587:), who held a supreme position within the cosmology of the ancient South Arabians as the god presiding over the whole world, always appeared first in lists, and had various manifestations with their own epithets, also held this primacy within the religion of Qatabān. And, like in the other South Arabian states, the rulers of Qatabān would offer ritual banquets in honour of ʿAṯtar, with the banquet being paid for from the tithe offered to the god by the populace.
562:
60:
604:), who was seen as being closer to the people compared to the more distant figure of ʿAṯtar, and the people of Qatabān consequently called themselves the "children of ʿAmm." This prominence of the Moon-God among the Qatabānians was due to their participation in the caravan trade, within which night travel and the use of the night sky for navigation played important roles. Another important deity of the Qatabānians was the god
364:-speaking immigrants from the Levant and Mesopotamia arrived into South Arabia, bringing several new cultural elements, including early pottery which similarly appear to have been derived from various sources. The local and incoming cultures eventually gave rise to the ancient South Arabian culture to which Qatabān belonged.
637:
The economy of Qatabān primarily consisted of irrigation-based subsistence agriculture, for which the Qatabānian farmers used well irrigation and also developed flash flood irrigation methods which were more efficient than the constant-flow irrigation systems used elsewhere in ancient West Asian and
621:
The Qatabānians believed in the supremacy of the Moon over the Sun, as attested by a pair of
Hellenistic sculptures each depicting a baby boy representing the Moon riding over a lion representing the Sun, with the boy holding a controlling chain attached to the lion's collar in one hand, and a small
665:
Trade in South Arabia was initially done by barter in goods against standards of gold or silver or bronze by weight, but in the 4th century BCE the kingdoms of the region started minting their own coinage, which were based on
Athenian Greek ones. In the 2nd century BCE, Qatabān replaced these with
653:
The ancient trade route of ancient South Arabia passed successively through Ḥaḍramawt, Qatabān, Sabaʾ, and then Maʿīn, before heading north towards the oases where lived the Arabs, thanks to which Qatabān also derived significant revenue from the transit through its territory of merchant caravans
376:
by the late 7th or early 6th century BCE. At one point during this early period, Qatabān was ruled by two joint kings, respectively named Hawfiʿamm Yuhanʿim son of Sumhuʿalay Watar, of whom several inscriptions are known, and Yadʿʾab son of Ḏamarʿali.
649:
The Qatabānians also derived revenue from their participation in international commercial networks, especially from the trade of frankincense and myrrh, as well as from the trans-shipment of products imported into West Asia from South Asia.
625:
The Qatabānians followed the South
Arabian custom of dedicating themselves and their close family members to the deities as a way of showing their allegiance to the religious community and to receive the deities' protections.
356:
The earliest human occupation in the region of Qatabān dates to around the 20th century BCE and consisted of a
Neolithic population. The earliest settlements in the area of Qatabān are from 11th to 10th centuries BCE.
406:
from the
Sabaeans. By the 3rd century BCE, Qatabān was challenging the supremacy of Sabaʾ in South Arabia. At one point in the 1st century BCE, Qatabān formed a coalition with Ḥaḍramawt, Radman, Maḏay, and the
464:
seceded from it around 110 BCE and joined Sabaʾ to form the kingdom of Sabaʾ and Ḏū-Raydān. Qatabān soon started to decline, bringing an end to the prominence it had enjoyed since the 5th century BCE.
1334:
629:
The religious structures of the Qatabānians included temples, which varied from simple to elaborate onces. According to Pliny the Elder, there were 65 temples in Qatabān's capital of Timnaʿ.
391:
Qatabān regained its independence in the late 5th century BCE, after which it rejected the hegemony of Sabaʾ and became one of the dominant states of the South
Arabian region along with
1335:
Socio-Political
Conflict in the Qatabanian Kingdom? (A re-interpretation of the Qatabanic inscription R 3566) // Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 27 (1997): 141–158
209:
195:
388:, but soon hostilities broke out between Karibʾil Watar and the Qatabānian king Yadʿʾab. During the 6th century BCE, Qatabān had come under the control of Sabaʾ.
1403:
1126:
662:, which allowed it to act as a mediator in this trade route, thus bringing significant wealth and exotic displays to its ruling classes and institutions.
1447:
506:, Qatabān's name was not recorded anywhere within it, probably because it was not an independent state at the time of the text's composition.
