63:
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143:
1006:. As early as 1684, Vauban published design tables for retaining walls with heights between 3 and 25 metres. Three years later, Vauban, in his role as newly appointed Commissary General of all French fortifications, sent his engineers in the Corps du Génie Militaire his Profil général pour les murs de soutènement in which he presented his retaining wall profiles that were later adopted by engineering offers such as Bélidor (1729), Poncelet (1840) and Wheeler (1870). He also provided advice on the repair and enlargement of the
976:
789:
1052:
1035:; until his death, candidates had to pass an examination administered by Vauban himself. Young French Huguenots made up a disproportionately high number of successful engineers due to the social and educational characteristics of French Protestantism. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, a significant number of these engineers joined the English and Dutch armies to fight in Ireland, Flanders and Spain. Many of his publications, including
859:
741:
725:, documenting the economic misery of the lower classes. His solution was a flat 10% tax on all agricultural and industrial output, and eliminating the exemptions which meant most of the nobility and clergy paid nothing. Although confiscated and destroyed by royal decree, the use of statistics to support his arguments "... establishes him as a founder of modern economics, and precursor of the
690:
1086:
was based on his teachings; between 1699 and 1743, only 631 new candidates were accepted, the vast majority relatives of existing or former members. As a result, French military engineering became ultra-conservative, while many 'new' works used his designs, or professed to do so, such as those built
849:
employed a similar approach. While the 'Van
Coehoorn method' sought to overwhelm defences with massive firepower, such as the Grand Battery of 200 guns at Namur in 1695, Vauban preferred a more gradual approach. Both had their supporters; Vauban argued his was less costly in terms of casualties, but
829:
in 1673. Three parallel trenches were dug in front of the walls, the earth thus excavated being used to create embankments screening the attackers from defensive fire, while bringing them as close to the assault point as possible (see diagram). Artillery was moved into the trenches, allowing them to
388:
Perhaps the most enduring aspect of Vauban's legacy was his view of France as a geographical entity. His advocacy of giving up territory for a more coherent and defensible border was unusual for the period; the boundaries of the French state he proposed in the north and east have changed very little
681:
The numbers needed to conduct a siege, and prevent interference from opponents meant armies of the Nine Years' War often exceeded 100,000 men, sizes unsustainable for pre-industrial societies. It prompted a change in tactics, Marlborough arguing winning one battle was more beneficial than taking 12
875:
It was accepted even the strongest fortifications would fall, given time; the process was so well understood by the 1690s, betting on the length of a siege became a popular craze. As few states could afford large standing armies, defenders needed time to mobilise; to provide this, fortresses were
720:
With more leisure time, Vauban developed a broader view of his role. His fortifications were designed for mutual support, so they required connecting roads, bridges and canals; garrisons needed to be fed, so he prepared maps showing the location of forges, forests and farms. Since these had to be
355:
His principles for fortifications were widely used for nearly 100 years, while aspects of his offensive tactics remained in use until the mid-twentieth century. He viewed civilian infrastructure as closely connected to military effectiveness and worked on many of France's major ports, as well as
837:
in 1677. Always willing to challenge accepted norms, at
Valenciennes, he proposed assaulting the breach during the day, rather than at night as was normal practice. He argued this would reduce casualties by surprising the defenders, and allow better co-ordination among the assault force; he was
801:
While his modern fame rests on the fortifications he built, Vauban's greatest innovations were in offensive operations, an approach he summarised as 'More powder, less blood.' Initially reliant on existing concepts, he later adapted these on lines set out in his memorandum of March 1672,
751:
In 1660, Vauban married Jeanne d'Aunay d'Epiry (ca 1640–1705); they had two daughters, Charlotte (1661–1709) and Jeanne Françoise (1678–1713), as well as a short-lived infant son. He also had a long-term relationship with Marie-Antoinette de Puy-Montbrun, daughter of an exiled
443:. The 30-year legal battle by the Le Prestre family to retain the property proved financially ruinous, forcing Urbain to become a forestry worker. He also designed gardens for the local gentry, including the owners of the Château de Ruère, where Vauban spent his early years.
512:, where he was taught the basics of mathematics, science and geometry. His father's work was also relevant; the design of neo-classical gardens and fortifications were closely linked, since they both concerned managing space. It was common to combine these skills;
946:. Using ideas from Fort-Louis, this incorporated a regular square grid street pattern inside an octagonal fortification; tenement blocks were built inside each curtain wall, strengthening the defensive walls and shielding more expensive houses from cannon fire.
830:
target the base of the walls at close range, with the defenders unable to depress their own guns enough to counter this; once a breach had been made, it was then stormed. This approach was used in offensive operations well into the 20th century.
628:, although he was subordinate to Louis, who ranked as the senior officer present, and thus took credit for its capture. Vauban was rewarded with a large sum of money, which he used to purchase the Château de Bazouches from his cousin in 1675.
1074:
in 1954. His defensive fortifications dated far more quickly, partly due to the enormous investment required; Vauban himself estimated that in 1678, 1694 and 1705, between 40 and 45% of the French army was assigned to garrison duty.
