Project HARP - Knowledge

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developed under Project HARP. In 1962, a 10-ft extension was implemented for the 5-inch HARP gun by welding a second barrel section to the first, allowing it to launch projectiles at muzzle velocities of 1554 m/s (5,100 ft/sec) to altitudes of 73,100 m (240,000 ft). Throughout HARP, further modifications were made to the 5-inch gun, such as adding three sets of stiffening wires to maintain barrel alignment. Due to their small size, they were easily transported from their initial site at Aberdeen Proving Ground to different launch sites across North America and the Caribbean. One of the 5-inch HARP guns was acquired by the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory (which consolidated into the U.S. Army Research Laboratory in 1992) to measure the stratosphere's winds. The 5-inch gun was deemed successful as a low-cost launch system, costing only around $ 300 to $ 500 per launch. By May 1966, a total of the HARP program's 5-inch guns launched 162 flights at Wallops Island, 47 flights at White Sands Missile Range, 30 flights at Barbados, and 24 flights at Fort Greeley.

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muzzle, lengthening the barrel to 8.9 meters. The resulting gun system demonstrated a higher muzzle velocity at the muzzle exit. The longer barrel allowed the propellant gases to push on the projectile for a longer period of time. In September 1964, a ten-calibers extension was added to the 16-inch gun based on BRL's experiment with the 5-inch gun. However, while increased velocity and altitude was recorded for test flights, the extension failed in December after the eleventh shot was fired. In 1965, a successful extension of the 16-inch gun was established after enlarging the gun pit to accommodate the equipment's large size. The extension almost doubled the length of the gun to 120 feet and weighed nearly 200 tons, making the 16-inch Barbados gun the largest operational artillery piece in the world at the time.

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U.S. Army to increase the annual funding of the project from $ 250,000 to $ 1.5 million per year. By March 1964, Canada's Department of Defence Production (DDP) agreed to provide joint funding for the HARP program for a total of $ 3 million per year. However, HARP funding reportedly faced several obstacles in the form of bureaucratic sabotage due to opposition in the Canadian government. The funding promised by the DDP for July 1, 1964, to June 30, 1965, did not arrive until May 1965. During this period, McGill University covered the funds to the best of its ability, although changes had to be made to the original plan. For each subsequent funding periods, the DDP repeatedly delayed HARP funding late into the fiscal year.

375:'s focus on large-scale traditional rockets strained funding for the project as well, exacerbating the program's problems even further. In November 1966, the Canadian government announced that it would pull all Project HARP funding after June 30, 1967. Despite Bull's attempts to resuscitate the program, the Canadian government withdrew its support in 1967. This decision promptly caused the U.S. Army to withdraw its funding as well, leading to the program's complete termination. Both the HARP guns at Barbados and at Highwater Range were shut down, though the HARP guns under the jurisdiction of the U.S. military remained operational. Project HARP's assets were transferred to Bull, who started a 250:

flight. The second test series was conducted in April 1963 with the new Martlet 2 missiles, which set the world's new gun-launched altitude record of 92 km. Around the same time, development for the Martlet 3A began in the spring, with test launches commencing in September. By the end of 1963, approximately 20 Martlet 2 missiles were launched and regularly reached altitudes of 80 km. From these tests, researchers obtained a significant amount of atmospheric data as well as the internal ballistics of the 16-inch gun and the flight performance of the Martlet 2, 3A, and 3B. Impressed with the HARP program's initial results, the U.S. Army agreed to provide $ 250,000 per year in funding.

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near-space conditions. Due to their low cost per missile launch, they were used to test out single payloads. Despite similarities in missile airframe, the Martlet 2A, 2B, and 2C featured differences in their structural materials and mechanical details. For the Martlet 2A, the liquid payload was loaded into an aluminum, tapered liner inside the missile body. But by the development of the Martlet 2C series, the aluminum insert was abandoned altogether to allow the liquid payload to be housed in contact with the steel body, increasing the quantity of the liquid payload that could be carried.

