
268:
suggestive of proclamation and response, and new forms of communal space designed for gathering and return depend to a great degree on minimized scale to enhance intimacy and participation in worship. The scholar of religious studies
1108:. While secular structures clearly had the greater influence on the development of modern architecture, several excellent examples of modern architecture can be found in religious buildings of the 20th century. For example,
547:. The architectural structure of the stupa spread across Asia, taking on many diverse forms as details specific to different regions were incorporated into the overall design. It was spread to China and the Asian region by
681:
evolved from Roman architecture. Eventually, a style emerged incorporating Near East influences and the Greek cross plan for church design. In addition, brick replaced stone, classical order was less strictly observed,
258:
Architect Norman L. Koonce has suggested that the goal of sacred architecture is to make "transparent the boundary between matter and mind, flesh and the spirit." In discussing sacred architecture, Protestant minister
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of the gods and were used as the site of various kinds of sacrifice. Ancient tombs and burial structures are also examples of architectural structures reflecting religious beliefs of their various societies. The
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was particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. Originating in 12th century France, it was known during the period as
1095:
spans several styles with similar characteristics resulting in simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. The most influential modernist architects in the early to mid 20th century include
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is related to the history and religions of the time periods as well as to the geography and geology of the Indian subcontinent. India was crisscrossed by trading routes of merchants from as far away as
644:
of inner space. While the underlying form of Hindu temple architecture follows strict traditions, considerable variation occurs with the often intense decorative embellishments and ornamentation.
473:. Originally, Viharas were temporary shelters used by wandering monks during the rainy season, but these structures later developed to accommodate the growing and increasingly formalized Buddhist
1345:, which are vaulted spaces open out on one end. In iwan mosques, one or more iwans face a central courtyard that serves as the prayer hall. The style represents a borrowing from pre-Islamic
1170:
and built between 1994 and 2004, its form includes references to a number of Polish structures. The columns possess a slenderness and delicacy inspired by those of the
Renaissance court of
1133:
1280:. These mosques follow a square or rectangular plan with enclosed courtyard and covered prayer hall. Most early hypostyle mosques had flat prayer hall roofs, which required numerous
1456:, has no furniture; chairs and pews are absent from the prayer hall. Prayer halls contain no images of people, animals, and spiritual figures although they may be decorated with
1162:
in a post-modern style. The structure evokes the area's
Hispanic heritage through the use of adobe coloring while combining stark modern form with some traditional elements. The
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and is an excellent example of modern religious architecture. It has been described as a "phalanx of fighters" turned on their tails and pointing heavenward. In 1967, Architect
1410:. Consequently, mosque architects borrowed the shape of the bell tower for their minarets, which were used for essentially the same purpose – calling the faithful to prayer.
1820:
147:. Many cultures devoted considerable resources to their sacred architecture and places of worship. Religious and sacred spaces are amongst the most impressive and permanent
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created by humanity. Conversely, sacred architecture as a locale for meta-intimacy may also be non-monolithic, ephemeral and intensely private, personal and non-public.
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suggested that "to be psychologically healthy, human beings need to experience their natural setting—the setting we were designed for, which is the garden." Meanwhile,
1550:
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may be described by unapologetically diverse aesthetics where styles collide, form exists for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound.
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were developed rather later and outside South Asia, where
Buddhism gradually declined from the early centuries CE onwards, though an early example is that of the
1593:
1178:, while the huge 420-foot spire that will be erected next to the basilica bears more than an accidental resemblance to the Baroque spire that adorns the
374:, which served as a treasury building as well as a place for veneration of deity, is widely regarded as the greatest example of classical architecture.
697:'s architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square plan of the church to a circular dome (or domes) by means of
1031:
46:
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624:. It evolved over a period of more than 2000 years. The Hindu architecture conforms to strict religious models that incorporate elements of
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wall, which is the visually emphasized area inside the prayer hall. The qibla wall is normally set perpendicular to a line leading to
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since the 7th century. As time progressed, the sizes of mosque domes grew, from occupying only a small part of the roof near the
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When Church Became
Theatre: The Transformation of Evangelical Church Architecture and Worship in Nineteenth-Century America.
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affirms that "the sacred space is the place where the transcendent becomes immanent, and where the devotee can access God."
