100:
3218:, who due to high maintenance costs abandoned it and demolished the fort soon after. On 27 July 1685, an expedition was mounted by Frederick William and Raule, who took possession of the vacated colony on 1 October. Subsequently, the fort was rebuilt and contacts to the indigenous population established. France was alarmed and sent a vessel to re-conquer the fort in late 1687, but the attack of a French frigate and a smaller vessel was beaten back by the Brandenburg-Prussian garrison. The victory improved the relations to the indigenous people, many of whom were carried off as slaves by the French before. While Arguin did not reach the economic importance of Großfriedrichsburg, it temporarily advanced to the world's primary staple port for slaves.
487:
434:
1747:
336:
71:
1561:
350:
2179:
1678:
378:
64:
448:
1062:
1127:
1541:
real estate tax to an excise tax. Since 1657, the towns had to contribute not soldiers, but monetary payments to the army, and since 1665, the estates were able to free themselves from contributing soldiers by additional payments. The initial army size of 8,000 men had risen to 25,000 to 30,000 men by 1688. By then, Frederick
William had also accomplished his second goal, to finance the army independently of the estates. By 1688, these military costs amounted to considerable 1,500,000
420:
1918:. Frederick III, present at the negotiations as crown prince, assured the Habsburgs of the continuation of the alliance once he was in power, and secretly concluded an amendment to return Schwiebus to the Habsburgs, which he eventually did in 1694. Throughout his reign, Brandenburg-Prussia remained a Habsburg ally and repeatedly deployed troops to fight against France. In 1693, Frederick III began to sound out the possibility of an elevation of his status at the Habsburg court in
322:
406:
539:
534:
364:
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3183:
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392:
746:(1618–1648) was especially devastating. The Elector changed sides three times, and as a result Protestant and Catholic armies swept the land back and forth, killing, burning, seizing men and taking the food supplies. Upwards of half the population was killed or dislocated. Berlin and the other major cities were in ruins, and recovery took decades. By the
1010:. In 1563, the Brandenburgian branch of the Hohenzollern was granted the right of succession by the Polish crown. Albert Frederick became duke of Prussia after Albert's death in 1568. His mother died in the same year, and thereafter he showed signs of mental disorder. Because of the duke's illness, Prussia was governed by Albert's nephew
2025:
2663:. Thus, on 5 February 1615, he granted the Lutherans religious freedom, while the Elector's court remained largely Calvinist. When Frederick William I rebuilt Brandenburg-Prussia's war-torn economy, he attracted settlers from all Europe, especially by offering religious asylum, most prominently by the
3023:
fleet that was ordered to capture
Spanish vessels carrying silver; it was not successful in this mission. In the following years, the navy was expanded, and the policy of leasing ships was replaced by the policy of building or purchasing them. On 1 October 1684 Frederick William bought all ships that
1540:
Initially, the estates' contributions were limited to six years, yet
Frederick William obliged the estates to continue the payments thereafter and created a dedicated office to collect the contributions. The contributions were confirmed by the estates in 1662, but transformed in 1666 by decree from a
3278:
further west. In 1688, 300 Europeans and several hundred slaves lived on the
Brandenburgian estates. In November 1695, French forces looted the Brandenburgian (not the Danish) colony. In 1731, the Brandenburg-Prussian company on Saint Thomas (BAAC) became insolvent, and abandoned the island in 1735.
1201:
took over
Brandenburg-Prussia in times of a political, economical and demographic crisis caused by the war. Upon his succession, the new elector retired the Brandenburgian army, but had an army raised again in 1643/44. Whether or not Frederick William concluded a truce and neutrality agreement with
1358:
was among the most devastated at the end of the Thirty Years' War. Already before the war, the population density and wealth in the electorate had been low compared to other territories of the empire, and the war had destroyed 60 towns, 48 castles and about 5,000 villages. An average of 50% of the
2971:
as his advisor, who after a first personal meeting with
Frederick William in 1675 settled in Brandenburg in 1676 and became the major figure of Brandenburg-Prussia's emerging naval and colonial enterprise. The Brandenburg-Prussian navy was established from ten ships which Frederick William leased
1976:
Frederick decided to raise the Duchy of
Prussia to a kingdom. Within the Holy Roman Empire, no one could call himself king except the emperor and the king of Bohemia. However, Prussia was outside the empire, and the Hohenzollerns were fully sovereign over it. The practicability of this plan was
2280:
had strengthened the elector politically, enabling him to reform the constitution of Cleves and Mark in 1660 and 1661 to introduce officials loyal to him and independent of the local estates. In the Duchy of
Prussia, he confirmed the traditional privileges of the estates in 1663, but the latter
2349:
2285:
was raised with the estates' consent, the elector by force collected taxes not approved by the
Prussian estates for the first time in 1674. Since 1704, the Prussian estates had de facto relinquished their right to approve the elector's taxes while formally still entitled to do so. In 1682, the
943:
3108:
managed to have three
Guinean chieftains sign a contract on 16 May, before the Dutch expelled the vessel from the coastal waters. This treaty, officially declared as trade agreement, included a clause of subjection of the chiefs to Frederick William's overlordship and an agreement allowing
1481:
negotiated by Imperial mediators in October 1651. The underlying religious dispute was only solved in 1672. While military confrontations were avoided and the Brandenburg-Prussian army was primarily occupied with stealing cattle (hence the name), it considerably lowered Frederick William's
2121:
Since Brandenburg was still legally part of the Holy Roman Empire, the personal union between Brandenburg and Prussia technically continued until the empire's dissolution in 1806. However, the emperor's power was only nominal by this time, and Brandenburg soon came to be treated as a
3299:, but since Courland later abandoned the territory and thus was no longer present on the island, the agreement was nullified, and negotiations with the English government which had interests in Tobago did not result in an agreement. In 1695, Brandenburg-Prussia attempted to acquire
2281:
accepted the caveat that these privileges were not to be used to interfere with the exertion of the elector's sovereignty. As in Brandenburg, Frederick William ignored the privilege of the Prussian estates to confirm or veto taxes raised by the elector: while in 1656, an
1411:
1462:, disregarded a 1647 agreement with Frederick William which had favored the Protestants in the duchies, while Frederick William insisted that the agreement be upheld. Besides these religious motives, Frederick William's invasion also aimed at territorial expansion.
2159:
went bankrupt between 1618 and 1625. The margraves further had to yield the veto of the estates in all issues concerning the "better or worse of the country", in all legal commitments, and in all issues concerning pawn or sale of the elector's real property.
1052:
until 1656/7. Since John Sigismund had suffered a stroke in 1616 and as a consequence was severely handicapped physically as well as mentally, his wife Anna ruled the Duchy of Prussia in his name until John Sigismund died of a second stroke in 1619, aged 47.
1545:
or half of the state budget. Ensuring a solid financial basis for the army, undisturbed by the estates, was the foremost objective of Frederick William's administrative reforms. He regarded military success as the only way to gain international reputation.
2264:
chambers to administer and coordinate the elector's domains, tax income and privileges. Such chambers were introduced in Brandenburg in 1652, in Cleves and Mark in 1653, in Pomerania in 1654, in Prussia in 1661 and in Magdeburg in 1680. Also in 1680, the
2113:
regents to not accept Frederick's royal status. Until 1787, papal documents continued to speak of the Prussian kings as "Margraves of Brandenburg". Neither did the Polish–Lithuanian nobility accept Frederick's royal status, seeing the Polish province of
3040:
as the main Brandenburg-Prussian naval base. From Pillau, part of the shipyard, the admiral's house and the wooden church of the employees was transferred to Emden. While Emden was not part of Brandenburg-Prussia, the elector owned a nearby castle,
2217:("Privy Council for the Electorate"), which instead of the estates was to function as the supreme advisory council for the elector. While the council was permanently established in 1613, it failed to gain any influence until 1651 due to the
3085:, and the elector approved. In July 1680, Frederick William issued respective orders, and two ships were selected to establish trade contacts with African tribes and explore places where colonies could be established. On 17 September,
925:
treated as part of the Prussian kingdom. Frederick and his successors continued to centralize and expand the state, transforming the personal union of politically diverse principalities typical for the Brandenburg-Prussian era into a
1739:(1675). Though a minor skirmish from a military perspective, Frederick William's victory turned out to be of huge symbolic significance. The "Great Elector" started a counter-offensive, pursuing the retreating Swedish forces through
2276:), which since 1667 replaced the property tax raised in Brandenburg for Brandenburg-Prussia's standing army with the estates' consent, was raised by the elector without consultation of the estates. The conclusion of the
2126:
province of the Prussian kingdom. Although Frederick was still only an elector within the portions of his domain that were part of the empire, he only acknowledged the emperor's overlordship over them in a formal way.
1202:
Sweden is disputed: while a relevant 1641 document exists, it was never ratified and has repeatedly been described as a falsification. However, it is not disputed that he established the growth of Brandenburg-Prussia.
3286:
in 1687, but the island was also claimed by other European powers beforehand, and when a second expedition in 1692 found the island under Danish control, the plan was abandoned. In 1689, Brandenburg-Prussia claimed
1516:
was a privilege of the estates, yet Frederick William envisioned a standing army financed independently of the estates. He succeeded in getting the consent and necessary financial contributions of the estates in a
3128:. Throughout its existence, the company was underfunded, and expeditions were financed also by private capital, including payments by Raule and Frederick William. In July 1682, an expedition under East Prussian
1359:
population was dead, in some regions only 10% survived. The rural population, due to deaths and flight to the towns, had dropped from 300,000 before the war to 75,000 thereafter. In the important towns of
2723:
and princes of the empire to participate. The emperor, however, declined the request as he considered it dangerous to disturb the interest of the other European powers. In 1651, Frederick William bought
2715:, Frederick William tried to acquire finances to rebuild the country by participating in oversea trade, and attempted to found a Brandenburg-Prussian East Indies Company. He engaged former Dutch admiral
2294:
was introduced only between 1716 and 1720. Due to Frederick William's reforms, the state income increased threefold during his reign, and the tax burden per subject reached a level twice as high as in
6784:
6382:
1953:
in 1692. Thus, the formerly exclusive club of the prince-electors now had nine members, six of whom were secular princes, and further changes seemed possible. Within the circle of prince-electors,
6362:
3255:
2348:
1777:
over the Duchy of Prussia, and for this purpose concluded an alliance with France on 11 June 1675. France promised assistance and subsidies, while Sobieski in turn allowed French recruitment in
1189:
99:
2309:. Frederick William's testament would have divided Brandenburg-Prussia among his sons, yet firstborn Frederick III with the emperor's backing succeeded in becoming the sole ruler based on the
1925:
The envisioned status elevation did not merely serve a decorative purpose, but was regarded a necessity to prevail in political competition. Though Frederick III held the elevated status of a
2703:(1635–1638). When Frederick William became elector in 1640, he invited Dutch engineers to Brandenburg, sent Brandenburgian engineers to study in the Netherlands, and in 1646 married educated
1969:. From Frederick III's perspective, stagnation in status meant loss of power, and this perspective seemed to be confirmed when the European royals ignored Brandenburg-Prussia's claims in the
2260:
in Mark and Cleves), which were the highest government agencies regarding jurisdiction, finances and administration. The elector attempted to balance the estates' governments by creating
1346:, and while Frederick William valued these territories lower than Western Pomerania, they became step-stones for the creation of a closed, dominant realm in Germany in the long run.
