Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia

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regulating activity of religious associations, and it can hardly be considered accidental, since all the original sets of the authors are in flagrant contravention of current legislation. The Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Freedom of Conscience and on Religious Associations" contains the following types of associations of believers: religious groups, religious organizations, local and centralized religious associations, and its legislator mentions about no "sects," "cults," especially with the frightening adjectives "destructive" or "totalitarian." However, in Kanterov's words, peer-reviewed publications use the term "totalitarian sects" as a key concept that naturally generates psychiatric disorders and produces horror stories about "psychic terrorism," "non-lethal weapon of mass destruction," "usurpation of belongings and savings of followers," "recruitment," etc. P.I. Sidorov presents a list of "totalitarian cults" with the names of over twenty religious organizations, and many of them have status of registered centralized organizations that successfully passed registration and re-registration provided for by the Law "On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations" after the Expert Council for Religious Examination under the

641:. He lost his struggle. Tsvetkov who won the election brought an action against Usmanov, accusing him of libel. The case lasted for a long time. Law enforcement agencies, aware of the inefficacy of their collected body of evidence (the human rights activist used the documented facts in his agitational campaign), resorted to his sending to a mental hospital. Usmanov passed psychiatric examination five times. All the five examinations declared him to be sane and capable. Therefore, he saw nothing special in his being called to appear in a psycho-neurological dispensary. But this time, to his surprise, he was sent to a psychiatric unit from the head doctor's office and hospitalized. The psychiatric examination declared him to be insane. The documents told a murky story that Usmanov found somewhere a gas pistol, remade into a fire one, shot at the head of the unit of the Magadan psychiatric hospital and injured him in the leg. However, the body of evidence for the accusation was based on the hospital personnel's testimonies alone. The indictment lacked any references to statements of dactyloscopic and other examinations. According to the 2004 report by the 569:. When stressing all the responsibility taken by the authors of the letter for the action involved in their statement, they noted in it that they considered it necessary to draw the WPA General Assembly's attention to the recurrent use of psychiatry for non-medical purposes, which was recommenced in Russia from 1994–1995, was subsequently going on a large-scale without slackening and was aimed at suppressing not political dissenters but already religious dissenters. This letter was concluded with the proposal, which was addressed to the WPA, to adopt the text of statement containing words of the WPA's concern about initiating numerous lawsuits against various religious organizations in Russia for allegedly "inflicting by them gross harm on mental health and for unhealthy changes of personality" and to express in the statement the WPA's solidarity with the position of the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia and the Russian Society of Psychiatrists as to inadmissibility of involving psychiatrists in issues straining their professional competence. 915:". The defendants passed through forensic psychiatric examination in the Kashchenko psychiatric hospital outside Moscow, a facility that in Soviet era was heavily involved in political abuse of psychiatry. The psychiatric and psychological report presented by the prosecution alleged that the three women suffered from "personality disorders" and thereby must be isolated from society. However, the defense could not question the experts as they did not come to the court. The report used the language very similar to the qualifications used in Soviet era when diagnosing dissenters. On 25 August 2012, this examination entailed an open letter by Russian psychologist Aleksandr Asmolov who wrote, "In the eyes of the civilized world, our science, psychology in the first place, is turned into an ideological weapon of punishment and repression. First of all, it is a matter of the non-professional use of psychological and psycho-linguistic examination in court practice. The ghost of the insulin Gulag, of punitive science reappears in the country." 386:, "More than 50 percent of the key state positions are occupied by former KGB officials. The same occasionally happens in many countries monitored by the Global Initiative on Psychiatry. Psychiatry is regarded as a handy tool to solve disputes, and one can easily buy a diagnosis from a psychiatrist. In most of the countries, forensic psychiatry has changed only slightly. The strong resistance to introducing the modern practices of forensic psychiatry is not due to disparities in schools or views, but the fact that the reform of the system would mean the end of corruption. Criminals pay off their imprisonment of many years by having themselves declared insane. Wealthy husbands declare about the mental illnesses in their wives to get rid of them and yet keep control over their children. Children declare their parents and grandparents legally incapable to sell their apartments. Even medical institutions recognize their patients as insane to take their property. Today, the 870: 856: 884: 398:

be reduced, and, in general, the more "patients", the more funding. Even if the criminal case is closed due to its complete failure, it does not regard the dispensary, the person is all the same "ill". According to Doctor of Legal Sciences Vladimir Ovchinsky, regional differences in forensic psychiatric expert reports are striking. For example, in some regions of Russia, 8 or 9 percent of all examinees are pronounced sane; in other regions up to 75 percent of all examinees are pronounced sane. In some regions less than 2 percent of examinees are declared schizophrenics; in other regions up to 80 percent of examinees are declared schizophrenics. According to

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certified, who, because of their mental condition, need neither psychiatric restraint nor psychiatric treatment. Psychiatrists have been involved in human rights abuses in states across the world when the definitions of mental disease were expanded to include political disobedience. As scholars have long argued, governmental and medical institutions code menaces to authority as mental diseases during political disturbances. Nowadays, in many countries, political prisoners are sometimes confined and abused in mental institutions. Psychiatric confinement of sane people is uniformly considered a particularly pernicious form of repression.

611:. Evgeni Privalov was declared insane with the diagnosis of "schizophrenia". The defense insisted that Davydov and Privalov had to be acquitted "as mentally healthy people". Yulia Privedyonnaya was eventually recognized as mentally healthy by forensic psychiatric expert examination. The case of Privedyonnaya lasted for a long time. In human rights activists' opinion, her inpatient forensic psychiatric expert examination was a means to intimidate her and psych her out. They saw Privedyonnaya's plight as yet another worrying sign that Russia's authorities were ready to renew Soviet-style psychiatric treatment of dissenters. 678:, held up a sign on a public square calling three judges "creeps" and after that was committed for "unexplainable behavior". He felt he had not received justice from the courts after seeking a compensation for a bad debt that ruined him. Lukin spent two weeks in the local psychiatric hospital, which recommended that he be subjected to further evaluation for possible "paranoid personality disorder" at a specialized hospital in Moscow. The doctors of the Independent Psychiatric Association who examined Lukin found him mentally healthy. 842:. After Nizovkina refused to write an application that she is sorry for what she had been doing at the Red Square, she was convicted to "involuntary hospitalization in psychiatric hospital for six months." Nizovkina was hospitalized in Gannushkina Psychiatric Hospital, and her hospitalization was ruled legal by Moscow's Preobrazhensky District Court. On the doctors' request, her mother assumed responsibility for her by signing documents and was permitted to take her from the hospital. 17: 5203: 666:. Nine days later he was discharged and was out of the race, because by that time the election filing deadline had passed. Imendayev's act of insanity was filing a number of legal complaints against local officials, judges, prosecutors, and police, alleging violation of court procedures, corruption, and cronyism—charges that are typical of modern Russia. The prosecutor, who was a frequent target of Imendayev's criticisms, qualified his behavior as "paranoia." 761:" Artyom Basyrov was involuntarily placed in a psychiatric hospital on the eve of planned "demonstration of dissent", one of the organizers of which was A. Basyrov. A. Basyrov suffered from slight mental disorder, but there was no real reason for his hospitalization: Artyom was in need of outpatient therapy, not involuntary inpatient treatment. In the reasoned opinion of the medical commission sent to the court, his mental disorders were grossly exaggerated. 5179: 266: 524:, wrote that psychiatrists and psychologists were actually being involved in a very unattractive occupation, stigmatizing "alien" religions and their followers, who were about 1 million first-class citizens of the Russian Federation, and putting them "on the basis of a list of them" in the category of "psychic terrorists." While reviewing Sidorov's article "Psychic terrorism is nonlethal weapon of mass destruction" published by the 5191: 394:

mental hospital, where the door is closed behind the person. When the door is closed, and you sit face to face with a psychiatrist, then all written by the psychiatrist will be a proof of your madness for a judge in court. Even if you just sit on a chair, say nothing, or speak reasonably, the psychiatrist can write that you threw yourself against walls and that you tried to scratch his eyes out and so on and so forth.