402:
Qatabān was able to conquer Maʿīn, and soon embarked on a successful expansionist policy against Sabaʾ and captured territories until the
476:
1175:
The
Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire
1222:
1524:
1432:
1282:
1244:
1194:
1529:
1472:
1379:
1355:
1324:
1306:
1212:
460:
In the 2nd century BCE, Qatabān lost the south-western part of its territory when the tribal confederation of the
1295:
1366:
1342:
1443:
565:
Hellenistic-style Qatabānian sculpture depicting the Moon as a baby boy riding a lion representing the Sun.
380:
In the late 7th century BCE, Qatabān and the nearby kingdom of Ḥaḍramawt were initially allies of the king
1534:
1258:
1501:
1122:"The Chronology of Ancient South Arabia in the Light of the First Campaign of Excavation in Qataban"
1519:
1401:; Muhly, James D.; Pardee, Dennis; Sauer, James A.; Finney, Paul Corby; Jorgensen, John S. (eds.).
570:
278:
93:
1424:
270:
1257:(2001). "Economics in Ancient Arabia from Alexander to the Augustans". In Archibald, Zofia H.;
340:
396:
332:
293:
202:
411:
nomads against the
Sabaeans. During this period, the kings of Qatabān adopted the titles of
59:
8:
1117:
499:
239:
131:
83:
43:
20:
1489:
1151:
1143:
812:
Fariʿkarib Yuhawḍiʿ, son of Šahr Yagil
Yuhargib and brother of Warawʾil Ġaylān Yuhanʿim
655:
490:
divided its territories among themselves and annexed them in the late 1st century CE.
281:) that existed from the early 1st millennium BCE to the late 1st or 2nd centuries CE.
1468:
1464:
1456:
1428:
1375:
1351:
1320:
1302:
1278:
1240:
1218:
1208:
1190:
1155:
713:
510:
487:
468:
461:
381:
361:
297:
188:
1460:
1394:
1330:
1312:
1291:
1135:
643:
642:
which was sold to Minaean merchants who sold it to markets in the countries of the
328:
301:
284:
It was one of the six ancient South Arabian kingdoms of ancient Yemen, along with
1254:
1170:
472:
1412:
1390:
1270:
1232:
1182:
666:
its own local coinage designs which were struck with its royal mint's name of
541:), while the Roman author Pliny the Elder referred to the Qatabānians as the "
1513:
1420:
1416:
480:
403:
336:
791:Šahr Hilāl Yuhanʿim, son of Yadʿʾab (Yagil ?) and brother of Šahr Yagil
1398:
503:
274:
335:
to the east. At its maximum extent, Qatabān's territory extended from the
580:
1147:
1121:
659:
561:
343:
desert to the north, and the western limits of Ḥaḍramawt to the east.
1274:
1236:
1186:
530:
518:
483:
to South Arabia in 26 BCE, the Qatabānians were proficient warriors.
1139:
1207:, translated Rebecca Thompson. London: Stacey International, 2002.
412:
392:
385:
324:
289:
285:
126:
113:
597:
486:
The kingdom of Qatabān finally came to an end when Ḥaḍramawt and
100:
1224:
Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam
785:
Yadʿʾab (Yagil ?), son of Šahr Ġaylān and brother of Biʿamm
1408:
1266:
1228:
1178:
590:
The patron deity of the Qatabānians, however, was the Moon-god
514:
313:
372:
Qatabān had developed into a centralised state centred around
1071:
1069:
639:
611:
536:
524:
408:
373:
317:
227:
73:
788:Šahr Yagil, son of Yadʿʾab (Yagil ?) (conquered Maʿīn)
1066:
1027:
1015:
1056:
1054:
979:
957:
955:
953:
925:
923:
921:
756:
750:
739:
729:
723:
684:
667:
612:
598:
581:
413:
264:
254:
53:
Early 1st millennium BCE–Late 1st or late 2nd century CE
1404:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
940:
938:
908:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
1081:
1051:
1039:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
436:
1127:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1003:
950:
918:
832:
1093:
991:
967:
935:
809:
Warawʾil Ġaylān Yuhanʿim, son of Šahr Yagil Yuhargib
885:
844:
709:
Sumuhuwatar (defeated by Yiṯaʿaʾmar Watar of Sabaʾ)
548:
542:
1365:Merighi, Francesca; Liverani, Mario, eds. (2003).