1092:
917:
between Brandenburg and Prussia continued until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. However, by this time the emperor's overlordship over the empire had become a
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6997:
2716:
1647:
in 1657. The duchy would legally revert to Poland if the Hohenzollern dynastic line became extinct. Hohenzollern sovereignty in the Prussian duchy was confirmed in the
1521:
decree of 26 July 1653. In turn, he confirmed several privileges of the knights, including tax exemption, assertion of jurisdiction and police powers on their estates (
462:
6958:
2224:
Until after the Thirty Years' War, the territories of Brandenburg-Prussia were politically independent from each other, connected only by the common feudal superior.
2700:
1327:
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1319:
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to the Brandenburgian claim. The Peace of Westphalia settled for a partition of the duchy between Brandenburg and Sweden, who determined the exact border in the
6377:
1110:
compelled George William to join Sweden as an ally by occupying substantial territory in Brandenburg-Prussia and concentrating an army before the town walls of
7409:
7404:
7272:
4784:
Gabel, Helmut (1998). "Altes Reich und europäische Friedensordnung. Aspekte der Friedenssicherung zwischen 1648 und dem Beginn des Holländischen Krieges". In
2337:
agencies initially concerned with the administration of the army, but until 1712 transformed into an agency also concerned with general tax and police tasks.
7009:
4864:
Jähnig, Bernhart (2006). "Die politischen und rechtlichen Außenbeziehungen des Herzogtums Preußen (1525–1660)". In Willoweit, Dietmar; Lemberg, Hans (eds.).
1372:
7399:
6367:
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1331:
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The Electors of Brandenburg inherited the Duchy of Prussia upon Albert Frederick's death in 1618, but the duchy continued to be held as a fief under the
1701:. In June 1673, Frederick William abandoned the Dutch alliance and concluded a subsidy treaty with France, who in return withdrew from Cleves. When the
719:, and secured succession upon the latter's extinction in the male line in 1618. Another consequence of intermarriage was the incorporation of the lower
5088:
4885:
Reformatio vitae Johann Jakob Fabricius (1618/20-1673). Ein Beitrag zu Konfessionalisierung und Sozialdisziplinierung im Luthertum des 17. Jahrhunderts
1478:
2679:
Brandenburg-Prussia established a navy and colonies during the reign of Frederick William. The "Great Elector" had spent part of his childhood at the
1858:. Though the Scanian War resulted only in minor territorial gains, attaching a small strip of the Swedish Pomeranian right bank of the lower Oder to
1011:
2313:, which forbade a division of Hohenzollern territories. In 1689, a new central chamber for all Brandenburg-Prussian territories was created, called
2240:
as a central authority for all territories in 1651, but this project proved to be unfeasible. Instead, the elector continued to appoint a governor (
1946:
2968:
2310:
1038:
6428:
1469:, which continued to operate in the region despite the Peace of Westphalia, to intervene on his side, and Frederick William sought support of the
6502:
5909:
5767:
1402:
Despite efforts to resettle the devastated territories, it took some of them until the mid-18th century to reach the pre-war population density.
6418:
2743:
to invest in the project, but since none of these were able or willing to give sufficient money, the treaty with Denmark was nullified in 1653.
7374:
3263:
1091:. While George William had claimed neutrality before, the presence of Wallenstein's army forced him to join the Catholic-Imperial camp in the
5081:
578:
17:
1367:, the population drop was one third and two-thirds, respectively. Some of the territories gained after the war were likewise devastated: in
6524:
5565:
3149:
1473:. The latter however followed a policy of neutrality and refused to aid Frederick William's campaign, which was furthermore opposed by the
1465:
The conflict had the potential to spark another international war since Wolfgang William wanted to have the still not demobilized army of
7389:
2367:
2225:
1754:
1569:
1459:
1977:
doubted by some of his advisors, and in any case the crown was only valuable if recognized by the European nobility, most important the
7161:
5264:
3157:
2210:
1813:. Inner-Polish Catholic opposition to an intervention on the Protestant Hungarian rebels' side added to the resentments. Thus, while
1198:
1192:
1139:
1026:
850:
219:
4868:. Völker, Staaten und Kulturen in Ostmitteleuropa (in German). Vol. 2. Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 51–72.
7384:
6438:
5058:. Schriften des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa (in German). Vol. 21. Oldenbourg.
3137:
1151:
3307:
via diplomacy, but the negotiations went nowhere, and were eventually called off. Likewise, England declined an offer to purchase
7394:
6357:
5620:
2363:
1817:
ended the Polish-Ottoman war in 1676, Sobieski sided with the emperor instead, and the plan for a Prussian campaign was dropped.
1620:
in June, enhancing the elector's international reputation. Continued pressure on Charles X Gustav resulted in him conceding full
1030:
951:
6413:
1447:
1423:
1034:
7429:
7140:
6512:
6193:
6166:
6010:
5590:
4621:
2996:
2648:
2550:
1892:
1855:
1794:
1672:
1388:
1072:
1065:
891:
795:
246:
207:
195:
1114:. George William did not conclude an alliance, but granted Sweden transit rights, two fortresses and subsidies. Consequently,
70:
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6022:
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5882:
5752:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5376:
5152:
4968:
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4717:
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to rent part of Saint Thomas as a base for 30 years, while the sovereignty remained with Denmark and administration with the
3136:. On 24 February 1684, another treaty with indigenous chiefs was signed that allowed the erection of a second fort in nearby
2526:
2102:
1859:
873:. Frederick William also started to centralize Brandenburg-Prussia's administration and reduce the influence of the estates.
799:
763:
425:
63:
6233:
6213:
1735:
to northern Brandenburg, and encountered the rear of the Swedish army, which was in the process of crossing a swamp, in the
6829:
6403:
6238:
6228:
6223:
6051:
6046:
5998:
5993:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5870:
5855:
5804:
5779:
5690:
5680:
5615:
5610:
3330:
6347:
5784:
1037:. Upon George Frederick's death in 1603, the regency of the Prussian duchy passed to Joachim Frederick. Also in 1603, the
6476:
6408:
6372:
1003:
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4790:
Krieg und Kultur. Die Rezeption von Krieg und Frieden in der Niederländischen Republik und im Deutschen Reich 1568-1648
2704:
2469:
2152:
2059:
On 28 January, Augustus the Strong congratulated Frederick, yet not as Polish king, but as Saxon elector. In February,
1994:
1962:
1778:
1585:
6433:
3109:
Brandenburg-Prussia to establish a fort, and is thus regarded the beginning of the Brandenburg-Prussian colonial era.
1906:, with whom he concluded an alliance on 22 December 1686. For this alliance, Frederick William relinquished rights on
1083:. The Brandenburg-Saxon antagonism rendered the defense of the circle ineffective, and it was subsequently overrun by
7232:
7197:
6423:
5211:
5063:
5044:
5025:
5006:
4987:
4949:
4930:
4892:
4873:
4854:
4835:
4816:
4797:
4774:
4755:
4736:
4691:
4672:
4599:
4562:
4536:
3638:
3243:
1007:
987:
6135:
5533:
1891:
in 1657. Already in the last years of the reign of his father, the friendly relations with France established after
7379:
6563:
6178:
5558:
3239:
3235:
1930:
1600:, but had to yield Swedish military supremacy and withdraw to his Prussian duchy. Pursued by Swedish forces to the
1508:
Due to his wartime experiences, Frederick William was convinced that Brandenburg-Prussia would only prevail with a
1848:, he marched his armies east to relieve his Swedish ally, and forced Frederick William to basically return to the
7284:
6280:
2143:
in 1538). The margraviate's liabilities and tax income as well as the margrave's finances were controlled by the
1268:
1252:
1103:
1639:
When the anti-Swedish coalition however gained the upper hand, Frederick William changed sides when Polish king
1439:
5529:
5425:
5016:
Olesen, Jens E. (2003). "Christian IV og dansk Pommernpolitik". In Asmus, Ivo; Droste, Jens E.; Olesen (eds.).
3129:
838:
6529:
3096:(poetic for "Mohr", "Negro") left for Guinea. The ships reached Guinea in January 1681. Since the crew of the
2565:
2477:
1613:
7026:
6481:
6331:
6208:
3320:
1986:
1982:
1922:, and while the first attempt was unsuccessful, elevation to a king remained the central goal on his agenda.
902:
4765:
Duchhardt, Heinz (2006). "Friedrich Wilhelm, der Große Kurfürst (1640–1688)". In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.).
3168:. Overall, the colony comprised roughly 50 kilometers of coastline, and did not extend into the hinterland.
7369:
7290:
7037:
6536:
6497:
1797:, which French diplomacy despite great efforts failed to achieve. Furthermore, Sobieski was opposed by the
1075:
was elector of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia. He strove, but proved unable to break the dominance of the
817:
in European politics. The emerging Brandenburg-Prussian military potential, based on the introduction of a
4828:
Kurfürstin Luise Henriette. Eine Oranierin als Mittlerin zwischen den Niederlanden und Brandenburg-Preußen
3156:), some 30 kilometers east of Großfriedrichsburg. A fourth fort was built at a spring near the village of
6741:
6268:
6155:
5945:
5822:
5551:
5160:
4866:
Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa. Historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation
3325:
3251:
3113:
2511:
2049:
1697:. This alliance was based on a treaty of 1669, and resulted in French occupation of Brandenburg-Prussian
1581:
1163:
1107:
759:
572:
79:
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6017:
5962:
5172:
2585:
787:
453:
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6975:
6970:
6824:
6249:
6218:
5865:
5585:
5316:
5127:
4807:
Gotthard, Axel (2006). "Zwischen Luthertum und Calvinismus (1598–1640)". In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.).
2557:
2396:
1609:
1315:
963:
594:
566:
439:
369:
341:
121:
6113:
4847:
Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste. Die brandenburgisch-preussische Kolonie Grossfriedrichsburg in Westafrika
4604:
2044:
On 17 January 1701, Frederick dedicated the royal coat of arms, the Prussian black eagle, and motto, "
7100:
5466:
5462:
5332:
5304:
3291:, but the small rock proved unsuitable for trade or settlement. In 1691, Brandenburg-Prussia and the
3101:
3071:
2973:
2660:
2577:
2485:
2359:
2139:
had become highly dependent on the estates (counts, lords, knights and towns, no prelates due to the
1938:
1821:
1644:
1355:
712:
6383:
Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl)
7419:
7308:
7117:
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5417:
5295:
5201:
5073:
3054:
2546:
2326:
2136:
1307:
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1248:
1183:
1179:
1167:
1115:
1099:
1084:
1015:
842:
767:
5665:
3148:
after Frederick William's second wife. On 4 February 1685, a treaty was signed with the chiefs of
1477:
as well as the local ones. Politically isolated, Frederick William aborted the campaign after the
7255:
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6964:
6947:
6839:
6834:
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6352:
5737:
5363:
1746:
1617:
1022:
991:
955:
822:
86:
5732:
1989:
was about to break out. On 16 November 1700, the emperor approved Frederick's coronation in the
947:
7203:
6986:
6600:
6468:
6263:
6065:
5950:
5812:
5438:
5396:
5196:
2708:
2355:
2302:
2140:
2029:
1884:
1880:
1850:
1560:
1513:
877:
231:
172:
6386:
6171:
6140:
5368:
5231:
2021:, for similar reasons as the emperor, accepted Frederick's elevation prior to the coronation.