43: 211: 446:, which do not belong to science, it is a symptom of degradation." In 2014, the experts of the Serbsky Center received the medical documents about the mental health condition of Alexander Dvorkin from a psychoneurological dispensary, studied them and concluded that he needed to be constantly supervised by a psychiatrist and take psychotropic drugs. 2749:Омск. С психбольницы, где был поставлен ложный диагноз правозащитнику, решением суда взыскано в его пользу 30 тысяч рублей вместо 2,5 миллионов, заявленных в его иске [Omsk. The mental hospital that gave a human rights activist a false diagnosis was imposed a penalty of 30 thousand rubles instead of 2.5 million ones demanded in his lawsuit] 645:, he shot at the head doctor with the hope that a criminal action will be brought against him and that he will be tried for the assassination attempt on the life of the head doctor; it was the last straw he tried to grasp at to escape from the hands of psychiatrists. The plan failed. Usmanov spent in the hospital nine years, from 2003 to 2012. 778:. Impartial legal proceedings would not have found formal components of a crime in the charges brought against Novikov, but his old psychiatric diagnosis along with the expansive interpretation of the concept of "danger" as the reason for his involuntary hospitalization allowed to solve his case in the way most convenient for authorities. 1129:, law enforcement practice, of course, is very far from the letter of the law, forensic psychiatric expert examination has deteriorated because of the lack of competition, and courts implicitly fulfill wishes of the vertical of executive authority affected by corruption. The Russian legislation did not implement Principle 18 of the 603:. In 2000, the commune was smashed up by Luberetskiy RUBOP, with gross violations of law, the members of the organization was wrongly accused of creating "an illegal paramilitary group." In particular, Yuriy Davydov was sentenced to imprisonment and compulsory treatment with a diagnosis of "schizophrenia, delusional ideas of 553:'s report containing conclusion about "gross harm on mental health" inflicted by various religious organizations. This report was distributed to all public prosecutors' offices of the country and to the presidents of the educational institutions despite the fact that its scientific inadequacy was emphasized by not only the 562:"destructive cults" started to be used instead of "totalitarian sects"; "unlawful use of hypnosis", then "inconspicuous use of suggestion", and, finally, "action at a subconscious level" through lectures and printed production with even anti-drug abuse contents started to be used instead of "gross harm on mental health". 1181:'psychiatry is used as a tool against dissent.' As mentioned in 2010, reports on particular cases of psychiatric abuse continue to come from Russia where the worsening political climate appears to make an atmosphere in which local authorities feel able to again use psychiatry as a means of frightening. It is the 939:

commentator, testified that Kosenko had stood next to him and had not scuffled with police. After just one brief conversation with Kosenko, specialists from the Serbsky Center made a highly questionable diagnosis and the conclusion that Kosenko "presented a danger to himself and others" and "required

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Svyatoslav Barykin wrote to the District Department of the Interior, the prosecutor and the district head to inform them about constantly plundering timberland in the forest where he worked and lived. In the early morning, two officers of the District Department of the Interior and a nurse knocked on

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criticized the use of psychiatry in "deprogramming" members of "totalitarian sects." In such cases, authorities apply spiritual and pseudo-psychological techniques to "treat" individuals who are members of new religious groups. Six Scientologists were arbitrarily detained for psychiatric examination.

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Discrediting the citizens by instituting far-fetched proceedings to obtain a ground for examination is a favorite tactic of officials whose interests are hurt by the active members of public. The police deliver "the ill" to a psychiatric facility, and the doctor can be sure that his facility will not

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It is significant that none of the cases has reached a trial and entailed real convictions. All taken measures were limited to the prosecutor's investigation. According to some estimates, a psychiatric diagnosis is given to half of all children who live in state institutions. Infant orphans who came

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There are cases when the motive for the unfounded psychiatric hospitalization was the intention of the administration of an orphanage to punish its inmates for their runaways and disobedience. During many involuntary hospitalizations in recent years, the staff of psychiatric hospitals did not follow

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People "complaining to various authorities" are often sent to a psychiatric hospital without indications for the involuntary hospitalization when the only purpose for it is to stop their "paranoiac-litigious activity". When talking about punitive psychiatry, Lyubov Vinogradova of the IPA says, it is

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instead of the diagnosis of sluggish neurosis-like schizophrenia that Kosenko was treated for over the course of 12 years." The court sent Kosenko for open-ended treatment to a psychiatric hospital. On 19 December 2013, the Commission on Professional Ethics Issues at the Board of the Russian Society

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Dmitri Shchyokotov, who defended the rights of ordinary inhabitants of the Muromtsevsky District in their conflicts with headmen and local authorities, was accused of slander on the head of local judicial authority and committed in a psychiatric hospital. After he spent two days in its violent unit

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Savenko responded that the strikingly unethical nature of the resolution by the Ethical Commission (of 12 December 2013) showed in the ascription to the IPA open letter to the WPA, hosted on the website, of phrases that were never used there. He adds we see a rather awkward performance of a social

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since all imputed cases of illness, suicide, family breakdown, etc. proved to be much more frequent in the general population than in the persecuted religious organizations. As the result of a series of court trials, it is only the vocabulary of the accusations that changed and became less clumsy;

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says the emergence of individual cases of political abuse of psychiatry in Russia is directly related to the deterioration of the human rights situation and to the fact that on-the-spot authorities feel more carefree than they did before, and deal with undesirable elements at their own discretion.

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in its issue 3 of 2005, Kanterov notes that, according to it, religious behavior is regarded as inherently deviant from the "norm", that similar type of behavior is always dependent and imposed by recruiting and manipulative influence and that, thus, the possibility to be initiated into religious

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for 38 years, was committed to the city psychiatric hospital after a long dispute with a contractor over repairs to his apartment. The recommendation for commitment was signed by an influential state psychiatrist, who had not met Ivannikov before it was decided that his multiple legal complaints

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documented the history of numerous religious trials, demonstrated the total groundlessness of the charges of "gross harm on mental health", and evolved their political and ideological background. The Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia repeatedly caught Fyodor Kondratyev, the author of

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were placed in a psychiatric hospital and exposed to neuroleptic medication. The city prosecutor found that all the children were placed in the hospital to be treated for "emotional disorders" without having been examined by a commission of psychiatrists or provided for by a court judgment. The

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Savenko Yu. S. in his public appearances has grossly violated the norms of professional ethics. In numerous declarations, appeals, appearances by Savenko Yu. S. in the media, there are noted impermissible, insulting, offensive statements, which derogate from honour, dignity and goodwill of both

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According to psychiatrist Sofia Dorinskaya, the situation always develops in the same way — either in the evening or at night, or in the early morning, when a person sleeps, the police break the door down in his apartment or room, handcuff and escort him directly or through a police office to a

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ran away from their orphanage to a local priest. They told that they were sent to a psychiatric hospital through the explanation of their teachers "for disobedience and the edification of others." The expert report from the Serbsky Center for Forensic Psychiatry showed that they were "mentally

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In 2004, Igor Molyakov was imprisoned on libel charges for six months. While imprisoned, he was ordered committed for hospitalization to a psychiatric hospital after government lawyers persuaded a judge that Molyakov expressed in his writings about corruption among local authorities a view so

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implies a misuse of psychiatric diagnosis, detention and treatment for the purposes of obstructing the fundamental human rights of certain groups and individuals in a society. In other words, abuse of psychiatry including one for political purposes is the deliberate action of getting citizens

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is outright rejected. In his 2010 article, Kanterov writes about the works by P.I. Sidorov and V.E. Pashkovskiy and points out that inspired by the desire to expose the malicious actions of "totalitarian cults," P.I. Sidorov and V.E. Pashkovskiy at the same time never resort to Russian laws

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stated that a first large relapse of the use of psychiatry for political purposes in post-Soviet Russia during recent decade was struggle against "totalitarian sects." According to Yuri Savenko, the reason for the use of psychiatry against religious minorities, which began from 1995, was

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and severe syndrome of litigiousness in Barykin. Psychiatrists Antoshkin, Minaeva, Kovalchuk confirmed the diagnosis made by their colleague Stepanov and sent the "patient" to a violent patients ward. However, a fact confusing to the hospital was soon found out: a week before his forced

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to compose a highly critical report about rising rates of mental disease and the deteriorating system of mental health care. In the report, authors blamed "chronic underfunding of psychiatric care, corruption, and poverty" and pointed an accusing finger at the psychiatric leadership.