821:
was unrelated to a siege. Their importance was heightened by Louis XIV, who viewed them as low-risk opportunities for demonstrating his military skill and increasing his prestige; he was present at 20 of those conducted by Vauban.
792:
The 'siege parallel'; three parallel trenches, linked by communication lines. The first trench is out of range of the defenders and can withstand an assault from the rear, the third brings the assault troops to the foot of the
381:, it contained radical proposals for a more even distribution of the tax burden. His application of rational and scientific methods to problem-solving, whether engineering or social, anticipated an approach common in the
923:, Mont-Royal had main walls 30 metres (98 ft) high, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long and space for 12,000 troops; this enormously expensive work was demolished when the French withdrew after the 1697
887:
As with the siege parallel, the strength of Vauban's defensive designs was his ability to synthesise and adapt the work of others to create a more powerful whole. His first works used the 'star-shape' or
732:
In the course of his career, Vauban supervised or designed the building of more than 300 separate fortifications, and by his own estimate, supervised more than 40 sieges from 1653 to 1697.
2880:
446:
His only sister, Charlotte (1638–1645?), died young, but he had many relatives; his cousin, Paul le
Prestre (c. 1630 – 1703), was an army officer who supervised construction of
2840:
1106:
in 1776. A rejection of the principles advocated by Vauban and his successors; his ideas became the prevailing orthodoxy in much of Europe but were dismissed in France.
1013:
His holistic approach to urban planning, which integrated city defences with layout and infrastructure, is most obvious at Neuf-Brisach. His legacy is recognised in the
1020:
Vauban's 'scientific approach' and focus on large infrastructure projects strongly influenced
American military and civil engineering and inspired the creation of the
949:
To create a more coherent border, Vauban advocated destroying poor fortifications, and relinquishing territory that was hard to defend. In
December 1672, he wrote to
450:. Three of Paul's sons served in the army, two of whom were killed in action in 1676 and 1677. The third, Antoine (1654–1731), became Vauban's assistant and later a
713:
cost the Allies 12,000 casualties and most of the 1708 campaigning season; the lack of progress between 1706 and 1712 enabled Louis to reach an acceptable deal at
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1120:
957:
870:
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in 1706. Under pressure from superior forces on multiple fronts, France's northern border remained largely intact despite repeated efforts to break it.
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950:
636:
17:
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Vauban's reputation meant his designs remained in use long after developments in artillery made them obsolete, for example the Dutch fort of
2870:
2380:
Klosky, J. Ledlie; Klosky, Wynn E. (2013). "Men of action: French influence and the founding of
American civil and military engineering".
2220:
953:: "I am not for the greater number of places, we already have too many, and please God we had half of that, but all in good condition!"
62:
998:. Since his fortifications were designed for mutual support, roads and waterways were an essential part of their design, such as the
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517:
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578:
or Royal
Engineer, and by the time the war with Spain ended in 1659, he was known as a talented engineer of energy and courage.
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2825:
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The 'siege parallel' had been in development since the mid-16th century but Vauban brought the idea to practical fulfilment at
935:; this allowed Vauban to combine his defensive principles with town planning, although like Mont-Royal, little of it remains.
2735:
1718:
900:(1603–1665). His subsequent 'systems' strengthened their internal works with the addition of casemated shoulders and flanks.
566:, one of Condé's principal possessions, he was captured by a Royalist patrol and switched sides, serving in the force led by
513:
1099:
1017:, named after a French army base on the same location, which developed as a model for sustainable neighbourhoods post-1998.
540:
352:. He is generally considered the greatest engineer of his time, and one of the most important in European military history.
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Vauban's offensive tactics remained relevant for centuries; his principles were clearly identifiable in those used by the
2464:
Leridon, Henri (2004). "The
Demography of a Learned Society: the Académie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666-2030".
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609:. This pattern of French territorial gains, followed by fortification of new strongpoints, was followed in the 1667–1668
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466:
217:
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A Global
Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East 6V: A Global Chronology of Conflict
967:
for their exceptional engineering and influence on military fortifications from the 17th through the 20th centuries.
845:, and concentrating on specific parts of the fortifications, rather than targeting multiple targets. His Dutch rival
666:
is often considered his offensive masterpiece. He was rewarded with money, and made Comte de Vauban, a member of the
986:
While often overlooked, Vauban worked on many civilian infrastructure projects, including rebuilding the ports of
850:
it took more time, an important consideration in an age when far more soldiers died from disease than in combat.
1115:
555:. After being released in 1652, he and his supporters, among them Vauban and de Montal, went into exile in the
683:
377:, used statistics in support of his arguments, making it a precursor of modern economics. Later destroyed by
261:
865:, the final fortress designed by Vauban; note how the houses support and reinforce the outer defensive walls
1396:
489:
2875:
2860:
2850:
1165:
451:
439:, when he married Françoise de la Perrière, an illegitimate daughter of the Comte de Bazoches, who died
2865:
2845:
2747:
Princes, Posts and
Partisans: The Army of Louis XIV and Partisan Warfare in the Netherlands (1673-1678)
884:
showed "how one could effectively win a campaign, by losing a fortress, but exhausting the besiegers."
