307:, these events constituted "collective punishment" meted out on thousands of "mostly innocent peasants" and resulted in the exacerbation of animosity between the Polish state and the Ukrainian minority. Similar oppressive actions were also carried out against the Belarusian population of Poland. The Soviet Union cited a "need to protect" the Ukrainian and Belarusian majority populations in these regions as a reason justifying the Soviet invasion of Eastern Poland (including Western Ukraine and Belarus), carried out in the wake of Poland's dismemberment under the Nazi invasion with
509:
147:
666:
753:
signed a treaty with the USSR to formally cede these territories. The total population of the territories annexed by the USSR, not including the portion returned to Poland in 1945, had an estimated population of 10,653,000 according to the 1931 Polish census. In 1939 this had increased to about 11.6
387:
and redistributed private and state-owned Polish property. Soviet authorities regarded service for the pre-war Polish state as a "crime against revolution" and "counter-revolutionary activity", and subsequently started arresting large numbers of Polish citizens. During the initial Soviet invasion of
946:
Point 1 of the secret supplementary protocol signed on August 23, 1939, is changed so that the territory of the
Lithuanian state is included in the sphere of interest of the USSR because, on the other side, Lublin voivodeship and parts of Warsaw voivodeship are included in the sphere of interest of
693:
flew to Moscow along with
Churchill in an attempt to prevent the Soviet annexation of Poland in accordance with the MolotovâRibbentrop Pact signed by the Soviet Union. He offered a smaller section of land, but Stalin declined, telling him that he would allow the exiled government to participate in
323:
welcomed the Soviet troops into the occupied territories. The total area, including the area given to
Lithuania, was 201,015 square kilometres (77,612 sq mi), with a population of 13.299 million, of which 5.274 million were ethnic Poles and 1.109 million were Jews. An additional 138,000
652:
The Polish and Jewish language population of the regions in 1939 totaled about 6.7 million. During the war, an estimated 2 million persons perished (including 1.2 million Jews). These numbers are included with Polish war losses. 2 million (including 250,000 Jews) became refugees to Poland or the
422:
During 1939–1941 1.45 million of the people inhabiting the region were deported by the Soviet regime, of whom 63.1% were Poles, and 7.4% were Jews. Previously it was believed that about one million Polish citizens died at the hands of the
Soviets, however recently Polish historians, based
129:
in 1939-1945 by Nazi
Germany, the Soviet Union and Ukrainian nationalist forces consisted of approximately 1.8 million inhabitants. The post-World War II territory of Poland was slightly smaller than the pre-1939 land areas, shrinking by some 77,000 square kilometres (30,000 sq mi)
366:
In March 1940, the authorities also decided about the fate of refugees from western Poland, who from
September 1939 were in Kresy. Deportation of this group of about 75â80 thousand people, consisting mainly of Jews (about 84%), finally began on June 29, 1940, and lasted for nearly a month.
794:(UIA) were engaged in an armed struggle against the communists. As a result of the skirmishes between the UIA and Soviet units, the Soviets deported 600,000 people from these territories and in the process 170,000 of the local population were killed in the fighting. See also
31:
238:, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed in September 1939 assigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. According to the secret protocol, Lithuania would retrieve its historical capital
702:
where the
Soviets would annex the entirety of their MolotovâRibbentrop Pact portion of Eastern Poland but would grant Poland part of Eastern Germany in return. These agreements were then confirmed and consolidated at the
370:
The
Soviets organized staged elections, the result of which was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland. Soviet authorities attempted to erase Polish history and culture, withdrew the
860:
938:
392:. NKVD officers conducted lengthy interrogations of the prisoners in camps that were, in effect, a selection process to determine who would be killed. On March 5, 1940, pursuant to a note to Stalin from
363:. Those who did not receive the citizenship or refused to accept it (claiming that they were Polish citizens or not agreeing to enter Ukrainian or Belarusian nationality) were arrested or deported.
400:(including Stalin) signed an order to execute POWs, labeled "nationalists and counterrevolutionaries", kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus. This became known as the
983:
according to the last official Polish census, the population was over 38% Poles (5.1 million), 37% Polish
Ukrainians (4.7 million), 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans.