794:
2069:
Ugly as Sin: Why They
Changed Our Churches from Sacred Places to Meeting Spaces -- and How We Can Change Them Back Again.
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17:
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represents a conscious revival of Roman architecture with its symmetry, mathematical proportions, and geometric order.
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to encompassing all of the roof above the prayer hall. Although domes normally took on the shape of a hemisphere, the
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1385:, avoid building minarets, seeing them as ostentatious and unnecessary. The first minaret was constructed in 665 in
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504:-grihas (stupa halls). These reached their highpoint in the first century BCE, exemplified by the cave complexes of
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fire temples where the courtyard was used to house the sacred fire. Today, iwan mosques are no longer built. The
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1918:
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The
Theology of Arithmetic: On the Mystical, Mathematical and Cosmological Symbolism of the First Ten Numbers
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was constructed as a hypostyle mosque supported by over 850 columns. Arab-plan mosques continued under the
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2218:
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in accordance to the design principles and guidelines believed to have been laid by the divine architect
2048:
Building from Belief: Advance, Retreat, and
Compromise in the Remaking of Catholic Church Architecture.
1399:. Muawiyah encouraged the construction of minarets, as they were supposed to bring mosques on par with
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356:
352:
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Lippard, Lucy R.: Overlay: Contemporary Art and the Art of
Prehistory. Pantheon Books New York 1983
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was most notably experienced in religious art and architecture. Most architectural historians regard
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A Beginner's Guide to Constructing the Universe: Mathematical Archetypes of Nature, Art, and Science
2318:
Architecture in Communion: Implementing the Second Vatican Council through Liturgy and Architecture.
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Architecture in Communion: Implementing the Second Vatican Council through Liturgy and Architecture.
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Architecture in Communion: Implementing the Second Vatican Council through Liturgy and Architecture.
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mosques may have a variety of amenities available to their congregants and the community, such as
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307:. Ancient religious buildings, particularly temples, were often viewed as the dwelling place, the
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offer a unique look at design as it has changed from the simple church like structure of the
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582:
500:). In accordance with changes in religious practice, stupas were gradually incorporated into
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The initial function of the stupa was the veneration and safe-guarding of the relics of the
2011:
1963:
1939:
1759:
Hillenbrand, R. "Masdjid. I. In the central Islamic lands". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;
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1536:: مشرق اﻻذكار "Dawning-place of the remembrance of God") exemplify the principles of the
1136:(San Francisco), the first Catholic cathedral in the United States intended to conform to
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itself closely follows the history of religious architecture from ancient times until the
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Asher, Catherine B. (1992-09-24). "Aurangzeb and the Islamization of the Mughal style".
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beginning in the third century BCE. Two types of structures are associated with early
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One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when
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A Sense Of The Sacred: Theological Foundations Of Christian Architecture And Art.
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mosque in Jerusalem is perhaps the best known example of a central dome mosque.
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are adorned with symbolic stonework, representing various aspects of the faith.
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brought a return of classical influence and a new emphasis on rational clarity.
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such as signs, symbols and religious motifs are endemic to sacred architecture.
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1362:
1313:
1253:
1105:
1011:
604:
598:
497:
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217:
2222:; Waterfield, Robin; Critchlow, Keith; Translated by Robin Waterfield (1988).
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in 1418 was one of the first important religious architectural designs of the
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Sacred architecture spans a number of ancient architectural styles including
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and domes. Many forms of mosques have evolved in different regions of the
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1272:. The earliest styles in Islamic architecture produced 'Arab-plan' or
2417:
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The Fourth Dimension : Sacred Geometry, Alchemy, and Mathematics
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is regarded as the prime example of the rather late influence of the
770:
705:. The prime example of early Byzantine religious architecture is the
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contemporary architecture used in other structures. With the rise of
2375:
Sacred Architecture of Kashmir: Syncretism of Spiritual Philosophies
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as its primary model with subsequent developments. It consists of a
2406:
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Sacred or religious architecture is sometimes called sacred space.
151:
117:
2055:
Theology in Stone: Church Architecture from Byzantium to Berkeley.
1166:
on the other hand is a much more traditional edifice. Designed by
785:(resembling a plus sign), centering attention on the altar at the
2062:
From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History.