826:
675:
625:
567:
497:
428:
1602–1652) and Edmée de Cormignolle (died c. 1651), were members of the minor nobility, from Vauban in
288:
833:
However, Vauban adapted his approach to the situation, and did not use the siege parallel again until
421:
2439:
Vauban and the French Military Under Louis XIV: An Illustrated History of Fortifications and Sieges
1364:
667:
277:
1320:
1002:, a 20-kilometre (12 mi) canal built in 1682 to transport materials for the fortification of
2565:
Vauban Under Siege: Engineering Efficiency and Martial Vigor in the War of the Spanish Succession
1336:
1071:
1059:
31:
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was the most significant, designed on Vauban's 'third system', and completed after his death by
397:
915:; both were advanced positions, intended as stepping-off points for French offensives into the
598:
368:, whose curriculum was based on his publications on engineering design, strategy and training.
302:
1261:
1173:
589:
or 'duelling zone' on France's northern border, defended by a line of fortresses known as the
574:, employed him on siege operations and building fortifications. In 1655, Vauban was appointed
436:
401:
1956:
1604:
1043:, were written at the end of his career to provide a training curriculum for his successors.
1021:
943:
897:
881:
710:
659:
478:
227:
1404:
1375:. He directed the building of 37 new fortresses, and fortified military harbours, including
698:
528:
409:
192:
85:
2810:
2805:
2343:
726:
671:
382:
282:
169:
581:
539:, the two were colleagues for many years, and often worked together. During the 1650–1653
408:
Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban was born in May 1633, in Saint-Léger-de-Foucheret, renamed
8:
1025:
964:
814:
706:
686:
averaged around 35,000, and siege warfare superseded by a greater emphasis on mobility.
663:
618:
556:
462:
254:
239:
2241:
The Nine Years' War and the British Army, 1688-1697: The Operations in the Low Countries
788:
2403:
Conserving the enlightenment: French military engineering from Vauban to the revolution
2389:
1269:
1189:
999:
979:
846:
358:
244:
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Vauban's family was impacted by the domestic conflict and foreign wars, including the
2750:
2731:
2696:
2677:
2625:
2606:
2587:
2568:
2549:
2537:
Le grand dictionnaire historique ou Le melange curieux de l'Histoire sacrée; Volume I
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1400:
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345:
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113:
93:
53:
43:
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614:
563:
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234:
71:
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2693:
Walled Towns and the Shaping of France: From the Medieval to the Early Modern Era
1273:
1092:
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912:
842:
809:
In this period, sieges became the dominant form of warfare; during the 1672–1678
602:
548:
521:
509:
336:
1024:
in 1824. Until 1866, West Point's curriculum was modelled on that of the French
1079:
1031:
To ensure a steady supply of skilled engineers, in 1690 Vauban established the
500:; sieges conducted by Vauban provided him an easy way to win military prestige.
327:(baptised 15 May 1633 – 30 March 1707), commonly referred to as
2799:
2456:
2421:
2267:
Desvoyes, Léon-Paul (1872). "Genealogie de la famille Le Prestre de Vauban".
1981:
1380:
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and designed to produce officers with skills in engineering and mathematics.
1007:
987:
772:
745:
447:
128:
1145:
1368:
1356:
1305:
1289:
1233:
1051:
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Many of the fortifications designed by Vauban are still standing; in 2008,
939:
889:
877:
862:
413:
378:
1760:"F Marie-Antoinette du PUY-MONTBRUN la Belle Mademoiselle de Villefranche"
639:, Minister of War, setting out a proposed line of fortresses known as the
605:, and Vauban was put in charge of fortifying newly acquired towns such as
2674:
Engineering Peace and Justice: The Responsibility of Engineers to Society
1249:
1123:: UNESCO World Heritage Sites preserving many of Vauban's fortifications.
903:
The principles of Vauban's 'second system' were set out in the 1683 work
841:
Vauban made several innovations in the use of siege artillery, including
474:
2393:
1420:
1297:
1185:
721:
paid for, he developed an interest in tax policy, and in 1707 published
570:
that took Sainte-Menehould in November 1653. Clerville, later appointed
458:
for life, while he inherited Vauban's titles and the bulk of his lands.
1376:
1348:
1340:
1293:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1221:
1003:
928:
858:
768:
2641:
Menno van Coehoorn 1641–1704, Vestingbouwer – belegeraar – infanterist
2334:
Holmes, Richard (2011). Singleton, Charles; Jones, Dr Spencer (eds.).
2269:
Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Historiques et Naturelles de Semur
2030:
938:
The French retreat from the Rhine after 1697 required new fortresses;
931:
was another new construction, built on an island in the middle of the
455:
1877:
1416:
1384:
1332:
1309:
1245:
1213:
1205:
991:
916:
544:
505:
493:
440:
404:, acquired by Jacques Le Prestre in 1570, purchased by Vauban in 1675
349:
2518:
An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585-1702
740:
536:
2603:
An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation: Policy, Planning and
2037:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
1412:
1388:
1281:
1229:
760:
753:
632:
429:
314:
124:
89:
1095:, built in 1867 near Metz, is recognisably a Vauban-style design.