1186:...the Soviet Union had thus far not concerned itself about the plight of its minorities in Poland and had to justify abroad, in some way or other, its present intervention.
1577:
303:, the buildings, belongings, and property of Ukrainians were destroyed and their inhabitants were often beaten and arrested. According to Ukrainian-Canadian historian,
2353:
727:
Some parts of eastern Poland occupied by the Soviet Union in 1939 with an area of 21,275 square kilometres (8,214 sq mi) and 1.5 million inhabitants near
389:
17:
935:
324:
ethnic Poles and 198,000 Jews fled the German occupied zone and became refugees in the Soviet occupied region. The borders were finalized in the
September 28
2192:
1973:
850:
2383:
1343:
744:
259:
208:
going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Initially annexed by Poland in a series of wars between 1918 and 1921 (primarily the
63:) and annexed territories totalling 201,015 square kilometres (77,612 sq mi) with a population of 13,299,000. Inhabitants besides ethnic
419:
claimed that in Katyn, of the 22,000 Polish officers, roughly 3,000 were killed by the NKVD in 1940, while others were later executed by Nazis.
435:
2378:
815:
300:
715:. The Western Allies were unaware of the existence of the secret clause dividing Poland between Hitler and Stalin already in 1939 along the
196:
were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the
2388:
802:
228:. Much of this rural territory had its own significant local non-Polish majority (Ukrainians in the south and Belarusians in the north).
2358:
1641:
84:
2221:
2026:
172:. Most notably, the pact contained a secret protocol, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, according to which the states of
2064:
1968:
1565:
980:
750:
1543:
1351:
695:
255:
1168:
105:
and remained within the Soviet Union in 1945 as a consequence of European-wide territorial rearrangements configured during the
34:
Temporary borders created by advancing German and Soviet troops. The border was soon readjusted following diplomatic agreements.
2168:
1920:
712:
281:
95:
1584:
2247:
2134:
1890:
1854:
902:
114:
351:
was imposed in November 1939, had to return documents issued by "former Poland" and obtain new citizenship of the USSR. The
2373:
2106:
835:
503:
91:
1316:
1690:
Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI– 1994, pp. 46 & 47
708:
654:
423:
mostly on queries in Soviet archives, estimate the number of deaths at about 350,000 people deported in 1939–1945.
336:
99:
1995:
1609:
2227:
1983:
1761:
1148:
657:. Contemporary Russian historians also include the war losses of Poles and Jews from this region with Soviet war dead.
427:
puts the number of Polish deaths at 90â100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.
2232:
1872:
1847:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918â1947
1836:
1811:
1708:
1521:
1493:
1448:
1423:
1389:
1299:
1267:
1245:
1213:
1119:
1078:
1055:
1031:
830:
325:
1396:
1048:
Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy
2217:
2098:
2034:
1287:
2305:
2188:
2039:
1978:
779:
609:
2049:
972:
646:
296:
2310:
2059:
1751:
865:
102:
2295:
2159:
2149:
1988:
1539:
1441:
855:
589:
1477:
1355:
2280:
2054:
1164:
Telegram of the German Ambassador in the Soviet Union, (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office Moscow,
1140:
169:
159:
151:
118:
1228:
Concise statistical year-book of Poland, Polish Ministry of Information. London June 1941 pp. 9 & 10
1913:
840:
690:
622:
602:
582:
1679:
649:) which brought about an estimated 100,000 deaths and an exodus of ethnic Poles from this territory.
277:
225:
50:
1001:
1561:
1103:
962:
791:
634:
1407:
961:(1997). WĆodzimierz Bonusiak; StanisĆaw Jan Ciesielski; Zygmunt MaĆkowski; MikoĆaj Iwanow (eds.).