418:, the special group for "study of the negative influence of religious groups" under the leadership of professor Fyodor Kondratyev was created. Kondratyev's group started supervising numerous trials initiated all over the country. It came to legal actions practically for sorcery. The 690:, who protested police brutality and official corruption in the Omsk region of Siberia, spent six months in a closed psychiatric facility, with a diagnosis of paranoia. The association, which carried out a separate examination earlier this year, found him healthy. 2443:Карательная психиатрия в России: Доклад о нарушениях прав человека в Российской Федерации при оказании психиатрической помощи [Punitive psychiatry in Russia: The report on human rights violations in the Russian Federation during providing psychiatric care] 737:

without having food, water, and medicines, he was recognized as sane by the commission of doctors of the Omsk psychiatric hospital and discharged. However, he lost his eyesight because he could not use his eye drops for these two days in the psychiatric hospital.

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The denial by the Serbsky Center of the abuse of psychiatry for political purposes in 1960–1980s and the open rehabilitation of the main director of this infamous campaign academician Georgi Morozov are a direct evidence of the restoration of police psychiatry.

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The aura of inviolability is returned to the Russian rulers, and the rule of law becomes subject to political machinations. Everything points to the fact that Russia still has the structure to exercise political abuse of psychiatry. Both political and economic

1130: 749:, who was then going to run for the President of the Russian Federation, was undoubtedly "psychopathic". In 2012, Mikhail Vinogradov, one of the leading staff members of the Serbsky Center, said publicly that Bukovsky was "a completely crazy character." 728:. And the hospital gave him a reference that he is absolutely mentally healthy. As a result, the district court of Omsk, after considering the reference on the forester's sanity, decided to let him leave the mental hospital where he spent ten days. 1121:, an advocacy group, stated that the problem of psychiatric persecution or forced treatment existed more than 20 years ago, but it was solved and since then he has not heard of any case of forced psychiatric treatment or examination. However, the 540:

made for each of these organizations expert reports, in which the detailed assessment of the religious doctrine, rituals, attitude of the religious organizations to society, family, and individual were given, but no violations were found.

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policy, who was frustrated with pro-democracy views of Konstantin. Konstantin was beaten and ill-treated while he was in psychiatric hospital. After leaving the hospital, Konstantin dropped out the medical university and hung himself.

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among "totalitarian sects." In Yuri Savenko's words, "when a psychiatrist-academician (Dmitrieva, Sidorov) or an expert-psychologist of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences rely on the works by Dvorkin and

3377:Права человека и психиатрия в Российской Федерации: Доклад по результатам мониторинга и тематические статьи [Human rights and psychiatry in the Russian Federation: Report on the results of monitoring and subject articles] 3131:Раздвоение личностей: Почему преступников считают здоровыми, а общественных деятелей — законченными психами? [Dual personalities: Why are criminals considered healthy, while public figures are considered complete madmen?] 2527:Постановление Комиссии правления Российского общества психиатров по вопросам профессиональной этики [The resolution by the Commission on Professional Ethics Issues at the Board of the Russian Society of Psychiatrists] 948:. A special announcement on the case was issued by the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia: "On the basis of a conversation that lasted less than one hour, the specialists made the far more serious diagnosis of 2164: 2488:Представители ОГФ обратились к Владимиру Лукину по поводу ситуации с Артёмом Басыровым [The representatives of the United Civil Front applied to Vladimir Lukin in connection with the situation of Artyom Basyrov] 515: 2512:Политическое дело аполитичной организации и психиатрия: нестандартное решение Центра им. Сербского [The political case of an apolitical organization and psychiatry: An unusual decision by the Serbsky Center] 769:

There were also no reasons for the involuntary inpatient treatment of Andrei Novikov, a journalist imprisoned on charges of extremism and sent to involuntary psychiatric treatment, after he publicly criticized

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from 2008 to 2011, psychiatric hospitalizations and treatments have been imposed on 23 of 46 inmates who reside in a local orphanage. In March 2011, the Saint Petersburg Commissioner for Child Rights

3505:Дело Андрея Новикова. Психиатрию в политических целях использует власть, а не психиатры [The case of Andrei Novikov. Psychiatry for political purposes is used by authority, not psychiatrists] 1097:

reported on the hospitalization of four orphans from the orphanage No. 19 as a punishment for their disobedience. The medical records of the children did not contain notes of these hospitalizations.

1169:… Russian legislation in this area is featureless and vague. It is for this reason that it is so hard for people to assert their rights, and they have to reach the European Court of Human Rights. 3334:. Rostov-on-Don: Издательство РГУ ; 2002 [Retrieved 2012-04-27]. Russian. Психиатрия и права человека [Psychiatry and human rights]. p. 108–131. 3165:Прикладная психиатрия: Оппозиционный журналист наконец выпущен из психбольницы [Applied psychiatry: The opposition journalist is eventually released from the psychiatric hospital] 425:

pseudoscientific theory of sectomania, in his falsifications. His special department "for studying destructive cults," which is located in the Serbsky Center, closely collaborated with

3493:Президент НПА России Ю.С.Савенко анализирует итоги дела Михаила Косенко [The President of the IPA of Russia Yu.S. Savenko analyzes the outcomes of the case of Mikhail Kosenko] 2904: 558: 130: 4283: 1118: 2789:Жертвоприношение: К российским детям-сиротам применяются методы карательной психиатрии [Oblation: Methods of punitive psychiatry are applied to Russian infant orphans] 390:

cannot expect the type of help the West gave in Soviet times. Supporting Soviet dissidents was part of anti-Soviet policy, but now pragmatism and precise calculation rules.

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internals without asking their consent. There a new problem arises: quite legally capable people cannot get out of there, work, start their family and live a normal life.

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the door of Barykin's house. The group brought the decision to forcibly hospitalize the forester signed by Stepanov, a psychiatrist of the region hospital. He recognized

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psychiatric hospital №3 by the request of his father Yuriy Zadoya, the head of the Novosibirsk division of ultra conservative organization "People's Council" supporting

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There have been examples of the serious misuse of psychiatry by local authorities reminiscent of the Soviet abuses. A number of human rights organizations including the

2881:Этиология психиатрических злоупотреблений: попытка мультидисциплинарного анализа [The etiology of psychiatric abuses: an attempt at multidisciplinary analysis] 940:

compulsory treatment." This conclusion ignored his prior diagnosis and the fact that he was not once cited for aggressive or suicidal behavior within 16 months of his

625: 125: 2897:Этиология злоупотреблений в психиатрии: попытка мультидисциплинарного анализа [The etiology of abuses in psychiatry: an attempt at multidisciplinary analysis] 2705: 965:

individual experts and the expert institution F S B I "the Serbsky S S C S F P" and at the same time undermine the authority of the psychiatric community as a whole.

2084:"Погиб сын сибирского «православного активиста» Основная версия — самоубийство. Его отец призывал к закрытию «Тангейзера» и поместил сына в психиатрическую клинику" 479: 283: 970:

role using the old scenario of accusatory campaigns of Soviet times to have the possibility to refer to "the opinion of the professional public" for use abroad.

3401:Технологии использования психиатрии в немедицинских целях снова наготове [The technologies of using psychiatry for non-medical purposes are again ready] 2499: Открытое письмо НПА Генеральной Ассамблее XI конгресса ВПА [The open letter by the IPA to the General Assembly of the XI Congress of the WPA]. 475: 402:, 86 percent of Russians support the policy of their president, who renewed punitive psychiatry, and approve of declaring the healthy people the mentally ill. 3419:Дело Андрея Новикова. Политическая цензура — не дело психиатров [The case of Andrey Novikov. Political censorship is not a business for psychiatrists] 1125:

states that the number of activists being wrongfully committed to psychiatric institutions totals dozens of cases in recent years. According to its president

64: 4807: 3229: 835: 2589:Уголовная ответственность за незаконное помещение в психиатрический стационар [Criminal liability for illegal placement to a psychiatric hospital] 1185:

that appears to make very active efforts to communicate their views on the previous and present abuses of psychiatry in Russia to psychiatry in the West.

