Runway - Knowledge

1022: 76: 1899: 54: 300:. A runway numbered 09 points east (90°), runway 18 is south (180°), runway 27 points west (270°) and runway 36 points to the north (360° rather than 0°). When taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane is heading around 90° (east). A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each direction separately: e.g., "runway 15" in one direction is "runway 33" when used in the other. The two numbers differ by 18 (= 180°). For clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually: runway one-five, runway three-three, etc. (instead of "fifteen" or "thirty-three"). 382: 1952: 65: 267: 1967: 910: 1518: 489:

the nearest 10°, this affects some runways sooner than others. For example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233°, it is designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changes downwards by 5 degrees to 228°, the runway remains Runway 23. If on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226° (Runway 23), and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224°, the runway becomes Runway 22. Because magnetic drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon, and not welcomed, as they require an accompanying change in

791: 394:

one-five-left (15L), one-five-center (15C), and one-five-right (15R). Runway zero-three-left (03L) becomes runway two-one-right (21R) when used in the opposite direction (derived from adding 18 to the original number for the 180° difference when approaching from the opposite direction). In some countries, regulations mandate that where parallel runways are too close to each other, only one may be used at a time under certain conditions (usually adverse

1279: 1462: 304: 878: 1056:, so that pilots can temporarily turn on the lights when the relevant authority is not available. This avoids the need for automatic systems or staff to turn the lights on at night or in other low visibility situations. This also avoids the cost of having the lighting system on for extended periods. Smaller airports may not have lighted runways or runway markings. Particularly at private airfields for light planes, there may be nothing more than a 898: 1355: 1789: 1213: 727: 595: 1172: 943:– white elevated lights that run the length of the runway on either side. On precision instrument runways, the edge-lighting becomes amber in the last 2,000 ft (610 m) of the runway, or last third of the runway, whichever is less. Taxiways are differentiated by being bordered by blue lights, or by having green center lights, depending on the width of the taxiway, and the complexity of the taxi pattern. 1436:. Some designs were made by a mixture of these two design theories. A more recent method is an analytical system based on the introduction of vehicle response as an important design parameter. Essentially it takes into account all factors, including the traffic conditions, service life, materials used in the construction, and, especially important, the dynamic response of the vehicles using the landing area. 259: 239: 680: 649:; stopways may optionally be surrounded by red runway lights. The differences are that stopways can support the full weight of an aircraft and are designated for use in an aborted takeoff, while blast pads are often not as strong as the main paved surface of the runway and are not to be used for taxiing, landing, or aborted takeoffs. An 1923: 662: 334:. This American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a country such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04, and the pilot read back the clearance as runway 4. In 949:(RCLS) – lights embedded into the surface of the runway at 50 ft (15 m) intervals along the runway centerline on some precision instrument runways. White except the last 900 m (3,000 ft): alternate white and red for next 600 m (1,969 ft) and red for last 300 m (984 ft). 2782:

805:

Visual runways are used at small airstrips and are usually just a strip of grass, gravel, ice, asphalt, or concrete. Although there are usually no markings on a visual runway, they may have threshold markings, designators, and centerlines. Additionally, they do not provide an instrument-based landing

488:

Runway designations may change over time because Earth's magnetic lines slowly drift on the surface and the magnetic direction changes. Depending on the airport location and how much drift occurs, it may be necessary to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to

249:

Originally in the 1920s and 1930s, airports and air bases (particularly in the United Kingdom) were built in a triangle-like pattern of three runways at 60° angles to each other. The reason was that aviation was only starting, and although it was known that wind affected the runway distance required,

1439:

Because airport pavement construction is so expensive, manufacturers aim to minimize aircraft stresses on the pavement. Manufacturers of the larger planes design landing gear so that the weight of the plane is supported on larger and more numerous tires. Attention is also paid to the characteristics

813:

Precision instrument runways, which are found at medium- and large-size airports, consist of a blast pad/stopway (optional, for airports handling jets), threshold, designator, centerline, aiming point, and 500 ft (152 m), 1,000 ft (305 m)/1,500 ft (457 m), 2,000 ft

809:

Non-precision instrument runways are often used at small- to medium-size airports. These runways, depending on the surface, may be marked with threshold markings, designators, centerlines, and sometimes a 1,000 ft (305 m) mark (known as an aiming point, sometimes installed at 1,500 ft

1508:

Subsurface underdrains help provide extended life and excellent and reliable pavement performance. At the Hartsfield Atlanta, GA airport the underdrains usually consist of trenches 18 in (46 cm) wide and 48 in (120 cm) deep from the top of the pavement. A perforated plastic tube

690:

are similar to displaced thresholds. They are used to mark a portion of the runway temporarily closed due to construction or runway maintenance. This closed portion of the runway is not available for use by aircraft for takeoff or landing, but it is available for taxi. While methods for identifying

867:

Runways may have different types of equipment on each end. To reduce costs, many airports do not install precision guidance equipment on both ends. Runways with one precision end and any other type of end can install the full set of touchdown zones, even if some are past the midpoint. Runways with

779:

There are runway markings and signs on most large runways. Larger runways have a distance remaining sign (black box with white numbers). This sign uses a single number to indicate the remaining distance of the runway in thousands of feet. For example, a 7 will indicate 7,000 ft (2,134 m)

674:

may be used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing rollout, but not for touchdown. A displaced threshold often exists because of obstacles just before the runway, runway strength, or noise restrictions making the beginning section of runway unsuitable for landings. It is marked with white paint arrows

697:

is an area beyond the paved runway, aligned with the runway centerline and under the control of the airport authorities. This area is not less than 500 ft and there are no protruding obstacles except for threshold lights provided they are not higher than 26 inches. There is a limit on the

1487:

following heavy rain, the pavement surface is usually grooved so that the surface water film flows into the grooves and the peaks between grooves will still be in contact with the aircraft tyres. To maintain the macrotexturing built into the runway by the grooves, maintenance crews engage in

1849:

will usually require at least 2,400 m (7,900 ft) at sea level. International widebody flights, which carry substantial amounts of fuel and are therefore heavier, may also have landing requirements of 3,200 m (10,500 ft) or more and takeoff requirements of 4,000 m

785: 250:

not much was known about wind behaviour. As a result, three runways in a triangle-like pattern were built, and the runway with the heaviest traffic would eventually expand into the airport's main runway, while the other two runways would be either abandoned or converted into taxiways.

429:), some runway identifiers are shifted by 1 to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this system results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L, and 7R, even though all four runways are actually parallel at approximately 69°. At 393:

If there is more than one runway pointing in the same direction (parallel runways), each runway is identified by appending left (L), center (C) and right (R) to the end of the runway number to identify its position (when facing its direction)—for example, runways

1926: 1925: 1930: 1929: 1924: 825:

For runways and taxiways that are permanently closed, the lighting circuits are disconnected. The runway threshold, runway designation, and touchdown markings are obliterated and yellow "Xs" are placed at each end of the runway and at 1,000 ft (305 m) intervals.