2275:
2201:
2005:
1548:
660:
2154:
958:
645:
During 1943–1944 ethnic cleansing operations took place in Ukraine (commonly known as the
2242:
483:
340:
308:
292:
243:
54:
2144:
1202:
Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia
2368:
2325:
2237:
2196:
2010:
1906:
1509:
569:
269:
122:
1645:
892:
299:
against its Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Jewish minorities. In a programme referred to as the
2173:
521:
181:
125:". The number of Poles in the Kresy in the year 1939 was around 5.274 million, but after
8:
2363:
2290:
2269:
2263:
763:
689:
Soon after the Soviet re-entry to Poland in July 1944 in pursuit of the German army, the
451:
529:
2300:
2183:
989:
755:
704:
638:
447:
424:
416:
380:
288:
273:
42:
2285:
1886:
1868:
1850:
1832:
1807:
1757:
1704:
1617:
1517:
1489:
1419:
1385:
1295:
1263:
1241:
1209:
1172:
1144:
1115:
1074:
1051:
1027:
968:
898:
795:
670:
209:
106:
1035:
311:
and with Poland's government being in the process of evacuation. Consequently, many
1963:
1377:
1019:
921:
825:
771:
699:
629:
471:
463:
412:
126:
110:
46:
2178:
2139:
2000:
1452:
942:
870:
759:
538:
487:
459:
439:
360:
356:
173:
372:
2320:
2315:
936:
Wilson Center, Secret Texts of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
845:
775:
594:
574:
431:
401:
393:
304:
177:
661:
Soviet 1945 re-annexation and incorporation of the majority of the territories
2347:
2330:
2164:
1621:
1485:
1070:
967:. Kielce: WyĆŒsza SzkoĆa Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego. pp. 294â.
964:
Sowietyzacja oĆwiaty w MaĆopolsce Wschodniej pod radzieckÄ
okupacjÄ
1939â1941
467:
443:
348:
332:
265:
213:
64:
1827:
Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich; Ulam, Adam Bruno; Freeze, Gregory L. (1997),
508:
2044:
1941:
1929:
1344:""Wybory" do ZgromadzeĆ Ludowych Zachodniej Ukrainy i Zachodniej BiaĆorusi"
1283:
1197:
861:
Elections to the People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus
678:
562:
550:
517:
491:
479:
455:
390:
230,000 to 450,000 Poles were taken as prisoner, some of whom were executed
384:
355:
used the passportization system to carefully select people still living in
235:
165:
39:
1445:
728:
534:
434:, annexed by Poland in 1920, was transferred to Lithuania on the basis of
343:
of the population in the newly acquired territories began. Inhabitants of
2093:
820:
716:
681:, the Soviet Union annexed most of the territory it had invaded in 1939.
653:
West, 1.5 million were in the territories returned to Poland in 1945 and
475:
408:
264:
The PolishâSoviet border, as of 1939, had been determined in 1921 at the
221:
135:
80:
68:
732:
1444:, "OKUPACJA SOWIECKA W POLSCE 1939â41", last accessed on 1 March 2006,
1411:
1205:
894:
Przesiedlenie ludnoĆci polskiej z kresĂłw wschodnich do Polski 1944â1947
546:
217:
72:
1482:
A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War II
1432:
1260:
Sowietyzacja KresĂłw Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej po 17 wrzeĆnia 1939
278:
the Soviet Union invaded the portions of eastern Poland assigned to it
272:. Under the terms of the MolotovâRibbentrop Pact, two weeks after the
220:
being the most numerous ethnic groups, with significant minorities of
2083:
1946:
1111:
578:
554:
512:
Sectors of prewar Poland under the Nazi German occupational authority
397:
280:
by the Pact, followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland.
231:
205:
146:
1282:
614:
1701:
Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei
90:
These annexed territories were subsequently incorporated into the
2129:
2088:
1262:(in Polish). Bydgoszcz: WyĆŒsza SzkoĆa Pedagogiczna. p. 441.