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In the period from the 1960s up to 1986, abuse of psychiatry for political purposes was reported to be occasional in Eastern European countries such as

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was subjected to daily injections for six weeks at Psychiatric Hospital No. 14 in Dubna, Russia, to treat her for a "paranoid personality disorder."

330: 3224: 550: 495: 487: 110: 32: 302: 5223: 3437:Открытое письмо Президенту Российской Федерации Д.А. Медведеву [The open letter to the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev] 2165:"Викторию Петрову обвиняют в «фейках» об армии. Ее перевели в психиатрический стационар после жалоб сокамерниц по СИЗО на «антивоенную пропаганду»" 499: 374:

is quite powerful and would not stop short of using illegal means, especially now when the political nomenklatura has absorbed economic power from

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with "having pernicious effect on Russian medicine" and warned that the psychiatric leadership "is now completely under the shadow of the state."

2410: 2124: 1174: 699: 510: 491: 463: 5116: 309: 3130: 2607:Экспертам профессионального цеха: о психологической экспертизе [For experts of professional corporation: On psychological examination] 869: 855: 5253: 3488: 1182: 1138: 1122: 954: 662:

In the fall of 2005, Albert Imendayev was committed to a psychiatric hospital when he collected the signatures to run for the legislature in

554: 537: 454: 145: 3351:Отчетный доклад о деятельности НПА России за 2000–2003 гг [The summary report on the activities of the IPA of Russia over 2000–2003] 2992: 2896: 2563:Человек имеет право. Право на защиту от карательной психиатрии [Man has the right. The right to defence against punitive psychiatry] 822:, was sent for psychiatric examination to a mental hospital because of his insulting the judge of the Central Regional Court of Novosibirsk 3905: 806:

was also detained in a mental hospital for 35 days and claims it was done in an attempt to dissuade her from criticizing the authorities.

3997: 3733:Психиатрия как средство репрессий в советских и постсоветских странах [Psychiatry as a tool of coercion in post-Soviet countries] 595:. The organization was engaged in self-improvement of its members and re-education of street children and created successful farms under 316: 2664: 2530: 1020:'s "evil spirit", was detained and sentenced to compulsory treatment in 2020. Numerous public figures demanded the release of Gabyshev. 3957: 3700: 883: 51: 3179: 2868: 2144: 298: 4882: 3331:Психотерапия: теоретическое основание и социальное становление [Psychotherapy: Theoretical foundation and social formation] 190: 2974: 1161:(MHG), the Law does not comply with the European practice of mental health care. The case of Rakevich v. Russia considered in the 5228: 4419: 4239: 3766: 591:

Legal proceedings took place against the organization "F.A.K.E.L.-P.O.R.T.O.S.", a youth commune of the similar type as that of

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Political Madness: Dutch Sovietologist Robert van Voren speaks about Soviet repressive psychiatry and its surviving offshoots

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in 1991, with respect to patient's right to an independent psychiatric report. According to the analysis by psychotherapist

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From 1994, the nationalization of expert activity started, and people witnessed the same technologies as those practiced on

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hospitalization, the forester passed the voluntary examination in the hospital to receive a permit of the right to have a

229: 221: 5233: 4912: 3856: 2647:Столичные суды начали применять карательную психиатрию [Courts in the capital started using punitive psychiatry] 4414: 4033: 3070: 2634: 1113:

The charge that psychiatry is again being abused is not universally accepted within the profession in Russia. In 2006,

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In 1999, the IPA expressed its concern about the facts of the use of psychiatry against religious minorities in the

5243: 4595: 4578: 4244: 429:. Known for his intolerance and radicalism, Dvorkin has nothing in common with science and ranks even followers of 3300:Путін і Савченко. Діагноз державного ідіотизму [Putin and Savchenko. The diagnosis for the state idiotism] 3219: 4389: 3927: 3146: 2149: 2129: 2108: 366: 182: 5248: 4994: 4620: 4053: 3581:Дело в Йошкар-Оле — снова политика в психиатрии [The case in Yoshkar-Ola: Again politics in psychiatry] 3336: 2810: 1162: 794:

soon after publishing her article about mistreatment of patients in the same hospital where she was committed.

573: 287: 5258: 4790: 4505: 4329: 4289: 4043: 3967: 3962: 3866: 28: 3684:История повторяется и в политической психиатрии [History repeats itself in political psychiatry too] 3032: 1060:

now used mostly not in political cases but in those related to family disputes or disputes over apartments.

5076: 5056: 4959: 4610: 4560: 4424: 4269: 4234: 3917: 758: 383: 4974: 4711: 4583: 4490: 4444: 4434: 4399: 4279: 4154: 4139: 3793: 3759: 2125:""Фактически его посадили в тюрьму". Шамана Габышева будут лечить в психушке – бессрочно и принудительно" 1048: 936: 1047:

In December 2023, Victoria Petrova was sentenced to compulsory treatment for her statements against the

5169: 5034: 4867: 4649: 4630: 4530: 4520: 4515: 4107: 3987: 2625:Юрий Савенко и Любовь Виноградова (интервью) [Yuri Savenko and Lyubov Vinogradova (interview)] 1131:

Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care

5086: 5066: 5039: 4795: 4555: 4314: 4193: 4122: 4002: 1142: 1086:

children told they had been warned that they would send to a madhouse because of their bad behavior.

2427: 1051:

on social media. She was tortured and subjected to degrading treatment in the psychiatric hospital.

4600: 4439: 4409: 4274: 4188: 4097: 4060: 2979: 1154: 1036: 2576:Права граждан с психическими расстройствами [The rights of citizens with mental disorders] 5106: 5081: 4917: 4766: 4726: 4429: 4374: 4259: 4127: 983: 521: 498:– were forcibly hospitalized and subjected to 3 weeks of criminal investigation at the behest of 474:

with inflicting psychological damage on his coreligionists. On June 17, six members of Sentuar –

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International Religious Freedom (2000): Annual Report: Submitted by the U.S. Department of State

1069:

the mandatory judicial procedure provided by the Law. In 2009, several orphans from the city of

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Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union and in China: Complexities and Controversies

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gave grounds for the following assertion by the head of MHG legal programs Natalia Kravchuk:

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In 2003, a "wrongful confinement" lawsuit, in which Yuri Savenko took part, was filed in the

467: 3523: 3371:[Trends in the attitude to human rights in the field of mental health]. In: 3299: 3198: 629:

against the contractor were an "obsession" with "revenge." He was discharged after 60 days.