1731:(Brandenburg-Swedish War). Frederick William reacted promptly by marching his armies from the
7021:
6991:
6856:
6789:
5794:
5502:
5498:
5451:
5287:
2236:, started to centralize the Brandenburg-Prussian government with an attempt to establish the
2166:
2110:
2076:
1364:
1343:
1042:
999:
708:
653:
616:
6243:
6056:
5936:
4940:
Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2006). "Friedrich III./I. (1688–1713)". In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.).
4904:
Einführung in die deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom alten Reich bis Weimar (1495 bis 1933)
3259:
3133:
2248:. The most powerful institution in the territories remained the governments of the estates (
1210:
7208:
7173:
6819:
6620:
6605:
6273:
5887:
5722:
5574:
5471:
5381:
5345:
5176:
5140:
4579:
4571:
3283:
2956:
2712:
2696:
2445:
2218:
2169:
1958:
1934:
1736:
1720:
1664:
1640:
1455:
1323:
1275:
however, Bogislaw XIV had also effectively handed over control of the duchy to Sweden, who
1135:
1088:
1076:
983:
931:
927:
826:
751:
743:
732:
411:
7303:
Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution
6595:
6254:
5685:
2053:
1814:
1573:
8:
7244:
7111:
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6706:
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5429:
5409:
5391:
5165:
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4605:
Leathes, Stanley Mordaunt; Ward, Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter, eds. (1964).
2967:, Frederick William decided to establish a navy. He engaged Dutch merchant and shipowner
2624:
2542:
2530:
2519:
2504:
2496:
2277:
1954:
1942:
1841:
1589:
1419:
1392:
1335:
1311:
1225:
1217:
779:
755:
747:
704:
692:
604:
590:
7071:
6150:
4982:. Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte (in German). Vol. 42 (2 ed.). Oldenbourg.
1295:). Frederick William was dissatisfied by this outcome, and the acquisition of the whole
853:, known as "The Great Elector", opened Brandenburg-Prussia to large-scale immigration ("
7220:
7191:
7179:
7128:
7077:
7042:
6879:
6640:
6342:
6188:
6145:
6118:
6108:
5988:
5983:
5850:
5845:
5762:
5727:
5675:
5670:
5506:
5486:
5478:
5386:
5352:
5223:
5188:
5181:
4830:. Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur Nordwesteuropas (in German). Vol. 4. Waxmann.
3304:
3247:
2725:
2720:
2680:
2615:
2608:
2593:
2538:
2306:
2064:
2060:
1978:
1970:
1903:
1875:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1750:
1668:
1604:, Frederick William made peace and allied with Sweden, taking the Duchy of Prussia and
1555:
1451:
1368:
1296:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1080:
910:
906:
898:
830:
775:
771:
659:
610:
480:
383:
285:
6941:
6660:
6130:
6039:
5904:
2178:
1832:. This was followed by another success against Sweden, when Frederick William cleared
1677:
639:
7296:
7238:
7214:
7083:
6952:
6929:
6864:
6625:
6610:
5969:
5835:
5774:
5747:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5646:
5521:
5280:
5275:
5259:
5251:
5244:
5239:
5059:
5040:
5021:
5002:
4983:
4964:
4945:
4926:
4907:
4888:
4869:
4850:
4831:
4812:
4793:
4770:
4751:
4732:
4713:
4687:
4668:
4595:
4575:
4558:
4532:
3634:
3292:
2960:
2405:
2072:
2068:
1900:
1786:
1770:
1740:
1702:
1652:
1380:
1339:
1318:. With Halberstadt, Brandenburg-Prussia also gained several smaller territories: the
1303:
1292:
1288:
971:
895:
165:
105:
4618:
7266:
7260:
7122:
7048:
6980:
6935:
6772:
6650:
6630:
5899:
5789:
5757:
5697:
5323:
5145:
5122:
4785:
4648:
3227:
3145:
3065:
2752:
2740:
2664:
2641:
2573:
2481:
2460:
2453:
2438:
2423:
2098:
2095:
1950:
1896:
1833:
1790:
1690:
1629:
1625:
1565:
1474:
1466:
1435:
1384:
1033:. The marriage ensured the right of succession in the Prussian duchy as well as in
979:
975:
887:
870:
834:
783:
736:
716:
584:
525:
327:
272:
125:
2972:
from Raule, and achieved first successes in the war against Sweden supporting the
1450:
among the belligerents, and Jülich-Berg was since ruled by the Catholic counts of
7226:
7134:
7089:
7003:
6869:
6846:
6645:
6635:
6585:
6315:
6197:
5875:
5742:
5717:
5494:
5132:
4625:
2739:. As Frederick William was unable to raise this sum, he asked several people and
2415:
2305:, the Brandenburg Prussian territories were de facto reduced to provinces of the
2033:
2006:
1871:
1762:
1698:
1597:
1427:
1045:, ruling that their territories were not to be internally divided in the future.
882:
724:
684:
355:
176:
45:
6098:
3202:). In contrast to the Guinean colony, Arguin had been a colony before: In 1520,
2024:
7185:
6701:
6093:
5799:
5660:
5401:
5136:
3308:
3211:
3045:, and negotiated an agreement with the town to maintain a garrison and a port.
3020:
2692:
2569:
2489:
2473:
2430:
2408:
2229:
2091:
2018:
1926:
1802:
1716:
1694:
1648:
1633:
1470:
1443:
1206:
1155:
1096:
1061:
967:
914:
728:
700:
548:
397:
259:
117:
1188:
1126:
1121:
715:, the main branch of the Hohenzollern intermarried with the branch ruling the
7363:
7345:
7332:
7145:
6751:
6452:
6160:
6005:
5655:
5311:
4583:
3234:. In 1684, Brandenburg-Prussia was denied the purchase of the French islands
3231:
2756:
2728:
2115:
2014:
1998:
1966:
1758:
1593:
1509:
1501:
1491:
918:
858:
818:
598:
560:
467:
4963:. Handbuch der Preußischen Geschichte (in German). Vol. 1. de Gruyter.
2037:
1911:
1888:
1601:
139:
6716:
6655:
6567:
6183:
5433:
5299:
3288:
3206:
had built a fort on the main island, which with all of Portugal came under
3104:, the latter confiscated the ship in March. The crew of the remaining ship
3078:
In 1679, Raule presented Frederick William a plan to establish colonies in
2989:
1990:
1049:
995:
5056:
Preussen in Ostmitteleuropa. Geschehensgeschichte und Verstehensgeschichte
3015:
to pressure Spain to pay promised subsidies. The Spanish ship was renamed
1711:, Brandenburg-Prussia again changed sides and joined the imperial forces.
633:
6778:
6756:
5817:
5327:
4999:
Macht oder Recht: frühneuzeitliche Politik im Obersächsischen Reichskreis
4748:
Preußen und Lateinamerika. Im Spannungsfeld von Kommerz, Macht und Kultur
4557:. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History. Cambridge University Press.
4555:
After the Deluge. Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655-1660
3029:
2964:
2736:
2652:
2185:
2045:
1728:
1723:, dependent on French subsidies, reluctantly occupied the Brandenburgian
1707:
1621:
950:
visualizing the emergence of Brandenburg-Prussia through the marriage of
814:
669:
521:
2151:("Great Committee") of the estates. This was due to concessions made by
1793:. For this plan to work out, Poland-Lithuania had to first conclude her
1002:. On behalf of her mother Elisabeth of the Brandenburgian Hohenzollern,
6814:
6746:
6123:
5543:
3258:. The first Brandenburgian vessel arrived in 1686 with 450 slaves from
3226:
The African colonies enabled Brandenburg-Prussia to participate in the
3199:
3059:
3000:
2732:
2233:
1774:
1221:
1159:
538:
3182:
909:. From 1701 onward, the Hohenzollern domains were referred to as the
533:
6736:
6696:
6077:
5974:
3042:
2992:
coast, Raule established shipyards and enlarged the port facilities.
2668:
2659:, but failed to achieve the conversion of the estates by the rule of
2656:
1724:
1496:
1376:
1241:
1147:
901:
and other European royals in the course of forming alliances for the
866:
155:
5103:
4961:
Das 17. und 18. Jahrhundert und Große Themen der Geschichte Preußens
4529:
The German way of war. From the Thirty Years' War to the Third Reich
2488:
with Poland-Lithuania), confirmed in 1660 by the signatories of the
2321:). This chamber functioned as a superior agency of the territories'
2196:
1118:
armies repeatedly ravaged Brandenburg and other Hohenzollern lands.
966:
had been the seat of the main branch of the Hohenzollerns, who were
6711:
6088:
6083:
5018:
Gemeinsame Bekannte: Schweden und Deutschland in der Frühen Neuzeit
4887:. Historia profana et ecclesiastica (in German). Vol. 9. LIT.
3203:
3153:
2290:
to Pomerania and in 1688 to Magdeburg, while in Cleves and Mark an
1232:") thwarted Frederick William's ambitions to gain control over the
150:
3100:
sold a barrel of brandy to Africans in a territory claimed by the
2981:
1825:
1632:, concluded in December by Sweden and her allies, further awarded
1302:
In the Peace of Westphalia, Frederick William was compensated for
1267:, and would have come into effect by the death of Pomeranian duke
942:
6686:
5271:
5105:
3300:
3262:. Brandenburg-Prussia was allotted an area near the capital city
3086:
2977:
2688:
2684:
2600:
2118:
endangered, and only in 1764 was the Prussian kingship accepted.
2002:
1915:
1907:
1806:
1782:
1682:
1651:, which ended the war in 1660. Brandenburg-Prussian campaigns in
1643:
confirmed his sovereignty in Prussia, but not in Ermland, in the
1605:
1526:
1237:
810:
791:
649:
505:
3116:
was founded on 7 March 1682, initially with its headquarters in
1965:
in 1697, and the House of Hanover had secured succession of the
1719:
to relieve her by attacking Brandenburg-Prussia from the north.
1006:
became Albert's second wife in 1550, and bore him his successor
6731:
6726:
6721:
6676:
5206:
3296:
3215:
3195:
3187:
3177:
3141:
3121:
3117:
3082:
3079:
3048:
3037:
3025:
3012:
2985:
2637:
2295:
2155:
in 1541 in turn for financial aid by the estates, however, the
2080:
1919:
1862:, the war resulted in a huge gain of prestige for the elector.
1810:
1798:
1712:
1693:
broke out, with Brandenburg-Prussia involved as an ally of the
1542:
1396:
1360:
1213:
1162:, and the events of the war, of which a meeting with his uncle
1111:
846:
665:
645:
554:
509:
135:
4942:
Preußens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II
4809:
Preußens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II
4767:
Preußens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II
3250:, a Brandenburg-Danish agreement was reached that allowed the
1146:). The character of the young elector had been stamped by his
6691:
6681:
4657:
Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 2: 1630–1800
4653:
Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450–1630
3207:
3125:
3033:
3004:
3003:, and in 1680, six Brandenburg-Prussian vessels captured the
2084:
1910:
in favor of the Habsburgs, and in turn received the Silesian
1732:
1431:
720:
2333:) emerged as a second central agency, superior to the local
2244:) for each territory, who in most cases was a member of the
1418:
In June 1651, Frederick William broke the provisions of the
1255:, connecting land-locked Brandenburg to the Baltic Sea. The
937:
27:
Constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1701
7302:
2106:
1628:
in November to ensure the maintenance of the alliance. The
1410:
1299:
was to become one of the main goals of his foreign policy.