475: m) and weighing 200 tons. It consisted of two 16-inch U.S. Navy gun barrels welded together and smooth-bored to 16.4-inch diameter. It was capable of firing at a muzzle velocity of 2,164 m/s (7,100 ft/s) with a maximum acceleration at launch of 15,000 g. It launched a 181-kg shot with an 84-kg payload that could reach an altitude of 181 km (595,000 ft). For propellants, the 16-inch gun used either the solvent type WM/M.225 or the solventless M8M.225, both manufactured by Canadian Arsenals Limited. During testing, a camera station set up on the islands of 500:

could not be elevated higher than 10 degrees, it was frequently used to test new and experimental launch vehicles and gun systems under each gun loads and in free flight. The Highwater 16-inch gun was primarily used for missile-sabot structural integrity tests, charge development, rocket grain tests, and for testing vehicle performance inside the gun and during the critical muzzle exit. In 1965, the barrel of the Highwater 16-inch gun was extended to a length of 176 ft, holding the record for the longest big-bore artillery piece in the world.

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objects could be inserted into the tube. This limitation on size was extremely inconvenient when considering the future proposed payloads of Martlet rockets, including satellites and space probes. The cannon-like design also eliminated the capacity for crewed space travel as well as the launching of satellites carrying extremely sensitive scientific instruments and payloads due to the extreme acceleration placed on the projectile during firing.

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35-mile range restriction. However, unlike the Barbados gun, its projectiles could be recovered since they were not lost in the ocean upon their journey back down. The Yuma 16-inch gun was primarily used for flight tests, such as those testing altitude control and telemetry components. In 1966, the 16-inch Yuma gun underwent three firing series using wooden slugs, Martlet 2C's, and a Low Altitude High-Velocity cone.

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a $ 500,000 grant from the Canadian Department of Defence Production (CDDP), which was later reportedly denied due to bureaucratic opposition. In October 1961, Bull met with Charles Murphy, the head of the Ballistic Research Laboratory, to pitch his project for a supergun and was met with overwhelming support. The U.S. Army provided Bull with substantial financial backing and two 16-inch naval

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and was planned to orbit approximately 50 pounds of payload. The second used liquid rocket motors and was planned to have orbited 200 pounds of payload. Both were about 28 feet (8.5 m) long and 16 inches (410 mm) in diameter, weighing about 2,900 pounds (1,300 kg) at launch. However, no Martlet 4 vehicles were built; the project was halted before the design was completed.

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of the project to $ 250,000 per year. The first test shot from the 16-inch gun on Barbados was fired on January 20, 1963, marking the first time that a gun of this caliber was fired at a near-vertical angle. The 315 kg test slug reached an altitude of 3000 meters with a flight time of about 58 seconds at a launch velocity of 1,000 m/s before coming down a kilometer off-shore.

142:. At the time, aircraft engineers needed more information on the atmosphere's upper regions to design better jet planes. However, launching rockets into the air to collect data was generally considered costly and inefficient. The U.S. military, in particular, was especially in need of a low-cost launch system that could cover altitudes that conventional aircraft and 1244:

launch vehicle variant of Martlet 2G, which had a solid rocket motor in the projectile. The follow-on 2G-2 proposal was to have had a second rocket motor to place the second stage in orbit, though with little or no payload. After development, it underwent horizontal development firings from the Highwater gun in 1966 but failed to be properly tested in time.

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The Martlet 2G was an advanced test projectile with nearly all of its total 350 lb (160 kg) weight in the projectile. It was tested successfully with the Highwater gun and the Barbados gun but never proceeded beyond the engineering flight testing stage. The Martlet 2G-1 was a proposed space

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Throughout 1966, the HARP program experienced a series of funding delays caused by immense opposition from critics in the Canadian government and growing bureaucratic pressures. Upon the end of the Canadian government's participation in June 1967, the Canadian government had contributed $ 4.3 million

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The Martlet 3E was a solid suborbital rocket designed to be fired from a smaller, 7-inch (180 mm) cannon used in the HARP project. Its basic concept revolved around packaging the rocket grain in a case with elastic properties to transmit the lateral strain to the gun tube. The 3E model utilized