345:

Military airbases may include smaller paved runways known as "assault strips" for practice and training next to larger primary runways. These strips eschew the standard numerical naming convention and instead employ the runway's full three digit heading; examples include

1931: 706:

runway is 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) long and there are 400 metres (1,300 ft) of clearway beyond the end of the runway, the takeoff distance available is 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) long. When the runway is to be used for takeoff of a large airplane, the

1444:

concrete that is bonded to the original slab. Post-tensioning concrete has been developed for the runway surface. This permits the use of thinner pavements and should result in longer concrete pavement life. Because of the susceptibility of thinner pavements to

1869:, which would normally be vectored for 4L/22R (2,300 m (7,546 ft)) or 9R/27L (2,400 m (7,874 ft)) to request 28R (4,000 m (13,123 ft)). It is always accommodated, although occasionally with a delay. Another example is that the 433:, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, and 18R, all oriented at a heading of 175.4°. Occasionally, an airport with only three parallel runways may use different runway identifiers, such as when a third parallel runway was opened at 961:– installed along lead-off markings, alternate green and yellow lights embedded into the runway pavement. It starts with green light at about the runway centerline to the position of first centerline light beyond the Hold-Short markings on the taxiway. 1391:

assembly, which permits relative movement of the concrete slabs, is placed in the concrete. Where it can be anticipated that major settlements of the runway will occur over the years because of unstable ground conditions, it is preferable to install

1891:

In India, recommendations of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) are now followed more often. For landing, only altitude correction is done for runway length whereas for take-off, all types of correction are taken into consideration.

1928: 1378:

The choice of material used to construct the runway depends on the use and the local ground conditions. For a major airport, where the ground conditions permit, the most satisfactory type of pavement for long-term minimum maintenance is

1898: 935:– a pair of four lights on each side of the runway on precision instrument runways, these lights extend along the full width of the runway. These lights show green when viewed by approaching aircraft and red when seen from the runway. 1509:(5.9 in (15 cm) in diameter) is placed at the bottom of the ditch. The ditches are filled with gravel size crushed stone. Excessive moisture under a concrete pavement can cause pumping, cracking, and joint failure. 711:

of the airplane can be based on the takeoff distance available, including clearway. Clearway allows large airplanes to take off at a heavier weight than would be allowed if only the length of the paved runway is taken into

198:

underlined the need for "distinctly marked and carefully prepared landing places, the preparing of the surface of reasonably flat ground an expensive undertaking there would also be a continuous expense for the upkeep."

3644: 3639: 1403:

of the subgrade, the specifications are established. For heavy-duty commercial aircraft, the pavement thickness, no matter what the top surface, varies from 10 to 48 in (25 to 122 cm), including subgrade.

219:. Larger airports usually have several runways in different directions, so that one can be selected that is most nearly aligned with the wind. Airports with one runway are often constructed to be aligned with the 864:

Runways in Norway have yellow markings instead of the usual white ones. This also occurs in some airports in Japan, Sweden, and Finland. The yellow markings are used to ensure better contrast against snow.

1951: 1440:

of the landing gear itself, so that adverse effects on the pavement are minimized. Sometimes it is possible to reinforce a pavement for higher loading by applying an overlay of asphaltic concrete or

622:

is the surface from threshold to threshold (including displaced thresholds), which typically features threshold markings, numbers, and centerlines, but excludes blast pads and stopways at both ends.

920:

Runway lighting is used at airports during periods of darkness and low visibility. Seen from the air, runway lights form an outline of the runway. A runway may have some or all of the following:

437:

in 2000 to the south of existing 8R/26L—rather than confusingly becoming the "new" 8R/26L it was instead designated 7R/25L, with the former 8R/26L becoming 7L/25R and 8L/26R becoming 8/26.

675:

that lead up to the beginning of the landing portion of the runway. As with blast pads, landings on displaced thresholds are not permitted aside from emergency use or exigent circumstance.

1927: 814:(610 m), 2,500 ft (762 m), and 3,000 ft (914 m) touchdown zone marks. Precision runways provide both horizontal and vertical guidance for instrument approaches. 456:. Small airports that host various forms of air traffic may employ additional suffixes to denote special runway types based on the type of aircraft expected to use them, including 2006: 1021: 164: 955:(TDZL) – rows of white light bars (with three in each row) at 30 or 60 m (98 or 197 ft) intervals on either side of the centerline for 900 m (3,000 ft). 1966: 314:. The two 14/32 runways go from upper left to lower right, the two 4/22 runways go from lower left to upper right, and the two 9/27 and three 10/28 runways are horizontal. 2215: 868:

precision markings on both ends omit touchdown zones within 900 ft (274 m) of the midpoint, to avoid ambiguity over the end with which the zone is associated.

655:(EMAS) may also be present, which may overlap with the end of the blast pad or stopway and is painted similarly (although an EMAS does not count as part of a stopway). 1432:

and was developed in the late 1940s. It is an extrapolation of the original test results, which are not applicable to modern aircraft pavements or to modern aircraft

440:

Suffixes may also be used to denote special use runways. Airports that have seaplane waterways may choose to denote the waterway on charts with the suffix W; such as

708: 1854:

is considered to have the longest takeoff distance of the more common aircraft types and has set the standard for runway lengths of larger international airports.

2759: 1873:

in Sweden was extended to 3,500 m (11,483 ft) to allow any fully loaded freight aircraft to take off. These distances are also influenced by the runway

3548: 2692: 1884:

of air at higher altitudes, which reduces engine power and wing lift. An aircraft must also take off at a reduced weight in hotter or more humid conditions (see

1396:

surface, as it is easier to patch on a periodic basis. Fields with very low traffic of light planes may use a sod surface. Some runways make use of salt flats.

929:(REIL) – unidirectional (facing approach direction) or omnidirectional pair of synchronized flashing lights installed at the runway threshold, one on each side. 810:(457 m)). While centerlines provide horizontal position guidance, aiming point markers provide vertical position guidance to planes on visual approach. 3119: 2534: 615:

is the cleared, smoothed and graded area around the paved runway. It is kept free from any obstacles that might impede flight or ground roll of aircraft.

75: 2783:

Hartsfield | Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, GA, USA | John Rone, P.E. | Hartsfield | Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, GA

885:

A line of lights on an airfield or elsewhere to guide aircraft in taking off or coming in to land or an illuminated runway is sometimes also known as a

3582: 3114: 2178: 2585: 497:

signs need to be changed and the numbers at each end of the runway need to be repainted to the new runway designators. In July 2009 for example,

638:, also known as overrun areas, are also constructed at the end of runways as emergency space to stop planes that overrun the runway on landing or a 2553: 2107: 414: 2617: 2522: 2194: 3587: 2970: 2743: 2714: 2668: 691:

the relocated threshold vary, a common way for the relocated threshold to be marked is a ten-foot-wide white bar across the width of the runway.

606:

are markings across the runway that denote the beginning and end of the designated space for landing and takeoff under non-emergency conditions.