1284:
1233:
803:
3629:
Barnavi, Eli, ed. (1992). "The Return to Western Europe".
3019:("Margrave of Brandenburg") and became the flagship of an
6363:
Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania
4547:
Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947
3160:, between Großfriedrichsburg and Dorotheenschanze, named
2063:
accepted Frederick's elevation in hope of an ally in the
1624:
in Ducal Prussia and Ermland to Frederick William by the
1193:
Frederick William, "Great Elector" of Brandenburg-Prussia
821:
in 1653, was symbolized by the widely noted victories in
4958:
4745:
2147:, an institution not controlled by the elector, and the
1395:. In 1670, the Great Elector invited Jews expelled from
1314:
and the right of succession to the likewise secularized
6520:
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland
3242:. In November 1685, after a failed attempt to purchase
1616:
in January 1656. The alliance proved victorious in the
1283:. Sweden retained the western part including the lower
809:
The second half of the 17th century laid the basis for
2079:
accepted Frederick as Prussian king in 1703. In 1713,
1379:, once among the wealthiest cities of the empire, was
1173:
1142:, born 1620, who became known as "The Great Elector" (
1021:
In 1594, Albert Frederick's then 14-year-old daughter
3198:
archipelago off the West African coast (now part of
6368:
Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig
5001:(in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 214ff.
2999:, the navy was used to hijack Swedish ships in the
1981:. In 1699, negotiations were renewed with emperor
1259:(1529) guaranteed Brandenburgian succession in the
1130:
Brandenburg-Prussia (red 1640, red and green 1688).
1012:
George Frederick of Hohenzollern-Ansbach-Jägersdorf
4531:. Modern war studies. University Press of Kansas.
2048:". On 18 January, he crowned himself and his wife
2005:, it was agreed that Frederick would call himself
982:was created through partial secularization of the
4750:. Europa-Übersee (in German). Vol. 12. LIT.
3945:
3943:
3279:Their last remains were sold by auction in 1738.
3210:control in 1580. In 1638 it was conquered by the
1822:cleared Swedish Pomerania and occupied most of it
1122:"The Great Elector", Frederick William, 1640–1688
7361:
4084:
4082:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
7415:1701 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
6562:
6503:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3520:
3518:
2071:likewise approved in 1701. Most princes of the
1899:. In 1686, Frederick William turned toward the
1865:
1106:, George William again claimed neutrality, yet
1014:(1577–1603). In 1573, Albert Frederick married
4925:(in German). Akademie Verlag. pp. 317ff.
4844:
3940:
3891:
3889:
3769:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3451:
3449:
2942:Total number of European ships in 1669: 25,000
1985:, who in turn was in need of allies since the
1836:of Swedish forces in what became known as the
1592:. Frederick William offered protection to the
1291:), while Brandenburg gained the eastern part (
104:Brandenburg-Prussia within and outside of the
7410:1610s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
7405:States and territories disestablished in 1701
6507:Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania
5559:
5089:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4479:
4477:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4433:
4431:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4079:
4013:
3982:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3472:
3470:
2623:Succession based on an entitlement under the
1636:to Brandenburg-Prussia in case of a victory.
1381:burned down with most of the population slain
1354:Of all Brandenburg-Prussian territories, the
1027:Joachim Frederick of Hohenzollern-Brandenburg
7267:Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement
6790:Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians
6525:Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland
4920:
4486:
4143:
3858:
3776:
3693:
3515:
3427:
3425:
3230:, yet it lacked its own trading post in the
3112:To facilitate the colonial expeditions, the
3049:West African Gold Coast (Großfriedrichsburg)
1727:in 1674, starting the German theater of the
1220:in 1648. The Swedish aim of controlling the
1056:
37:
5020:(in Danish). LIT Verlag. pp. 383–396.
4746:Carreras, Sandra; Maihold, Günther (2004).
4412:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4324:
4322:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4072:
4070:
3957:
3955:
3924:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3833:
3831:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3493:
3479:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3397:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
2944:Total number of Dutch ships in 1669: 16,000
2691:(1633–1635), and afterwards studied at the
2632:
2228:, who envisioned the transformation of the
1460:Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg
1338:efforts to counterbalance the power of the
1209:dominated Northern Germany, and along with
7400:States and territories established in 1618
5566:
5552:
5096:
5082:
4939:
4495:
4474:
4465:
4456:
4440:
4428:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4186:
4161:
4152:
4121:
4109:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
3746:
3720:
3702:
3467:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
2947:Source: van der Heyden (2001), p. 21.
2939:Source: van der Heyden (2001), p. 17.
2549:(incorporation); slightly enlarged by the
2105:protested at the emperor's court, and the
98:
4764:
3973:
3819:
3631:The Historical Atlas of the Jewish People
3458:
3422:
3132:was sent to Guinea to erect the fortress
1757:pursues Swedish troops across the frozen
1658:
1373:only one third of the population survived
938:Establishment under John Sigismund (1618)
5573:
4882:
4806:
4792:(in German). Waxmann. pp. 463–480.
4726:
4492:Carreras & Maihold (2004), pp. 21–22
4419:
4407:
4395:
4381:
4372:
4358:
4349:
4340:
4331:
4319:
4310:
4288:
4274:
4262:
4246:
4230:
4221:
4067:
3952:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3874:
3828:
3670:
3647:
3588:
3563:
3536:
3434:
3392:
3374:
3181:
3058:
2959:and the Brandenburg-Prussian advance in
2636:
2209:To reduce the influence of the estates,
2094:, who despite the secularization of the
2087:also accepted Frederick's royal status.
2023:
1745:
1676:
1559:
1495:
1409:
1187:
1125:
1060:
941:
6358:Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany
5034:
4996:
4977:
4906:(in German). Springer. pp. 261ff.
4901:
4662:
4615:Germany under the Old Regime, 1600–1790
4207:
4195:
4100:
4091:
4051:
4035:
3628:
3404:
3347:
3194:A second colony was established at the
2090:The coronation was not accepted by the
1512:. Traditionally, raising and financing
1216:, Sweden became guarantee power of the
952:John Sigismund, Margrave of Brandenburg
880:, succeeded in elevating his status to
14:
7362:
6513:Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany
6194:Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939
5015:
4959:von Neugebauer, Wolfgang, ed. (2009).
4863:
4825:
4681:
4526:
3256:Danish West Indies and Guinean Company
2997:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)
2551:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)
2374:
1856:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)
1785:rebel forces who were to distract the
1673:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)
1549:
1066:George William, Elector of Brandenburg
1018:, with whom he had several daughters.
921:. Hence, after 1701, Brandenburg was
892:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
796:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)
247:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
7375:17th century in the Holy Roman Empire
6911:
6561:
6303:
5895:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945
5753:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945
5633:
5547:
5077:
5053:
4944:(in German). Beck. pp. 113–133.
4783:
4707:
4552:
2719:as advisor and tried to persuade the
2269:came under the aegis of the elector.
1895:had cooled, not least because of the
1805:as the greater threat, and by Polish
878:Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg
6785:WWII flight and expulsion of Germans
5039:(in German) (7 ed.). C.H.Beck.
4849:(in German) (2 ed.). Selignow.
4769:(in German). Beck. pp. 95–112.
4508:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 22
4483:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 23
4471:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 21
4462:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 17
4453:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 16
4437:Carreras & Maihold (2004), p. 15
3331:German colonial projects before 1871
2674:
1705:declared war on France, a so-called
1448:united Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
1041:was concluded by the members of the
1016:Marie Eleonore of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
786:for the Duchy of Prussia and gained
711:between 1618 and 1701. Based in the
6477:Evangelical State Church in Prussia
6204:Free City of Danzig 1920–1939
4921:Materna, Ingo; Adamy, Kurt (1995).
4811:(in German). Beck. pp. 74–94.
3282:Brandenburg-Prussia tried to claim
1655:did not result in permanent gains.
1306:with the secularized bishoprics of
1174:Conclusion of the Thirty Years' War
913:, or simply Prussia. Legally, the
601:(Poland 1454/1466 – 1772)
24:
7390:Former subdivisions of Brandenburg
6304:
5634:
3949:Gieysztor et al. (1979), pp. 220ff
1588:in the following year started the
1446:in 1614, had partitioned the once
1138:, George William was succeeded by
861:refugees from all across Europe ("
25:
7441:
7198:North German Confederation Treaty
2667:which attracted more than 15,000
2213:in 1604 created a council called
2130:
2101:upheld claims to the region. The
1929:, this status was also gained by
1608:(Ermeland, Warmia) as fiefs from
1263:upon the extinction of the local
833:(1678). Brandenburg-Prussia also
774:(incorporated in 1680). With the
6373:Apostolic Administration of Tütz
5785:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952
3633:. Hutchinson. pp. 138–139.
2347:
2272:Frederick William's excise tax (
2202:…according to the design of 1702
2195:
2177:
1485:
1414:Map of the Lower Rhenish duchies
1389:peripherally involved in the war
1253:long sought to expand northwards
1004:Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg
890:'s sovereign status outside the
886:. This was made possible by the
537:
532:
485:
460:
446:
432:
418:
404:
390:
376:
362:
348:
334:
320:
69:
62:
7385:Early modern history of Germany
6281:Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
6250:Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998
6219:Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975
6035:Province of Pomerania 1815–1945
4980:Das Reich in der frühen Neuzeit
4845:van der Heyden, Ulrich (2001).
4686:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 59.
4665:The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia
4643:Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806
4527:Citino, Robert Michael (2005).
4514:
4175:
4004:
3964:
3898:
3849:
3840:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3684:
3661:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3579:
3554:
3527:
1844:concluded the Dutch War by the
1820:By 1678, Frederick William had
1801:, by Polish gentry who saw the
1426:, bordering his possessions in
1205:At the time, the forces of the
1170:was among the most impressive.
1095:and accept garrisons. When the
7395:Former subdivisions of Germany
6429:Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień
6239:Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998
6229:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975
6224:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
6136:Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo
6052:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975
6047:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
5932:Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998
5927:Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998
5922:Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975
5917:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
5805:Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998
5780:Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
4727:Buchholz, Werner, ed. (1999).
3904:Frost (2000), pp. 210, 213–214
3365:
3270:, and other territories named
3130:Otto Friedrich von der Groeben
1860:Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania
1795:war against the Ottoman Empire
1586:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1349:
974:, since 1415. In 1525, by the
563:(pre – 13th century)
557:(983 – 12th century)
13:
1:
7430:1618 establishments in Europe
6482:Pomeranian Evangelical Church
6419:Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg
6332:Christianization of Pomerania
6209:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
6179:Free City of Danzig 1807–1814
5104:Territories and provinces of
4520:
4182:(Kotulla (2008), p. 261)
3961:Leathes et al. (1964), p. 356
3937:Leathes et al. (1964), p. 355
3928:Leathes et al. (1964), p. 354
3585:Duchhardt (2006), pp. 98, 104
3341:
3321:List of rulers of Brandenburg
2572:fief), sovereign since 1656 (
2358:Brandenburg-Prussia. Orange:
2135:In the mid-16th century, the
1987:War of the Spanish Succession
1342:emperor by strengthening the
903:War of the Spanish Succession
782:, the electors were freed of
778:(1657), concluded during the
18:Prince-elector of Brandenburg
7291:Treaty of Good Neighbourship
7141:Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)
6912:
6830:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
6537:Pentecostal Church in Poland
6498:Protestant Church in Germany
6234:Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998
6214:Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975
4701:
4632:A History of Modern Germany.