1508:
1488:
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1390:
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communities were semiotically architectured upon the crux of the
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1841:
Hillenbrand, R. "Manara, Manar". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;
2263:. Thames & Hudson, 1989 (1st edition 1979, 1980, or 1982).
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is an evolution of the Indian stupa that is marked by a tiered
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2382:
Sacred Geometry: Symbolism and Purpose in Religious Structures
2261:
Sacred Geometry: Philosophy and practice (Art and Imagination)
1612:
1150:
at Independence, Missouri was conceived by Japanese architect
531:
common in China, Japan, Korea, Nepal and other parts of Asia.
235:
1472:
1468:
1386:
1341:'Iwan mosques' are most notable for their domed chambers and
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544:
528:
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175:
136:
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mosque-cathedral with columns arranged in grid pattern, in
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754:
687:
197:
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after the concept of the chambered nautilus. The Catholic
2178:
Islamic Patterns: An Analytical and Cosmological Approach
1512:
1268:
mosques, T-type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of
1124:, started in 1954 and completed in 1962, was designed by
1467:
Usually opposite the entrance to the prayer hall is the
741:
The religious architecture of Christian churches in the
2389:
Inaugural Lines: Sacred geometry at St. John the Divine
1819:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from
1065:
123:
practice concerned with the design and construction of
2012:"Houses of Worship | Bahá'í World News Service (BWNS)"
1964:"Houses of Worship | Bahá'í World News Service (BWNS)"
1940:"Houses of Worship | Bahá'í World News Service (BWNS)"
1248:
Byzantine architecture had a great influence on early
2096:(Continuum International Publishing Group: 2005) ISBN
1483:
or pulpit is located to the side of the mihrab for a
1372:
178:, religious buildings increasingly became centres of
2243:
Solving Stonehenge, the New Key to an Ancient Enigma
1608:
1349:
and has been used almost exclusively for mosques in
868:. Other notable Gothic religious structures include
2274:
1921:. University of Tokyo Institute of Oriental Culture
1332:
built in 670 shows considerable Byzantine influence
2407:Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art and Architecture
2336:
2125:Homage to Pythagoras: Rediscovering Sacred Science
1495:leads the five daily prayers on a regular basis.
712:
492:. The earliest existing example of a stupa is in
27:Architectural practices used in places of worship
2425:
2199:Gifts for the gods: images from Egyptian temples
2175:
2162:
602:and many other ancient religious texts like the
1491:). The mihrab serves as the location where the
1032:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
802:
2157:Modernity and the Construction of Sacred Space
1907:. University of California Press. p. 150.
1336:
1793:"Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures"
1787:
1785:
1540:of unity in diversity, the unity of God, the
1223:
1084:Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption in
856:("French work"). The style originated at the
43:The examples and perspective in this article
2203:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
2194:
1122:United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel
1811:
1809:
1518:
883:
850:
236:Spiritual aspects of religious architecture
2057:(Oxford University Press, USA: 2004). ISBN
1867:. Cambridge University Press. p. 256.
1782:
1754:
1752:
1738:(Ignatius Press: 1998): 23-24 and 234-38.
2064:(University of Missouri Press:2003). ISBN
1881:. The University of Tulsa. Archived from
1693:
1487:or some other speaker to offer a sermon (
1264:. Notable mosque types include the early
652:
647:
361:Around 600 BCE the wooden columns of the
322:
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
2413:Architecture, Culture & Spirituality
1845:; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
1806:
1763:; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
1412:
1369:is a classic example of an iwan mosque.
1323:
1227:
1079:
1002:
932:
887:
840:Gothic secular and domestic architecture
822:
716:
686:replaced carved decoration, and complex
662:
576:
555:architect in the early 13th century for
438:
326:
279:
239:
212:The Western scholarly discipline of the
192:
156:
127:or sacred or intentional space, such as
97:Ornate details on the entrance tower of
92:
2110:Celtic Art: The Methods of Construction
1902:
1871:
1840:
1795:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1758:
1749:
1307:
1134:Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption
1023:Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
928:
585:, Gangaikonda Cholapuram, built in the
275:
14:
2426:
2155:French, Aaron and Waldner, Katharina.