5101: 5009: 5004: 4756: 4691: 4449: 4384: 4379: 4369: 4339: 4334: 4294: 3801: 2442: 2432: 932: 3050: 2858: 960:, who raised ethical issues concerning Kosenko in publications, a resolution as follows: 8: 5096: 4852: 4802: 4721: 4625: 4459: 4404: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4304: 4264: 4229: 4171: 4085: 4016: 3878: 3705: 2845: 2687: 2669: 1134: 803: 3649: 3638:В "психушку" за детские шалости [Sending to a psikhushka for children mischiefs] 3246:Российская психиатрия: чего изволите? [Russian psychiatry: how may I serve you?] 2562: 414:. The same gimmicks were applied to religious dissenters to a not lesser extent. In the 378:, and the country is, in fact, ruled by the circle of people who came directly from the 5024: 4999: 4989: 4979: 4964: 4949: 4907: 4837: 4822: 4761: 4741: 4731: 4701: 4676: 4661: 4605: 4545: 4535: 4394: 4217: 4203: 4198: 4144: 4080: 3890: 3637: 3567: 1178: 1094: 1082: 1005: 941: 387: 20: 3621: 3580: 3245: 3071:

Russian poet faces mental ward; some fear return to punitive psychiatry for dissidents

5183: 5142: 4894: 4862: 4857: 4842: 4817: 4666: 4615: 4565: 4495: 4473: 4318: 4102: 4038: 4028: 3992: 3895: 3861: 3839: 3784: 3717: 3667: 3528: 3384: 3203: 3151: 3114: 3092: 3054: 3016: 2922: 2806: 2772: 2714: 2546: 2474: 1150: 902: 746: 577: 426: 411: 375: 178: 16: 3545:Что поддерживает карательную психиатрию [What supports punitive psychiatry?] 3472: 2588: 5091: 5029: 4984: 4927: 4832: 4751: 4716: 4525: 4176: 4075: 3883: 3709: 3659: 3257: 3184: 3046: 2997: 2827: 928: 399: 362: 2511: 5151: 5111: 5014: 4954: 4944: 4932: 4877: 4696: 4090: 4065: 3844: 3544: 3340: 3316: 3164: 2863: 2788: 2730: 2606: 2414: 1102: 924: 889: 592: 3350: 3088:

Religious freedom in the Near East, northern Africa and the former Soviet states

2938: 2700: 2460: 5049: 4922: 4183: 4149: 3873: 3826: 3504: 3436: 3418: 3400: 1193: 1189: 1033: 1017: 987: 945: 771: 725: 638: 608: 459: 430: 415: 186: 135: 3732: 3683: 3454: 2880: 2748: 2646: 2547:Европа повязала российских санитаров [Europe fettered Russian aid-men] 637:

Rafael Usmanov was trying to struggle for the position of the governor of the

5217: 5195: 5156: 5061: 4570: 4309: 3900: 3633: 3617: 3603: 3295: 3262: 3241: 3173:. 10 December 2007 [Retrieved 28 December 2011]. Russian. 3169: 2956: 2887:. 2009 [Retrieved 2 January 2013];20(300):18–19. Russian. 2793: 2753: 2735: 2651: 2629: 2624: 2611: 2558: 1090: 720: 443: 3663: 3598: 23:, Russian dissident who was sentenced to compulsory treatment multiple times 4937: 3922: 3912: 3671: 2939:Порочная методология и ее плоды [Flawed methodology and its fruits] 2739:. 18 December 2006 [Retrieved 8 January 2012]. Russian. 2718: 2597:. 2011 [Retrieved 18 December 2012];(4):36–42. Russian. 2487: 1126: 957: 545: 434: 371: 194: 3608:. 2 February 2004 [Retrieved 20 August 2014]. Russian. 3286:. 27 December 2010 [Retrieved 24 April 2011]. Russian. 3058: 2713:

28 September 2011; Retrieved 12 December 2010];30(1):136–144.

2615:. 25 August 2012 [Retrieved 6 December 2012]. Russian. 2103: 4132: 3939: 3816: 3562: 3368: 3137:. 17 December 2012 [Retrieved 3 March 2014]. Russian. 1074: 1039:, was sentenced to compulsory treatment for his reposts on social media. 979: 819: 787: 604: 3479:. 2012 [Retrieved 18 February 2014];(№ 28). Russian. 3473:Об антипсихиатрических домыслах [On antipsychiatric conjectures] 3279: 2575: 2549:; 30 October 2003 [Retrieved 18 February 2014]. Russian. 5207: 4161: 3821: 3811: 3599:Острая психическая недостаточность [Acute mental insufficiency] 3495:; 1 February 2014 [Retrieved 3 February 2014]. Russian. 3463:. 2009b [Retrieved 20 July 2011];(1):5–18. Russian. 3369:Тенденции в отношении к правам человека в области психического здоровья 2965:. 2010 [Retrieved 18 November 2011];(№ 3). Russian. 2811:

Whistle-Blower's Case Revives Concerns Of Punitive Psychiatry In Russia

2757:. 27 July 2008 [Retrieved 8 January 2012]. Russian. 2520:. 2010 [Retrieved 28 December 2011];(№ 3). Russian. 912: 911:

In August 2012, non-medical use of psychiatry surfaced in the case of "

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organizations due to free choice of religious belief guaranteed by the

160: 155: 3445:. 2009a [Retrieved 12 July 2011];(2):5–6. Russian. 2655:. 1 March 2012 [Retrieved 13 April 2012]. Russian. 2470:

Medicine betrayed: the participation of doctors in human rights abuses

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of age and received a diagnosis in a psychiatric hospital are sent to

3806: 3248:; 29 June 2010 [Retrieved 29 December 2012]. Russian. 2731:Охота на души населения [Hunting for the souls of population] 2565:; 17 July 2007 [Retrieved 18 February 2014]. Russian. 2542: 1744: 1742: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 838:

and Vera Lavreshina were detained during their protest action at the

5202: 3330: 2947:. 2005 [Retrieved 6 August 2011];(№ 3). Russian. 698:

In March 2006, a former nuclear scientist and vocal public defender

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20-летие НПА России [20th anniversary of the IPA of Russia]

2637:

24 December 2013; Retrieved 18 February 2014]. Russian.

2456: 775: 716: 3744: 3713: 3359:. 2004a [Retrieved 20 July 2011];(2). Russian. 3045:

29 July 2014; Retrieved 21 April 2011];24(4):537–557.

2104:"Деятели культуры и ученые потребовали освободить шамана Габышева" 1739: 1640: 1606: 382:

whose capacities to establish control are limitless. According to

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Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

4166: 3640:; 10 June 2014 [Retrieved 11 June 2014]. Russian. 1070: 1029: 1009: 791: 596: 567:

IPA Open Letter to the General Assembly of XI Congress of the WPA

3571:. 22 February 2013 [Retrieved 25 February 2014]. 3033:

The Russian Concept of Schizophrenia: A Review of the Literature

42: 3775: 3622:Освободить Алексея Мананникова [Free Alexey Manannikov] 3199:

The encyclopedia of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

3110:

The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease

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7 April 2012; Retrieved 23 December 2011]. Russian.

2169: 2088: 1013: 1002: 999: 600: 3001:. 28 February 2012 [Retrieved 11 August 2014]. 1852: 1286: 3258:Хотелось бы иметь права [I would like to have rights] 2907:

2015-11-17; Retrieved 2014-01-05];1(20). Russian.

2831:. 13 October 2013 [Retrieved 9 January 2014]. 2691:. 13 August 2007b [Retrieved 8 January 2014]. 1891: 1652: 1063: 2326: 1192:

cut his ear while sitting naked on the roof of the infamous

2849:. 30 September 2006 [Retrieved 2 May 2011]. 2579:. Moscow: Фолиум ; 2007. Russian. p. 9. 2145:"Активиста из Иркутска отправили на принудительное лечение" 654:"somber" that it might be regarded as a "mental disorder." 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1729: 1727: 1725: 923:

On 8 October 2013, a verdict was announced in the case of

626:

Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance

3701:

Psychiatry as a tool of coercion in post-Soviet countries

3527:. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013. 3280:Не рождественская история [Not a christmas story] 2706:

Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

2673:. 13 August 2007a [Retrieved 4 May 2011]. 2463:; 1 August 2007 [Retrieved 14 February 2014]. 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1386: 1384: 1382: 745:

In 2007, an official at the Serbsky Center declared that

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Savenko's organization cooperated with a number of other

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22 May 2011; Retrieved 4 May 2011]. Russian.

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Russian dissident 'forcibly detained in mental hospital'

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10 September 2007; Retrieved 15 February 2014].