876:
designed to absorb the attackers' energies, similar to the use of
2546:
The Institutions of France Under the Absolute Monarchy, 1598-1789
1901:
1225:
1197:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1141:
920:
662:
in 1692, the major French achievement of the war, while the 1697
606:
322:
2097:
756:
officer, usually referred to as 'Mademoiselle de Villefranche.'
717:
in 1713, as opposed to the humiliating terms presented in 1707.
2317:
Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660
1408:
1360:
1328:
1241:
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1177:
995:
961:
908:
804:
Mémoire pour servir à l'instruction dans la conduite des sièges
794:
759:
Vauban died in Paris on 30 March 1707; buried near his home in
527:
In 1650, Vauban joined the household of his local magnate, the
470:
1098:
Some French engineers continued to be innovators, notably the
2169:
2073:
1372:
1301:
1257:
1217:
1209:
1181:
1149:
932:
520:'s chief military engineer, laid out the lake and gardens at
417:
109:
2728:
Soldier of France: Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban, 1633–1707
2061:
2145:
1352:
1285:
1237:
1088:
896:, based on the designs of Antoine de Ville (1596–1656) and
775:, resting place for many of France's most famous soldiers.
2109:
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1889:
1865:
1730:
1728:
1706:
1440:
1438:
2157:
1740:
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in 1728–1733. This persisted into the late 19th century;
689:
2881:
Military personnel of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
1999:
1853:
1925:
1913:
1725:
1435:
982:– one of Vauban's many civilian infrastructure projects
701:, marking the end of his military career, although the
1841:
1694:
1670:
1515:
1513:
853:
838:
supported by Louis, and the attack proved successful.
481:, while two of his uncles died in the war with Spain.
2499:
Giant of the Grand Siècle: The French Army, 1610-1715
2410:
Latcham, Paul (2004). "Armstrong, John (1674-1742)".
2011:
1819:
1817:
1646:
1634:
1549:
1486:
783:
624:
The first fortification Vauban designed was the 1673
562:
In early 1653, when Vauban worked on the defences of
473:; his Catholic grandfather married a Protestant from
435:
In 1570, his grandfather Jacques Le Prestre acquired
2121:
1802:
1622:
1585:
1561:
1537:
1450:
1121:
Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Sites
871:
Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Sites
543:, Condé was arrested by the Regency Council, led by
206:(Commissioner General of Fortifications) (1678–1703)
2336:
Vauban, Marshal Sebastien le Prestre de (1633–1707)
1937:
1829:
1682:
1658:
1573:
1510:
1474:
504:In 1643, at the age of ten, Vauban was sent to the
2190:
2133:
1907:
1883:
1814:
1525:
1498:
1462:
1717:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFrance,_Dejean2005 (
970:
2841:French military personnel of the Nine Years' War
2797:
2191:Afflerbach, Holger; Strachan, Hew, eds. (2012).
693:Vauban, painted near the end of his life in 1703
2085:
1712:
658:During the Nine Years' War, he supervised the
2501:(2008 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2363:Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice
2212:Histoire du Corps impérial du génie: Volume 1
919:. Located 200 metres (660 ft) above the
362:, which remains in use today. He founded the
30:"Vauban" redirects here. For other uses, see
2647:
2416:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2379:
2277:Delon, Michel; Picon, Antoine, eds. (2001).
2079:
1444:
1062:, 1954, in one of Vauban's parallel trenches
705:proved its worth after the French defeat at
372:
363:
2744:
392:
2276:
2175:
735:
61:
2856:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
2295:
2257:
2193:How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender
2005:
1859:
927:, and only the foundations remain today.
635:was based on a memorandum from Vauban to
2671:
2643:. Instituut voor Militaire Geschiedenis.
2638:
2600:
2543:
2266:
2151:
2103:
2067:
1847:
1746:
1676:
1492:
1050:
974:
905:Le Directeur-Général des fortifications,
857:
787:
739:
688:
580:
488:
454:; in 1710, he was appointed Governor of
396:
139:
2725:
2562:
2515:
2463:
2413:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2409:
2400:
2209:
2115:
2055:
1895:
1871:
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1456:
778:
14:
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2127:
2023:
2017:
1931:
1823:
1808:
1734:
1664:
1591:
1579:
1555:
1543:
1480:
958:twelve groups of Vauban fortifications
880:in modern cars. The French defence of
729:'s socially concerned intellectuals."
653:Commissaire general des fortifications
572:Commissaire général des fortifications
204:Commissaire général des fortifications
2690:
2360:
2314:
1943:
1835:
1700:
1628:
1567:
1519:
1033:Corps royal des ingénieurs militaires
763:, his grave was destroyed during the
365:Corps royal des ingénieurs militaires
335:
2581:
2496:
2476:
2344:10.1093/acref/9780198606963.001.0001
2139:
1919:
1688:
1504:
1468:
797:; redoubts protect the ends of each.
651:in 1676, and succeeded Clerville as
27:French military engineer (1633–1707)
2871:Knights of the Order of Saint Louis
2218:
2091:
854:Defensive doctrines; fortifications
813:, three battles were fought in the
24:
1961:Traben-Tarbach Tourist Information
784:Offensive doctrines; siege warfare
424:. His parents, Urbain Le Prestre (
25:
2897:
2298:An Illustrated History of Castles
2279:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
2225:The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed
2479:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714
2437:Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2009).