2474: 2452: 1289: 997:'s regulations, the runway-edge lighting must be visible for at least 2 mi (3 km). Additionally, a new system of advisory lighting, 1383:. Although certain airports have used reinforcement in concrete pavements, this is generally found to be unnecessary, with the exception of 806:

procedure; pilots must be able to see the runway to use it. Also, radio communication may not be available and pilots must be self-reliant.

373:'s Pebbly Beach Seaplane Base, may designate their landing area as Waterway ALL/WAY to denote the lack of designated landing direction. 3179: 2162: 3624: 2843: 410: 88: 973:– a row of white pulsating lights installed across the runway to indicate hold short position on some runways that are facilitating 493:

and descriptive documents. When a runway designation does change, especially at major airports, it is often done at night, because

434: 3109: 430: 422: 339: 3149: 441: 2431: 2176:

Federal Aviation Administration Aeronautical Information Manual, Chapter 2, Section 3 Airport Marking Aids and Signs part 3b

553:, if clearway is provided. (The clearway length allowed must lie within the aerodrome or airport boundary. According to the 3169: 3154: 1991: 1905: 1411:, is based on the assumption that the pavement is an elastic plate supported on a heavy fluid base with a uniform reaction 651: 243: 2299: 2963: 2070:

International standards and recommended practices. Aerodromes. Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation

967:– installed the same way as taxiway centerline lead-off Lights, but directing airplane traffic in the opposite direction. 795: 3164: 2767: 2354: 370: 58: 2700: 1544:

The most common hard surface types are asphalt and concrete. The most common soft surface types are grass and gravel.

476:

rather than magnetic north will use the suffix T; this is advantageous for certain airfields in the far north such as

3525: 3512: 3000: 2028: 1861:, 3,200 m (10,500 ft) can be considered an adequate length to land virtually any aircraft. For example, at 1828: 1423:

values on which the formula was developed are not applicable for newer aircraft with very large footprint pressures.

1341: 1323: 1260: 1199: 766: 406: 211:, it is advantageous to perform takeoffs and landings into the wind to reduce takeoff or landing roll and reduce the 2792: 2092: 1242: 985:(ALS) – a lighting system installed on the approach end of an airport runway and consists of a series of lightbars, 632:

produced by large planes during the takeoff roll could otherwise erode the ground and eventually damage the runway.

17: 1888:). Most commercial aircraft carry manufacturer's tables showing the adjustments required for a given temperature. 4115: 4084: 4043: 3855: 2916: 2636: 2591: 2402: 2373: 2049: 1957: 1862: 1533:. The strip is very simple: no lighting, no centerline, and no approach aids. The edge is marked by simple posts. 402: 330:

airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as

311: 509:

Runway dimensions vary from as small as 245 m (804 ft) long and 8 m (26 ft) wide in smaller

3607: 2956: 2507: 2022: 1810: 1238: 974: 843:) all 3-stripe and 2-stripe touchdown zones for precision runways are replaced with one-stripe touchdown zones. 748: 366: 318:

A leading zero, for example in "runway zero-six" or "runway zero-one-left", is included for all ICAO and some

3963: 3592: 2928: 2649: 1136: 426: 338:

those of American origin might apply U.S. usage to airports around the world. For example, runway 05 at

2922: 2175: 4110: 3174: 3134: 2630: 2595: 1140: 1108: 1085:– an incident involving only a single aircraft, where it makes an inappropriate exit from the runway (e.g. 925: 554: 521:, to the huge 11,917 m × 274 m (39,098 ft × 899 ft) lake bed runway 17/35 at 418: 53: 2868: 1877:

such that, for example, each 1 percent of runway down slope increases the landing distance by 10 percent.

3918: 3870: 2740: 576:– The length of runway that is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane landing. 558: 1121:– an incident involving incorrect presence of a vehicle, person or another aircraft on the runway (e.g. 3973: 3835: 3614: 3104: 3030: 2675: 2618:

FAA-H-8083-23, Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook (Chapters 1–3)

2115: 1522: 1483:

Runway pavement surface is prepared and maintained to maximize friction for wheel braking. To minimize

1399:

For pavement designs, borings are taken to determine the subgrade condition, and based on the relative

1154: 319: 2426:. ICAO. 2016. pp. Chapter 1-Definitions, Chapter 2.8-declared distances, Attachment A section 3. 1865:, when landing simultaneously on 4L/22R and 10/28 or parallel 9R/27L, it is routine for arrivals from 3830: 3432: 3209: 3035: 3020: 2720: 2011: 1150: 1053: 2137: 1008:

the minimum distance between lines is 75 ft (23 m), and maximum is 200 ft (61 m)

539:– The length of runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane taking off. 4048: 3890: 3805: 3634: 3214: 3204: 3010: 2943: 2839: 1428: 1305: 1223: 1104: 1086: 1025: 981: 886: 347: 698:

upslope of the clearway of 1.25%. The length of the clearway may be included in the length of the

381: 3880: 3845: 3810: 3702: 3543: 3473: 3334: 3099: 2780: 1806: 1799: 1778: 1489: 1234: 1227: 1185: 1126: 744: 737: 570:– The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the stopway, if stopway is provided. 498: 449: 31: 2395: 1099:) – a type of excursion where the aircraft is unable to stop before the end of the runway (e.g. 4005: 3968: 3520: 3272: 1976: 1045: 522: 386: 323: 2365: 275: 3995: 3913: 3885: 3875: 3422: 3329: 3282: 3219: 3025: 2502:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Science Ltd. p. vii. 1526: 1100: 514: 2912: 2650:

CAP637, Visual aids handbook, chapter 2, page 3, Issue 2, May 2007, Civil Aviation Authority

1477: 501:

in the United Kingdom changed its runway designations from 05/23 to 04/22 during the night.

266: 4010: 3865: 3775: 3765: 3565: 3559: 3407: 3129: 1484: 1371: 1122: 1029: 998: 909: 331: 297: 282: 175:

In 1916, in a World War I war effort context, the first concrete-paved runway was built in

2830: 1880:

An aircraft taking off at a higher altitude must do so at reduced weight due to decreased

1517: 835:

In Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, as well as some other countries or territories (

513:

airports, to 5,500 m (18,045 ft) long and 80 m (262 ft) wide at large

64: 8: 3943: 3895: 3820: 3795: 3760: 3755: 3629: 3602: 3292: 3144: 2979: 2039: 1845:

weights below approximately 100,000 kg (220,000 lb). Larger aircraft including

1736: 1049: 670: 469: 208: 1450: 188: 3933: 3572: 1909: 1846: 939: 646: 611: 490: 235:: a plane taking off from runway 09 faces east, into an "east wind" blowing from 090°. 679: 4058: 3953: 3928: 3770: 3677: 3654: 3553: 3387: 3309: 3304: 3088: 2503: 2427: 1359: 461: 453: 1841:

A runway of at least 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in length is usually adequate for

532:

Takeoff and landing distances available are given using one of the following terms:

3825: 3785: 3682: 3649: 3577: 3412: 3392: 3377: 3344: 3339: 3224: 3199: 3073: 3045: 2892: 2805: 2017: 1942: 1885: 1561: 1400: 1393: 1117: 994: 639: 510: 335: 220: 176: 112: 2939: 1870: 4053: 4015: 3983: 3958: 3840: 3742: 3712: 3697: 3692: 3502: 3494: 3229: 2794:

Minnesota | Dept. of Transportation| Pavement Manual | 5-4.02 Subsurface Drainage

2747: 2538: 2497: 2182: 2044: 1715: 1441: 1384: 1075: 151:, are sometimes referred to as "tarmac", though very few runways are built using 69: 30:

This article is about the aircraft takeoff and landing area. For other uses, see

1960:'s runway 09/27, used to be crossed by the one road between Gibraltar and Spain. 1297: 861:

Some European countries replace the aiming point with a 3-stripe touchdown zone.