4607:The Cambridge Modern History
4425:van der Heyden (2001), p. 42
4416:van der Heyden (2001), p. 41
4404:van der Heyden (2001), p. 40
4392:van der Heyden (2001), p. 39
4378:van der Heyden (2001), p. 34
4369:van der Heyden (2001), p. 32
4355:van der Heyden (2001), p. 31
4346:van der Heyden (2001), p. 23
4337:van der Heyden (2001), p. 20
4328:van der Heyden (2001), p. 21
4316:van der Heyden (2001), p. 15
4307:van der Heyden (2001), p. 14
4285:van der Heyden (2001), p. 35
4271:van der Heyden (2001), p. 17
4259:van der Heyden (2001), p. 12
4243:van der Heyden (2001), p. 11
4227:van der Heyden (2001), p. 10
3221:
3092:("Seal of Brandenburg") and
3024:had been leased for 110,000
2215:Geheimer Rat für die Kurmark
1997:, who held the provinces of
1881:Frederick III of Brandenburg
1866:Frederick III (I), 1688–1713
1442:between Brandenburg and the
1440:War of the Jülich succession
1334:. This was primarily due to
754:in 1648, Brandenburg gained
707:realm of the Brandenburgian
7:
7285:German–Polish Border Treaty
7279:German Reunification Treaty
6530:Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław
6269:West Pomeranian Voivodeship
6156:State of the Teutonic Order
5946:West Pomeranian Voivodeship
5823:West Pomeranian Voivodeship
4923:Brandenburgische Geschichte
4788:; Groenveld, Simon (eds.).
4684:Fractured Europe, 1600-1721
4609:. Vol. 1. CUP Archive.
4218:van der Heyden (2001), p. 9
4204:van der Heyden (2001), p. 8
3326:List of monarchs of Prussia
3314:
3252:Brandenburg African Company
3114:Brandenburg African Company
2512:Principality of Halberstadt
1568:paying homage to sovereign
1164:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
1108:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
1093:Treaty of Königsberg (1627)
984:State of the Teutonic Order
10:
7446:
7174:Polish Partitions Treaties
5128:Margraviate of Brandenburg
4712:(in German). wissenmedia.
4663:Shennan, Margaret (1995).
3895:Frost (2000), pp. 210, 213
3855:Buchholz (1999), pp. 273ff
3336:
3175:
3052:
2764:Brandenburg-Prussian navy
2750:
2558:Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia)
2397:Margraviate of Brandenburg
1869:
1773:planned to restore Polish
1662:
1610:Charles X Gustav of Sweden
1553:
1523:Patrimonialgerichtsbarkeit
1489:
1405:
1399:to settle in Brandenburg.
1316:Archbishopric of Magdeburg
1177:
964:Margraviate of Brandenburg
869:immigration following the
595:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
567:Margraviate of Brandenburg
440:Archbishopric of Magdeburg
370:Prince-Bishopric of Minden
342:Margraviate of Brandenburg
122:Margraviate of Brandenburg
7154:
7058:
6922:
6918:
6907:
6855:
6805:
6798:
6765:
6669:
6578:
6574:
6557:
6490:
6460:
6451:
6396:
6378:Prelature of Schneidemühl
6323:
6314:
6310:
6299:
6189:Posen-West Prussia Region
6076:
5961:
5833:
5644:
5640:
5629:
5581:
5518:
5449:
5369:Principality of Neuchâtel
5343:
5222:
5113:
5037:Der Dreissigjährige Krieg
4902:Kotulla, Michael (2008).
4710:Die Chronik der Deutschen
4682:Sturdy, David J. (2002).
4088:Neugebauer (2006), p. 128
4032:Neugebauer (2006), p. 127
4001:Neugebauer (2006), p. 126
3455:Nicklas (2002), pp. 214ff
3295:agreed on a partition of
3171:
3102:Dutch West Indies Company
3072:Lieve Pietersz Verschuier
2936:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2717:Aernoult Gijsels van Lier
2683:court and port cities of
2661:cuius regio, eius religio
2578:Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg
2486:Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg
2480:), sovereign since 1656 (
2384:
2360:Electorate of Brandenburg
2331:Generalkriegskommissariat
2052:in a baroque ceremony in
1939:Elector of the Palatinate
1645:Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg
1502:Brandenburg-Prussian army
1356:Electorate of Brandenburg
1104:advanced into Brandenburg
1057:George William, 1619–1640
990:and was governed by Duke
986:. It was a vassal of the
762:, also the succession in
713:Electorate of Brandenburg
501:
299:
295:
282:
269:
256:
252:
242:
238:
225:
213:
201:
189:
185:
171:
161:
145:
131:
113:
97:
59:
54:
32:
7309:Treaty of Accession 2003
6766:Major demographic events
6338:Diocese of Wollin/Cammin
6028:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
6023:Brandenburgian Pomerania
5883:Brandenburgian Pomerania
5586:10,000 BC – 600 AD
5054:Weber, Matthias (2003).
4997:Nicklas, Thomas (2002).
4978:Neuhaus, Helmut (2003).
4708:Beier, Brigitte (2007).
4553:Frost, Robert I (2004).
4149:Duchhardt (2006), p. 108
3871:Duchhardt (2006), p. 105
3789:Duchhardt (2006), p. 101
3699:Duchhardt (2006), p. 103
3524:Duchhardt (2006), p. 102
3055:Brandenburger Gold Coast
3017:Markgraf von Brandenburg
2633:Religion and immigration
2586:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
2387:
2327:General War Commissariat
2319:Generalfinanzdirektorium
2250:Landständische Regierung
2137:margraves of Brandenburg
2032:after his coronation as
1824:, with the exception of
1281:Treaty of Stettin (1653)
1273:Treaty of Stettin (1630)
1249:Brandenburgian margraves
1184:Treaty of Stettin (1653)
1180:Treaty of Stettin (1630)
1085:Albrecht von Wallenstein
843:Brandenburger Gold Coast
800:Brandenburgian Pomerania
454:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
7380:17th century in Prussia
7176:(1772/1773, 1793, 1795)
6579:Archaeological cultures
5738:Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp
5035:Schmidt, Georg (2006).
4883:Klueting, Harm (2003).
4826:Hammer, Ulrike (2001).
3798:Frost (2000), pp. 168ff
3512:Duchhardt (2006), p. 98
3490:Duchhardt (2006), p. 97
3371:Jähnig (2006), pp. 54ff
2746:
2484:with Sweden) and 1657 (
2258:Geheime Landesregierung
2109:sent a circular to all
1931:Maximilian I of Bavaria
1525:) and the upholding of
1328:Lordship of Klettenberg
956:Duchess Anna of Prussia
696:
619:(1918 – 1947)
613:(1701 – 1918)
607:(1618 – 1701)
587:(1525 – 1618)
581:(1356 – 1806)
575:(1224 – 1525)
7204:Peace of Prague (1866)
6799:Languages and dialects
6469:Protestant Reformation
6264:Pomeranian Voivodeship
6167:Pomeranian Voivodeship
6066:Pomeranian Voivodeship
6011:Pomeranian Voivodeship
5951:Pomeranian Voivodeship
5813:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
4731:(in German). Siedler.
4192:Kotulla (2008), p. 264
4172:Kotulla (2008), p. 270
4158:Kotulla (2008), p. 269
4140:Kotulla (2008), p. 263
4118:Kotulla (2008), p. 262
3773:Kotulla (2008), p. 267
3743:Kotulla (2008), p. 266
3717:Kotulla (2008), p. 265
3690:Klueting (2003), p. 57
3667:Klueting (2003), p. 56
3610:Buchholz (1999), p.263
3476:Gotthard (2006), p. 90
3464:Gotthard (2006), p. 88
3431:Gotthard (2006), p. 86
3191:
3098:Wappen von Brandenburg
3090:Wappen von Brandenburg
3075:
2988:(now Baltiysk) on the
2709:House of Orange-Nassau
2644:
2366:; green/yellow: under
2340:
2286:elector introduced an
2141:Protestant Reformation
2041:
1885:Frederick I of Prussia
1851:status quo ante bellum
1766:
1686:
1659:Dutch and Scanian Wars
1577:
1505:
1438:, which had ended the
1415:
1230:dominium maris baltici
1195:
1131:
1068:
959:
894:, and approval by the
688:
672:(1947–1952, from 1990)
642:(1920–1939, from 1945)
599:Royal (Polish) Prussia
579:Elector of Brandenburg
426:Diocese of Halberstadt
38:
7045:(1448/1468/1472/1479)
6414:Archdiocese of Gdańsk
6404:Archdiocese of Berlin
5795:Bezirk Neubrandenburg
5666:Principality of Rügen
4594:. PWN. Warsaw, 1979.
4572:Gieysztor, Aleksander
4010:Neuhaus (2003), p. 22
3979:Hammer (2001), p. 104
3825:Hammer (2001), p. 135
3816:Shennan (1995), p. 20
3533:Olesen (2003), p. 395
3443:Hammer (2001), p. 136
3185:
3176:Further information:
3166:Sophie-Louise-Schanze
3120:and its shipyards in
3062:
3053:Further information:
2957:victory at Fehrbellin
2640:
2077:Charles XII of Sweden
2027:
1870:Further information:
1809:bribed by Berlin and
1749:
1680:
1663:Further information:
1563:
1554:Further information:
1499:
1490:Further information:
1413:
1383:. Least hit were the
1365:Frankfurt an der Oder
1320:Lordship of Derenburg
1191:
1178:Further information:
1154:, a long stay in the
1129:
1064:
1043:House of Hohenzollern
1000:House of Hohenzollern
945:
813:to become one of the
703:denomination for the
654:Recovered Territories
617:Free State of Prussia
551:(965 – 983)
273:Prussian independence
7038:Thorn, Second (1466)
6439:Diocese of Włocławek
6409:Diocese of Bydgoszcz
6018:Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn
5888:Starostwo of Draheim
5733:Pomerania-Rügenwalde
5723:Pomerania-Neustettin
5575:History of Pomerania
5382:Grand Duchy of Posen
4580:Emanuel Rostworowski
4545:Clark, Christopher.