435:), used by local hegemons in South Arabia, and of
806:Šahr Yagil Yuhargib, son of Hawfiʿamm Yuhanʿim II
706:Šahr Hilāl Ḏubyān, son of Yadʿʾab Ḏubyān Yuhanʿim
618:), who was invoked along with ʿAmm in contracts.
1511:
1340:
605:
591:
574:
498:While Sabaʾ and Ḥaḍramawt were mentioned in the
243:
33:
1364:
1441:
1261:; Gabrielsen, Vincent; Oliver, G. J. (eds.).
985:
697:Hawfiʿamm Yuhanʿim I, son of Sumhuʿalay Watar
517:recorded the name of Qatabān in the form of
442:
420:
58:
1350:. Pen & Sword Military. p. 138.
1388:
1319:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1996.
1116:
1099:
879:
560:
1389:Van Beek, Gus W. (1997). "Qataban". In
1374:. All'insegna del giglio. p. 144.
1299:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995
1253:
1217:
1087:
1075:
1060:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
973:
961:
944:
929:
838:
683:
1512:
821:Šahr Hilāl Yuhaqbiḍ, son of Ḏariʾkarib
1344:The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean
1169:
912:
722:Yadʿʾab Ḏubyān, son of Šahr II (last
738:
703:Yadʿʾab Ḏubyān Yuhanʿim, son of Šahr
638:North Africa. Qatabān also produced
606:
592:
575:
1449:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
13:
749:Yadʿʾab Ḏubyān, son of Šahr (last
529:), and referred to its capital as
475:recorded that, at the time of the
316:, and its capital was the city of
14:
1546:
800:Yadʿʾab Ġaylān, son of Fariʿkarib
764:Šahr Hilāl, son of Yadʿʾab Ḏubyān
680:Known rulers of Qatabān include:
675:
1465:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah30219
773:Yadʿʾab Yagil, son of Ḏimriʿalay
207:
193:
1442:Schiettecatte, Jérémie (2017).
1109:
384:of the neighbouring kingdom of
323:The neighbours of Qatabān were
312:Qatabān was centred around the
160:Late 1st or late 2nd century CE
1:
1525:Former countries in West Asia
825:
351:
779:Šahr Ġaylān, son of Abišibām
767:Nabaṭʿamm, son of Šahr Hilāl
757:
751:
740:
730:
724:
685:
668:
654:trading incense produced in
613:
599:
582:
531:
519:
437:
414:
307:
265:
255:
7:
1457:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
658:and luxuries imported from
556:
549:
543:
327:to the northwest and west,
10:
1551:
782:Biʿamm, son of Šahr Ġaylān
632:
569:The Qatabānians practised
537:
525:
367:
346:
244:
34:
18:
1368:Arid Lands in Roman Times
1341:Raoul McLaughlin (2014).
493:
223:
168:
164:
154:
144:
140:
119:
109:
99:
89:
79:
69:
57:
52:
28:
1530:Ancient history of Yemen
622:dart in the other hand.
571:South Arabian polytheism
547:" and called Timnaʿ as "
360:Later, several waves of
339:in the southwest to the
150:Early 1st millennium BCE
94:South Arabian polytheism
1425:Oxford University Press
1203:Alessandro de Maigret.
794:Yadʿʾab Ḏubyān Yuhargib
566:
156:• Disestablished
19:For the language, see
16:Ancient Yemeni kingdom
1263:Hellenistic Economies
803:Hawfiʿamm Yuhanʿim II
564:
273:-speaking kingdom of
80:Common languages
1427:. pp. 383–384.
1277:. pp. 119–132.
712:Warawʾil (vassal of
146:• Established
132:Classical Antiquity
21:Qatabanian language
1535:Geography of Yemen
1219:Hoyland, Robert G.
1078:, p. 104-105.
1036:, p. 136-137.
1024:, p. 140-141.
986:Schiettecatte 2017
567:
331:to the south, and
64:Qatabān in 100 BCE
1434:978-0-195-06512-1
1395:Dever, William G.
1317:Pre-Islamic Yemen
1284:978-1-134-56592-4
1246:978-1-134-64634-0
1196:978-0-415-39485-7
477:failed expedition
269:) was an ancient
253:
233:
232:
219:
218:
215:
214:
1542:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1454:
1438:
1399:Meyers, Carol L.