2060:Anne C. Loveland and Otis B. Wheeler,
1672:
1421:in Jerusalem is a notable Islamic dome
1158:(Los Angeles) was designed in 1998 by
818:
791:Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
722:Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
2277:Gothic cathedrals and sacred geometry
1862:
1834:
1193:
99:Sri Mariamman Hindu Temple, Singapore
2168:Order In Space: A Design Source Book
2071:(Sophia Institute Press: 2001). ISBN
2043:(Oxford University Press:2002). ISBN
1817:"Vocabulary of Islamic Architecture"
1066:Modern and post-modern architectures
29:
1542:unity of His prophets and religions
1452:The prayer hall, also known as the
1377:A common feature in mosques is the
1156:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels
377:
24:
2101:
1905:Writing Signs: Fatimid Public Text
1682:Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu
1373:Characteristic features and styles
1353:. Many iwan mosques are converted
811:is a superb example of a medieval
291:, constructed about 3400 years ago
25:
2455:
2400:
998:
2409:American Institute of Architects
1903:Bierman, Irene A. (1998-12-16).
1611:
1586:
1567:
1549:
923:Italian Renaissance architecture
34:
2377:in Rethinking the Future, 2024.
2050:. (Liturgical Press:2002). ISBN
2004:
1980:
1956:
1932:
1911:
1896:
1132:designed the strikingly modern
874:Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens
640:of the universe as well as the
228:, and the use of sophisticated
1856:
1725:
1710:
1666:
1425:Domes have been a hallmark of
1164:Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń
773:influenced or commissioned by
713:European medieval architecture
13:
1:
2159:, De Gruyter Oldenbourg 2024.
2032:
1770:. Brill Academic Publishers.
1721:, U of Minnesota Press, p. 23
795:Russian orthodox architecture
301:ancient Egyptian architecture
251:was used for ritual sacrifice
2335:; Catherine Creeger (2001).
2275:Lesser, George (1957–1964).
1988:"Sacred Baha'i Architecture"
1865:Architecture of Mughal India
1852:. Brill Academic Publishers.
917:'s plan for the dome of the
765:stands at the east end (see
749:plan, which takes the Roman
477:. An existing example is at
384:Indian rock-cut architecture
7:
2362:. Harper Paperbacks, 1995.
2245:. Thames & Hudson 2008
2127:, Lindisfarne Press, 1994,
1717:Andrzej Piotrowski (2011),
1604:
1337:Iranian sacral architecture
1038:built in the 1830s, to the
967:important early example of
858:abbey church of Saint-Denis
793:is an excellent example of
562:
424:
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2460:
1522:
1224:Early Islamic architecture
1212:
1069:
1020:
943:
898:
833:
726:
656:
566:
428:
381:
357:Ancient Roman architecture
353:Ancient Greek architecture
346:
2176:Critchlow, Keith (1976).
2016:Bahá’í World News Service
1968:Bahá’í World News Service
1944:Bahá’í World News Service
1116:congregation designed by
594:Hindu temple architecture
573:Hindu temple architecture
392:Hindu temple architecture
2395:, v.8, n.1, Spring 1983.
2343:. Anthroposophic Press.
2320:(Ignatius Press: 1998).
2081:(Ignatius Press: 1998).
1659:
1532:or Mas͟hriqu'l-Ad͟hkár (
1530:Bahá'í Houses of Worship
1519:Bahá'í Houses of Worship
1389:during the reign of the
1330:Great Mosque of Kairouan
1252:with its characteristic
1208:
911:Renaissance architecture
901:Renaissance architecture
884:Renaissance architecture
797:in the Middle Ages. The
2358:Schneider, Michael S.:
2141:Sacred Spaces in Motion
1719:Architecture of Thought
1594:Bahá'í House of Worship
1557:Baháʼí House of Worship
1525:Baháʼí House of Worship
1144:Postmodern architecture
1076:Postmodern architecture
632:. In Hindu belief, the
214:history of architecture
2123:Bamford, Christopher.