4076:Beier (2007), p. 162
3970:Citino (2005), p. 22
3916:Frost (2000), p. 212
3883:Frost (2000), p. 210
3846:Jähnig (2006), p. 68
3681:Gabel (1998), p. 469
3658:Gabel (1998), p. 468
3601:Hammer (2001), p. 20
3576:Hammer (2001), p. 25
3551:Hammer (2001), p. 19
3419:Hammer (2001), p. 24
3401:Jähnig (2006), p. 66
3389:Jähnig (2006), p. 65
3362:Hammer (2001), p. 33
3028:. Also in 1684, the
2980:and the invasion of
2566:Treaty of Königsberg
2478:Treaty of Königsberg
2446:County of Ravensberg
2388:Year of acquisition
2380:List of territories
1933:in 1623, during the
1893:Saint Germain (1679)
1781:and promised to aid
1737:Battle of Fehrbellin
1721:Charles XI of Sweden
1665:Battle of Fehrbellin
1641:John II Casimir Vasa
1614:Treaty of Königsberg
1324:County of Regenstein
1077:Electorate of Saxony
768:incorporated in 1653
412:County of Ravensberg
286:Elevation to kingdom
7370:Brandenburg-Prussia
7342: /
7129:Wehlau and Bromberg
6387:Gorzów Wielkopolski
6353:Diocese of Roskilde
6172:Chełmno Voivodeship
6141:Duchy of Białogarda
5452:Territorial reforms
5410:Province of Prussia
4613:Gagliardo, John G.
4106:Weber (2003), p. 15
4097:Weber (2003), p. 14
4064:Weber (2003), p. 12
4048:Weber (2003), p. 13
3837:Frost (2000), p.178
3807:Frost (2000), p.171
3619:Schmidt (2006), p.5
3560:Sturdy (2002), p.59
2955:In 1675, after the
2625:Peace of Westphalia
2543:Peace of Westphalia
2520:Peace of Westphalia
2505:Peace of Westphalia
2497:Bishopric of Minden
2381:
2375:List of territories
2368:Frederick William I
2278:Second Northern War
2170:residence in Berlin
1943:Peace of Westphalia
1914:which bordered the
1912:County of Schwiebus
1842:Louis XIV of France
1715:pressured her ally
1590:Second Northern War
1570:Frederick William I
1550:Second Northern War
1420:Peace of Westphalia
1228:on the coastline ("
1218:Peace of Westphalia
1071:From 1619 to 1640,
1025:married the son of
928:system of provinces
780:Second Northern War
748:Peace of Westphalia
697:Brannenborg-Preußen
689:Brandenburg-Preußen
681:Brandenburg-Prussia
605:Brandenburg-Prussia
591:Malbork Voivodeship
555:Lutician federation
39:Brandenburg-Preußen
34:Brandenburg–Prussia
7233:Molotov–Ribbentrop
7221:Prussian Concordat
7155:1700–present
7016:Eberswalde, Second
6825:Central Pomeranian
6742:German Pomeranians
6707:Slavic Pomeranians
6596:Ertebølle-Ellerbek
6424:Diocese of Pelplin
6348:Diocese of Chełmno
6343:Diocese of Kolberg
6244:Słupsk Voivodeship
6146:Duchy of Lubiszewo
6119:Duchy of Pomerelia
6057:Słupsk Voivodeship
5989:House of Pomerania
5984:Duchy of Pomerania
5937:Słupsk Voivodeship
5910:List of placenames
5851:House of Pomerania
5846:Duchy of Pomerania
5768:List of placenames
5728:Pomerania-Stargard
5676:House of Pomerania
5671:Duchy of Pomerania
5621:1945–present
5534:Jülich-Cleves-Berg
5526:
5487:Posen-West Prussia
5426:Schleswig-Holstein
4624:2007-11-27 at the
3260:Großfriedrichsburg
3192:
3134:Großfriedrichsburg
3076:
2974:siege of Stralsund
2721:Holy Roman Emperor
2645:
2616:Duchy of Magdeburg
2609:Treaty of Bromberg
2594:Treaty of Bromberg
2539:Treaty of Grimnitz
2379:
2335:Kriegskommissariat
2301:Under the rule of
2242:Kurfürstlicher Rat
2065:Great Northern War
2042:
2009:, instead of King
1993:. With respect to
1979:Holy Roman Emperor
1971:Treaty of Rijswijk
1961:, had secured the
1883:, since 1701 also
1876:Kingdom of Prussia
1838:Great Sleigh Drive
1828:which was held by
1791:war against France
1767:
1751:Great Sleigh Drive
1687:
1669:Great Sleigh Drive
1578:
1556:Treaty of Bromberg
1506:
1452:Palatinate-Neuburg
1416:
1297:Duchy of Pomerania
1277:refused to give in
1265:House of Pomerania
1261:Duchy of Pomerania
1257:Treaty of Grimnitz
1196:
1144:Der Große Kurfürst
1132:
1081:Upper Saxon Circle
1069:
960:
911:Kingdom of Prussia
907:Great Northern War
835:established a navy
831:Great Sleigh Drive
776:Treaty of Bromberg
772:Duchy of Magdeburg
750:, which ended the
723:principalities of
660:Kaliningrad Oblast
611:Kingdom of Prussia
481:Kingdom of Prussia
384:Duchy of Pomerania
278:September 19, 1657
7425:Former monarchies
7346:52.517°N 13.400°E
7325:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7316:
6998:Eberswalde, First
6903:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6626:Nordic Bronze Age
6553:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6447:
6446:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6255:Toruń Voivodeship
5970:Farther Pomerania
5836:Farther Pomerania
5775:Enclave of Police
5748:Swedish Pomerania
5713:Pomerania-Wolgast
5708:Pomerania-Schlawe
5703:Pomerania-Stettin
5647:Western Pomerania
5541:
5540:
5522:Province of Posen
5372:(1814–1848)
5260:Western Pomerania
5252:Minden-Ravensberg
5153:Farther Pomerania
4970:978-3-11-014091-0
4913:978-3-540-48705-0
4786:Lademacher, Horst
4719:978-3-577-14374-5
4649:Ogilvie, Sheilagh
4641:Hughes, Michael.
4592:History of Poland
4588:Henryk Wereszycki
4576:Stefan Kieniewicz
3293:Duchy of Courland
3214:, and in 1678 by
2961:Swedish Pomerania
2953:
2952:
2949:
2713:Thirty Years' War
2675:Navy and colonies
2630:
2629:
2576:), lost in 1657 (
2547:Treaty of Stettin
2527:Farther Pomerania
2315:Geheime Hofkammer
2303:Frederick III (I)
2226:Frederick William
2219:Thirty Years' War
2211:Joachim Frederick
2073:Holy Roman Empire
2069:Tsardom of Russia
2054:Königsberg Castle
2030:Frederick III (I)
1959:Elector of Saxony
1955:August the Strong
1935:Thirty Years' War
1897:Huguenot question
1846:Nijmegen treaties
1815:Treaty of Żurawno
1771:John III Sobieski
1755:Frederick William
1741:Swedish Pomerania
1703:Holy Roman Empire
1653:Swedish Pomerania
1574:Königsberg Castle
1456:Thirty Years' War
1387:, which was only
1332:Lordship of Lohra
1304:Western Pomerania
1293:Farther Pomerania
1289:Swedish Pomerania
1199:Frederick William
1140:Frederick William
1136:Thirty Years' War
1089:Thirty Years' War
992:Albert of Prussia
988:Kingdom of Poland
972:Holy Roman Empire
865:"), most notably
851:Frederick William
827:Fehrbellin (1675)
764:Farther Pomerania
752:Thirty Years' War
744:Thirty Years' War
678:
677:
515:
514:
497:
496:
493:
492:
473:
472:
227:• 1688–1701
220:Frederick William
215:• 1640–1688
203:• 1619–1640
191:• 1618–1619
166:Feudal monarchies
106:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
7437:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7297:Polish Concordat
7261:Helsinki Accords
7215:Polish Concordat
6976:Stralsund (1370)
6971:Stralsund (1354)
6920:
6919:
6909:
6908:
6803:
6802:
6773:Migration Period
6661:Dębczyn (Denzin)
6576:
6575:
6559:
6558:
6458:
6457:
6434:Diocese of Toruń
6321:
6320:
6312:
6311:
6301:
6300:
6151:Duchy of Świecie
6114:Danish Pomerelia
6109:Polish Pomerelia
6102:
5977:
5790:Bezirk Frankfurt
5763:Stralsund Region
5698:Pomerania-Demmin
5642:
5641:
5631:
5630:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5545:
5544:
5527:
5511:
5491:
5483:
5475:
5442:
5422:
5414:
5406:
5373:
5356:
5355:
5346:Post-Congress of
5336:
5324:New East Prussia
5320:
5308:
5292:
5284:
5268:
5256:
5248:
5236:
5193:
5185:
5169:
5149:
5123:Duchy of Prussia
5098:
5091:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5050:
5031:
5012:
4993:
4974:
4955:
4936:
4917:
4898:
4879:
4860:
4841:
4822:
4803:
4780:
4761:
4742:
4723:
4697:
4678:
4610:
4568:
4542:
4509:
4506:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4472:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4438:
4435:
4426:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4405:
4402:
4393:
4390:
4379:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4356:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4286:
4283:
4272:
4269:
4260:
4257:
4244:
4241:
4228:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4205:
4202:
4193:
4190:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4119:
4116:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4077:
4074:
4065:
4062:
4049:
4046:
4033:
4030:
4011:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3950:
3947:
3938:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3917:
3914:
3905:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3884:
3881:
3872:
3869:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3826:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3774:
3771:
3744:
3741:
3718:
3715:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3645:
3644:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3586:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3513:
3510:
3491:
3488:
3477:
3474:
3465:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3444:
3441:
3432:
3429:
3420:
3417:
3402:
3399:
3390:
3387:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3276:Bordeaux Estates
3264:Charlotte Amalie
3228:Triangular trade
3146:Dorotheenschanze
3124:, since 1683 in
3066:Brandenburg Navy
3009:Carolus Secundus
2937:
2761:
2760:
2753:Brandenburg Navy
2695:universities of
2687:(1631–1633) and
2665:Edict of Potsdam
2642:Edict of Potsdam
2574:Treaty of Labiau
2482:Treaty of Labiau
2476:vassal in 1656 (
2461:Duchy of Prussia
2454:Treaty of Xanten
2439:Treaty of Xanten
2424:Treaty of Xanten
2404:Core territory,
2382:
2378:
2351:
2199:
2181:
2096:Duchy of Prussia
2050:Sophie Charlotte
1995:Poland-Lithuania
1951:House of Hanover
1840:. However, when
1779:Poland-Lithuania
1691:Franco-Dutch War
1630:Treaty of Radnot
1626:Treaty of Labiau
1618:Battle of Warsaw
1602:Prussian capital
1566:Prussian estates
1500:Uniforms of the
1479:Treaty of Cleves
1475:Imperial estates
1436:Treaty of Xanten
1385:Duchy of Prussia
1271:in 1637. By the
1224:by establishing
1008:Albert Frederick
994:, a member of a
980:Duchy of Prussia
976:Treaty of Krakow
888:Duchy of Prussia
871:Edict of Potsdam
784:Polish vassalage
737:Treaty of Xanten
717:Duchy of Prussia
636:area (from 1918)
585:Duchy of Prussia
541:
536:
517:
516:
489:
488:
477:
476:
464:
463:
450:
449:
436:
435:
422:
421:
408:
407:
394:
393:
380:
379:
366:
365:
352:
351:
338:
337:
328:Duchy of Prussia
324:
323:
317:
316:
301:
300:
291:January 18, 1701
126:Duchy of Prussia
102:
73:
66:
49:
41:
30:
29:
21:
7445:
7444:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7420:Personal unions
7360:
7359:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7341:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7313:
7227:Reichskonkordat
7150:
7059:1500–1700
7054:
7027:Brześć Kujawski
6987:Raciążek (1404)
6923:1200–1500
6914:
6891:
6851:
6847:Standard German
6840:West Pomeranian
6835:East Pomeranian
6794:
6761:
6665:
6570:
6541:
6486:
6443:
6392:
6306:
6287:
6274:Gmina Biały Bór
6198:Polish Corridor
6131:Duchy of Gdańsk
6097:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6072:
5972:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5963:Lauenburg-Bütow
5957:
5876:Pomerania-Stolp
5839:
5838:
5829:
5743:Pomerania-Barth
5718:Pomerania-Stolp
5649:
5636:
5625:
5616:1933–1945
5611:1806–1933
5606:1500–1806
5601:1300–1500
5596:1100–1300
5577:
5572:
5542:
5537:
5525:
5514:
5509:
5495:Halle-Merseburg
5489:
5481:
5469:
5456:
5453:
5445:
5436:
5420:
5412:
5404:
5371:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5339:
5330:
5314:
5302:
5290:
5278:
5262:
5254:
5242:
5234:
5218:
5191:
5179:
5173:Lauenburg–Bütow
5163:
5143:
5109:
5102:
5072:
5066:
5047:
5028:
5009:
4990:
4971:
4952:
4933:
4914:
4895:
4876:
4857:
4838:
4819:
4800:
4777:
4758:
4739:
4720:
4704:
4694:
4675:
4630:Holborn, Hajo.