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1331:Andrey Korotayev
1313:Andrey Korotayev
1292:Andrey Korotayev
1288:
1255:Kitchen, Kenneth
1250:
1200:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
948:
942:
933:
927:
916:
910:
883:
877:
842:
836:
760:
754:
743:
733:
727:
694:Sumhuʿalay Watar
688:
671:
644:Fertile Crescent
616:
609:
608:
602:
595:
594:
585:
578:
577:
552:
546:
540:
539:
534:
528:
527:
522:
500:Table of Nations
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
417:
268:
262:
260:
259:
251:
249:
248:
247:
211:
210:
197:
196:
185:
184:
170:
169:
62:
47:
39:
38:
37:
26:
25:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1520:Former kingdoms
1510:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1452:
1435:
1407:. Vol. 4.
1391:Meyers, Eric M.
1382:
1371:
1358:
1347:
1285:
1247:
1197:
1160:
1158:
1140:10.2307/3218798
1118:Albright, W. F.
1112:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
951:
943:
936:
928:
919:
911:
886:
878:
845:
837:
833:
828:
746:
691:
678:
635:
559:
496:
473:Pliny the Elder
454:
451:
448:
445:
432:
429:
426:
423:
370:
354:
349:
310:
257:
256:
245:
208:
194:
157:
147:
136:
65:
48:
41:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1507:
1506:
1498:|website=
1473:
1459:pp. 1–2.
1439:
1433:
1413:United Kingdom
1386:
1380:
1362:
1356:
1338:
1328:
1310:
1289:
1283:
1271:United Kingdom
1251:
1245:
1233:United Kingdom
1215:
1201:
1195:
1183:United Kingdom
1167:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1090:, p. 129.
1080:
1065:
1063:, p. 128.
1050:
1048:, p. 163.
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
964:, p. 123.
949:
934:
932:, p. 127.
917:
915:, p. 578.
884:
843:
841:, p. 122.
830:
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
745:
737:
736:
735:
720:
717:
714:Karibʾil Watar
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
690:
682:
677:
676:List of rulers
674:
634:
631:
573:, and the god
558:
555:
495:
492:
382:Karibʾil Watar
369:
366:
353:
350:
348:
345:
309:
306:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
205:
199:
198:
191:
182:
179:
178:
173:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
135:
134:
129:
123:
121:
120:Historical era
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
103:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
50:
49:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1547:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1476:
1474:9781405179355
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:United States
1418:
1417:New York City
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1381:9788878142664
1377:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1357:9781783463817
1353:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:3-447-03679-6
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:0-19-922237-1
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:Ancient Yemen
1293:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1213:1-900988-07-0
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:Bryce, Trevor
1168:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:(119): 5–15.
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1101:
1100:Albright 1950
1096:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1012:, p. 47.
1011:
1006:
1000:, p. 46.
999:
994:
987:
982:
976:, p. 48.
975:
970:
963:
958:
956:
954:
947:, p. 42.
946:
941:
939:
931:
926:
924:
922:
914:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
881:
880:Van Beek 1997
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
840:
835:
831:
820:
817:
815:Yadʿʾab Yanuf
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
759:
753:
748:
747:
742:
732:
726:
721:
718:
715:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:
687:
681:
673:
670:
663:
661:
657:
651:
647:
645:
641:
630:
627:
623:
619:
617:
615:
603:
601:
588:
586:
584:
572:
563:
554:
551:
545:
533:
521:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
491:
489:
484:
482:
481:Aelius Gallus
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
458:
439:
418:
416:
410:
405:
404:Bāb al-Mandab
400:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
378:
375:
365:
363:
358:
344:
342:
338:
337:Bāb al-Mandab
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
279:ancient Yemen
276:
272:
271:South Semitic
267:
261:
241:
237:
229:
226:
224:Today part of
222:
206:
204:
201:
200:
192:
190:
187:
186:
183:
181:
180:
177:
174:
172:
171:
167:
163:
159:
153:
149:
143:
139:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
104:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
61:
56:
51:
45:
27:
22:
1478:. Retrieved
1448:
1402:
1367:
1343:
1316:
1296:
1262:
1259:Davies, John
1223:
1205:Arabia Felix
1204:
1174:
1159:. Retrieved
1131:
1125:
1110:Bibliography
1095:
1088:Kitchen 2001
1083:
1076:Hoyland 2002
1061:Kitchen 2001
1046:Hoyland 2002
1041:
1034:Hoyland 2002
1029:
1022:Hoyland 2002
1017:
1010:Hoyland 2002
1005:
998:Hoyland 2002
993:
981:
974:Hoyland 2002
969:
962:Kitchen 2001
945:Hoyland 2002
930:Hoyland 2002
839:Kitchen 2001
834:
744:s of Qatabān
689:s of Qatabān
679:
664:
652:
648:
636:
628:
624:
620:
589:
568:
511:Graeco-Roman
508:
504:Hebrew Bible
497:
485:
466:
459:
401:
390:
379:
371:
359:
355:
322:
311:
283:
275:South Arabia
235:
234:
176:Succeeded by
175:
1372:(Paperback)
1348:(Hardcover)
761:of Qatabān)
734:of Qatabān)
469:Greco-Roman
314:Wādī Bayhān
1514:Categories
1480:8 November
1161:6 December
913:Bryce 2009
826:References
818:Ḏariʾkarib
797:Fariʿkarib
770:Ḏimriʿalay
755:and first
728:and first
660:South Asia
544:Gebbanitae
526:Κατταβανία
520:Kattabania
462:Ḥimyarites
352:Prehistory
252:romanized:
240:Qatabanian
110:Government
105:Qatabanian
101:Demonym(s)
84:Qatabanian
44:Qatabanian
1500:ignored (
1490:cite book
1275:Routledge
1237:Routledge
1187:Routledge
1156:163250611
716:of Sabaʾ)
397:Ḥaḍramawt
333:Ḥaḍramawt
308:Geography
294:Ḥaḍramawt
203:Ḥaḍramawt
90:Religion
1444:"Himyar"
1221:(2002).
1173:(2009).
1120:(1950).
776:Abišibām
752:mukarrib
725:mukarrib
686:Mukarrib
607:𐩱𐩬𐩨𐩺
576:𐩲𐩻𐩩𐩧
557:Religion
415:mukarrib
246:𐩤𐩩𐩨𐩬
127:Iron Age
36:𐩤𐩩𐩨𐩬
1148:3218798
719:Šahr II
633:Economy
513:writer
502:of the
471:author
446:
430:unifier
424:
368:Kingdom
362:Semitic
347:History
266:Qatabān
236:Qataban
114:Kingdom
70:Capital
30:Qatabān
1471:
1431:
1409:Oxford
1378:
1354:
1323:
1305:
1281:
1267:London
1243:
1229:London
1211:
1193:
1179:London
1154:
1146:
700:Šahr I
614:ʾAnbāy
583:ʿAṯtar
550:Thomna
515:Strabo
494:Legacy
488:Ḥimyar
374:Timnaʿ
341:Ṣayhad
318:Timnaʿ
298:Ḥimyar
189:Ḥimyar
40:
1453:(PDF)
1152:S2CID
1144:JSTOR
758:malik
741:Malik
731:malik
669:Ḥarīb
656:Ẓufār
640:myrrh
538:Τάμνα
532:Tamna
438:malik
393:Maʿīn
386:Sabaʾ
329:Awsān
325:Sabaʾ
302:Awsān
290:Maʿīn
286:Sabaʾ
228:Yemen
74:Timna
1502:help
1482:2022
1469:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1163:2022
600:ʿAmm
593:𐩲𐩣
509:The
467:The
452:king
443:lit.
421:lit.
409:Arab
395:and
300:and
258:QTBN
1461:doi
1294:.
1136:doi
1132:119
553:."
479:of
457:).
1516::
1494::
1492:}}
1488:{{
1467:.
1455:.
1446:.
1423::
1419:,
1415:;
1411:,
1397:;
1393:;
1333:.
1315:.
1301:.
1273::
1269:,
1265:.
1239:.
1235::
1231:,
1227:.
1189:.
1185::
1181:,
1177:.
1150:.
1142:.
1130:.
1124:.
1068:^
1053:^
952:^
937:^
920:^
887:^
846:^
672:.
646:.
399:.
320:.
304:.
296:,
292:,
288:,
263:,
250:,
242::
1504:)
1484:.
1463::
1437:.
1384:.
1360:.
1337:.
1327:.
1309:.
1287:.
1249:.
1199:.
1165:.
1138::
1102:.
988:.
882:.
610:(
596:(
579:(
535:(
523:(
455:'
449:'
441:(
433:'
427:'
419:(
277:(
238:(
46:)
42:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