1104:La Fortification perpendiculaire
674:, and an Honorary Member of the
301:
141:
2886:People of the War of Devolution
2710:
2548:. University of Chicago Press.
2243:. Manchester University Press.
1974:
1949:
1777:
1752:
1597:
1134:
1084:Corps des ingénieurs militaires
2821:18th-century French architects
2816:17th-century French architects
2260:Batailles françaises, Volume V
2210:Allende, Lt-Colonel A (1805).
1908:Afflerbach & Strachan 2012
1884:Afflerbach & Strachan 2012
1037:Traité de l'attaque des places
971:Infrastructure and engineering
771:ordered his heart reburied in
682:fortresses. The armies of the
631:Post-1673, French strategy in
389:in the three centuries since.
18:Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban
13:
1:
2831:18th-century French engineers
2826:17th-century French engineers
2719:Vauban. Builder of Fortresses
1429:
1087:by Louis de Cortmontaigne at
1046:
697:In 1703, Vauban was promoted
684:War of the Spanish Succession
559:and allied with the Spanish.
477:, and served Huguenot leader
425:
320:later styling himself as the
262:War of the Spanish Succession
2789:Antoine le Prestre 1707-1754
2745:Satterfield, George (2003).
2539:. Libraires Associes, Paris.
2430:UK public library membership
2035:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1986:The Fortifications of Vauban
467:1635–1659 Franco-Spanish War
7:
2655:(in French). Archived from
2315:Duffy, Christopher (1995).
2262:. Ernest Flammarion, Paris.
1109:
1015:Vauban district in Freiburg
10:
2902:
2620:Tucker, Spencer C (2009).
2601:Schiller, Preston (2010).
2184:
2031:"Fortifications of Vauban"
1789:Musée de l'Armée Invalides
892:design, also known as the
868:
676:French Academy of Sciences
568:Louis Nicolas de Clerville
289:French Academy of Sciences
29:
2836:French military engineers
2786:
2779:
2773:
2766:
2672:Vesilind, P Aame (2010).
2544:Mousnier, Roland (1979).
2365:. Yale University Press.
2296:Dobroslav, Libal (1992).
2258:De Périni, Hardÿ (1896).
593:(marked in red and green)
535:; a close neighbour from
484:
297:
270:
210:
199:
188:
180:
155:
135:
119:
99:
86:Saint-Léger-de-Fourcheret
79:
60:
41:
2080:Klosky & Klosky 2013
1365:Villefranche-de-Conflent
1127:
668:Order of the Holy Spirit
393:Early life and education
278:Order of the Holy Spirit
2717:Halévy, Daniel (1924).
2691:Wolfe, Michael (2009).
2639:Van Hoof, Jaep (2004).
2563:Ostwald, Jamel (2006).
2516:Manning, Roger (2006).
2401:Langins, Jānis (2004).
2221:"Engineering, military"
1337:Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port
1100:Marquis de Montalembert
736:Personal life and death
647:(see Map). He was made
597:Under the terms of the
422:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
32:Vauban (disambiguation)
2726:Hebbert, F.J. (1990).
2582:Pujo, Bernard (1991).
2535:Moreri, Louis (1749).
2441:. McFarland & Co.
2176:Delon & Picon 2001
1063:
983:
960:were inscribed on the
866:
798:
748:
744:Vauban's mausoleum in
694:
601:, Spain ceded much of
599:Treaty of the Pyrenees
594:
501:
405:
373:
364:
312:Sébastien Le Prestre,
2361:Kamen, Henry (2001).
2239:Childs, John (1991).
1957:"Fortress Mont Royal"
1605:"Château de Bazoches"
1116:Vauban fortifications
1082:, built in 1742. The
1054:
1022:US Corps of Engineers
978:
944:Louis de Cormontaigne
911:and Mont-Royal, near
861:
791:
743:
692:
584:
492:
400:
228:Siege of Lille (1667)
181:Years of service
2422:10.1093/ref:odnb/659
2382:Construction History
2106:, pp. 577–578].
1785:"Dome des Invalides"
1389:Freiburg im Breisgau
779:Doctrines and legacy
672:Order of Saint Louis
383:Age of Enlightenment
371:His economic tract,
283:Order of Saint Louis
127:, later reburied in
49:Sébastien Le Prestre
2497:Lynn, John (1997).
2477:Lynn, John (1999).
2178:, pp. 540–451.
2166:, pp. 283–284.
2154:, pp. 577–578.
2118:, pp. 123–124.
2058:, pp. 688–691.
1922:, pp. 248–249.
1898:, pp. 413–414.
1886:, pp. 159–160.
1874:, pp. 285–286.