4626:Wayback Machine
4565:
4539:
4523:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4441:
4436:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4408:
4403:
4396:
4391:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4289:
4284:
4275:
4270:
4263:
4258:
4247:
4242:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4122:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4080:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4052:
4047:
4036:
4031:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3887:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3777:
3772:
3747:
3742:
3721:
3716:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3648:
3641:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3494:
3489:
3480:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3317:
3224:
3180:
3174:
3068:on the Open Sea
3057:
3051:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2770:
2759:
2749:
2741:Hanseatic towns
2705:Luise Henriette
2677:
2651:converted from
2635:
2545:(entitlement);
2541:(entitlement);
2416:Duchy of Cleves
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2357:
2352:
2343:
2256:in Prussia and
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2149:Großer Ausschuß
2133:
2034:King in Prussia
2007:King in Prussia
1947:Ernest Augustus
1945:(1648), and by
1878:
1872:King in Prussia
1868:
1763:Wilhelm Simmler
1759:Curonian Lagoon
1675:
1661:
1598:Treaty of Rinsk
1558:
1552:
1531:Leibeigenschaft
1494:
1488:
1444:count palatines
1408:
1352:
1186:
1176:
1124:
1100:entered the war
1059:
968:prince-electors
946:A 19th century
940:
930:subordinate to
883:King in Prussia
839:German colonies
788:Lauenburg–Bütow
701:historiographic
640:Klaipėda Region
508:
486:
461:
447:
433:
419:
405:
391:
377:
363:
356:Duchy of Cleves
349:
335:
321:
288:
275:
265:August 27, 1618
262:
228:
216:
204:
192:
153:
109:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:Coat of arms of
84:
81:
80:Coat of arms of
75:
74:
67:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7443:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7351:52.517; 13.400
7323:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7300:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7201:
7195:
7189:
7183:
7177:
7171:
7165:
7158:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7120:
7118:Stettin (1653)
7115:
7109:
7107:Stettin (1630)
7104:
7098:
7096:Stettin (1570)
7093:
7087:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7046:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7024:
7022:Łęczyca (1433)
7019:
7013:
7007:
7001:
6995:
6989:
6984:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6962:
6956:
6950:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6926:
6924:
6916:
6915:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6872:
6867:
6861:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6811:
6809:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6775:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6702:Vistula Veneti
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6601:Linear Pottery
6598:
6593:
6588:
6582:
6580:
6572:
6571:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6464:
6462:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6327:
6325:
6318:
6316:Roman Catholic
6308:
6307:
6305:Ecclesiastical
6297:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6266:
6258:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6116:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6094:Tuchola Forest
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6060:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6020:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5980:
5978:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5940:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5900:Stettin Region
5892:
5891:
5890:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5842:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5807:
5802:
5800:Bezirk Rostock
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5758:Stettin Region
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5668:
5663:
5661:Northern March
5658:
5652:
5650:
5645:
5638:
5637:
5635:Administrative
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5591:600–1100
5588:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5571:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5548:
5539:
5538:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5492:
5484:
5479:Greater Berlin
5476:
5459:
5457:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5423:
5415:
5407:
5402:Rhine Province
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5366:
5360:
5358:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5321:
5309:
5293:
5285:
5269:
5257:
5249:
5237:
5228:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5194:
5186:
5170:
5150:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5101:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5078:
5071:
5070:
5064:
5051:
5045:
5032:
5026:
5013:
5007:
4994:
4988:
4975:
4969:
4956:
4950:
4937:
4931:
4918:
4912:
4899:
4893:
4880:
4874:
4861:
4855:
4842:
4836:
4823:
4817:
4804:
4798:
4781:
4775:
4762:
4756:
4743:
4737:
4724:
4718:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4692:
4679:
4673:
4660:
4655:(1995) 416pp;
4646:
4639:
4628:
4619:online edition
4611:
4602:
4569:
4563:
4550:
4543:
4537:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4494:
4485:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4439:
4427:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4380:
4371:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4318:
4309:
4287:
4273:
4261:
4245:
4229:
4220:
4206:
4194:
4185:
4174:
4160:
4151:
4142:
4120:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4078:
4066:
4050:
4034:
4012:
4003:
3981:
3972:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3857:
3848:
3839:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3775:
3745:
3719:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3669:
3660:
3646:
3639:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3587:
3578:
3562:
3553:
3535:
3526:
3514:
3492:
3478:
3466:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3403:
3391:
3373:
3364:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3316:
3313:
3309:Sint Eustatius
3268:Brandenburgery
3248:Denmark–Norway
3223:
3220:
3212:Dutch Republic
3173:
3170:
3050:
3047:
2969:Benjamin Raule
2951:
2950:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2748:
2745:
2676:
2673:
2649:John Sigismund
2634:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2536:
2533:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:Peace of Oliva
2468:Succession as
2466:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2431:County of Mark
2427:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2376:
2373:
2364:John Sigismund
2354:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2325:chambers. The
2311:Treaty of Gera
2230:personal union
2201:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2132:
2131:Administration
2129:
2092:Teutonic Order
2061:Denmark–Norway
2028:Anointment of
2019:Dutch Republic
1967:British throne
1937:, also by the
1927:prince elector
1887:, was born in
1867:
1864:
1830:Denmark–Norway
1695:Dutch Republic
1660:
1657:
1649:Peace of Oliva
1634:Greater Poland
1594:Royal Prussian
1551:
1548:
1487:
1484:
1471:Dutch Republic
1407:
1404:
1351:
1348:
1240:(Szczecin) in
1207:Swedish Empire
1175:
1172:
1156:Dutch Republic
1123:
1120:
1116:Roman Catholic
1097:Swedish Empire
1073:George William
1058:
1055:
1039:Treaty of Gera
1031:John Sigismund
939:
936:
915:personal union
676:
675:
674:
673:
663:
657:
643:
637:
628:
627:
623:
622:
621:
620:
614:
608:
602:
588:
582:
576:
573:Teutonic Order
570:
564:
558:
552:
549:Northern March
543:
542:
529:
528:
513:
512:
503:
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
483:
474:
471:
470:
465:
457:
456:
451:
443:
442:
437:
429:
428:
423:
415:
414:
409:
401:
400:
398:County of Mark
395:
387:
386:
381:
373:
372:
367:
359:
358:
353:
345:
344:
339:
331:
330:
325:
313:
312:
307:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
283:
280:
279:
276:
270:
267:
266:
263:
260:Personal union
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
244:
243:Historical era
240:
239:
236:
235:
229:
226:
223:
222:
217:
214:
211:
210:
208:George William
205:
202:
199:
198:
196:John Sigismund
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
154:Elector-Duke:
147:
143:
142:
133:
129:
128:
118:Personal union
115:
111:
110:
103:
95:
94:
85:
78:
77:
76:
68:
61:
60:
57:
56:
52:
51:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7442:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7358:
7355:
7310:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7273:Two Plus Four
7271:
7268:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7256:Warsaw (1970)
7254:
7252:
7251:Moscow (1970)
7249:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7168:Frederiksborg
7166:
7164:(1719 / 1720)
7163:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7033:Soldin (1466)
7031:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6948:Soldin (1309)
6946:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6910:
6906:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6807:West Germanic
6804:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6560:
6556:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6302:
6298:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6260:Contemporary
6259:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:Royal Prussia
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6079:
6075:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6062:Contemporary
6061:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6040:Köslin Region
6038:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6006:Royal Prussia
6004:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5994:List of Dukes
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5971:
5967:classified as
5964:
5960:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:Contemporary
5941:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5905:Köslin Region
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:Schlawe-Stolp
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5856:List of Dukes
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5809:Contemporary
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5681:List of Dukes
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5656:Billung March
5654:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5564:
5562:
5557:
5555:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5535:
5531:
5523:
5517:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5488:
5485:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5467:Upper Silesia
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5448:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5419:
5416:
5411:
5408:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5342:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5312:South Prussia
5310:
5306:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5258:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5190:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5099:
5094:
5092:
5087:
5085:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5067:
5065:3-486-56718-7
5061:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5046:3-406-49034-4
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5027:3-8258-7150-9
5023:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5008:3-515-07939-4
5004:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4989:3-486-56729-2
4985:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4951:3-406-54129-1
4947:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4932:3-05-002508-5
4928:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4894:3-8258-7051-0
4890:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4875:3-486-57839-1
4871:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4856:3-933889-04-9
4852:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4837:3-8309-1105-X
4833:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4818:3-406-54129-1
4814:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4799:3-89325-575-3
4795:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4776:3-406-54129-1
4772:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4757:3-8258-6306-9
4753:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4738:3-88680-780-0
4734:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4695:
4693:0-631-20513-6
4689:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4674:0-415-12938-9
4670:
4667:. Routledge.