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The 16-inch HARP gun at Yuma Proving Ground was constructed in 1966 in order to establish a functional 16-inch gun on American soil and holds the record for achieving the highest projectile launched. It was almost identical to the 16-inch gun on Barbados, being 119 ft long, but was limited by a

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that returned radio telemetry of information like temperature and humidity as they drifted back down under large parachutes. This initial design for the 5-inch HARP gun reached an altitude of 130,000 ft when tested in 1961. The 5-inch L70 smoothbore guns was the first vertical firing gun system

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The installation of the 16-inch gun began at the newly established High Altitude Research Facility in April 1962. A gun pit was dug into the island's coral base, and a concrete emplacement was built on a plateau so that the gun barrel could stand vertically. The 16-inch naval gun barrels provided by

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hired him as a professor. Working together with Donald Mordell, the university's Dean of Engineering, Bull moved forward with his space gun project and requested funding from various sources. He received a $ 200,000 loan from McGill University's board of governors. He was given a verbal promise for

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The Martlet 1 was the first test projectile of the HARP program. Designed in 1962, it was a 16-inch (406 mm) gun bore that weighed 450 lb (200 kg), was 6.6 inches (170 mm) in diameter and 70 inches (1,800 mm) long. Only four were manufactured, two of which were fired during

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Several models of test projectiles were fired or designed during Project HARP: These projectiles were fired on the island of Barbados and some were fired by the US Army's Ballistic Research Lab. The tube's slender design, which contained the rocket's payload, was very narrow and long, limiting what

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The 16-inch HARP gun at Highwater Range was established in 1964 near McGill University to conduct flight tests and other general research on the HARP guns without traveling all the way to the launch site at Barbados. Although the Highwater 16-inch gun was only capable of horizontal test flights and

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miles from the beach using a temporary purpose-built railway. By late 1962, the HARP 16-inch gun was set up, and construction on workshops, storage buildings, radar installations, and other facilities neared completion. Around this time, the U.S. Army Research Office increased its financial support

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into orbit using an enormous cannon. Bull believed that a large supergun would be significantly more cost-effective at sending objects into space than a conventional rocket. Bull argued it would not need expensive rocket motors, firing a large gun wouldn't require the missile to throw away multiple

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By July 1964, the Marlet 4 program pursued developing an orbit capable multi-stage rocket system to be launched from the 16" Barbados gun. Two versions of full-scale orbital launch vehicle projectiles were proposed in the Martlet 4 series. The first was to have used three solid rocket motor stages

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The Martlet 3B was similar to the Martlet 3A but using steel casings and attempting to solve some of the 3A model's other problems. The casings survived 5,100 feet per second (1,600 m/s), but the propellant failed at 3,400 feet per second (1,000 m/s). This was solved for later rockets by

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From late January to early February 1963, the 16-inch gun on Barbados conducted its first test series using the Martlet 1, the first of which flew for 145 seconds and reached an altitude of 26 km. It was the first Martlet flight to feature a radio transmitter beacon that tracked the vehicle's

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In 1964, the HARP gun on Barbados continued to primarily launch Martlet 2 missiles that carried a wide variety of payloads. Part of the reason was its low cost, since the firing of the Martlet 2 cost from $ 2500 to $ 3000 and took only half an hour to load. The new results from HARP convinced the

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gun whose barrel was smooth-bored and extended by 26 ft. In general, its projectiles were 1.6 m long and weighed 27 kg. However, it was also capable of firing 5 kg slugs at a muzzle velocity of 2,880 m/s. The 7-inch HARP gun also incorporated the use of gun-boosted rockets to

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before the HARP program in order to fulfill the needs of the U.S. military's Meteorological Rocket Network, a program dedicated to collecting atmospheric wind and temperature data. They were designed to carry a 0.9 kg payload to an altitude of 65 km, which consisted of radar reflective