767:
698:. An agreement between the Allies was reluctantly reached at the
618:
598:
542:
316:
312:
249:
239:
201:
189:
185:
131:
1829:
Pariahs, Partners, Predators: GermanâSoviet Relations, 1922â1941
1753:
Hitler, Chamberlain and Munich: The End Of The Twenty Year Truce
1108:
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory
665:
1898:
558:
212:), these territories had mixed urban national populations with
193:
76:
164:
Early in the morning of August 24, 1939, the Soviet Union and
376:
344:
197:
113:). Poland was compensated for this territorial loss with the
59:
30:
1169:"The Avalon Project : Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939â1941"
352:
1793:
Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington, 1954 pp. 148–149
1476:
320:
150:
Planned and actual divisions of Europe, according to the
1681:(go to note on Polish Casualties by Tadeusz Piotrowski)
851:
Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)
561:
counties and was "attached to" (not incorporated into)
466:. The territories to the south were transferred to the
1610:"Russian parliament admits guilt over Polish massacre"
1384:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 396.
891:
Ciesielski, StanisĆaw; Borodziej, WĆodzimierz (2000),
1406:
331:
Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of
1865:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939â1953
1804:
Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik
1642:"L.M. Kaganovich about the Katyn case. 'In Russian'"
1341:
957:
117:, at the expense of losing its eastern regions. The
890:
1073:. Oxford: Oxford University Press paperback 1986.
707:. Thereafter, eastern Poland was annexed into the
1826:
484:Stanislav (later known as Ivano-Frankivsk) Oblast
260:Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia
168:signed a 10-year non-aggression pact, called the
2345:
1684:
1508:
1376:
1236:
1234:
754:million. The composition by language group was
1780:Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington, 1954 p. 140
1208:: Princeton University Press. pp. 32â33.
497:
438:. Other northern territories were attached to
250:Soviet annexation of eastern Poland, 1939â1941
130:(roughly equalling that of the territories of
2354:Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland 1939â1941
1914:
1544:The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field
1458:
1240:Poland's Holocaust, Tadeusz Piotrowski, 1998
816:Territories of Poland annexed by Nazi Germany
745:PolishâSoviet border agreement of August 1945
301:Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia
1749:
1400:
1314:
1251:
1231:
1084:
242:, subjugated during the inter-war period by
1733:
1731:
1729:
1416:Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 â 5 IV 1945
1157:
923:Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
749:On August 16, 1945 the Communist-dominated
684:
328:, most of whose contents were kept secret.
295:had carried out an oppressive programme of
45:in 1939, which marked the beginning of the
1921:
1907:
1844:
1535:
1533:
1470:
1464:
1370:
1276:
1257:
1067:Heart of Europe. A Short History of Poland
951:
897:(in Polish), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Neriton,
141:
1714:
1335:
411:, former top ministers of Stalin such as
121:regime described the territories as the "
2384:Territorial disputes of the Soviet Union
2065:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
1726:
1516:(in Polish). Lublin: Test. p. 540.
1418:(in Polish). KrakĂłw: ZNAK. p. 364.
1134:
1128:
981:Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
979:Of the 13.5 million civilians living in
917:
915:
913:
751:Provisional Government of National Unity
664:
524:. The Nazis divided them up as follows:
507:
145:
29:
18:Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
1862:
1607:
1555:
1530:
1102:
1090:
1040:
770:8.3%, Other 3%. Religious affiliation:
696:Polish Committee of National Liberation
256:Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia
14:
2346:
2169:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1880:
1737:
1720:
1502:
1288:"Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies"
1286:, Sharon Stanton Russell, ed. (2001).
1096:
856:Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937â38)
836:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
713:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
2135:1949 East German State Railway strike
2107:World Federation of Democratic Youth
1902:
910:
180:were divided into German and Soviet "
2006:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan
1294:. Berghahn Books. pp. 308â315.
1196:
1013:
610:Generalbezirk Wolhynien und Podolien
504:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany
404:, in all some 22,000 were executed.
27:1939 Soviet Union invasion of Poland
709:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
597:(the western section of modern-day
593:– most of the Polish part of
460:Vileyka (later Maladzyechna) Region
24:
2228:Sovietization of the Baltic states
1756:. Andrews UK Limited. p. 69.