1713:France, Dejean 2005
1609:Chemins de Mémoires
1174:Citadel of Besançon
1026:Ecole Polytechnique
965:World Heritage List
815:Spanish Netherlands
626:siege of Maastricht
619:War of the Reunions
557:Spanish Netherlands
469:, and 1648 to 1653
463:Huguenot rebellions
437:Château de Bazoches
402:Château de Bazoches
255:Siege of Ath (1697)
240:War of the Reunions
2876:Forestry in France
2861:Military theorists
2851:Marshals of France
2659:on 4 February 2022
2653:Histoire pour Tous
2649:"Vauban 1633-1707"
1405:Saint-Martin-de-Ré
1321:Château du Taureau
1270:Fort de Bellegarde
1064:
1000:Canal de la Bruche
984:
980:Canal de la Bruche
867:
847:Menno van Coehoorn
799:
749:
699:Maréchal de France
695:
595:
502:
465:of the 1620s, the
452:lieutenant-general
410:Saint-Léger-Vauban
406:
359:Canal de la Bruche
356:projects like the
218:Franco-Spanish War
193:Maréchal de France
2866:People from Yonne
2846:French marquesses
2794:
2793:
2787:Succeeded by
2737:978-0-8204-0890-3
2428:(Subscription or
2214:. Magimel, Paris.
2082:, pp. 69–87.
1934:, pp. 69–72.
1749:, pp. 11–12.
1737:, pp. 57–58.
1703:, pp. 70–72.
1401:Saint-Jean-de-Luz
1202:Colmars-les-Alpes
925:Treaty of Ryswick
765:French Revolution
611:War of Devolution
541:Fronde des nobles
348:who worked under
346:Marshal of France
342:military engineer
309:
308:
250:Battle of Camaret
223:War of Devolution
165:French Royal Army
114:Kingdom of France
94:Kingdom of France
54:Marquis of Vauban
16:(Redirected from
2893:
2781:Comte de Vauban
2774:Preceded by
2764:
2763:
2760:
2741:
2722:
2721:. Geoffrey Bles.
2706:
2687:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2644:
2635:
2616:
2597:
2586:. Albin Michel.
2578:
2559:
2540:
2531:
2512:
2492:
2473:
2460:
2433:
2425:
2406:
2397:
2376:
2357:
2330:
2311:
2292:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2219:Baldwin, James.
2215:
2206:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1445:Vauban 1633-1707
1442:
1423:
1393:Citadel of Lille
1326:
1318:
1138:
1102:, who published
1041:Traité des mines
817:, of which only
811:Franco-Dutch War
660:capture of Namur
649:Maréchal de camp
615:Franco-Dutch War
576:Ingénieur du Roi
564:Sainte-Menehould
553:Cardinal Mazarin
498:Maastricht, 1673
427:
416:in 1867, in the
376:
367:
340:), was a French
339:
334:
305:
287:Honorary Member
235:Franco-Dutch War
157:
151:
147:
145:
144:
106:
72:Hyacinthe Rigaud
65:
39:
38:
21:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2777:
2768:French nobility
2757:
2738:
2713:
2703:
2684:
2662:
2660:
2632:
2613:
2594:
2575:
2556:
2528:
2509:
2489:
2449:
2427:
2373:
2354:
2327:
2308:
2289:
2251:
2229:
2227:
2203:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1726:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1324:
1316:
1274:Luxembourg City
1139:
1135:
1130:
1112:
1093:Fort de Queuleu
1049:
973:
913:Traben-Trarbach
894:trace Italienne
873:
856:
843:ricochet firing
786:
781:
738:
711:Capturing Lille
703:Ceinture de fer
641:Ceinture de fer
603:French Flanders
591:Ceinture de fer
549:Anne of Austria
531:, where he met
529:Prince de Condé
522:Blenheim Palace
510:Semur-en-Auxois
487:
479:Admiral Coligny
395:
337:[vobɑ̃]
332:
293:
266:
245:Nine Years' War
176:
142:
140:
131:
108:
104:
84:
75:
68:Maréchal Vauban
56:
51:
50:
47:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2778:
2776:first creation
2775:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2756:978-9004131767
2755:
2742:
2736:
2723:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:978-0230608122
2701:
2688:
2683:978-1447158226
2682:
2669:
2645:
2636:
2631:978-1851096671
2630:
2617:
2612:978-1844076659
2611:
2598:
2593:978-2226052506
2592:
2579:
2574:978-9004154896
2573:
2560:
2555:978-0226543277
2554:
2541:
2532:
2527:978-0199261499
2526:
2513:
2508:978-0521032483
2507:
2494:
2488:978-0582056299
2487:
2474:
2461:
2448:978-0786444014
2447:
2434:
2407:
2398:
2377:
2372:978-0300180541
2371:
2358:
2353:978-0198606963
2352:
2331:
2326:978-0415146494
2325:
2312:
2307:978-0600573104
2306:
2293:
2288:978-1579582463
2287:
2274:
2264:
2255:
2250:978-0719089961
2249:
2236:
2216:
2207:
2202:978-0199693627
2201:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2022:
2020:, p. 142.
2010:
2008:, p. 221.
2006:Dobroslav 1992
1998:
1973:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1910:, p. 159.
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1862:, p. 186.
1860:De Périni 1896
1852:
1840:
1828:
1813:
1801:
1776:
1751:
1739:
1724:
1705:
1693:
1691:, p. 309.
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1631:, p. 149.
1621:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1570:, p. 136.
1560:
1558:, p. 654.
1548:
1546:, p. 690.
1536:
1524:
1522:, p. 151.