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The Martlet 2A, 2B, and 2C represented the earliest of the Martlet 2 16-inch (406 mm) test projectiles. Martlet 2A was designed simultaneously with the Martlet 1 with a range of interest being 70 to 200 kilometers. Most carried multi-type research payloads studying the upper atmosphere and

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designed several telemetry systems used in the HARP program. The firing of these Martlet missiles was always accompanied by a huge explosion that shook the houses within close proximity, leading to cracks in several areas. Since the Barbados government refused to recognize householders' damage

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The Martlet 3 series consisted of advanced rocket-propelled projectiles. They were built and tested for the HARP project but were ultimately not successful due to restrictions in funding and a severe lack of technical information regarding large rocket grains' behaviour under high acceleration

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The first attempts to improve the performance of the 16-inch gun at Barbados were made in 1964, primarily by increasing the barrel's length. In 1962, the Ballistic Research Laboratory increased the barrel length of a 5-inch gun system by welding a second section of barrel to the first barrel's

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that appeared on the McGill University crest. Inside the gun barrel, the Martlet was surrounded by a sabot. This machined wooden casing protected the projectile as it traveled through the barrel by absorbing the combustive energy and then splitting apart in the air after the Martlet exited the

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The guns used for Project HARP consisted of smooth-bore 5 inch, 7-inch, and 16-inch guns, all of which were designed to launch sub-caliber saboted projectiles into the upper atmosphere. In addition to the High Altitude Research Laboratory at Barbados, a 16-inch HARP gun was constructed at the

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complete with a land mount and surplus powder charges, a heavy-duty crane, and a $ 750,000 radar tracking system. Bull and Mordell officially announced the HARP project as a program under McGill University's Space Research Institute at a press conference in March 1962. HARP was presented as a

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couldn't reach to support the development of new supersonic aircraft and missile systems. By late 1960, CARDE and the Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) conducted several feasibility studies surrounding small gun-launched probes' structural integrity. Around the same time, BRL developed a

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would allow the projectile to procure extra velocity from the Earth's rotation to reach higher altitudes. In addition, the site's close proximity to the Atlantic Ocean made for the safe impact of re-entry projectiles. As a result of McGill University's close connections with the island's

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On November 18, 1966, the HARP gun operated by BRL at Yuma Proving Ground launched an 84-kg Martlet 2 missile at 2,100 m/s, sending it briefly into space and setting a world altitude record of 179 km. This feat has remained the world altitude record for any fired projectile.

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or aluminum bodies. A standard 6-inch rocket was bonded to an aluminum case. The rocket nozzle was supported by a pusher plate, which would impart the missile's acceleration through the aluminum wall casing. Fiberglass limited acceleration to

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By 1966, the HARP program had established several different launch sites around the United States and Canada, including a second 16-inch HARP gun at the Highwater Range in Quebec and a third 16-inch HARP gun at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona.

265:. At this point, the project starting planning the launch of the Martlet 4, a projectile that used rocket jets that would ignite mid-flight to send the missile into orbit. For this endeavor, BRL designed the telemetry system that utilized 1261:

The Martlet 3A was an 18-centimetre (7.1 in) diameter, gun-fired rocket projectile that theoretically could reach 500 km altitude. As HARP's first attempt at a low-cost sabotted rocket system, the projectile was built with

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The 7-inch HARP guns functioned as scaled-up versions of the 5-inch HARP guns that could carry three times the payload with an altitude capacity of 350,000 ft. The 7-inch gun system was constructed from a 175 mm

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and collecting upper atmospheric data for research. Unlike conventional space launching methods that rely on rockets, HARP instead used very large guns to fire projectiles into the atmosphere at extremely high speeds.

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barrel. The Martlets also carried payloads of metallic chaff, chemical smoke, or meteorological balloons to gather atmospheric data as well as telemetry antennas for tracking the missile's flight. The

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The Martlet 3D model was planned as a suborbital test rocket, using the first stage of the Martlet 4 solid rocket version. As the Martlet 4 was never built, no Martlet 3Ds were produced either.