369:'s Waterway E/W. Airports with unpredictable or chaotic water currents, such as 4089: 4025: 4000: 3978: 3948: 3923: 3905: 3850: 3800: 3790: 3780: 3619: 3479: 3469: 3417: 3382: 3299: 3277: 3239: 3078: 3068: 1473: 1416: 1011:

the maximum distance between lights within each line is 200 ft (61 m)

914: 477: 357:

Runways with non-hard surfaces, such as small turf airfields and waterways for

327: 289: 228: 195: 2216:"New assault landing strip opens in Wyoming; McChord C-17 makes first landing" 4104: 4020: 3938: 3707: 3597: 3442: 3287: 3063: 3005: 2995: 2906: 2203:

A single-digit runway landing designation number is never preceded by a zero.

2001: 1973: 1874: 1493: 1446: 1069: 1041: 526: 148: 38: 2476:

Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing limitations: Destination airports

661: 550: 3815: 3732: 3722: 3717: 3687: 3535: 3464: 3397: 3349: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3267: 3249: 3015: 1433: 986: 518: 362: 212: 2608:

US Federal Aviation Regulations, FAR Part 1, Definitions and abbreviations

1449:, this process is generally applicable only where there is no appreciable 1363: 4035: 3989: 3860: 3726: 3499: 3456: 3372: 2084: 1469: 1412: 1301: 1191: 1135:– an aircraft makes use of the wrong runway for landing or takeoff (e.g. 902: 858:, one 3-stripe is added and a 2-stripe is replaced with the aiming point. 790: 3244: 1541:

charts, the surface type is usually abbreviated to a three-letter code.

1461: 274:

Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the

4079: 3427: 3234: 1851: 1813: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1048:

or another designated authority. Some airports/airfields (particularly

989:, or a combination of the two that extends outward from the runway end. 877: 751: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 473: 465: 351: 293: 227:

is one of the preliminary steps taken in constructing airport runways.

152: 2948: 2929:

United States Terminal Procedures Publication/Airport Diagrams (d-TPP)

2333: 2251: 2229: 645:

Blast pads and stopways look similar, and are both marked with yellow

401:

At large airports with four or more parallel runways (for example, at

303: 4074: 3367: 2311: 2273: 2199:

FAA Advisory Circular AC 150/5340-1L - Standards for Airport Markings

1945:'s runway. The movable barrier closes when aircraft land or take off. 1866: 1858: 1466: 897: 836: 780:

remaining. The runway threshold is marked by a line of green lights.

629: 224: 140: 96: 1788: 1354: 1212: 726: 3750: 3484: 3402: 3259: 3053: 2033: 1938: 1913: 1842: 1679: 1611: 1538: 1380: 1057: 847: 544: 445: 358: 216: 184: 156: 116: 108: 45: 2934: 1014:

the minimum length of parallel lines is 1,400 ft (427 m)

561:(JAR) TODA is the lesser of TORA plus clearway or 1.5 times TORA). 3672: 3664: 3489: 3452: 3359: 3191: 3058: 2987: 2574:

Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge FAA-H-8083-25A, p. 306

1996: 1881: 1689: 1571: 1530: 851: 594: 549:– The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the 494: 395: 342:

will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05.

278: 144: 104: 100: 2869:"Runway Incursion and Airport Design - SKYbrary Aviation Safety" 2007:

ICAO recommendations on use of the International System of Units

1407:

Airport pavements have been designed by two methods. The first,

784: 155:. Takeoff and landing areas defined on the surface of water for 1659: 1503: 1367: 361:, may use the standard numerical scheme or may use traditional 180: 128: 628:

are often constructed just before the start of a runway where

2163:"Airport - when and why was runway 07/25 at Kai Tak removed?" 1972:

A parachute may be used to slow down craft, in this case the

1764: 1648: 1629: 1582: 1388: 840: 286: 238: 80: 37:"Landing strip" redirects here. For the pubic hairstyle, see 258: 27:

Area of surface used by aircraft to takeoff from and land on

2931:– Federal Aviation Administration (published every 28 days) 2925:– Federal Aviation Administration (published every 56 days) 1746: 1726: 1593: 855: 819: 457: 136: 124: 2764:

TP 14371: Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual

2697:

TP 14371: Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual

1669: 1585:(no longer in use, covered with asphalt or concrete now) 1497: 307: 132: 120: 167:, except in North America where feet are commonly used. 3549:

Air route authority between the United States and China

1370:. The grooves increase friction and reduce the risk of 2454:

Airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Takeoff limitations

1699:

Partially concrete, asphalt or bitumen-bound macadam

2760:"§7.18 Aircraft Radio Control of Aerodrome Lighting" 2424:

ICAO Annex 14, Aerodrome Design and Operations Vol 1

2108:"1919: Orville Wright On The Future Of Civil Flying" 525:

in California – developed as a landing site for the

2523:

FAA AC 150/5340-1L – Standards for Airport Markings

1149:– an aircraft that lands short of the runway (e.g. 2548: 2546: 1001:, is currently being tested in the United States. 1718:(derived from pierced/perforated steel planking) 4102: 2923:United States Airport/Facility Directory (d-AFD) 2806:"Airport Runways - Requirements and Regulations" 2741:Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual 2716:FAA Installs Runway Safety Warning System at LAX 3588:Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives 2832:FSF ALAR Briefing Note 8.3 -- Landing Distances 2543: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 1500:, or other aviation authority friction levels. 1640:Graded or rolled earth, grass on graded earth 1017:the minimum number of lights in the line is 8. 119:, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface ( 111:". Runways may be a human-made surface (often 2964: 2913:United States Aeronautical Information Manual 2085:"Aviation's Crazy, Mixed Up Units of Measure" 1286:The examples and perspective in this article 1035: 242:Triangular runway pattern at Armitage Field, 231:is given as the direction the wind is coming 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2440: 2379: 1521:The grass airstrip on the Badminton estate, 1504:Pavement subsurface drainage and underdrains 1004:The edge lights must be arranged such that: 794:Runway Identifying numbers being painted at 2935:North American Powered Parachute Federation 2594:. 24 August 2016. p. 5. Archived from 1241:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1200:Learn how and when to remove these messages 892: 472:(U). Runways that are numbered relative to 2971: 2957: 2632:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge 2587:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge 2366:Edwards AFB Rogers Lakebed Airport Diagram 2295: 2293: 2291: 2105: 796:Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport (KBJC) 2654: 2138:"WindRose PRO for airports runway design" 1829:Learn how and when to remove this message 1342:Learn how and when to remove this message 1324:Learn how and when to remove this message 1261:Learn how and when to remove this message 1040:Typically the lights are controlled by a 818:Waterways may be unmarked or marked with 767:Learn how and when to remove this message 591:There are standards for runway markings. 565:Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA) 95:is a "defined rectangular area on a land 89:International Civil Aviation Organization 2230:"Duke Field (Eglin AF Aux Nr 3) Airport" 1516: 1460: 1353: 1020: 908: 896: 876: 789: 435:Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport 380: 302: 265: 257: 237: 74: 63: 52: 2978: 2674:(3 ed.). July 1999. Archived from 2495: 2334:"Daniel K Inouye International Airport" 2288: 822:that follow maritime notation instead. 699: 431:Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport 14: 4103: 2499:Aircraft Performance Theory for Pilots 846:In some South American countries like 442:Daniel K. Inouye International Airport 2952: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2095:from the original on 23 January 2024. 1632:(fine crushed coral reef structures) 1512: 504: 2849:from the original on 20 January 2023 2803: 2489: 1992:Engineered materials arrestor system 1906:Leeds Bradford International Airport 1811:adding citations to reliable sources 1782: 1272: 1239:adding citations to reliable sources 1206: 1165: 829: 749:adding citations to reliable sources 720: 652:engineered materials arrestor system 270:Font and size of numbers and letters 244:Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake 1707:Permanent surface, details unknown 1456: 580:Emergency Distance Available (EMDA) 24: 2629:"Chapter 14: Airport Operations". 2584:"Chapter 14: Airport Operations". 2565:FAA Advisory Circular 150/5300-13B 2554:"AC 150/5300-13B - Airport Design" 2409: 959:Taxiway centerline lead-off lights 801:There are three types of runways: 709:maximum permissible takeoff weight 678: 660: 593: 194:In January 1919, aviation pioneer 165:commonly given in meters worldwide 59:Palm Springs International Airport 25: 4127: 3526:Environmental effects of aviation 2900: 2669:"Aerodrome Design and Operations" 2082: 2029:Precision approach path indicator 1181:This section has multiple issues. 965:Taxiway centerline lead-on lights 947:Runway centerline lighting system 517:built to accommodate the largest 411:Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County 2396:"Order JO 7340.1Z: Contractions" 2274:"Ketchikan Harbor Seaplane Base" 2036:, sometimes referred as a runway 1965: 1950: 1921: 1897: 1787: 1426:The second method is called the 1419:. Experience has shown that the 1277: 1211: 1170: 1127:Scandinavian Airlines Flight 686 881:A runway landing light from 1945 783: 725: 574:Landing Distance Available (LDA) 376: 4085:Aviation taxation and subsidies 4044:Aircraft maintenance technician 3856:Pre-flight safety demonstration 2917:Federal Aviation Administration 2886: 2861: 2823: 2804:baer, jeff (24 November 2020). 2797: 2786: 2774: 2752: 2734: 2707: 2685: 2643: 2637:Federal Aviation Administration 2622: 2611: 2602: 2592:Federal Aviation Administration 2577: 2568: 2528: 2516: 2467: 2403:Federal Aviation Administration 2374:Federal Aviation Administration 2359: 2348: 2326: 2304: 2266: 2244: 2050:Visual approach slope indicator 1958:Gibraltar International Airport 1798:needs additional citations for 1189:or discuss these issues on the 736:needs additional citations for 582:– LDA (or TORA) plus a stopway. 2222: 2208: 2187: 2169: 2155: 2130: 2106:Rupa Haria (10 January 2018). 2099: 2076: 2062: 2023:Pavement classification number 1651:or earth not graded or rolled 975:land and hold short operations 483: 367:Ketchikan Harbor Seaplane Base 13: 1: 3964:Flight cancellation and delay 3593:European Common Aviation Area 2355:Jeppesen Airport Chart Legend 2056: 1137:Singapore Airlines Flight 006 703: 159:are generally referred to as 2907:World Airport and Runway Map 2312:"Pebbly Beach Seaplane Base" 1908:extended its runway to take 1863:O'Hare International Airport 1141:Western Airlines Flight 2605 1109:Air India Express Flight 812 926:Runway end identifier lights 555:Federal Aviation Regulations 537:Takeoff Run Available (TORA) 312:O'Hare International Airport 292:. This heading differs from 7: 3919:Airline reservations system 3871:Special visual flight rules 2639:. 17 July 2023. p. 14. 2635:(FAA-H-8083-25C ed.). 2590:(FAA-H-8083-25B ed.). 2083:H, Ken (5 September 2014). 1984: 1300:, discuss the issue on the 872: 716: 586: 559:Joint Aviation Requirements 326:). However, most U.S. 202: 10: 4132: 3974:Government contract flight 3836:Flight information service 3615:Hague Hijacking Convention 3608:EU–US Open Skies Agreement 3200:Pilot in command (Captain) 2496:Swatton, Peter J. (2000). 2336:. Airnav.com. 16 July 2020 2314:. Airnav.com. 16 July 2020 2276:. Airnav.com. 16 July 2020 2254:. Airnav.com. 16 July 2020 2252:"Dobbins Air Reserve Base" 2232:. Airnav.com. 16 July 2020 1776: 1496:in order to meet required 1387:across the runway where a 1161: 1155:Asiana Airlines Flight 214 1067: 1036:Control of lighting system 971:Land and hold short lights 700:takeoff distance available 415:Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta 336:flight simulation programs 170: 43: 36: 29: 4067: 4034: 3904: 3831:Flight information region 3741: 3663: 3534: 3511: 3451: 3433:Low-cost carrier terminal 3358: 3258: 3190: 3087: 3044: 3001:Airline holding companies 2986: 2072:. ICAO. 1951. p. 17. 