2046:Michael E. DeSanctis,
2039:Jeanne Halgren Kilde,
1848:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1766:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1695:10.2478/ress-2021-0017
1678:"Editorial RES 2/2021"
1422:
1333:
1245:
1114:Unitarian Universalist
1089:
1018:
941:
896:
851:
831:
803:
737:Cathedral architecture
724:
679:Byzantine architecture
675:
659:Byzantine architecture
653:Byzantine architecture
648:Christian architecture
590:
451:
349:Classical architecture
344:
323:Classical architecture
297:Neolithic architecture
292:
252:
209:
202:Princes Road Synagogue
166:
114:religious architecture
102:
2279:. London: A. Tiranti.
2195:Hill, Marsha (2007).
1674:Călian, Florin George
1437:in India popularized
1416:
1327:
1231:
1083:
1006:
936:
891:
826:
729:Medieval architecture
720:
674:, in Istanbul, Turkey
666:
583:Brihadeeswarar Temple
580:
455:Buddhist architecture
442:
431:Buddhist architecture
330:
305:Sumerian architecture
283:
243:
196:
160:
96:
2387:West, John Anthony,
2314:Schloeder, Steven J.
2053:Richard Kieckhefer,
1885:on December 30, 2004
1460:and verses from the
1427:Islamic architecture
1347:Iranian architecture
1308:Ottoman architecture
1250:Islamic architecture
1219:Ottoman architecture
1215:Islamic architecture
1045:styles of the early
969:Baroque architecture
964:St. Peter's Basilica
946:Baroque architecture
929:Baroque architecture
915:Filippo Brunelleschi
388:Hoysala architecture
276:Ancient architecture
270:Florin George Călian
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
45:may not represent a
2434:Sacral architecture
2418:Sacred Architecture
2092:R. Kevin Seasoltz,
2075:Steven J. Schloeder
1732:Steven J. Schloeder
1619:Architecture portal
1498:Mosques often have
1276:mosques during the
1093:Modern architecture
1072:Modern architecture
1054:atop a spire. The
981:St Paul's Cathedral
950:The evolution from
939:St Paul's Cathedral
870:Notre-Dame de Paris
845:Gothic architecture
836:Gothic architecture
819:Gothic architecture
789:of the church. The
733:Church architecture
397:Indian architecture
249:Pyramid of the Moon
165:in Istanbul, Turkey
163:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
110:sacred architecture
106:Sacral architecture
18:Sacred architecture
2300:City of Revelation
2241:Johnson, Anthony:
2180:. Schocken Books.
1598:Wilmette, Illinois
1458:Arabic calligraphy
1439:onion-shaped domes
1423:
1334:
1246:
1194:Shaker communities
1118:Frank Lloyd Wright
1090:
1019:
942:
919:Florence Cathedral
897:
894:Florence Cathedral
878:Chartres Cathedral
832:
799:Urnes stave church
725:
676:
591:
569:Hindu architecture
452:
409:technologies from
345:
293:
265:Richard Kieckhefer
253:
210:
167:
103:
2393:Parabola magazine
2373:Munazah Shakeel:
2251:978-0-500-05155-9
2067:Michael S. Rose,
1992:bahai-library.com
1919:"Terms 1: Mosque"
1648:Sanctum sanctorum
1160:Jose Rafael Moneo
767:cathedral diagram
125:places of worship
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
2451:
2380:Pennick, Nigel:
2354:
2342:
2302:. Abacus, 1972.
2280:
2237:
2226:. Phanes Press.
2214:
2191:
2171:
2164:Critchlow, Keith
2138:Calian, George.
2026:
2025:
2023:
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2008:
2002:
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1978:
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1714:
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1697:
1670:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1590:
1571:
1553:
1419:Dome of the Rock
1319:Dome of the Rock
1317:performed. The
1254:horseshoe arches
1232:Interior of the
1168:Barbara Bielecka
1130:Pietro Belluschi
1112:in Chicago is a
1060:Salt Lake Temple
1008:Salt Lake Temple
989:Christopher Wren
854:
852:Opus Francigenum
806:
804:Urnes stavkyrkje
670:, the Church of
537:Mahabodhi Temple
533:Buddhist temples
378:Indian religions
316:Temple of Karnak
161:Interior of the
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2444:Sacred geometry
2424:
2423:
2403:
2398:
2351:
2333:Steiner, Rudolf
2234:
2211:
2188:
2112:. Dover, 1973.
