434:) means the polymer consists of at least 85% acrylonitrile as the monomer. A typical comonomer is vinyl acetate, which can be solution-spun readily to obtain fibers that soften enough to allow penetration by dyes. The advantages of the use of these acrylics are that they are low-cost compared to natural fiber, they offer better sunlight resistance and have superior resistance to attack by moths. Acrylics modified with halogen-containing comonomers are classified as modacrylics, which by definition contain more than PAN percentages between 35-85%. Incorporation of halogen groups increases the flame resistance of the fiber, which makes modacrylics suitable for the use in sleepwear, tents and blankets. Some mattresses also use them to meet the flame resistance requirements in North America. However, the disadvantage of these products is that they are costly and can shrink after drying.
24:
479:) in the range of 45–55% which is one of the highest LOI ranges available as compared with other common FR fabrics which have lower LOI values (e.g. Nomex @ 28–30%, Kevlar @ 28–30%, Modacrylic @ 32–34%, PBI @ 41%, and FR-Viscose @ 28%); and OPF also demonstrates the lowest toxic gas generation upon burning as compared with other common fabrics (e.g. Nomex, FR Polyester, and Cotton).
212:. PAN is first thermally oxidized in air at 230 °C to form an oxidized PAN fiber and then carbonized above 1000 °C in inert atmosphere to make carbon fibers found in a variety of both high-tech and common daily applications such as civil and military aircraft primary and secondary structures, missiles, solid propellant rocket motors, pressure vessels, fishing rods,
272:
sodium thiocyanate and aluminum perchlorate for the production process and considered other solvents including DMF. However, commercial introduction was delayed due to the wartime stresses on infrastructure, inability to melt the polymer without degradation, and solvents to allow solution processing
396:
In the production of carbon fibers containing 600 tex (6k) PAN tow, the linear density of filaments is 0.12 tex and the filament diameter is 11.6 μm which produces a carbon fiber that has the filament strength of 417 kgf/mm2 and binder content of 38.6%. This data is demonstrated
405:
Homopolymers of polyacrylonitrile have been used as fibers in hot gas filtration systems, outdoor awnings, sails for yachts, and fiber-reinforced concrete. Copolymers containing polyacrylonitrile are often used as fibers to make knitted clothing like socks and sweaters, as well as outdoor products
474:
Oxidized PAN Fiber is used to produce inherently flame resistant (FR) fabrics. Commonly when it is used in FR fabrics for protective apparel it is referred to as OPF (oxidized polyacrylonitrile fiber) and is a high-performance, cost-effective flame and heat resistance solution. OPF can be
465:
Glassy carbon, a common electrode material in electrochemistry, is created by heat-treating blocks of polyacrylonitrile under pressure at 1000 to 3000 °C over a period of several days. The process removes non-carbon atoms and creates a conjugated double bond structure with excellent
447:
Its high tensile strength and tensile modulus are established by fiber sizing, coatings, production processes, and PAN's fiber chemistry. Its mechanical properties derived are important in composite structures for military and commercial aircraft.
256:
being used at the time, further research into the material was halted. In 1931, Herbert Rein, head of polymer fiber chemistry at the
Bitterfeld plant of IG Farben, obtained a sample of PAN while visiting the Ludwigshafen works. He found that
456:
Polyacrylonitrile is used as the precursor for 90% of carbon fiber production. Approximately 20–25% of Boeing and Airbus wide-body airframes are carbon fibers. However, applications are limited by PAN's high price of around $ 15/lb.
393:. Anionic polymerization also can be used for synthesizing PAN. For textile applications, molecular weight in the range of 40,000 to 70,000 is used. For producing carbon fiber higher molecular weight is desired.
365:. Solubility parameters: 26.09 MPa (25 °C) are 25.6 to 31.5 J cm. Dielectric constants: 5.5 (1 kHz, 25 °C), 4.2 (1 MHz, 25 °C).Can behave as branched as well as linear polymer.
323:
Although it is thermoplastic, polyacrylonitrile does not melt under normal conditions. It degrades before melting. It melts above 300 °C if the heating rates are 50 degrees per minute or above.
494:. Hydrolysis converts the nitrile groups to carboxylic acids. Amberlite IRC86 is one commercial product. These weakly acidic resins have high affinities for divalent metal ions like Ca and Mg.
927:
Delong, Liu (2011). "Synthesis of
Polyacrylonitrile by Single-electron Transfer-living Radical Polymerization Using Fe(0) as Catalyst and Its Absorption Properties After Modification".
444:
PAN has properties involving low density, thermal stability, high strength and modulus of elasticity. These unique properties have made PAN an essential polymer in high tech.