2012:Instrument landing system 1772: 1151:British Airways Flight 38 1063: 1054:pilot-controlled lighting 365:naming, examples include 253: 183:, allowing local company 163:. Runway lengths are now 4049:Aircraft ground handling 3891:Upper information region 3806:Civil aviation authority 3635:Paris Convention of 1919 2944:Civil Aviation Authority 2840:Flight Safety Foundation 2372:, effective 5 Sep 2024. 1429:California bearing ratio 1105:TAM Airlines Flight 3054 1060:beside a landing strip. 1026:Approach lighting system 982:Approach lighting system 893:Technical specifications 348:Dobbins Air Reserve Base 44:Not to be confused with 3881:Terminal control center 3846:Instrument flight rules 3703:Baggage handling system 3544:Air transport agreement 3335:In-flight entertainment 2537:7 February 2014 at the 1779:List of longest runways 1490:airfield rubber removal 1087:Thai Airways Flight 679 901:Night runway view from 499:London Stansted Airport 450:Lake Hood Seaplane Base 32:Runway (disambiguation) 4116:Airport infrastructure 4006:Round-the-world ticket 3969:Frequent-flyer program 2693:"§7.8 Runway Lighting" 2525:pages 13 and following 1850:(13,000 ft). The 1534: 1480: 1375: 1046:flight service station 1032: 917: 906: 882: 798: 683: 665: 598: 523:Edwards Air Force Base 515:international airports 390: 387:Madrid-Barajas Airport 350:'s Runway 110/290 and 324:Edwards Air Force Base 315: 271: 263: 246: 84: 83:at one end of a runway 72: 61: 3996:Passenger name record 3914:Airline booking ploys 3886:Uncontrolled airspace 3876:Terminal control area 3513:Environmental effects 3423:International airport 3330:Crew rest compartment 3283:Premium economy class 3026:Non-scheduled airline 2112:Aviation Week Network 1527:South Gloucestershire 1520: 1464: 1357: 1101:Air France Flight 358 1024: 953:Touchdown zone lights 912: 900: 880: 793: 682: 664: 597: 384: 371:Santa Catalina Island 306: 269: 261: 241: 78: 67: 56: 3866:Special use airspace 3776:Airport crash tender 3766:Aircraft safety card 3566:Cross-strait charter 3560:Bermuda II Agreement 2940:Visual Aids Handbook 2909:(ICAO official site) 1807:improve this article 1476:in rainy weather at 1306:create a new article 1298:improve this article 1288:may not represent a 1235:improve this section 1123:Aeroflot Flight 3352 1052:) are equipped with 1030:Berlin Tegel Airport 999:runway status lights 745:improve this article 702:. For example, if a 688:Relocated thresholds 671:Displaced thresholds 332:Cairns Army Airfield 298:magnetic declination 4111:Airport engineering 3944:Codeshare agreement 3896:Visual flight rules 3821:Controlled airspace 3796:Area control center 3761:Air traffic service 3756:Air traffic control 3645:Sabotage Convention 3630:Montreal Convention 3603:Freedoms of the air 3293:Basic economy class 2980:Commercial aviation 2195:"Chapter 2.3.e.(2)" 2040:Runway visual range 1916:over the A658 road. 1737:Sommerfeld Tracking 1078:incidents include: 491:aeronautical charts 354:'s Runway 180/360. 310:airport diagram at 209:fixed-wing aircraft 191:military aircraft. 3934:Bereavement flight 3583:Chicago Convention 3573:Beijing Convention 3562:(UK–US, 1978–2008) 3556:(UK–US, 1946–1978) 3031:Passenger airlines 2919:(published yearly) 2746:2008-06-17 at the 2300:FAA AC 150/5200-35 2181:2012-01-18 at the 2118:on 10 January 2018 1937:Road crossing of ( 1910:wide-body aircraft 1574:asphalt or tarmac 1535: 1513:Surface type codes 1481: 1478:Düsseldorf Airport 1376: 1358:Runway surface at 1095:(also known as an 1033: 940:Runway edge lights 918: 907: 883: 799: 684: 666: 612:runway safety area 599: 505:Declared distances 391: 322:airports (such as 320:U.S. military 316: 272: 264: 247: 85: 73: 62: 4098: 4097: 4059:Flight dispatcher 3954:Electronic ticket 3929:Airline timetable 3771:Airport authority 3678:Baggage allowance 3655:Warsaw Convention 3554:Bermuda Agreement 3388:Airport rail link 3310:Aircraft seat map 3305:Aircraft lavatory 3036:Regional airlines 3021:Low-cost airlines 2873:www.skybrary.aero 2770:on 22 March 2013. 2703:on 22 March 2013. 2433:978-92-9258-031-5 1932: 1839: 1838: 1831: 1770: 1769: 1360:Congonhas Airport 1352: 1351: 1344: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1308:, as appropriate. 1271: 1270: 1263: 1204: 1147:Runway undershoot 1050:uncontrolled ones 933:Runway end lights 830:National variants 777: 776: 769: 604:runway thresholds 423:Dallas–Fort Worth 215:needed to attain 99:prepared for the 87:According to the 16:(Redirected from 4123: 3826:Evacuation slide 3786:Airport security 3683:Baggage carousel 3650:Tokyo Convention 3578:Cape Town Treaty 3413:Domestic airport 3393:Airport terminal 3378:Airport check-in 3340:Inflight smoking 3225:Flight attendant 3074:Vanilla Alliance 3011:Charter airlines 2973: 2966: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2895: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2848: 2837: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2801: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2766:. Archived from 2756: 2750: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2719:, archived from 2711: 2705: 2704: 2699:. Archived from 2689: 2683: 2682: 2681:on 23 July 2012. 2680: 2673: 2665: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2626: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2598:on 20 June 2023. 2581: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2449: 2438: 2437: 2420: 2407: 2406: 2405:. 15 March 2007. 2400: 2392: 2377: 2371: 2363: 2357: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2308: 2302: 2297: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2191: 2185: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2114:. Archived from 2103: 2097: 2096: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2066: 2018:List of airports 1969: 1954: 1943:Sumburgh Airport 1934: 1933: 1901: 1886:density altitude 1834: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1791: 1783: 1756:Unknown surface 1547: 1546: 1457:Pavement surface 1401:bearing capacity 1394:asphalt concrete 1385:expansion joints 1347: 1340: 1329: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1281: 1280: 1273: 1266: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1215: 1207: 1196: 1174: 1173: 1166: 1133:Runway confusion 1118:Runway incursion 1083:Runway excursion 1074:Types of runway 995:Transport Canada 913:Ground light at 787: 772: 765: 761: 758: 752: 729: 721: 640:rejected takeoff 569: 547:Available (TODA) 511:general aviation 281:of the runway's 189:Bréguet Aviation 177:Clermont-Ferrand 21: 18:Runway numbering 4131: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4063: 4054:Baggage handler 4030: 3984:Open-jaw ticket 3959:Fare basis code 3906:Airline tickets 3900: 3841:Flight recorder 3743:Aviation safety 3737: 3713:Checked baggage 3698:Baggage handler 3693:Baggage reclaim 3659: 3640:Rome Convention 3530: 3507: 3495:Travel document 3447: 3354: 3254: 3230:Flight engineer 3186: 3083: 3040: 2982: 2977: 2903: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2748:Wayback Machine 2739: 2735: 2726: 2724: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2655: 2648: 2644: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2539:Wayback