2104:
2102:Further reading
2099:
2035:
2030:
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2020:
2018:
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2005:
1996:
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1671:
1667:
1662:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1581:in Delhi, India
1572:
1563:
1561:Santiago, Chile
1554:
1527:
1521:
1375:
1339:
1310:
1278:Umayyad Dynasty
1226:
1221:
1211:
1196:
1078:
1068:
1036:Kirtland Temple
1025:
1001:
948:
931:
903:
886:
842:
829:Sainte-Chapelle
821:
781:of domes and a
779:Byzantine style
739:
715:
661:
655:
650:
636:represents the
630:sacred geometry
617:Shilpa Shastras
575:
567:Main articles:
565:
437:
427:
394:
380:
359:
325:
278:
261:Robert Schuller
238:
222:Sacred geometry
108:(also known as
87:
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67:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2457:
2447:
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2436:
2422:
2421:
2420:online journal
2415:
2410:
2402:
2401:External links
2399:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2378:
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2282:
2272:
2257:Lawlor, Robert
2254:
2239:
2232:
2216:
2209:
2192:
2186:
2173:
2160:
2153:
2136:
2121:
2108:Bain, George.
2105:
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1724:
1709:
1688:(2): 139–144.
1676:(2021-08-01).
1664:
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1523:Main article:
1520:
1517:
1505:health clinics
1477:Friday prayers
1464:on the walls.
1374:
1371:
1338:
1335:
1309:
1306:
1225:
1222:
1210:
1207:
1195:
1192:
1186:, home of the
1106:Auguste Perret
1102:Rudolf Schwarz
1098:Dominikus Böhm
1067:
1064:
1021:Main article:
1012:Salt Lake City
1000:
999:Mormon temples
997:
944:Main article:
930:
927:
899:Main article:
885:
882:
820:
817:
714:
711:
690:were erected.
657:Main article:
654:
651:
649:
646:
605:Brihat Samhita
599:Sthapatya Veda
564:
561:
527:with multiple
498:Madhya Pradesh
426:
423:
379:
376:
363:Temple of Hera
324:
321:
277:
274:
237:
234:
218:Baroque period
89:
88:
71:September 2019
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
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2368:0-06-092671-6
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2352:
2350:0-88010-472-4
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2341:
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2334:
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2327:
2326:0-89870-631-9
2323:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2308:0-349-12320-9
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:Michell, John
2294:
2291:
2290:0-394-51812-8
2287:
2283:
2278:
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2270:
2269:0-500-81030-3
2266:
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2240:
2235:
2233:0-933999-72-0
2229:
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2210:9781588392312
2206:
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2187:0-8052-3627-9
2183:
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2147:
2144:, RES, 2021,
2143:
2142:
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2133:0-940262-63-0
2130:
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2119:
2118:0-486-22923-8
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2087:0-89870-631-9
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1989:
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1843:C.E. Bosworth
1837:
1823:on 2005-11-24
1822:
1818:
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1762:
1761:C.E. Bosworth
1755:
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1744:0-89870-631-9
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1262:Islamic world
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1230:
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1191:
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1188:Black Madonna
1185:
1182:monastery of
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1127:
1126:Walter Netsch
1123:
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1103:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1086:San Francisco
1082:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:Nauvoo Temple
1053:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
996:
994:
993:Baroque style
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:Carlo Maderno
974:
973:Santa Susanna
970:
965:
962:'s design of
961:
957:
953:
947:
940:
935:
926:
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895:
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837:
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792:
788:
784:
780:
777:employed the
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
745:featured the
744:
738:
734:
730:
723:
719:
710:
709:in Istanbul.
708:
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696:
691:
689:
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669:
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645:
643:
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619:
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613:
612:
611:Vastu Shastra
607:
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121:architectural
119:
115:
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107:
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85:
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74:
64:
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56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
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2156:
2139:
2124:
2109:
2093:
2078:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:
2006:
1995:. Retrieved
1991:
1982:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:
1958:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:
1934:
1923:. Retrieved
1913:
1904:
1898:
1887:. Retrieved
1883:the original
1879:"Mosque FAQ"
1873:
1864:
1858:
1846:
1836:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:the original
1797:. Retrieved
1764:
1735:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1685:
1681:
1668:
1646:
1579:Lotus Temple
1538:Bahá'í Faith
1528:
1497:
1466:
1451:
1424:
1376:
1340:
1311:
1247:
1203:compass rose
1197:
1172:Wawel Castle
1142:
1110:Unity Temple
1091:
1052:Angel Moroni
1026:
995:in England.