694:
381:. In most of the cases, 10% amounts of other vinyl comonomers are also used (1–10%) along with AN depending on the final application. Comonomers include
962:
244:
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was first synthesized in 1930 by Hans
Fikentscher and Claus Heuck in the Ludwigshafen works of the German chemical conglomerate
574:
778:
410:, then it is made out of some copolymer of polyacrylonitrile. It was made into the spun fiber at DuPont in 1942 and marketed under the name of
739:
714:
Eigenschaften, Verspinnung und
Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Wolcrylon. Mitteilung aus dem Zellwolle-Technikum der VEB Filmfabrik Agfa Wolfen.
1016:
315:). In the same year, the collective was awarded the GDR's National Prize II Class for Science and Technology for its achievements.
584:
Walter Wetzel, Entdeckungsgeschichte der
Polyfluorethylene - Zufall oder Ergebnis gezielter Forschung? N.T. M. 13 (2005) 79–91
813:
303:, Herbert Lehnert et al.). Prior to this, the preconditions for the production of the raw materials had been created at the
612:
573:
H. Finkentscher, C. Heuck, DE Patent 654989, Verfahren zur
Herstellung von Polymerisationprodukten, Anmeldetag 18.2.1930
831:"Producing high-quality precursor polymer and fibers to achieve theoretical strength in carbon fibers: A review: REVIEW"
1068:
558:
870:
Serkov, A; Radishevskii, M (2008). "Status and
Prospects For Production Of Carbon Fibres Based on Polyacrylonitrile".
512:
441:
groups can be used for the treatment of metals because of the polymers’ complex-forming capabilities with metal ions.
667:
522:
969:
157:
233:
701:
Mitteilungen, Gesellschaft
Deutscher Chemiker / Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main), Bd. 14 (1998)
1093:
994:
906:
273:
were not known yet. The first mass production run of PAN fiber was in 1946 by
American chemical conglomerate
204:. PAN is used to produce large variety of products including ultra filtration membranes, hollow fibers for
326:
208:, fibers for textiles, and oxidized PAN fibers. PAN fibers are the chemical precursor of very high-quality
793:
611:
H. Rein, DE-Patent 631756, Verfahren zur Lösung von polymerem Acrylsäurenitril, Anmeldetag 8 August 1934
1109:
1124:
1119:
541:
Nogaj, Alfred; Süling, Carlhans; Schweizer, Michael (2011). "Fibers, 8. Polyacrylonitrile Fibers".
437:
PAN absorbs many metal ions and aids the application of absorption materials. Polymers containing
682:
C. H. Ray US Patent 2 404 713, Method for
Preparing Polymeric Solutions, Filing date: 17.06.1942
1129:
268:, would dissolve PAN. He spun the first fibers based on PAN in 1938, using aqueous solutions of
289:, was based on a patent filed exactly seven days after a nearly identical German claim. In the
397:
in the Indexes for Experimental Batches of PAN Precursor and Carbon Fibers Made from It table.
374:
726:
Gupta, A. K.; Paliwal, D. K.; Bajaj, P. (1998). "Melting behavior of acrylonitrile polymers".
476:
278:
229:
36:
936:
632:
623:
Rein, Herbert (1948). "Polyacrylnitril-Fasern Eine neue Gruppe von synthethischen Fasern".
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Stanford engineers develop new air filter that could help Beijing residents breathe easily
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considered one of the most FR fabrics commercially produced since it has an LOI (
205:
293:(GDR), industrial polyacrylonitrile fibre production was started in 1956 at the
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487:
334:
261:
151:
883:
1103:
995:"Top 9 Things You Didn't Know about Carbon Fiber | Department of Energy"
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10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19981226)70:13<2703::aid-app15>3.3.co;2-u
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Geschichte der Chemiefaser-industrie der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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963:"Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Carbon Fibers Industrial Capability Assessment"
595:"KUNSTFASERN / INDUSTRIE : Das Salz der Mode - DER SPIEGEL 20/1955"
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like tents and similar items. If the label of a piece of clothing says
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258:
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1017:"Manufacturing advances bring carbon fiber closer to mass production"
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
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1051:
De Dardel, François; Arden, Thomas V. (2008). "Ion Exchangers".
968:. United States of America Department of Defense. Archived from
274:
373:
Most commercial methods for the synthesis of PAN are based on
829:
Kaur, Jasjeet; Millington, Keith; Smith, Shaun (2016-10-10).
411:
286:
189:
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plastics. Labelling of items of clothing with acrylic (see
297:
due to the preliminary work of the "Wolcrylon" collective (
294:
469:
414:. Acrylonitrile is commonly employed as a comonomer with
660:
Handbook of properties of textile and technical fibres
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929:
Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry
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828:
725:
490:-crosslinked polyacrylonitrile is a precursor to
1101:
252:, and did not dissolve in any of the industrial
1053:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1050:
543:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
798:Comprehensive Polymer Science and Supplements
510:
777:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
514:Handbook of Textile Fibres: Man-Made Fibres
800:. Vol. 4. Pergamon. p. 261-273.