Machine 2533: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2441: 2434: 2422: 2421: 2410: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2380: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2183:Wayback Machine 2174: 2170: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2104: 2100: 2081: 2077: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2045:Tabletop runway 1987: 1980: 1970: 1961: 1955: 1946: 1935: 1922: 1917: 1912:by building an 1902: 1835: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1804: 1792: 1781: 1775: 1716:Marston Matting 1515: 1506: 1459: 1442:portland cement 1348: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1295: 1282: 1278: 1267: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1232: 1216: 1175: 1171: 1164: 1072: 1066: 1038: 895: 875: 832: 773: 762: 756: 753: 742: 730: 719: 589: 567: 507: 486: 385:Runway sign at 379: 256: 221:prevailing wind 205: 187:to manufacture 173: 70:Nagoya Airfield 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4129: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4090:Mile high club 4087: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4040: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4026:Travel website 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 4001:Red-eye flight 3998: 3993: 3986: 3981: 3979:One-way travel 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3949:Continent pass 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3924:Airline ticket 3921: 3916: 3910: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3851:Overwing exits 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3801:Brace position 3798: 3793: 3791:Airspace class 3788: 3783: 3781:Airport police 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3620:Hague Protocol 3617: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3540: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3480:Departure card 3477: 3470:Border control 3467: 3461: 3459: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3383:Airport lounge 3380: 3375: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3300:Aircraft cabin 3297: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3278:Business class 3275: 3264: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3240:Aircraft pilot 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3210:Second officer 3207: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3161:Other regions 3159: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3126:United States 3124: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3096:International 3093: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3079:U-FLY Alliance 3076: 3071: 3069:Value Alliance 3066: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2992: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2910: 2902: 2901:External links 2899: 2897: 2896: 2885: 2860: 2822: 2796: 2785: 2773: 2751: 2733: 2723:on 6 June 2011 2706: 2684: 2653: 2642: 2621: 2610: 2601: 2576: 2567: 2542: 2527: 2515: 2508: 2488: 2466: 2439: 2432: 2408: 2378: 2358: 2347: 2325: 2303: 2287: 2265: 2243: 2221: 2207: 2201:. p. 17. 2186: 2168: 2154: 2129: 2098: 2075: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2026: 2020: 2015: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1971: 1964: 1962: 1956: 1949: 1947: 1936: 1920: 1918: 1904:In the 1980s, 1903: 1896: 1837: 1836: 1795: 1793: 1786: 1777:Main article: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1474:reverse thrust 1458: 1455: 1350: 1349: 1332: 1331: 1292:of the subject 1290:worldwide view 1285: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1268: 1219: 1217: 1210: 1205: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1144: 1130: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1093:Runway overrun 1068:Main article: 1065: 1062: 1037: 1034: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 991: 990: 978: 968: 962: 956: 950: 944: 936: 930: 915:Bremen Airport 894: 891: 874: 871: 870: 869: 865: 862: 859: 844: 831: 828: 816: 815: 811: 807: 775: 774: 733: 731: 724: 718: 715: 714: 713: 692: 677: 676: 659: 658: 657: 656: 633: 623: 616: 607: 588: 585: 584: 583: 577: 571: 562: 540: 506: 503: 485: 482: 478:Thule Air Base 460:aircraft (S), 403:Chicago O'Hare 378: 375: 328:civil aviation 255: 252: 229:Wind direction 223:. Compiling a 204: 201: 196:Orville Wright 172: 169: 57:Runway 13R at 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4128: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068:Miscellaneous 4066: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4021:Travel agency 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988:Overbooking ( 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3939:Boarding pass 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3708:Baggage sizer 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3598:Flight permit 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3521:Hypermobility 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3443:Transit hotel 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3288:Economy class 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3215:Third officer 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3205:First officer 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3064:Star Alliance 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3016:Flag carriers 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3006:Cargo airline 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2996:Airline codes 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2894: 2889: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2677: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2651: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2619: 2614: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2580: 2571: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2492: 2478: 2477: 2470: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2375: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2351: 2335: 2329: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2275: 2269: 2253: 2247: 2231: 2225: 2217: 2211: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2172: 2164: 2158: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2002:Highway strip 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1978: 1975: 1974:Space Shuttle 1968: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1875:grade (slope) 1872: 1871:Luleå Airport 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1833: 1830: 1822: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1796:This section 1794: 1790: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1510: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1494:hydrocleaning 1491: 1486: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1415:known as the 1414: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1346: 1343: 1328: 1325: 1317: 1314:November 2009 1307: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1291: 1284: 1275: 1274: 1265: 1262: 1254: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1220:This section 1218: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1168: 1167: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1077: 1071: 1070:Runway safety 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042:control tower 1031: 1027: 