803:SovietâPolish border was realigned
637:, which was incorporated into the
621:, which was incorporated into the
115:pre-War German eastern territories
75:major population groups, and also
25:
2400:
2359:World War II occupied territories
2099:World Federation of Trade Unions
1883:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe
831:Historical demographics of Poland
785:
735:were returned to postwar Poland.
722:
691:Polish prime minister from London
537:), which included the BiaĆystok,
498:German occupation 1941–1944
274:German invasion of western Poland
2379:Occupation of Poland (1939â1945)
2316:January 1991 events in Lithuania
1974:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1928:
1292:Demography and National Security
782:26.7%, Jewish 9.9%, Other 1.7%.
738:
655:1.2 million remained in the USSR
613:– the Polish provinces of
436:Lithuania-Soviet Union agreement
268:peace talks, which followed the
2040:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1796:
1783:
1770:
1743:
1693:
1672:
1659:
1634:
1601:
1570:
1308:
1222:
1190:
780:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
669:Curzon-Namier Line's variants.
581:, itself incorporated into the
53:entered the eastern regions of
2389:Western Belorussia (1918â1939)
1317:"II wojna Ćwiatowa na Kresach"
1060:
929:
884:
647:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
641:and became its fifth district.
516:These areas were conquered by
13:
1:
2321:January 1991 events in Latvia
2311:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
2060:Socialist Republic of Romania
2035:People's Republic of Bulgaria
2027:People's Republic of Albania
1996:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'Ă©tat
1831:, Columbia University Press,
1820:
1342:BartĆomiej KozĆowski (2005).
1026:, pp. 4, 5, Princeton, 2005,
866:Flight of Poles from the USSR
326:GermanâSoviet Frontier Treaty
87:, and other minority groups.
2306:Collapse of the Soviet Union
2296:Fall of communism in Albania
1885:, Rowman & Littlefield,
1845:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2007),
1789:" U.S. Bureau of the Census
1776:" U.S. Bureau of the Census
1699:Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk.
1008:WrocĆawskie Studia Wschodnie
601:) was incorporated into the
396:, the members of the Soviet
7:
2281:End of communism in Hungary
2050:Hungarian People's Republic
1608:Parfitt, Tom (2010-11-26).
1141:University of Toronto Press
808:
590:Generalbezirk WeiĂruthenien
10:
2405:
2045:German Democratic Republic
1863:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006),
977:– via Google Books.
926:, executed August 23, 1939
841:Polish Autonomous District
742:
623:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
603:Reichskommissariat Ostland
583:Reichskommissariat Ostland
501:
253:
157:
103:Soviet Socialist Republics
2256:
2233:Information dissemination
2210:
2160:1956 Hungarian Revolution
2150:1953 East German uprising
2118:
2076:
2019:
1956:
1936:
1867:, Yale University Press,
1667:Poland's Way of the Cross
1478:Gustaw Herling-GrudziĆski
1110:. London & New York:
1050:, RoutledgeCurzon, 2002,
790:From 1944 until 1952 the
38:Seventeen days after the
2218:Emigration and defection
2055:Polish People's Republic
1881:Wettig, Gerhard (2008),
1791:The Population of Poland
1778:The Population of Poland
1578:"Stalin's Killing Field"
1566:Google Books, pp. 20â24.
1514:Bez ostatniego rozdziaĆu
1258:Adam SudoĆ, ed. (1998).
1135:Subtelny, Orest (1994).
878:
792:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
685:Preliminary arrangements
154:, with later adjustments
119:Polish People's Republic
2374:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
2276:Fall of the Berlin Wall
2202:1981 protests in Kosovo
2140:Rebellion of Cazin 1950
1703:. Sankt-Peterburg 1995
1669:, New York 1987. p. 146
1549:Studies in Intelligence
170:MolotovâRibbentrop pact
160:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
152:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
142:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
1382:Revolution from Abroad
1024:Revolution from Abroad
674:
577:was incorporated into
513:
341:residence registration
293:Second Polish Republic
155:
35:
2326:Breakup of Yugoslavia
1750:Nick Shepley (2015).
1408:Karolina LanckoroĆska
1315:Kamil Stepan (2015).