4666:
4661:
4659:(1996), 448pp
4658:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4600:83-01-00392-8
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4584:Janusz Tazbir
4581:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4564:0-521-54402-5
4560:
4556:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4538:0-7006-1410-9
4534:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4489:
4480:
4478:
4468:
4459:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4434:
4432:
4422:
4413:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4375:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4323:
4313:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4189:
4183:
4178:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3976:
3967:
3958:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3934:
3925:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3901:
3892:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3813:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3640:0-09-177593-0
3636:
3632:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3582:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3557:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3530:
3521:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3461:
3452:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:Saint Vincent
3237:
3233:
3232:Caribbean Sea
3229:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2990:East Prussian
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2757:Prussian Navy
2754:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:Fort Dansborg
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2707:of the Dutch
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2639:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2391:How obtained
2390:
2383:
2369:
2365:
2362:; red: under
2361:
2356:
2350:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:(since 1713:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:Oberratsstube
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2198:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2116:Royal Prussia
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:Great Britain
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:Royal Prussia
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:In 1672, the
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:towns in the
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1514:army reserves
1511:
1510:standing army
1503:
1498:
1493:
1492:Prussian Army
1486:Standing Army
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:at the lower
1429:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1236:estuary with
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
957:
953:
949:
944:
935:
933:
929:
924:
920:
919:legal fiction
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:") of mostly
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:Warsaw (1656)
820:
819:standing army
816:
815:great players
812:
807:
805:
802:to the lower
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:Hohenzollerns
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
671:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
651:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:
630:
629:
625:
624:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
596:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:Old Prussians
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:
545:
544:
540:
535:
531:
530:
527:
523:
519:
518:
511:
507:
504:
502:Today part of
500:
484:
482:
479:
478:
475:
469:
466:
459:
458:
455:
452:
445:
444:
441:
438:
431:
430:
427:
424:
417:
416:
413:
410:
403:
402:
399:
396:
389:
388:
385:
382:
375:
374:
371:
368:
361:
360:
357:
354:
347:
346:
343:
340:
333:
332:
329:
326:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
281:
277:
274:
268:
264:
261:
255:
251:
248:
245:
241:
237:
234:(Frederick I)
233:
232:Frederick III
230:
224:
221:
218:
212:
209:
206:
200:
197:
194:
188:
184:
180:
178:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
107:
101:
96:
90:
89:Ducal Prussia
83:
72:
65:
58:
53:
47:
40:
31:
19:
7327:
6992:Thorn, First
6820:Low Prussian
6777:
6621:Comb Ceramic
6606:Funnelbeaker
6568:anthropology
6467:
6385:with see in
6330:
6184:West Prussia
6099:Chełmno Land
5434:Hesse-Nassau
5418:Hohenzollern
5300:West Prussia
5114:
5055:
5036:
5017:
4998:
4979:
4960:
4941:
4922:
4903:
4884:
4865:
4846:
4827:
4808:
4789:
4766:
4747:
4728:
4709:
4683:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4635:
4631:
4614:
4606:
4591:
4554:
4546:
4528:
4515:Bibliography
4488:
4467:
4458:
4421:
4374:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4312:
4223:
4188:
4181:
4177:
4154:
4145:
4102:
4093:
4006:
3975:
3966:
3933:
3900:
3851:
3842:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3695:
3686:
3663:
3630:
3624:
3615:
3606:
3581:
3556:
3529:
3460:
3367:
3289:Peter Island
3281:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3244:Saint Thomas
3236:Sainte Croix
3225:
3193:
3165:
3161:
3111:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3077:
3063:
3030:East Frisian
3016:
3008:
2994:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2737:reichstalers
2735:for 120,000
2711:. After the
2678:
2646:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:Geheimer Rat
2245:
2241:
2238:Geheimer Rat
2237:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2184:…during the
2167:Hohenzollern
2156:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2123:
2120:
2103:Grand Master
2089:
2058:
2043:
2010:
1991:Crown Treaty
1975:
1963:Polish crown
1924:
1879:
1849:
1819:
1769:Polish king
1768:
1761:; fresco by
1706:
1688:
1638:
1580:The Swedish
1579:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1482:reputation.
1464:
1454:. After the
1422:by invading
1417:
1401:
1361:Berlin-Cölln
1353:
1344:Hohenzollern
1301:
1269:Bogislaw XIV
1246:
1229:
1204:
1197:
1143:
1133:
1070:
1050:Polish Crown
1047:
1020:
996:cadet branch
961:
922:
881:
875:
862:
854:
808:
741:
705:early modern
680:
679:
310:Succeeded by
309:
304:
149:Population:
120:between the
7349: /
7146:Lund (1679)
6959:Ueckermünde
6857:West Slavic
6779:Ostsiedlung
6757:Slovincians
6616:Corded Ware
6591:Maglemosian
5818:Brandenburg
5530:Lower Rhine
5413:(1824–1878)
5364:Brandenburg
5328:New Silesia
5288:East Frisia
5161:Halberstadt
5115:Before 1701
5108:(1525–1947)
3284:Crab Island
2965:Scanian War
2963:during the
2653:Lutheranism
2186:Renaissance
2046:suum cuique
1789:from their
1729:Scanian War
1708:Reichskrieg
1622:sovereignty
1535:Bauernlegen
1434:river. The
1428:Cleves-Mark
1424:Jülich-Berg
1350:Devastation
1308:Halberstadt
1158:during his
1134:During the
1087:during the
855:Peuplierung
829:and by the
760:Halberstadt
670:Brandenburg
662:(from 1945)
656:(from 1945)
569:(1157–1618)
522:Brandenburg
520:History of
305:Preceded by
82:Brandenburg
7364:Categories
7209:Versailles
7112:Westphalia
6885:Slovincian
6875:Pomeranian
6815:Low German
6747:Kashubians
6641:Pomeranian
6564:Demography
6461:Historical
6453:Protestant
6324:Historical
6163:1466–1793
6124:Samborides
5999:Partitions
5871:Partitions
5691:Partitions
5454:after 1918
5397:Westphalia
5224:After 1701
5212:St. Thomas
5202:Gold Coast
5141:Ravensberg
4521:In English
3342:References
3200:Mauritania
3150:Taccararay
3001:Baltic Sea
2995:After the
2751:See also:
2733:Tranquebar
2681:Pomeranian
2409:electorate
2406:Holy Roman
2323:Amtskammer
2267:Kreditwerk
2262:Amtskammer
2234:real union
2157:Kreditwerk
2153:Joachim II
2145:Kreditwerk
2075:followed.
2067:, and the
2038:Königsberg
1889:Königsberg
1775:suzerainty
1765:, ca. 1891
1222:Baltic Sea
1160:grand tour
859:Protestant
770:) and the
735:after the
733:Ravensberg
693:Low German
162:Government
140:Königsberg
7245:Zgorzelec
7162:Stockholm
7101:Franzburg
7010:Perleberg
6880:Kashubian
6737:Velunzani
6697:Vidivarii
6611:Havelland
6389:1945–1972
6257:1975–1998
6246:1975–1998
6078:Pomerelia
6059:1975–1998
5975:Pomerelia
5939:1975–1998
5528:From the
5503:Kurhessen
5499:Magdeburg
5377:Pomerania
5353:(1814–15)
5232:Neuchâtel
5189:Magdeburg
4702:In German
4636:1648–1840
3311:in 1697.
3266:, called
3222:Caribbean
3144:), named
3043:Greetsiel
3036:replaced
2701:The Hague
2669:Huguenots
2657:Calvinism
2647:In 1613,
2013:Prussia.
1983:Leopold I
1787:Habsburgs
1783:Hungarian
1725:Uckermark
1681:Siege of
1377:Magdeburg
1369:Pomerania
1242:Pomerania
1226:dominions
1168:Pomerania
1150:nurturer
1148:Calvinist
876:In 1701,
863:Exulanten
798:expanded
739:in 1614.
699:) is the
634:Działdowo
156:Calvinist
146:Religion
55:1618–1701
7084:Augsburg
7078:Grimnitz
7043:Prenzlau
6913:Treaties
6865:Polabian
6712:Prissani
6651:Wielbark
6631:Lusatian
6089:Kociewie
6084:Kashubia
5524:in 1848.
5240:Guelders
5197:Colonies
4622:Archived
3315:See also
3272:Krum Bay
3204:Portugal
3158:Taccrama
3154:Takoradi
3032:port of
3021:Atlantic
2868:galiote
2799:frigate
2472:vassal,
2307:monarchy
2252:, named
2124:de facto
2111:Catholic
2017:and the
1973:(1697).
1901:Habsburg
1807:magnates
1803:Ottomans
1582:invasion
1467:Lorraine
1340:Habsburg
1330:and the
1211:her ally
948:allegory
923:de facto
905:and the
896:Habsburg
867:Huguenot
151:Lutheran
7337:13°24′E
7334:52°31′N
7239:Potsdam
6953:Templin
6930:Kremmen
6687:Lemovii
6670:Peoples
6646:Oksywie
6636:Jastorf
6586:Hamburg
5686:Gützkow
5520:Became
5439:1866–68
5430:Hanover
5392:Silesia
5305:1772–73
5272:Silesia
5267:/ 1815)
5177:Draheim
5106:Prussia
4729:Pommern
4634:Vol 2:
4617:(1991)
3337:Sources
3305:England
3301:Tortola
3208:Spanish
3087:frigate
3080:African
3074:, 1684.
3007:vessel
3005:Spanish
2978:Stettin
2689:Stettin
2685:Wolgast
2601:Draheim
2570:Swedish
2474:Swedish
2232:into a
2099:in 1525
2040:, 1701.
2003:Ermland
1949:of the
1941:in the
1916:Neumark
1908:Silesia
1904:emperor
1854:by the
1834:Prussia
1753:(1678):
1685:in 1677
1683:Stettin
1612:in the
1606:Ermland
1584:of the
1576:, 1663.
1527:serfdom
1519:landtag
1504:in 1698
1406:Cow War
1238:Stettin
1079:in the
998:of the
970:in the
899:emperor
841:in the
811:Prussia
792:Draheim
721:Rhenish
652:within
650:Masuria
626:Present
597:within
526:Prussia
506:Germany
468:Draheim
284:•
271:•
258:•
173:Elector
132:Capital
7305:(1996)
7299:(1993)
7293:(1991)
7287:(1991)
7281:(1990)
7275:(1990)
7269:(1989)
7263:(1975)
7247:(1951)
7241:(1945)
7235:(1939)
7229:(1933)
7223:(1929)
7217:(1925)
7211:(1919)
7200:(1866)
7194:(1815)
7192:Vienna
7188:(1814)
7182:(1807)
7180:Tilsit
7170:(1720)
7137:(1660)
7131:(1657)
7125:(1656)
7123:Labiau
7114:(1648)
7103:(1627)
7092:(1569)
7090:Lublin
7086:(1555)
7080:(1529)
7074:(1525)
7072:Kraków
7068:(1521)
7051:(1493)
7049:Pyritz
7029:(1435)
7018:(1427)
7012:(1427)
7006:(1422)
7000:(1415)
6994:(1411)
6983:(1390)
6981:Pyzdry
6967:(1343)
6965:Kalisz
6961:(1327)
6955:(1317)
6944:(1282)
6938:(1250)
6936:Landin
6932:(1236)
6870:Polish
6732:Lutici
6727:Veleti
6722:Ukrani
6677:Gepids
6656:Gustow
6491:Extant
6397:Extant
5861:Cammin
5510:(1944)
5507:Nassau
5490:(1922)
5482:(1920)
5421:(1850)
5405:(1822)
5387:Saxony
5348:Vienna
5291:(1744)
5255:(1719)
5235:(1707)
5207:Arguin
5192:(1680)
5157:Minden
5133:Cleves
5062:
5043:
5024:
5005:
4986:
4967:
4948:
4929:
4910:
4891:
4872:
4853:
4834:
4815:
4796:
4773:
4754:
4735:
4716:
4690:
4671:
4645:(1992)
4638:(1962)
4598:
4586:, and
4561:
4549:(2008)
4535:
3637:
3297:Tobago
3216:France
3196:Arguin
3190:(1721)
3188:Arguin
3178:Arguin
3172:Arguin
3142:Akwida
3138:Accada
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