201:, St. Philip. HARP reportedly received enthusiastic support from the Barbados government due to expectations that the island nation would become heavily involved in space exploration research. 217:, and the Office of the Chief of Research and Development. Hundreds of people from Barbados were employed to transport the two 140-ton gun tubes from the coast to the designated emplacement 2 138:) using guns as small as 76mm. These experiments soon caught the attention of the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory and the U.S. Army's Chief of Army Research and Development, 2305: 379:

commercial operation to salvage his project. After HARP was cancelled, the 16-inch gun on Barbados remained on its emplacement, where it remains to this day, gradually rusting away.

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A guidance and control system were developed for the orbital mission by Aviation Electric Limited of Montreal under the direction of McGill-BRL-Harry Diamond Laboratory group.

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All projectiles used for this test were Martlet 2C's, except for the ones indicated with (W), i.e. wooded slugs, and (L), i.e. Low Altitude High Velocity cone.

184:) as HARP's main base of operations for its 16-inch super gun. The site location was first suggested by Mordell, who believed that a launch site closer to the 1871: 1931: 448:

increase payload and altitude capacity. Unlike the 5-inch HARP guns, all vertical high-performance flights for the 7-inch HARP guns were conducted at NASA's

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Highwater Range in Quebec and at Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona. Smooth-bore 5-inch and 7-inch guns were set up at several different test sites, including

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to determine the projectile's altitude. This telemetry system would serve as an early precursor to the U.S. Army's Aeroballistic Dynamic Fuze (DFuze).

102:, a renowned but controversial ballistic engineer specializing in high-velocity guns and gun propulsion systems. In the mid-1950s, Bull was working on 2616: 2279: 1794: 2544:

Paris Kanonen--the Paris guns (Wilhelmgeschütze) and Project HARP : the application of major calibre guns to atmospheric and space research

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The projectiles fired by the 16-inch HARP gun on Barbados belonged to a family of cylindrical, finned missiles called Martlets, named after the

2646: 2257: 2148: 20: 2316: 2651: 1619: 1693: 404:, New Mexico. The data collected from the projectiles fired from these gun systems were measured by radar chaff, aluminized balloons, 2580: 1759: 1297:

a new rocket grain construction technique that consisted of laminating sheet double-base propellant grain under hydraulic pressure.

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trails released from the projectile during launch, which provided data on upper atmosphere wind velocities for different altitudes.

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currently holds the world record for the highest altitude that a gun-fired projectile has achieved:180 kilometres (111.8 mi).

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the U.S. Army served as the barrels of the HARP gun. They had to be transported to the site on the U.S. Army landing ship, the

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The Development of a High Acceleration Testing Technique for the Electronic Instrumentation of HARP Projectile Systems

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loading. When testing these projectiles, the danger of in-bore detonation was considered a severe potential problem.

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and atmospheric objectives". However, the project's long-term goal was to place satellites into orbit economically.

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By the end of 1965, Project HARP had fired more than one hundred missiles at heights over 80 km high into the

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Paris Kanonen - The Paris Guns (Wilhelmgeschütze) and Project HARP (Wehrtechnik und Wissenschaftliche Waffenkunde)

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Kampe, H.J. (October 1960). "Meteorological Rocket Network: For Measuring Atmospheric Parameters up to 250.000".

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Petrescu, Relly; Aversa, Raffaella; Akash, Bilal; Berto, Filippo; Apicella, Antonio; Petrescu, Florian (2017).

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The 16-inch HARP gun in Barbados held the largest gun record globally, with a barrel length of 119 ft (36

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During the late 1950s, Bull conducted preliminary launch experiments at the CARDE (now known as

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filling the propellant cavity with liquid, but only after developing the 3B model had ended.

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would protect the payload during firing and later fall away as the satellite inside emerges.

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This article is about the space launch gun research project. For other projects, see

2306:"Upper Atmosphere and Space Programs in Canada - Special Study No 1 - February 1967" 2258:"On the Development of the Artillery Flight Characterization Electronics Rescue Kit" 1827:

Lukasiewicz, Julius (April 1986). "Canada's Encounter with High-Speed Aeronautics".