1023: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1000: 996: 993:According to 988: 987:strobe lights 984: 983: 979: 976: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 941: 937: 934: 931: 928: 927: 923: 922: 921: 916: 911: 904: 899: 890: 888: 879: 866: 863: 860: 857: 853: 849: 845: 842: 838: 834: 833: 827: 823: 821: 812: 808: 804: 803: 802: 797: 792: 788: 786: 781: 771: 768: 760: 750: 746: 740: 739: 734:This section 732: 728: 723: 722: 710: 705: 701: 696: 693: 689: 686: 685: 681: 673: 672: 668: 667: 663: 654: 653: 648: 644: 643: 641: 637: 634: 631: 627: 624: 621: 617: 614: 613: 608: 605: 601: 600: 596: 592: 581: 578: 575: 572: 566: 563: 560: 556: 552: 548: 546: 541: 538: 535: 534: 533: 530: 528: 527:Space Shuttle 524: 520: 516: 512: 502: 500: 496: 492: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 388: 383: 377:Letter suffix 374: 372: 368: 364: 363:compass point 360: 355: 353: 349: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 313: 309: 305: 301: 299: 296:by the local 295: 291: 288: 284: 280: 277: 268: 260: 251: 245: 240: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 200: 197: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 82: 77: 71: 68:Runway 34 at 66: 60: 55: 51: 47: 40: 39:Bikini waxing 33: 19: 3816:Control zone 3811:Control area 3733:Luggage lock 3723:Lost luggage 3718:Hand luggage 3688:Baggage cart 3503:(Electronic) 3465:Arrival card 3437: 3398:Airside pass 3350:Sickness bag 3325:Buy on board 3320:Airline seat 3315:Airline meal 3268:Travel class 3250:Dead mileage 3089:Trade groups 2888: 2876:. Retrieved 2872: 2863: 2851:. Retrieved 2831: 2825: 2813:. Retrieved 2810:Air Planning 2809: 2799: 2788: 2776: 2768:the original 2763: 2754: 2736: 2725:, retrieved 2721:the original 2715: 2709: 2701:the original 2696: 2687: 2676:the original 2645: 2631: 2624: 2613: 2604: 2596:the original 2586: 2579: 2570: 2557:. Retrieved 2530: 2518: 2498: 2491: 2480:, retrieved 2475: 2469: 2458:, retrieved 2453: 2423: 2361: 2350: 2338:. Retrieved 2328: 2316:. Retrieved 2306: 2278:. Retrieved 2268: 2256:. Retrieved 2246: 2234:. Retrieved 2224: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2189: 2171: 2157: 2145:. Retrieved 2141: 2132: 2120:. Retrieved 2116:the original 2111: 2101: 2088: 2078: 2069: 2064: 1941:) A970 with 1890: 1879: 1856: 1840: 1825: 1816: 1805:Please help 1800:verification 1797: 1550:Abbreviation 1543: 1536: 1507: 1485:hydroplaning 1482: 1451:frost action 1438: 1434:landing gear 1427: 1425: 1420: 1408: 1406: 1398: 1377: 1372:hydroplaning 1338: 1320: 1311: 1287: 1257: 1248: 1233:Please help 1221: 1197: 1190: 1184: 1183:Please help 1180: 1146: 1132: 1116: 1096: 1092: 1082: 1073: 1039: 1003: 992: 980: 970: 964: 958: 952: 946: 938: 932: 924: 919: 884: 824: 817: 800: 782: 778: 763: 754: 743:Please help 738:verification 735: 694: 687: 669: 650: 635: 625: 619: 610: 603: 590: 579: 573: 564: 542: 536: 531: 508: 487: 439: 400: 392: 356: 344: 317: 273: 248: 232: 217:flying speed 213:ground speed 206: 193: 174: 160: 143:). Runways, 92: 86: 50: 4036:Ground crew 3990:Overselling 3861:Sky marshal 3727:WorldTracer 3500:Travel visa 3457:Immigration 3373:Airline hub 3273:First class 3220:Relief crew 2815:27 November 2147:24 February 1470:Airbus A310 1447:frost heave 1413:coefficient 1409:Westergaard 484:Renumbering 480:(08T/26T). 470:ultralights 407:Los Angeles 4105:Categories 4080:Air travel 3428:Jet bridge 3235:Loadmaster 2853:20 January 2509:0632055693 2142:Enviroware 2122:10 January 2057:References 1852:Boeing 747 1847:widebodies 1621:Composite 1603:Composite 1572:Bituminous 1186:improve it 887:flare path 626:Blast pads 474:true north 466:rotorcraft 352:Duke Field 294:true north 91:(ICAO), a 4075:Air cargo 3368:Aerodrome 3046:Alliances 2878:1 January 2482:4 October 2460:4 October 2089:AeroSavvy 1867:East Asia 1859:sea level 1819:June 2022 1523:Badminton 1467:Mahan Air 1364:São Paulo 1302:talk page 1251:July 2009 1222:does not 1192:talk page 1097:overshoot 837:Hong Kong 757:June 2022 630:jet blast 468:(H), and 454:Anchorage 359:seaplanes 262:Runway 22 225:wind rose 161:waterways 157:seaplanes 97:aerodrome 4016:Tracking 3751:Air rage 3485:Passport 3474:internal 3408:Boarding 3403:Airstair 3260:Airliner 3054:Oneworld 2988:Airlines 2844:Archived 2842:. 2000. 2744:Archived 2559:15 April 2535:Archived 2340:5 August 2318:5 August 2280:8 August 2258:5 August 2236:5 August 2179:Archived 2093:Archived 2034:Roll way 1985:See also 1977:Atlantis 1939:Shetland 1914:overpass 1843:aircraft 1680:Laterite 1612:Concrete 1553:Meaning 1539:aviation 1381:concrete 1296:You may 1058:windsock 977:(LAHSO). 873:Lighting 848:Colombia 717:Markings 712:account. 695:Clearway 647:chevrons 636:Stopways 587:Sections 551:clearway 545:Distance 543:Takeoff 446:Honolulu 276:magnetic 203:Headings 185:Michelin 145:taxiways 117:concrete 109:aircraft 46:Roll way 4011:Standby 3673:Bag tag 3665:Baggage 3490:Timatic 3453:Customs 3360:Airport 3192:Aircrew 3141:Europe 3059:SkyTeam 1997:Helipad 1882:density 1690:Macadam 1562:Asphalt 1531:England 1417:K value 1243:removed 1228:sources 1162:Surface 905:cockpit 852:Ecuador 495:taxiway 462:gliders 427:Orlando 396:weather 389:, Spain 340:Halifax 290:degrees 283:heading 279:azimuth 171:History 113:asphalt 105:takeoff 101:landing 3438:Runway 3345:Galley 3245:Purser 2727:14 May 2506: 2430: 2368: 1773:Length 1660:Gravel 1583:Bricks 1472:using 1368:Brazil 1076:safety 1064:Safety 620:runway 568: 419:Denver 254:Naming 181:France 153:tarmac 129:gravel 93:runway 3175:AFRAA 3120:ISTAT 3115:IATAN 2893:Bogie 2847:(PDF) 2836:(PDF) 2679:(PDF) 2672:(PDF) 2399:(PDF) 2370:(PDF) 2025:(PCN) 2014:(ILS) 1765:Water 1649:Grass 1630:Coral 1389:dowel 1304:, or 841:Macau 820:buoys 704:paved 464:(G), 149:ramps 121:grass 81:MD-11 3625:ICAO 3418:Gate 3180:RAAA 3170:AAPA 3165:AACO 3150:EBAA 3110:IATA 3105:ATAG 2880:2020 2855:2022 2817:2021 2729:2010 2561:2023 2504:ISBN 2484:2009 2462:2009 2428:ISBN 2342:2020 2320:2020 2282:2020 2260:2020 2238:2020 2149:2012 2124:2018 1761:WAT 1747:Snow 1743:SNO 1733:SMT 1727:Sand 1723:SAN 1712:PSP 1704:PER 1696:PEM 1686:MAC 1676:LAT 1666:ICE 1656:GVL 1645:GRS 1637:GRE 1626:COR 1618:COP 1608:CON 1600:COM 1594:Clay 1590:CLA 1579:BRI 1568:BIT 1558:ASP 1226:any 1224:cite 1044:, a 903:A320 856:Peru 854:and 839:and 618:The 609:The 602:The 557:and 519:jets 458:STOL 448:and 425:and 287:deca 233:from 207:For 147:and 141:salt 137:sand 125:dirt 103:and 3536:Law 3155:ERA 3145:A4E 3135:RAA 3130:A4A 3100:ACO 1857:At 1809:by 1670:Ice 1537:In 1498:FAA 1492:or 1362:in 1237:by 1089:). 1028:at 747:by 452:in 444:in 398:). 308:FAA 285:in 179:in 139:or 133:ice 107:of 79:An 4107:: 3455:/ 2942:– 2915:– 2871:. 2838:. 2808:. 2762:. 2695:. 2656:^ 2545:^ 2442:^ 2411:^ 2401:. 2381:^ 2290:^ 2197:. 2140:. 2110:. 2091:. 2087:. 1753:U 1529:, 1525:, 1465:A 1453:. 1366:, 1195:. 1157:). 1153:, 1143:). 1139:, 1129:). 1125:, 1111:). 1107:, 1103:, 889:. 850:, 642:. 529:. 421:, 417:, 413:, 409:, 405:, 135:, 131:, 127:, 123:, 115:, 3992:) 3729:) 3725:( 3476:) 3472:( 2972:e 2965:t 2958:v 2882:. 2857:. 2819:. 2563:. 2512:. 2436:. 2376:. 2344:. 2322:. 2284:. 2262:. 2240:. 2218:. 2165:. 2151:. 2126:. 1979:. 1832:) 1826:( 1821:) 1817:( 1803:. 1421:K 1374:. 1345:) 1339:( 1327:) 1321:( 1316:) 1312:( 1294:. 1264:) 1258:( 1253:) 1249:( 1245:. 1231:. 1202:) 1198:( 770:) 764:( 759:) 755:( 741:. 48:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index