176:) is a synthetic, semicrystalline organic
854:
753:Internet, D4W Comunicação - Soluções em.
536:
534:
295:VEB Film- und Chemiefaserwerk Agfa Wolfen
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353:carbonates, and in aqueous solutions of
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94:C 67.91%, H 5.7%, N 26.4%
1102:
926:
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470:Oxidized polyacrylonitrile fiber (OPF)
318:
122:300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
791:
703:, S. 162. Retrieves 13 December 2021.
662:(2nd ed.). Woodhead Publishing.
333:is at 322 °C. PAN is soluble in
904:
752:
622:
517:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 393.
794:"16 - Precipitation Polymerization"
13:
1090:at Polymer Science Learning Center
835:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
806:10.1016/B978-0-08-096701-1.00131-2
728:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
482:
389:, allyl compounds, and sulfonated
180:resin, with the linear formula (CH
14:
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658:Bunsell, A.R. (18 January 2018).
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234:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
154:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
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1094:Polyacrylonitrile air filter
1038:Handbook of Electrochemistry
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327:Glass transition temperature
7:
375:free radical polymerization
10:
1146:
907:"Fiberglass in Mattresses"
291:German Democratic Republic
285:. The product, branded as
239:
220:frames. It is a component
884:10.1007/s10692-008-9012-y
329:is around 95 °C and
248:. However, as PAN is non-
148:
55:
45:
35:
30:
21:
997:. Energy.gov. 2013-03-29
645:10.1002/ange.19480600607
551:10.1002/14356007.o10_o04
307:(Polyacrylonitrile) and
1040:. Elsevier. 2021-07-02.
92:53.0626 ± 0.0028 g/mol
511:J Gordon Cook (1984).
856:10536/DRO/DU:30102165
792:Guyot, Alain (1986).
477:Limiting oxygen index
279:intellectual property
230:styrene-acrylonitrile
224:in several important
40:poly(1-acrylonitrile)
941:2011JPoSA..49.2916L
905:Szostech, Michael.
637:1948AngCh..60..159R
492:ion exchange resins
319:Physical properties
305:Buna Werke Schkopau
283:Operation Paperclip
281:had been stolen in
270:quaternary ammonium
139:Solubility in water
18:
949:10.1002/pola.24727
355:sodium thiocyanate
331:fusion temperature
188:. Almost all PAN
158:Infobox references
17:Polyacrylonitrile
16:
1110:Acrylate polymers
1088:Polyacrylonitrile
935:(13): 2916–2923.
847:10.1002/app.43963
815:978-0-08-096701-1
734:(13): 2703–2709.
625:Angewandte Chemie
343:dimethylacetamide
339:dimethylformamide
313:Dimethylformamide
170:Polyacrylonitrile
166:Chemical compound
164:
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48:Polyvinyl cyanide
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1125:Synthetic fibers
1120:Synthetic resins
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236:(ABS) plastic.
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383:acrylic acid
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266:ionic liquid
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210:carbon fiber
200:as the main
173:
169:
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102:White solid
78:
46:Other names
363:nitric acid
309:Leuna works
300:de:Max Duch
222:repeat unit
112:1.184 g/cm
99:Appearance
56:Properties
1115:Copolymers
1104:Categories
1023:2013-12-08
1019:. Autoblog
1001:2013-12-08
979:4 December
764:2018-05-10
498:References
387:acrylamide
337:, such as
259:pyridinium
232:(SAN) and
228:, such as
226:copolymers
194:copolymers
144:Insoluble
88:Molar mass
50:Creslan 61
37:IUPAC name
912:11 August
892:137117495
439:amidoxime
408:"acrylic"
369:Synthesis
351:propylene
246:IG Farben
132:Degrades
773:cite web
755:"IGTPAN"
428:acrylate
347:ethylene
254:solvents
937:Bibcode
633:Bibcode
424:styrene
418:, e.g.
416:styrene
391:styrene
250:fusible
240:History
218:bicycle
202:monomer
178:polymer
108:Density
82:
1067:
890:
841:(38).
812:
699:. In:
666:
557:
521:
275:DuPont
190:resins
31:Names
973:(PDF)
966:(PDF)
888:S2CID
412:Orlon
287:Orlon
264:, an
196:with
184:CHCN)
1065:ISBN
981:2013
914:2023
810:ISBN
779:link
664:ISBN
555:ISBN
519:ISBN
426:and
349:and
216:and
192:are
1057:doi
945:doi
880:doi
851:hdl
843:doi
839:133
802:doi
736:doi
641:doi
547:doi
377:of
361:or
174:PAN
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