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Proceedings of the 21st AIAA Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems Technology Conference

1454: 143: 135: 131: 111: 1513: 1496: 2219:(Report). Ballistic Research Laboratory. AD645284 – via Government Attic. 2170: 2069: 2044: 449: 393: 139: 2588: 2521: 2280:"A History of Space Guns from Isaac Newton to Nazis in Paris and Project HARP" 1898:"An Inexpensive Solution for Quickly Launching Military Satellites Into Space" 176:

In 1962, Bull and Mordell established a McGill University research station on

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Decker, Ryan; Yakimenko, Oleg; Hollis, Michael; Sweeney, Patrick (May 2011).

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On the American side, growing political and financial pressure caused by the

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that successfully launched a probe to altitudes exceeding 220,000 feet.

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US-Canada ballistics research project famous for its extremely large gun

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on December 16, 2018 – via Defense Technical Information Center.

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research initiative dedicated to "developing low-orbital capacity for

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claims, HARP fell into ill favor by much of the Barbados population.

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to break through the Earth's atmosphere to reach orbit. In theory, a

115: 1840: 1315: 476: 177: 2581:"New technology testing may achieve the goals of HARP "space" gun" 2481:(Report). Ballistic Research Laboratory. AD654123. Archived from 2355:

on June 9, 2020 – via Defense Technical Information Center.

2348:(Report). Ballistic Research Laboratory. AD635782. Archived from 1338:

Paris Kanonen: The Paris Guns (Wilhelmgeschutze) and Project HARP

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Canadian Armaments and Research Development Establishment (CARDE)

2022:. Hamburg, Germany: E. S. Mittler & Sohn. pp. 144–234. 2437:(Report). Vol. 3. Ballistic Research Laboratory. ADA300522 54: 33: 1795:"Project HARP Leads to U.S.-Canada Study of Low-Orbit Program" 1318:

horizon sensors and sun sensors were included in calculating

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HARP 5-Inch and 16-Inch Guns at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona

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A 16-inch (41 cm) HARP gun operated by the U.S. Army's

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Marks, Spence; Pilcher, James; Brandon, Fred (March 1966).

2158:– via The University of Arizona University Libraries. 372: 2231:"Abandoned Space Gun Rusting Away in the Barbados Jungle" 1326:

systems were all test-fired to approximately 10,000 g's.

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Report of the March 1965 test firing series Project HARP

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facility, where 34 vehicles were launched by May 1966.

2546:. Murphy, C. H. (Charles H.). Herford : E.S. Mittler. 1543:"Science Goes Ballistic: 8 Guns for Hunting Knowledge" 132:

Defence Research and Development Canada – Valcartier

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Review of the High Altitude Research Program (HARP)