1166:Moscow, September 16
668:
570:Generalbezirk Litauen
511:
309:Warsaw being besieged
254:Further information:
149:
123:Recovered Territories
33:
2174:1970 Polish protests
2155:1956 PoznaĆ protests
2020:Soviet-allied states
1678:Project In Posterum
1540:Fischer, Benjamin B.
1143:. pp. 429â431.
959:ElĆŒbieta Trela-Mazur
522:Operation Barbarossa
182:spheres of influence
2291:Romanian revolution
2264:Revolutions of 1989
2145:1953 PlzeĆ uprising
1552:, Winter 1999â2000.
1046:Christie, Kenneth,
375:without exchanging
2301:Singing Revolution
2184:June 1976 protests
1969:Soviet occupations
1665:Franciszek Proch,
1451:2005-04-20 at the
1137:Ukraine. A history
1036:Google books link)
941:2011-01-11 at the
801:In June 1951, the
705:Potsdam Conference
675:
639:General Government
514:
452:Baranavichy Region
425:Andrzej Paczkowski
417:Vyacheslav Molotov
349:Soviet citizenship
289:Interbellum period
156:
43:invasion of Poland
36:
2341:
2340:
2286:Velvet Revolution
2248:Telephone tapping
2222:list of defectors
2011:TitoâStalin split
1892:978-0-7425-5542-6
1856:978-0-7864-2913-4
1455:, Polish language
1198:Gross, Jan Tomasz
904:978-83-86842-56-8
796:Operation Vistula
450:(soon renamed to
448:Navahrudak Region
383:agriculture, and
270:PolishâSoviet War
210:Polish-Soviet War
184:". In the North,
107:Tehran Conference
16:(Redirected from
2396:
2130:Goryani Movement
2110:
2102:
2068:
2030:
1964:Yalta Conference
1923:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1877:
1859:
1841:
1815:
1802:Vadim Erlikman.
1800:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1747:
1741:
1740:, pp. 47â48
1735:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1644:. Archived from
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:on June 13, 2007
1589:
1583:. Archived from
1582:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1510:WĆadysĆaw Anders
1506:
1500:
1499:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1442:Encyklopedia PWN
1440:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1378:Jan Tomasz Gross
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1358:on June 28, 2006
1354:. Archived from
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1255:
1249:
1238:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1171:. Archived from
1161:
1155:
1154:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1064:
1058:
1044:
1038:
1020:Jan Tomasz Gross
1017:
1011:
1010:, WrocĆaw, 1997.
1005:
999:
995:
993:
985:
955:
949:
933:
927:
919:
908:
907:
888:
826:Oder-Neisse line
772:Eastern Orthodox
700:Yalta Conference
630:District Galicia
530:Bezirk BiaĆystok
472:Drohobych Oblast
464:Byelorussian SSR
413:Lazar Kaganovich
388:Poland, between
127:ethnic cleansing
111:Western Betrayal
47:Second World War
21:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2252:
2206:
2193:Soviet reaction
2179:Croatian Spring
2123:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2072:
2066:
2028:
2015:
2001:Berlin Blockade
1952:
1951:
1932:
1927:
1893:
1875:
1857:
1839:
1823:
1818:
1814:pp. 22 & 34
1806:. Moscow 2004.
1801:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1719:
1715:
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1689:
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1660:
1651:
1649:
1640:
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1635:
1626:
1624:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1488:. p. 284.