960:Michelangelo
949:
937:Interior of
904:
849:
843:
827:Interior of
813:stave church
786:
740:
707:Hagia Sophia
692:
677:
668:Hagia Sophia
615:
609:
603:
597:
596:is based on
592:
518:
487:
453:
415:Central Asia
395:
360:
308:
294:
289:Luxor Temple
257:
254:
220:, at least.
211:
172:Christianity
168:
113:
109:
105:
104:
77:
68:
44:
1654:Sacred site
1479:, a raised
1408:bell towers
1406:with their
1359:Shah Mosque
1355:Zoroastrian
1184:Czestochowa
1040:castellated
952:Renaissance
907:Renaissance
862:Saint-Denis
783:Greek cross
775:Justinian I
747:Latin cross
743:Middle Ages
703:pendentives
695:Justinian I
672:Holy Wisdom
622:Vishvakarma
557:Kublai Khan
514:Maharashtra
475:monasticism
245:Teotihuacán
226:iconography
2428:Categories
2220:Iamblichus
2033:References
2021:2021-08-17
1997:2021-08-17
1973:2021-08-17
1949:2021-08-17
1925:2006-04-09
1889:2006-04-09
1827:2006-04-09
1799:2006-04-09
1513:gymnasiums
1443:South Asia
1397:Muawiyah I
1213:See also:
1180:Jasna Gora
1148:The Temple
1138:Vatican II
1070:See also:
876:, and the
834:See also:
771:cathedrals
761:, and the
727:See also:
459:South Asia
429:See also:
382:See also:
347:See also:
188:meditation
149:monolithic
141:synagogues
2170:. Viking.
2150:2359-8107
1776:1573-3912
1704:238206022
1642:Hierotopy
1509:libraries
1401:Christian
1304:dynasty.
1274:hypostyle
1238:hypostyle
1152:Gyo Obata
769:). Also,
759:transepts
699:squinches
642:microcosm
638:macrocosm
626:astronomy
587:Dravidian
541:Bodh Gaya
372:Parthenon
333:Parthenon
230:semiotics
208:, England
206:Liverpool
152:buildings
118:religious
59:talk page
2439:Holiness
2166:(1970).
1632:Ġgantija
1605:See also
1500:ablution
1404:churches
1383:Wahhabis
1314:Ottomans
1290:Mezquita
1286:supports
1270:Anatolia
1234:Mezquita
1058:and the
971:was the
751:basilica
563:Hinduism
463:Buddhism
425:Buddhism
286:Egyptian
129:churches
53:You may
1489:khutbah
1454:musalla
1435:Mughals
1391:Umayyad
1379:minaret
1363:Isfahan
1302:Abbasid
1294:Córdoba
1282:columns
1266:Abbasid
1244:, Spain
1242:Córdoba
1028:Temples
956:Baroque
864:, near
684:mosaics
549:Araniko
502:chaitya
479:Nalanda
467:viharas
367:Olympia
310:temenos
180:worship
145:temples
133:mosques
116:) is a
2366:
2347:
2324:
2306:
2288:
2267:
2249:
2230:
2207:
2184:
2148:
2131:
2116:
2085:
1850:Online
1774:
1768:Online
1742:
1702:
1637:Mandir
1627:Chapel
1576:Baháʼí
1534:Arabic
1485:khatib
1481:minbar
1462:Qur'an
1447:Persia
1431:mihrab
1394:caliph
1288:. The
1258:vaults
1199:Shaker
1176:Kraków
1120:. The
1104:, and
1043:Gothic
985:London
872:, the
809:Norway
787:center
735:, and
634:temple
614:, and
553:Nepali
521:pagoda
510:Ellora
506:Ajanta
494:Sanchi
490:Buddha
471:stupas
449:Sanchi
445:Torana
419:Europe
417:, and
390:, and
355:, and
341:Greece
337:Athens
184:prayer
143:, and
137:stupas
1700:S2CID
1660:Notes
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