513:Performance Test of Yuma 16-inch HARP gun in 1966 460: 2171:"Re: Cannon Launch? (Very cheap access to space)" 2156:International Telemetering Conference Proceedings 2642:Abandoned military projects of the United States 2603: 1694:"The tragic tale of Saddam Hussein's 'supergun'" 1384:"Things That Matter: The Great Guns of Barbados" 408:trails, and sensors ranging from sun sensors to 197:to arrange the construction of a firing site at 2508: 2506: 2504: 2474:Murphy, Charles; Bull, Gerald (February 1967). 2445:– via National Technical Reports Library. 2049:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 1416:. Angela Cole. December 2, 2008. Archived from 1801:. Vol. 5, no. 5. May 1964. p. 5 420:The 5-inch HARP guns were based on a modified 21:High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program 1501:Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology 180:(then still a British colony and part of the 98:Project HARP originated as the brainchild of 2501: 1457:(Dr. Gerald Bull's supergun project in Iraq) 1309: 1229: 193:, Bull met with the Barbados Prime Minister 2313:uOttawa - Canadian Science Councils Archive 2212:Murphy, Charles; Bull, Gerald (July 1966). 1965:"High Altitude Research Project (HARP Gun)" 1895: 1826: 1722: 1672:The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction 298:HARP Funding receipts by McGill University 2473: 2211: 2042: 1869: 1335: 2149:"Telemetry for 250,000-G Gun Environment" 2068: 1512: 108:intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) 2617:1961 establishments in the United States 1665: 284: 32: 2578: 2460:(Report). McGill University. SRI-H-R-9. 2455: 2403: 2303: 2094:"HARP (High Altitude Research Project)" 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1226:the January and June 1963 test series. 2604: 2364: 2362: 2304:Forsyth, Chapman (February 11, 2020). 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2116: 2114: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2043:Murphy, Charles; Bull, Gerald (1968). 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1896:Oberholtzer, William (March 1, 2012). 1540: 1381: 1354: 1336:Bull, Gerald; Murphy, Charles (1988). 1238: 1211: 503: 455: 154:In 1961, Bull resigned from CARDE and 114:when he formulated the idea to launch 2647:Abandoned military projects of Canada 2469: 2467: 2368: 2277: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1620:"A Brief History of the HARP Project" 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 437: 429:chaff to collect wind data and small 415: 2432: 2168: 2017: 1870:Trevithick, Joseph (April 3, 2018). 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1691: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1450:Super High Altitude Research Project 2406:"Gun Probe Was Used To Study Winds" 2359: 2188: 2120: 2111: 2077: 2045:"Gun-launched probes over Barbados" 1982: 1950: 1382:Fraser, Henry S. (21 August 2011). 51:United States Department of Defense 19:Not to be confused with HAARP, the 13: 2464: 2146: 1915: 1758:Graf, Richard (October 31, 2001). 1666:Sterling, Bruce (September 1992). 1329: 494: 147:smooth-bore, 5-inch gun system at 61:created with the goal of studying 14: 2663: 2572: 2520:. astronautix.com. Archived from 1813: 1782: 1742: 1711: 1642: 1560: 1529: 1479: 1355:Carter, Gercine (23 April 2010). 140:Lieutenant general Arthur Trudeau 2597:from the original on 2021-12-12. 2542:Bull, G. V. (Gerald V.) (1988). 2404:Kennedy, Bruce (February 2015). 1692:Park, William (March 17, 2016). 1617: 2627:1962 establishments in Barbados 2535: 2492: 2449: 2426: 2397: 2334: 2297: 2271: 2249: 2223: 2162: 2140: 2036: 1889: 1863: 461:High Altitude Research Facility 294:and the US Army $ 3.7 million. 207:Lieutenant Colonel John D. Page 171: 93: 2652:Canada–United States relations 2579:Schauer, Mark (May 11, 2018). 2435:Ballisticians in War and Peace 1723:Grundhauser, Eric (May 2017). 1685: 289:Abandoned HARP gun in Barbados 211:U.S. Army Transportation Corps 59:Department of National Defence 47:high altitude research project 37:HARP 16-inch (410 mm) gun 1: 2612:1961 establishments in Canada 2391:10.1080/00431672.1960.9940979 2278:Patel, Neel (June 14, 2016). 2169:Dunn, Bruce (July 26, 1996). 1799:Army Research and Development 1472: 1291: 1283: 1256: 426:Ballistic Research Laboratory 231: 79:U.S. Army Research Laboratory 75:Ballistic Research Laboratory 49:, was a joint venture of the 2018:Bull, Gerald (May 1, 1991). 1936:Weather Modification History 1541:Hanson, Joe (July 8, 2013). 1300: 1274: 1247: 1220: 487:were used to photograph the 422:120 mm T123 service gun 104:anti-ballistic missile (ABM) 7: 2456:Luckert, H.J. (July 1965). 