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In December 2003, Ivan Ivannikov, who lectured at the

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In Russia, Psychiatry Is Again a Tool Against Dissent

2260: 2186:""Ей дали понять, что в больнице она уже не человек"" 1487: 1408: 1396: 1352: 1350: 466:

charged leader of Sentuar (the local offshoot of the

3650:

Political Abuse of Psychiatry—An Historical Overview

2533:

16 January 2014; Retrieved 16 January 2014].

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are in conflict with civil rights guaranteed by the

576:. When writing about this case, Savenko charged the 2761: 2440: 2290: 2211: 2060: 2011: 1961: 1934: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1754: 1748: 1664: 1646: 1619: 1559: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1081:In 2010, 20 out of 72 orphans from an orphanage in 1008:, who had envisaged to make a journey on foot from 953:of Psychiatrists delivered to the president of the 290:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2485: 2448:International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights 2421:3 October 2006; Retrieved 5 January 2014]. 1858: 1630: 1628: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1475: 1347: 1250: 1153:, professional and ethical norms of medicine, and 643:International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights 3499: 2911: 2771:. University of Toronto Press; 2007. 2619: 2467: 2350: 2314: 1990: 1897: 1658: 1511: 1509: 1292: 1274: 1215: 790:was forcibly confined at a psychiatric clinic in 33:Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 5215: 2665:Labelled mad for daring to criticise the Kremlin 2537: 2425: 2338: 2332: 1909: 1769: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1320: 1262: 978:Konstantin Zadoya was involuntarily admitted to 927:. He took part in the protest march at Moscow's 2957:На те же грабли [Been there, done that] 2525: The Russian Society of Psychiatrists. 2411:Association of American Physicians and Surgeons 1625: 1589: 1175:Association of American Physicians and Surgeons 2446:. Moscow: The publishing house of the 1506: 3760: 3489:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia 2901:Нейроnews: Психоневрология и нейропсихиатрия 1676: 1183:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia 1123:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia 955:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia 818:, one of organizers of opposition rallies in 555:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia 538:Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation 455:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia 3232:11 July 2011; Retrieved 2 May 2011]. 2918:Ethics in Psychiatry: European Contributions 3575: 3517: 3180:Ex-Soviet sissidents say Russia is slipping 2743: 2725: 1870: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1244: 931:on 6 May 2012. Along with other witnesses, 3767: 3753: 3593: 3539: 3274: 3252: 3159: 2677: 2659: 2524: 2384:Художник Павленский отрезал себе мочку уха 2054: 1956: 1921: 1917: 1886: 1846: 1733: 1390: 1064:Extrajudicial involuntary hospitalizations 935:, a former Soviet dissident and currently 3628: 3306: 3290: 3236: 3220:Marina Kalashnikova's Warning to the West 3202:. Infobase Publishing; 2007. 3027: 2415:Psychiatry used as a tool against dissent 2368: 2269: 2081: 1913: 1414: 1402: 350:Learn how and when to remove this message 299:"Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia" 248:Learn how and when to remove this message 3449: 3431: 3363: 3345: 2993:Jailed Protester Put in Psychiatric Ward 2987: 2951: 2933: 2817: 2783: 2583: 2569: 2553: 2308: 2254: 2205: 2183: 2122: 2042: 1984: 1583: 1553: 1534: 1469: 1452: 1437: 1373: 1196:in protest against punitive psychiatry. 1032:political activist and former member of 607:and reformation of society" made by the 67:of all important aspects of the article. 15: 5224:Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia 4420:Collective Security Treaty Organization 3612: 3483: 3467: 3413: 3395: 3214: 3125: 3065: 2891: 2875: 2801: 2641: 2601: 2296: 2217: 2069: 2017: 1972: 1952: 1940: 1882: 1763: 1670: 1568: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1232: 1228: 757:In 2007, an activist of the coalition " 674:In 2005, Roman Lukin, a businessman of 193:. It was reported as systematic in the 5216: 3737:Вестник Ассоциации психиатров Украины 3557: 3312:Russian dissidents called mentally ill 3177: 3141: 3081: 3015:. DIANE Publishing; 2001. 3005: 2969: 2768:Madness and the mad in Russian culture 2695: 2281: 1697: 1519: 1515: 1500: 1481: 1356: 1280: 1221: 1157:. According to representatives of the 1147:Constitution of the Russian Federation 797: 533:Constitution of the Russian Federation 141:Bekhterev Psychoneurological Institute 63:Please consider expanding the lead to 3978:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 3748: 3694: 3678: 3644: 3586:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 3550:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 3510:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 3460:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 3442:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 3424:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 3406:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 3356:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 3324: 3103: 3091:. Nova Publishers; 2002. 3051:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033348 2962:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 2944:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 2913:Helmchen, Hanfried; Sartorius, Norman 2683:Asylums used as 'tools of repression' 2621:Asriyants, Sergei; Chernova, Natalia 2594:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 2517:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 2502:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 2428:Activist held in psychiatric hospital 2356: 2320: 2184:Pakharev, Nikita (25 December 2023). 2005: 1693: 1341: 1314: 1310: 1256: 1211: 994: 829: 731: 705: 421:Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 5117:Unified Sports Classification System 3658:. January 2010;36(1):33–35. 3192: 2835: 2797:. 17 February 2014. Russian. 2408: 2344: 2285: 2082:Manyakhin, Petr (21 December 2016). 1790: 1298: 1268: 1016:and to make a ritual of exorcism of 973: 809: 740: 527:Rossiyskiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal 504:Vyborgsky district of St. Petersburg 288:adding citations to reliable sources 259: 204: 36: 3774: 3302:; 27 September 2014. Ukrainian. 2853: 2763:Brintlinger, Angela; Vinitsky, Ilya 2509: 2498: 2454: 1929: 1925: 1634: 1600: 1042: 681: 657: 614: 146:Independent Psychiatric Association 13: 4415:Commonwealth of Independent States 3501:Savenko, Yuri; Mursalieva, Galina 3113:. Beacon Press; 2010. 2539:Afanasyev, Ivan; Vaganov, Arseniy 1149:, universally recognized norms of 918: 220:tone or style may not reflect the 116:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse 14: 5275: 2983:. 5 August 2014. Russian. 2505:. 1999;(№ 3):49. Russian. 2461:Psychiatric abuse claim in Russia 2387:(in Russian). Slon.ru. 2014-10-19 1023: 764: 752: 632: 619: 433:and the religious communities of 87:Psychiatry in Russia and the USSR 5254:History of Russia (1991–present) 5201: 5189: 5177: 3624:; 26 December 2010. Russian. 2633:. 17 February 2010 [ 2123:Yusupova, Sania (26 July 2021). 1028:On 19 July 2021, Dmitry Nadein, 882: 868: 854: 693: 648: 559:Russian Society of Psychiatrists 264: 230:guide to writing better articles 209: 131:Struggle against political abuse 41: 2473:. Zed Books; 1992. 