1509:
1507:, p. 152.
1497:
1485:
1473:
1471:, p. 112.
1461:
1449:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1403:(Fort Socoa),
1132:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1048:
1045:
972:
969:
855:
852:
785:
782:
780:
777:
737:
734:
723:La Dîme royale
617:and 1683–1684
514:John Armstrong
486:
483:
420:, now part of
394:
391:
374:La Dîme royale
307:
306:
299:
295:
294:
292:
291:
285:
280:
274:
272:
268:
267:
265:
264:
259:
258:
257:
252:
242:
237:
232:
231:
230:
220:
214:
212:
208:
207:
201:
197:
196:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
175:
174:
173:
172:
161:
159:
153:
152:
137:
133:
132:
123:
121:
117:
116:
107:(aged 73)
101:
97:
96:
81:
77:
76:
74:, 17th century
66:
58:
57:
52:
48:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2898:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2782:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:. Routledge.
2604:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:. Routledge.
2318:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:. Routledge.
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2152:Mousnier 1979
2148:
2142:, p. 62.
2141:
2136:
2130:, p. 56.
2129:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2104:Mousnier 1979
2100:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2068:Schiller 2010
2064:
2057:
2052:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1946:, p. 20.
1945:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1850:, p. 23.
1849:
1848:Vesilind 2010
1844:
1838:, p. 10.
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1811:, p. 43.
1810:
1805:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1747:Desvoyes 1872
1743:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1679:, p. 83.
1678:
1677:Van Hoof 2004
1673:
1666:
1661:
1655:, p. 85.
1654:
1649:
1643:, p. 47.
1642:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1594:, p. 57.
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1495:, p. 13.
1494:
1493:Desvoyes 1872
1489:
1483:, p. 17.
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1459:, p. 11.
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:(Belle-Île),
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1072:Dien Bien Phu
1069:
1061:
1060:Dien Bien Phu
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1008:Canal du Midi
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
981:
977:
968:
966:
963:
959:
954:
952:
947:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
885:
883:
882:Namur in 1695
879:
878:crumple zones
872:
864:
860:
851:
848:
844:
839:
836:
831:
828:
823:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
796:
790:
776:
774:
773:Les Invalides
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
747:
746:Les Invalides
742:
733:
730:
728:
727:Enlightenment
724:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
691:
687:
685:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
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638:
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629:
627:
622:
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616:
612:
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592:
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583:
579:
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573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
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550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
516:(1674–1742),
515:
511:
507:
499:
495:
491:
482:
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472:
468:
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459:
457:
453:
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448:Les Invalides
444:
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129:Les Invalides
126:
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103:30 March 1707
102:
98:
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91:
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73:
69:
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45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2780:
2746:
2727:
2718:
2711:Bibliography
2692:
2676:. Springer.
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:the original
2652:
2640:
2624:. ABC-CLIO.
2621:
2602:
2583:
2564:
2545:
2536:
2517:
2498:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2438:
2411:
2405:. MIT Press.
2402:
2388:(3): 69–87.
2385:
2381:
2362:
2335:
2316:
2297:
2278:
2268:
2259:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2224:
2211:
2192:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2116:Ostwald 2006
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2056:Allende 1805
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2034:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:
1982:"Fort Louis"
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1960:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1896:Manning 2006
1891:
1879:
1872:Ostwald 2006
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:
1754:
1742:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1667:, p. 2.
1660:
1653:Leridon 2004
1648:
1641:Ostwald 2006
1636:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:
1599:
1587:
1582:, p. 9.
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1532:Latcham 2004
1527:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1457:Langins 2004
1452:
1369:Fort Liberia
1357:Valenciennes
1306:Neuf-Brisach
1290:Mont-Dauphin
1136:
1103:
1097:
1083:
1077:
1065:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1019:
1012:
985:
955:
948:
940:Neuf-Brisach
937:
907:and used at
904:
902:
898:Blaise Pagan
893:
890:bastion fort
886:
874:
863:Neuf-Brisach
840:
835:Valenciennes
832:
824:
808:
803:
800:
758:
750:
731:
722:
719:
702:
696:
680:
664:siege of Ath
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
630:
623:
613:, 1672–1678
596:
590:
586:
575:
571:
561:
526:
503:
460:
445:
434:
414:Napoleon III
407:
387:
379:royal decree
370:
357:
354:
328:
321:
313:
311:
310:
211:Battles/wars
203:
105:(1707-03-30)
67:
36:
2811:1707 deaths
2806:1633 births
2730:. P. Lang.
2481:. Longman.
2164:Lepage 2009
2128:Lepage 2009
2070:, Box 10.7.
2041:14 November
2018:Lepage 2009
1932:Lepage 2009
1824:Holmes 2011
1809:Lepage 2009
1735:Lepage 2009
1665:Childs 1991
1592:Lepage 2009
1580:Lepage 2009
1556:Tucker 2009
1544:Moreri 1749
1481:Lepage 2009
1325:(in French)
1317:(in French)
1250:La Rochelle
767:. In 1808,
518:Marlborough
508:college in
475:La Rochelle
83:15 May 1633
2800:Categories
2784:1693–1707
2466:Population
2432:required.)