1475:
1471:
1465:Piotrowski 2007
1463:
1459:
1453:Wayback Machine
1438:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1375:
1371:
1361:
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1309:
1302:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1256:
1252:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1195:
1191:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1104:Sanford, George
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1065:
1061:
1045:
1041:
1018:
1014:
997:
996:
987:
986:
975:
956:
952:
943:Wayback Machine
934:
930:
920:
911:
905:
889:
885:
881:
876:
871:Cursed soldiers
811:
788:
747:
741:
725:
687:
663:
539:Bielsk Podlaski
520:in 1941 during
506:
500:
488:Ternopil Oblast
440:Belastok Region
373:Polish currency
361:Western Ukraine
357:Western Belarus
337:Passportization
262:
252:
162:
144:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2402:
2392:
2391:
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2298:
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2260:
2258:
2254:
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2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2214:
2212:
2208:
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2205:
2204:
2199:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2157:
2152:
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2137:
2132:
2126:
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2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2096:
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2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1878:
1873:
1860:
1855:
1842:
1837:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1763:978-1783331086
1762:
1742:
1725:
1713:
1692:
1683:
1671:
1658:
1633:
1600:
1569:
1554:
1529:
1522:
1501:
1494:
1469:
1457:
1431:
1424:
1399:
1390:
1369:
1334:
1307:
1300:
1275:
1268:
1250:
1230:
1221:
1214:
1189:
1156:
1150:978-0802071910
1149:
1127:
1120:
1095:
1083:
1059:
1039:
1012:
973:
950:
928:
909:
903:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
846:Katyn massacre
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
812:
810:
807:
805:in two areas.
787:
786:Further events
784:
776:Roman Catholic
743:Main article:
740:
737:
724:
723:Returned areas
721:
686:
683:
677:At the end of
662:
659:
643:
642:
626:
606:
595:White Ruthenia
586:
575:Vilna Province
566:
499:
496:
432:Vilnius Region
402:Katyn massacre
394:Lavrenty Beria
305:Orest Subtelny
266:Treaty of Riga
251:
248:
234:, adjacent to
178:Eastern Europe
158:Main article:
143:
140:
57:(known as the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2401:
2390:
2387:
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2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
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2331:Yugoslav Wars
2329:
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2322:
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2304:
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2209:
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2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:
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2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:Prague Spring
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
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2117:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:Organizations
2075:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
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2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Baltic states
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
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1924:
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1910:
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1904:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1874:0-300-11204-1
1870:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1849:, McFarland,
1848:
1843:
1840:
1838:0-231-10676-9
1834:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1813:
1812:5-93165-107-1
1809:
1805:
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1710:
1709:5-86789-023-6
1706:
1702:
1696:
1687:
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1675:
1668:
1662:
1648:on 2022-08-28
1647:
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1550:
1545:
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1536:
1534:
1525:
1523:83-7038-168-5
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1495:0-14-025184-7
1491:
1487:
1486:Penguin Books
1483:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1425:83-240-0077-1
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1391:0-691-09603-1
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1350:(in Polish).
1349:
1345:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1301:1-57181-339-X
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1269:83-7096-281-5
1265:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1246:0-7864-0371-3
1243:
1237:
1235:
1225:
1217:
1215:0-691-09603-1
1211:
1207:
1204:. Princeton,
1203:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1175:on 2007-04-30
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1121:0-415-33873-5
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1081:, pp. 115â121
1080:
1079:0-19-285152-7
1076:
1072:
1071:Norman Davies
1068:
1063:
1057:
1056:0-7007-1599-1
1053:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1032:0-691-09603-1
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1009:
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849:
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813:
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804:
799:
797:
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773:
769:
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761:
757:
752:
746:
739:Border treaty
736:
734:
730:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
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682:
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587:
584:
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571:
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556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:(district of
532:
531:
527:
526:
525:
523:
519:
510:
505:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:Ukrainian SSR
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Hrodna Region
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
420:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
382:
381:collectivized
378:
374:
368:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:sovietization
329:
327:
322:
318:
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310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
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285:
283:
279:
275:
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183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
161:
153:
148:
139:
137:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:of 1943 (see
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
32:
19:
2369:Eastern Bloc
2268:
1942:Soviet Union
1930:Eastern Bloc
1882:
1864:
1846:
1828:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1772:
1752:
1745:
1723:, p. 47
1716:
1700:
1695:
1686:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:the original
1636:
1625:. Retrieved
1614:The Guardian
1613:
1603:
1592:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1572:
1557:
1547:
1513:
1504:
1481:
1472:
1467:, p. 11
1460:
1434:
1415:
1402:
1381:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1356:the original
1347:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1291:
1284:Myron Weiner
1278:
1259:
1253:
1224:
1201:
1192:
1185:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1163:
1159:
1136:
1130:
1107:
1098:
1093:, p. 43
1091:Roberts 2006
1086:
1066:
1062:
1047:
1042:
1023:
1015:
1007:
978:
963:
953:
945:
931:
922:
893:
886:
800:
789:
748:
726:
688:
679:World War II
676:
651:
644:
635:East Galicia
628:
608:
588:
573:– the
568:
563:East Prussia
528:
518:Nazi Germany
515:
492:Volyn Oblast
480:Rivne Oblast
456:Pinsk Region
429:
421:
406:
385:nationalized
369:
365:
330:
297:Polonization
286:
263:
236:East Prussia
230:
166:Nazi Germany
163:
96:Byelorussian
89:
58:
51:Soviet Union
37:
2257:Dissolution
2197:Martial law
2120:Revolts and
2094:Warsaw Pact
1738:Wettig 2008
1721:Wettig 2008
1439:(in Polish)
1327:October 15,
1323:(in Polish)
1321:polityka.pl
998:|work=
821:Curzon Line
717:Curzon Line
476:Lviv Oblast
409:Perestroika
317:Belarusians
287:During the
222:Belarusians
138:combined).