1514:10.3844/jastsp.2017.249.257 1443: 10: 2670: 2070:10.1175/1520-0477-49.6.640 382: 377:Space Research Corporation 280: 243:Harry Diamond Laboratories 88: 25: 18: 2622:Barbados–Canada relations 2518:Encyclopedia Astronautica 1764:Encyclopedia Astronautica 1624:Encyclopedia Astronautica 1461:16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun 1410:"Local knowledge of HARP" 1310:Martlet 4 Control Systems 1230:Martlet 2A, 2B, 2C family 402:White Sands Missile Range 215:U.S. Army Research Office 1725:"Project HARP Space Gun" 309:Funding amount received 2123:"Now that's a big gun!" 1668:"Think of the Prestige" 398:Aberdeen Proving Ground 191:Democratic Labour Party 149:Aberdeen Proving Ground 1829:Technology and Culture 1357:"HARP-ing on a memory" 290: 182:West Indies Federation 38: 1969:Barbados Pocket Guide 1389:The Barbados Advocate 288: 36: 28:Harp (disambiguation) 2590:HARP Project (video) 2433:Reed, Harry (1992). 2413:Hands Across History 2127:APG Discovery Center 2383:1960Weawi..13e.192K 2061:1968BAMS...49..640M 1239:Martlet 2G and 2G-1 1212:Martlet projectiles 514: 504:Yuma Proving Ground 456:16-inch gun systems 299: 83:Yuma Proving Ground 1630:on August 20, 2016 1468:Vengeance Weapon 3 1420:on October 5, 2011 1414:Caribusiness Admin 512: 489:trimethylaluminium 438:7-inch gun systems 416:5-inch gun systems 297: 291: 39: 2632:McGill University 2121:Deutsch, Elliot. 1760:"5 inch HARP Gun" 1396:on April 25, 2010 1209: 1208: 406:trimethylaluminum 365: 364: 156:McGill University 67:re-entry vehicles 2659: 2598: 2584: 2566: 2565: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2510: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2461: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2366: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2322:on June 13, 2020 2321: 2315:. 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Archived from 1362:Nation Newspaper 1351: 1324:attitude control 1320:vehicle attitude 515: 511: 474: 473: 469: 424:and used by the 400:, Maryland, and 300: 296: 226: 225: 221: 213:assistance, the 144:weather balloons 110:research at the 77:(now called the 2669: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2602: 2601: 2587: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2554: 2540: 2536: 2527: 2525: 2512: 2511: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2478: 2472: 2465: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2408: 2402: 2398: 2367: 2360: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2276: 2272: 2260: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2210: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2175:Usenet Archives 2167: 2163: 2151: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2119: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2092: 2091: 2078: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2016: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1963: 1962: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1930: 1929: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1868: 1864: 1841:10.2307/3105144 1825: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1793: 1792: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1770:on May 30, 2019 1756: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1721: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1664: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1618:Graf, Richard. 1616: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1539: 1530: 1493: 1480: 1475: 1455:Project Babylon 1446: 1423: 1421: 1408: 1399: 1397: 1372: 1370: 1348: 1332: 1330:Further reading 1312: 1303: 1294: 1286: 1277: 1259: 1250: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1214: 544: 539: 534: 532: 527: 522: 506: 497: 495:Highwater Range 471: 467: 466: 463: 458: 440: 418: 385: 361: 348: 335: 322: 283: 234: 223: 219: 218: 174: 136:DRDC Valcartier 96: 91: 41: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2667: 2666: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2600: 2599: 2585: 2574: 2573:External links 2571: 2568: 2567: 2552: 2534: 2500: 2491: 2463: 2448: 2425: 2396: 2377:(5): 192–195. 2358: 2333: 2296: 2270: 2248: 2237:. July 3, 2013 2222: 2187: 2161: 2139: 2110: 2076: 2055:(6): 640–644. 2035: 2029:978-3813203042 2028: 1981: 1949: 1914: 1888: 1862: 1835:(2): 223–261. 1812: 1781: 1741: 1710: 1684: 1641: 1559: 1528: 1507:(4): 249–257. 1497:"Project HARP" 1477: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1438:978-0891414384 1430: 1406: 1379: 1352: 1346: 1331: 1328: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1258: 1255: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 987: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 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