2374: 2275: 2177: 2173:(in Russian). 16 November 2023. 2157: 2137: 2116: 2096: 2075: 1946: 1903: 1876: 1620:Brintlinger & Vinitsky 2007 1119:Public Initiative on Psychiatry 367:Global Initiative on Psychiatry 275:needs additional citations for 55:may be too short to adequately 5229:Political repression in Russia 3690:. 2009;(303). Russian. 3589:. 2008;(№ 1). Russian. 3513:. 2007;(№ 4). Russian. 3409:. 2006;(№ 4). Russian. 3383:; 2004b. Russian. 2921:. Springer; 2010. 2112:(in Russian). 29 January 2021. 1205: 1163:European Court of Human Rights 1054: 781: 669: 574:European Court of Human Rights 405: 97:(managing organ of psychiatry) 65:provide an accessible overview 1: 5239:Human rights abuses in Russia 4325:Political abuse of psychiatry 3524:Oxford handbook of psychiatry 3266:. 2 August 2007 [ 1898:Savenko & Mursalieva 2007 1659:Asriyants & Chernova 2010 1216:Helmchen & Sartorius 2010 1199: 1177:issued a warning that in the 845: 200: 171:Political abuse of psychiatry 29:Political abuse of psychiatry 4970:Traditions and superstitions 3739:. 2013;(5). Russian. 3688:Новости медицины и фармации 3427:. 2007;№ 4. Russian. 3228:. 17 July 2009 [ 2903:. January 2010 [ 2885:Новости медицины и фармации 2867:. 30 July 2007 [ 2529:; 20 December 2013 [ 2490:; 11 December 2007 [ 2333:Afanasyev & Vaganov 2003 7: 5264:Social problems in medicine 4636:Water supply and sanitation 3519:Semple, David; Smyth, Roger 2153:(in Russian). 26 July 2021. 1108: 1089:In the rurban of Sofino in 1049:Russian invasion of Ukraine 937:Radio France Internationale 786:In July 2007, the activist 710:In 2006, a forester of the 111:Political abuse in the USSR 10: 5280: 5234:Imprisonment and detention 3577:Vinogradova, Lubov et al. 2401: 1188:In October 2014 an artist 1117:, who is the president of 901:members at their trial in 26: 5136: 4893: 4657: 4648: 4481: 4472: 4225: 4216: 4024: 4015: 3950: 3792: 3783: 3147:Speak Out? Are You Crazy? 2823:Soviet Psychiatry Returns 1143:Russian Mental Health Law 106:Political abuse in Russia 4410:Prime Minister of Russia 2450:; 2004. Russian. 2383: 1749:Punitive psychiatry 2004 1647:Punitive psychiatry 2004 1155:presumption of innocence 826:by writing in his blog. 557:(the IPA), but also the 126:Cases of political abuse 5244:Mental health in Russia 4848:Social entrepreneurship 4737:Forced public apologies 4672:Anti-American sentiment 3188:. 15 November 2004. 1859:United Civil Front 2007 1245:Semple & Smyth 2013 984:Russian Orthodox Church 522:Moscow State University 101:Mental health in Russia 4596:Social security system 4579:Science and technology 4245:Classified information 4071:Central Russian Upland 3655:Schizophrenia Bulletin 3276:Podrabinek, Alexander 3254:Podrabinek, Alexander 3077:. 21 January 2010. 3038:Schizophrenia Bulletin 1293:Medicine betrayed 1992 1171: 967: 950:paranoid schizophrenia 876:Yekaterina Samutsevich 862:Nadezhda Tolokonnikova 480:Svetlana Pastuchenkova 151:Sluggish schizophrenia 24: 5249:History of psychiatry 5057:Russian tsars regalia 4390:Intelligence agencies 4113:Great Russian Regions 3857:Expansion (1500-1800) 3664:10.1093/schbul/sbp119 3553:. 2008;(2):50–53. 3381:Moscow Helsinki Group 1910:Washington Times 2007 1167: 1159:Moscow Helsinki Group 962: 814:On 23 December 2010, 712:Muromtsevsky District 520:, a professor of the 468:Church of Scientology 462:, chief psychiatrist 19: 5259:Ethics in psychiatry 5124:World Heritage sites 4501:Droughts and famines 4054:Environmental issues 3802:Proto-Indo-Europeans 3320:. 7 August 2007. 3238:Ovchinsky, Vladimir 3178:Nadler, Gerald. 3041:. 1998 [ 2745:Borodyansky, Georgy 2727:Borodyansky, Georgy 2709:. 2002 [ 2433:The Washington Times 1141:, provisions of the 933:Alexander Podrabinek 502:, procurator of the 476:Lyudmila Urzhumtseva 412:political dissidents 284:improve this article 4975:Forms of addressing 4584:Academy of Sciences 4541:Financial districts 4405:President of Russia 4330:Political divisions 4290:Freedom of assembly 4172:West Siberian Plain 3918:Great Patriotic War 3879:February Revolution 3706:European Parliament 3630:Voltskaya, Tatyana 3595:Vladimirov, Alexei 3541:Soloviyova, Galina 3161:Mursalieva, Galina 2846:The Washington Post 2785:Chernova, Nataliya 2688:The Daily Telegraph 2670:The Daily Telegraph 2603:Asmolov, Alexander 1135:UN General Assembly 804:Marina Kalashnikova 798:Marina Kalashnikova 458:In January 2000 in 5025:Russian given name 4611:Telecommunications 4561:Petroleum industry 4425:State of emergency 4270:Far-right politics 4235:Capital punishment 4081:Meshchera Lowlands 3935:Russian Federation 3891:October Revolution 3729:Voren, Robert van 3680:Voren, Robert van 3568:The Ukrainian Week 3477:Альманах «Неволя» 3379:. Moscow: 3339:2009-06-01 at the 3292:Portnikov, Vitaly 3284:Ежедневный журнал 3155:. 30 May 2006. 2971:Kotova, Ekaterina 1829:Borodyansky ( 1179:Russian Federation 1133:, approved by the 1103:psychoneurological 1095:Svetlana Agapitova 1083:Komsomolsk-on-Amur 1006:Alexander Gabyshev 995:Alexander Gabyshev 942:pretrial detention 836:Nadezhda Nizovkina 830:Nadezhda Nizovkina 732:Dmitri Shchyokotov 706:Svyatoslav Barykin 388:Russian opposition 121:Working Commission 25: 21:Alexander Gabyshev 5165: 5164: 5132: 5131: 4712:Domestic violence 4644: 4643: 4566:Russian oligarchs 4491:Aircraft industry 4468: 4467: 4445:Mass surveillance 4435:Search and rescue 4400:Political parties 4280:Foreign relations 4212: 4211: 4011: 4010: 4003:Historical cities 3862:Tsardom of Russia 3722:978-92-823-4595-5 3696:Voren, Robert van 3646:Voren, Robert van 3152:Los Angeles Times 2989:Krainova, Natalya 2807:Radio Free Europe 2679:Blomfield, Adrian 2661:Blomfield, Adrian 2643:Blokhin, Mikhail 2585:Argunova, Yuliya 2571:Argunova, Yuliya 1151:international law 1115:Vladimir Rotstein 974:Konstantin Zadoya 903:Tagansky District 816:Alexey Manannikov 810:Alexey Manannikov 747:Vladimir Bukovsky 741:Vladimir Bukovsky 578:Serbsky Institute 484:Svetlana Kruglova 439:Grigori Kochetkov 427:Alexander Dvorkin 376:Russian oligarchs 360: 359: 352: 334: 258: 257: 250: 224:used on Knowledge 222:encyclopedic tone 168: 167: 82: 81: 5271: 5206: 5205: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5182: 5181: 5173: 5145: 5092:Russian language 5035:National symbols 4655: 4654: 4574: 4531:Fishing industry 4521:Economic regions 4516:Defence industry 4479: 4478: 4223: 4222: 4177:Russian Far East 4076:Northwest Russia 4034:Cities and towns 4022: 4021: 3884:Russian Republic 3790: 3789: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3730: 3725: 3708:; 2013. 3697: 3691: 3681: 3675: 3647: 3641: 3631: 3625: 3615: 3614:Volchek, Dmitry 3609: 3596: 3590: 3578: 3572: 3560: 3554: 3542: 3536: 3520: 3514: 3502: 3496: 3486: 3480: 3470: 3464: 3452: 3446: 3434: 3428: 3416: 3410: 3398: 3392: 3374: 3366: 3360: 3348: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3309: 3303: 3293: 3287: 3277: 3271: 3255: 3249: 3239: 3233: 3217: 3216:Nyquist, Jeffrey 3211: 3195: 3189: 3185:The Moscow Times 3174: 3162: 3156: 3144: 3138: 3128: 3122: 3106: 3100: 3084: 3078: 3068: 3062: 3030: 3029:Lavretsky, Helen 3024: 3008: 3002: 2998:The Moscow Times 2990: 2984: 2972: 2966: 2954: 2948: 2936: 2930: 2914: 2908: 2894: 2893:Gluzman, Semyon 2888: 2878: 2877:Gluzman, Semyon 2872: 2856: 2850: 2838: 2832: 2828:The Moscow Times 2820: 2819:Davidoff, Victor 2814: 2813:; 18 April 2013. 