2300:. Hamlyn.
1991:11 January
1944:Duffy 1995
1836:Duffy 1995
1769:14 January
1701:Kamen 2001
1629:Wolfe 2009
1568:Duffy 1995
1520:Wolfe 2009
1430:References
1377:Ambleteuse
1367:(town and
1349:Strasbourg
1341:Saint-Omer
1314:Plouezoc'h
1294:Mont-Louis
1278:Maastricht
1266:Le Perthus
1254:Le Quesnoy
1222:Gravelines
1146:Fort Carré
1140:Including
1058:troops at
1047:Assessment
1004:Strasbourg
929:Fort-Louis
869:See also:
827:Maastricht
769:Napoleon I
547:'s mother
318:de Vauban,
136:Allegiance
2749:. Brill.
2695:. AIAAA.
2663:5 January
2567:. Brill.
2457:733727533
2230:7 January
2140:Lynn 1997
1966:3 January
1920:Lynn 1999
1794:6 January
1689:Lynn 1999
1614:5 January
1505:Pujo 1991
1469:Pujo 1991
1417:Le Portel
1397:Rochefort
1391:, Lille (
1385:Dunkerque
1333:Saarlouis
1310:Perpignan
1246:Le Palais
1214:Entrevaux
1206:Collioure
1080:Bourtange
1068:Việt Minh
1056:Việt Minh
1010:in 1686.
992:Dunkerque
917:Rhineland
707:Ramillies
655:in 1677.
645:iron belt
587:Pré carré
585:Vauban's
545:Louis XIV
533:de Montal
506:Carmelite
494:Louis XIV
441:intestate
350:Louis XIV
325:de Vauban
298:Signature
184:1651–1703
2394:43856053
1764:Geneanet
1421:Cézembre
1413:Wimereux
1298:Montmédy
1282:Maubeuge
1262:Lusignan
1230:Huningue
1190:Bouillon
1186:Briançon
1110:See also
761:Bazoches
754:Huguenot
633:Flanders
430:Bazoches
315:seigneur
200:Commands
170:Engineer
156:Service/
125:Bazoches
90:Burgundy
2520:. OUP.
2195:. OUP.
2185:Sources
2092:Baldwin
1371:), and
1226:Hendaye
1198:Cambrai
1170:Bergues
1166:Belfort
1162:Bayonne
1158:Barraux
1154:Auxonne
1142:Antibes
951:Louvois
921:Moselle
819:Seneffe
715:Utrecht
637:Louvois
607:Dunkirk
456:Béthune
333:French:
323:marquis
44:Marshal
2753:
2734:
2699:
2680:
2628:
2609:
2590:
2584:Vauban
2571:
2552:
2524:
2505:
2485:
2455:
2445:
2426:
2392:
2369:
2350:
2323:
2304:
2285:
2247:
2199:
1419:, and
1409:Toulon
1361:Verdun
1329:Rocroi
1242:Landau
1194:Calais
1178:Bitche
996:Toulon
962:UNESCO
909:Landau
795:glacis
537:Nièvre
485:Career
471:Fronde
329:Vauban
271:Awards
195:, 1703
158:branch
149:France
146:
120:Buried
2390:JSTOR
1381:Brest
1373:Ypres
1345:Sedan
1302:Namur
1258:Lille
1218:Givet
1210:Douai
1182:Blaye
1150:Arras
1128:Notes
988:Brest
933:Rhine
643:, or
418:Yonne
110:Paris
70:, by
2751:ISBN
2732:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2678:ISBN
2665:2019
2626:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2550:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2472:(1).
2453:OCLC
2443:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2321:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2283:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2232:2019
2197:ISBN
2043:2021
1993:2019
1968:2019
1796:2019
1771:2019
1719:help
1616:2019
1353:Toul
1286:Metz
1238:Kehl
1234:Joux
1089:Metz
1039:and
994:and
670:and
551:and
344:and
189:Rank
100:Died
80:Born
2418:doi
2340:doi
1395:),
1272:),
1148:),
1070:at
621:.
496:at
432:.
412:by
2802::
2651:.
2470:59
2468:.
2451:.
2386:28
2384:.
2346:.
2338:.
2223:.
2033:.
1984:.
1959:.
1816:^
1787:.
1762:.
1727:^
1607:.
1512:^
1437:^
1415:,
1411:,
1407:,
1399:,
1387:,
1383:,
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1363:,
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1355:,
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1343:,
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1327:,
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1312:,
1308:,
1304:,
1300:,
1296:,
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1280:,
1276:,
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1256:,
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1212:,
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1200:,
1196:,
1192:,
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426:c.
385:.
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2740:.
2705:.
2686:.
2667:.
2634:.
2615:.
2596:.
2577:.
2558:.
2530:.
2511:.
2493:;
2491:.
2459:.
2424:.
2420::
2396:.
2375:.
2356:.
2342::
2329:.
2310:.
2291:.
2273:;
2271:.
2253:.
2234:.
2205:.
2094:.
2045:.
1995:.
1970:.
1826:.
1798:.
1773:.
1721:)
1715:.
1618:.
1534:.
1447:.
1319:(
1268:(
1144:(
331:(
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20:)
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