136:Netherlands
81:Lithuanians
2364:Annexation
2348:Categories
2211:Conditions
2189:Solidarity
2122:opposition
1821:References
1652:2021-08-12
1627:2019-05-23
1594:2008-07-19
1412:"I - LwĂłw"
1179:2007-04-30
974:8371331002
764:Belarusian
502:See also:
347:, on whom
313:Ukrainians
218:Ukrainians
206:San Rivers
92:Lithuanian
69:Belarusian
2270:Die Wende
2243:Economies
2084:Cominform
2067:(to 1948)
2029:(to 1961)
1957:Formation
1947:Communism
1622:0261-3077
1362:March 13,
1348:Polska.pl
1112:Routledge
1006:Also in:
1000:ignored (
990:cite book
873:1944â1947
756:Ukrainian
729:BiaĆystok
579:Lithuania
555:Vaukavysk
535:BiaĆystok
398:Politburo
232:Lithuania
100:Ukrainian
73:Ukrainian
67:included
2238:Politics
1512:(1995).
1480:(1996).
1449:Archived
1410:(2001).
1380:(2003).
1200:(2002).
1106:(2005).
939:Archived
809:See also
733:PrzemyĆl
711:and the
615:Volhynia
174:Northern
134:and the
2089:COMECON
1989:Romania
1984:Hungary
1562:Sanford
947:Germany
778:30.1%,
774:31.6%,
768:Yiddish
766:15.1%,
762:36.5%,
758:37.1%,
619:Polesie
599:Belarus
551:SokĂłĆka
543:Grajewo
407:During
282:See map
240:Vilnius
202:Vistula
190:Estonia
186:Finland
132:Belgium
2109:(WFDY)
2101:(WFTU)
1889:
1871:
1853:
1835:
1810:
1760:
1707:
1620:
1520:
1492:
1446:online
1422:
1388:
1298:
1266:
1244:
1212:
1147:
1118:
1077:
1054:
1030:
971:
901:
760:Polish
673:, 1943
671:Tehran
559:Hrodna
557:, and
291:, the
244:Poland
194:Latvia
98:, and
77:Czechs
55:Poland
49:, the
40:German
1711:p. 84
1588:(PDF)
1581:(PDF)
1248:p. 14
879:Notes
625:; and
547:ĆomĆŒa
377:ruble
345:Kresy
214:Poles
198:Narev
65:Poles
60:Kresy
1887:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1618:ISSN
1518:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1364:2006
1352:NASK
1329:2019
1296:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1028:ISBN
1002:help
969:ISBN
899:ISBN
731:and
694:the
617:and
490:and
458:and
430:The
415:and
359:and
353:NKVD
339:and
321:Jews
319:and
258:and
226:Jews
224:and
216:and
204:and
192:and
176:and
85:Jews
71:and
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1069:by
462:in
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2191:/
2167:/
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1233:^
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988:{{
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