2804: 2798: 2786: 2780: 2764: 2758: 2746: 2740: 2728: 2722: 2698: 2692: 2680: 2674: 2662: 2656: 2644: 2638: 2622: 2616: 2604: 2598: 2586: 2580: 2572: 2566: 2556: 2555:Agamirov, Karen 2550: 2540: 2534: 2521: 2506: 2495: 2482: 2464: 2451: 2437: 2422: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2258: 2252: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2194: 2193: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1959: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1880: 1874: 1871:Vinogradova 2008 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1827: 1821: 1818:Borodyansky 2006 1815: 1794: 1788: 1767: 1761: 1752: 1746: 1737: 1731: 1700: 1691: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1623: 1617: 1604: 1598: 1587: 1581: 1572: 1566: 1557: 1551: 1538: 1532: 1523: 1513: 1504: 1498: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1456: 1450: 1441: 1435: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1377: 1371: 1360: 1354: 1345: 1339: 1318: 1307: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1225: 1219: 1209: 1043:Victoria Petrova 929:Bolotnaya Square 886: 872: 858: 824:Mariya Shishkina 759:The Other Russia 688:Nikolai Skachkov 682:Nikolai Skachkov 658:Albert Imendayev 615:Individual cases 519: 472:Vladimir Tretyak 400:Vitaly Portnikov 384:Eduard Kuznetsov 363:Robert van Voren 355: 348: 344: 341: 335: 333: 292: 268: 260: 253: 246: 242: 239: 233: 232:for suggestions. 228:See Knowledge's 213: 212: 205: 84: 83: 77: 74: 68: 45: 37: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5176: 5168: 5166: 5161: 5148: 5141: 5128: 5087:Public holidays 5082:Political jokes 5067:Personification 5020:Names of Russia 4889: 4808:Life expectancy 4640: 4572: 4464: 4315:Law enforcement 4208: 4194:Protected areas 4091:Smolensk Upland 4086:Oka–Don Lowland 4066:European Russia 4007: 3946: 3832:Mongol invasion 3779: 3773: 3743: 3728: 3727: 3695: 3679: 3645: 3629: 3613: 3594: 3576: 3558: 3540: 3518: 3500: 3484: 3468: 3450: 3432: 3414: 3396: 3372: 3364: 3346: 3341:Wayback Machine 3325: 3317:Chicago Tribune 3308:Rodriguez, Alex 3307: 3291: 3275: 3253: 3237: 3225:Global Analysis 3215: 3193: 3160: 3142: 3127:Mishina, Irina 3126: 3105:Metzl, Jonathan 3104: 3082: 3066: 3028: 3007:Larkin, Barbara 3006: 2988: 2970: 2953:Kanterov, Igor 2952: 2935:Kanterov, Igor 2934: 2912: 2892: 2876: 2864:The Independent 2854: 2836: 2818: 2803:Coalson, Robert 2802: 2784: 2762: 2744: 2726: 2697:Bonnie, Richard 2696: 2678: 2660: 2642: 2620: 2602: 2584: 2570: 2554: 2538: 2404: 2399: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2261: 2253: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2197: 2182: 2178: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2121: 2117: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2061: 2055:Resolution 2013 2053: 2049: 2041: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1962: 1957:Podrabinek 2010 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1922:Blomfield 2007a 1918:Podrabinek 2007 1908: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1887:Mursalieva 2007 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1847:Blomfield 2007b 1845: 1841: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1797: 1789: 1770: 1762: 1755: 1747: 1740: 1734:Vladimirov 2004 1732: 1703: 1692: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1626: 1618: 1607: 1599: 1590: 1582: 1575: 1567: 1560: 1552: 1541: 1533: 1526: 1518:, p. 369; 1514: 1507: 1499: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1459: 1451: 1444: 1436: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1397: 1391:Soloviyova 2008 1389: 1380: 1372: 1363: 1355: 1348: 1340: 1321: 1308: 1299: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1239: 1226: 1222: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1111: 1066: 1057: 1045: 1026: 997: 976: 925:Mikhail Kosenko 921: 919:Mikhail Kosenko 909: 908: 907: 906: 894: 893: 892: 890:Maria Alyokhina 887: 879: 878: 873: 865: 864: 859: 848: 832: 812: 800: 784: 767: 755: 743: 734: 708: 696: 684: 672: 660: 651: 635: 622: 617: 593:Anton Makarenko 551:Y.I. Polishchuk 513: 496:Mikhail Dvorkin 488:Irina Shamarina 408: 356: 345: 339: 336: 293: 291: 281: 269: 254: 243: 237: 234: 227: 218:This article's 214: 210: 203: 78: 72: 69: 62: 50:This article's 46: 35: 12: 11: 5: 5277: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5211: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5146: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4899: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4601:Space industry 4598: 4593: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4440:Urban planning 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4292: 4287: 4277: 4275:Federal budget 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4184:North Caucasus 4181: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4125: 4120: 4118:Highest points 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4063: 4061:Extreme points 4058: 4057: 4056: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3876: 3874:Russian Empire 3871: 3870: 3869: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: articles 3772: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3749: 3742: 3741: 3726:Russian text: 3692: 3676: 3642: 3626: 3610: 3606:, St Peterburg 3591: 3573: 3555: 3537: 3515: 3497: 3485:Savenko, Yuri 3481: 3469:Savenko, Yuri 3465: 3451:Savenko, Yuri 3447: 3433:Savenko, Yuri 3429: 3415:Savenko, Yuri 3411: 3397:Savenko, Yuri 3393: 3365:Savenko, Yuri 3361: 3347:Savenko, Yuri 3343: 3322: 3304: 3288: 3272: 3250: 3234: 3212: 3190: 3175: 3157: 3139: 3123: 3101: 3083:Lipton, Edward 3079: 3067:Leonard, Peter 3063: 3025: 3003: 2985: 2967: 2949: 2931: 2909: 2889: 2873: 2851: 2833: 2815: 2799: 2781: 2759: 2741: 2723: 2693: 2675: 2657: 2639: 2617: 2599: 2581: 2567: 2551: 2535: 2522: 2507: 2496: 2483: 2465: 2452: 2438: 2423: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2397: 2382:"Republic.ru" 2373: 2371:, p. 541. 2369:Lavretsky 1998 2361: 2349: 2337: 2325: 2313: 2301: 2289: 2274: 2270:Voltskaya 2014 2259: 2222: 2210: 2195: 2176: 2156: 2136: 2115: 2095: 2074: 2059: 2047: 2022: 2010: 1989: 1977: 1960: 1945: 1933: 1914:Rodriguez 2007 1902: 1890: 1875: 1863: 1851: 1839: 1822: 1795: 1768: 1753: 1751:, p. 434. 1738: 1701: 1675: 1663: 1651: 1649:, p. 135. 1639: 1624: 1622:, p. 294. 1605: 1588: 1573: 1558: 1539: 1524: 1505: 1503:, p. 369. 1486: 1474: 1457: 1442: 1419: 1415:Portnikov 2014 1407: 1403:Ovchinsky 2010 1395: 1378: 1361: 1346: 1319: 1297: 1285: 1273: 1261: 1249: 1237: 1227:Gluzman ( 1220: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1194:Serbsky Center 1190:Petr Pavlensky 1110: 1107: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1044: 1041: 1034:Alexei Navalny 1025: 1024:Dmitriy Nadein 1022: 1018:Vladimir Putin 996: 993: 988:Vladimir Putin 975: 972: 946:Butyrka prison 920: 917: 896: 895: 888: 881: 880: 874: 867: 866: 860: 853: 852: 851: 850: 849: 847: 844: 831: 828: 811: 808: 799: 796: 783: 780: 772:Vladimir Putin 766: 765:Andrei Novikov 763: 754: 753:Artyom Basyrov 751: 742: 739: 733: 730: 726:hunting weapon 707: 704: 695: 692: 683: 680: 671: 668: 659: 656: 650: 647: 639:Magadan Oblast 634: 633:Rafael Usmanov 631: 621: 620:Ivan Ivannikov 618: 616: 613: 609:Serbsky Center 500:Boris Larionov 460:St. Petersburg 431:Nikolai Rerikh 416:Serbsky Center 407: 404: 358: 357: 272: 270: 263: 256: 255: 217: 215: 208: 202: 199: 187:Czechoslovakia 166: 165: 164: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 136:Serbsky Center 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 89: 88: 80: 79: 59:the key points 49: 47: 40: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5276: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5107:Seven Wonders 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5072:Playing cards 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4767:Mental health 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4727:Ethnic groups 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 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