Plastic pollution - Knowledge

1516:. International Pellet Watch collected samples of polythene pellets from 30 beaches in 17 countries which were analysed for organic micro-pollutants. It was found that pellets found on beaches in the US, Vietnam and southern Africa contained compounds from pesticides suggesting a high use of pesticides in the areas. In 2020 scientists created what may be the first scientific estimate of how much microplastic currently resides in Earth's seafloor, after investigating six areas of around 3 km (1.9 mi) depth about 300 km (190 mi) off the Australian coast. They found the highly variable microplastic counts to be proportionate to plastic on the surface and the angle of the seafloor slope. By averaging the microplastic mass per cm, they estimated that Earth's seafloor contains about 14 4147: 3296: 2937:, medical devices, flooring materials, bottles, perfumes, cosmetics and much more. Inhalation of microplastics (MPs) have been shown to be one of the major contributors to MP uptake in humans. MPs in the form of dust particles are circulated constantly through ventilation and air conditioning systems indoors. The large dosage of these compounds are hazardous to humans, destroying the endocrine system. BPA imitates the female's hormone called estrogen. PBD destroys and causes damage to thyroid hormones, which are vital hormone glands that play a major role in the metabolism, growth and development of the human body. MPs can also have a detrimental effect on male reproductive success. MPs such as BPA can interfere with 1374:. In the United States plastic packaging has been estimated to make up 5% of MSW. This packaging includes plastic bottles, pots, tubs and trays, plastic films shopping bags, rubbish bags, bubble wrap, and plastic or stretch wrap and plastic foams e.g. expanded polystyrene (EPS). Plastic waste is generated in sectors including agriculture (e.g. irrigation pipes, greenhouse covers, fencing, pellets, mulch; construction (e.g. pipes, paints, flooring and roofing, insulants and sealants); transport (e.g. abraded tyres, road surfaces and road markings); electronic and electric equipment (e-waste); and pharmaceuticals and healthcare. The total amounts of plastic waste generated by these sectors is uncertain. 1725: 3288: 72: 3115: 1663: 1578: 2874: 2784: 2669: 13231: 3832: 1547: 1733: 1451: 1535: 2855:, no effect on photosynthetic pigments and productivity was found, but root growth and root cell viability decreased. These results are concerning as plants and algae are integral to nutrient and gas cycling within an aquatic system, and have the capacity to create significant changes in water composition due to their sheer density. Crustaceans have also been analyzed for their response to plastic presence. There is proof that freshwater crustaceans, specifically European crabs and crayfish, suffer entanglement in polyamide ghost nets used in lake fishing. When exposed to plastic 2801:

become filled with plastic. They also suffer from lacerations, infections, reduced ability to swim, and internal injuries. This evidence tells us how damaged marine wildlife is being affected by plastic pollution, they bring up how many animals mistake plastic for prey and eat it without knowing. "Globally, 100,000 marine mammals die every year as a result of plastic pollution. This includes whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals and sea lions". This evidence tells us the statistics of how many marine mammals really are negatively affected enough to die from plastic pollution.

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weathering of plastic debris causes its fragmentation into particles that even small marine invertebrates may ingest hence contaminating the food chain. Their small size renders them untraceable to their source and extremely difficult to remove from open ocean environments. In the marine environment, plastic pollution causes "Entanglement, toxicological effects via ingestion of plastics, suffocation, starvation, dispersal, and rafting of organisms, provision of new habitats, and introduction of invasive species are significant ecological effects with growing threats to

2865:(common water flea) experienced reduced survival within 48 hours as well as reproductive issues. Over a span of 5 days, the amount of pregnant Daphnia decreased by nearly 50%, and less than 20% of exposed embryos survived without any immediate repercussions. Other arthropods, like juvenile stages of insects are susceptible to similar plastic exposure as some spend part of their adolescence fully submerged in a freshwater resource. This similarity in lifestyle to other aquatic invertebrates indicates that insects may experience similar side effects of plastic exposure. 1434: 1508:, UK, found a great amount of microdebris on beaches and in waters in Europe, the Americas, Australia, Africa, and Antarctica. Thompson and his associates found that plastic pellets from both domestic and industrial sources were being broken down into much smaller plastic pieces, some having a diameter smaller than human hair. If not ingested, this microdebris floats instead of being absorbed into the marine environment. Thompson predicts there may be 300,000 plastic items per square kilometre of sea surface and 100,000 43: 1331: 14309: 1118: 52: 13599: 3107: 2470: 2459: 63: 2925: 4228:

They were confident, however, that the recycling initiatives would not end up recovering and reusing plastic in amounts anywhere near sufficient to hurt their profits in selling new "virgin" plastic products because they understood that the recycling efforts that they were promoting were likely to fail. Industry leaders more recently have planned 100% recycling of the plastic they produce by 2040, calling for more efficient collection, sorting and processing.

13257: 4201:, formed a well-financed network that has sabotaged for decades government and community efforts to address the plastic pollution crisis, according to a detailed investigative report by the Changing Markets Foundation. The investigation documents how these companies delay and derail legislation so that they can continue to inundate consumers with disposable plastic packaging. These large plastic producers have exploited public fears of the 2959:

contaminated and should not be drunk on a daily basis. "At every stage of its lifecycle, plastic poses distinct risks to human health, arising from both exposure to plastic particles themselves and associated chemicals". This quote is an intro to numerous points of why plastic is damaging to us, such as the carbon that is released when it is being made and transported which is also related to how plastic pollution harms our environment.

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it can be an underestimate, as it is not including the decomposition of plastic on land which is probably more emission intensive, the effects on phytoplankton which can be significant, the emissions from submerged plastic. Therefore, the authors prefer to not include them in the official estimate, but to write them in the full report, as a base for further discussion noting the high importance of the problem.

1426:-, macro-, and mega-plastics. Mega- and micro plastics have accumulated in highest densities in the Northern Hemisphere, concentrated around urban centers and water fronts. Plastic can be found off the coast of some islands because of currents carrying the debris. Both mega- and macro-plastics are found in packaging, footwear, and other domestic items that have been washed off of ships or discarded in 6005: 2901:

there is little to no data on the toxicological effects of plastic pollutants in these organisms. Fish have been studied the most regarding plastic pollution in freshwater organisms, with the majority of studies indicating evidence of plastic ingestion in wild-caught samples and lab specimens. There have been some attempts to look at lethality of plastics in a common freshwater model species,

3098:, a new disease caused solely by plastics, was discovered in seabirds. The birds identified as having the disease have scarred digestive tracts from ingesting plastic waste. "When birds ingest small pieces of plastic, they found, it inflames the digestive tract. Over time, the persistent inflammation causes tissues to become scarred and disfigured, affecting digestion, growth and survival." 1971:

Russia, and Vietnam. In 2022, it was estimated all OECD countries (North America, Chile, Colombia, Europe, Israel, Japan, S. Korea) may contribute 5% of oceanic plastic pollution, with the rest of the world polluting 95%. Since 2016 China ceased importing plastics for recycling and since 2019 international treaties signed by 187 countries restricted the export of plastics for recycling.

1277:. This large amount of plastic waste enters the environment and causes problems throughout the ecosystem; for example, studies suggest that the bodies of 90% of seabirds contain plastic debris. In some areas there have been significant efforts to reduce the prominence of free range plastic pollution, through reducing plastic consumption, litter cleanup, and promoting 1469:. Nurdles are recycled to make new plastic items, but they easily end up released into the environment during production because of their small size. They often end up in ocean waters through rivers and streams. Microdebris that come from cleaning and cosmetic products are also referred to as scrubbers. Because microdebris and scrubbers are so small in size, 3162:. An Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) that should conceive the agreement by the end of the year 2024 was created. The agreement should facilitate the transition to a circular economy, which will reduce GHG emissions by 25%. Inger Andersen, executive director of UNEP called the decision "a triumph by planet earth over single-use plastics". 3211:, because they are oil-based, similar to other conventional plastics. These plastics are made to be more degradable through the use of different additives, which help them degrade when exposed to UV rays or other physical stressors. yet, biodegradation-promoting additives for polymers have been shown not to significantly increase biodegradation. 12348: 3880:" venues. To make the event "disposable-free", there was ban on the usage of disposable water bottles. The event witnessed the usage of reusable tableware and stainless steel tumblers. Athletes were provided with refillable steel flasks. It is estimated that these green practices stopped the generation of 120 tonnes of disposable waste. 2813:

modern legislation. Rivers are the primary transport of plastics into marine ecosystems, sourcing potentially 80% of the plastic pollution in the oceans. Research on the top ten river catchments ranked by annual amount of MMPW showed that some rivers contribute as high as 88–95% of ocean-bound plastics, the highest being the

3410:. The Convention prohibits Parties from trading with non-Parties (e.g. United States) unless the countries have a pre-determined agreement that meets Basel criteria. During January 2021, the first month that the agreement was in effect, trade data showed that overall scrap exports from the U.S. actually increased. 13261: 13259: 13264: 13263: 13258: 4219:"infeasible" and cost-prohibitive. By the late 1980s, industry leaders also knew that the public must be kept feeling good about purchasing plastic products if their industry was to continue to prosper, and needed to quell proposed legislation to regulate the plastic being sold. So the industry launched a $ 50 2916:

effect on individual organism health than is currently known so far, thus warranting the need for further research as soon as possible. Many of these findings also have been found in a laboratory setting, so more effort needs to be channeled into measuring plastic abundance and toxicology in wild populations.

13265: 3316:, lower doses can have a discernible effect. Even with this often complex evaluation process, policies have been put into place in order to help alleviate plastic pollution and its effects. Government regulations have been implemented that ban some chemicals from being used in specific plastic products. 3641:

river into the East China Sea is identified by some studies that use sampling evidence as the highest plastic-emitting (sampled) river, in contrast to the beforementioned 2021 study that ranks it at place 64. Management interventions at the local level at coastal areas were found to be crucial to the

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On 21 May 2019, a new service model called "Loop" to collect packaging from consumers and reuse it, began to function in the New York region, US, supported by multiple larger companies. Consumers drop packages in special shipping totes and then a pick up collect, clean, refill and return them. It has

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Some academics and NGOs believe that a legally binding international treaty to deal with plastic pollution is necessary. They think this because plastic pollution is an international problem, moving between maritime borders, and also because they believe there needs to be a cap on plastic production.

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Although biodegradable and degradable plastics have helped reduce plastic pollution, there are some drawbacks. One issue concerning both types of plastics is that they do not break down very efficiently in natural environments. There, degradable plastics that are oil-based may break down into smaller

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upon contact with human skin. In many plastics, these toxic chemicals are only used in trace amounts, but significant testing is often required to ensure that the toxic elements are contained within the plastic by inert material or polymer. Children and women during their reproduction age are at most

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within the zebrafish intestinal microbiome. This finding is significant, as research within the last few decades has increasingly revealed how much power intestinal microbiomes have regarding their host's nutrient absorption and endocrine systems. Because of this, plastics may have a far more drastic

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The increase in plastic and microplastic pollution in soils can cause adverse impacts on plants and microorganisms in the soil, which can in turn affect soil fertility. Microplastics affect soil ecosystems that are important for plant growth. Plants are important for the environment and ecosystems so

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of methane. But these numbers are very preliminary. From one side, it can be an overestimate as it is based on the emissions of LDPE in powder form, the most emission intensive type of plastic in this case and in tropical water where intense radiation increases decomposition. But from the other side

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The distribution of plastic debris is highly variable as a result of certain factors such as wind and ocean currents, coastline geography, urban areas, and trade routes. Human population in certain areas also plays a large role in this. Plastics are more likely to be found in enclosed regions such as

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million tons of microplastic – about double the amount they estimated based on data from earlier studies – despite calling both estimates "conservative" as coastal areas are known to contain much more microplastic. These estimates are about one to two times the amount of plastic thought – per Jambeck

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million tonnes per year could be discharged into the environment by 2060. Under a business as usual scenario, such increases would likely be attributable to a continuing rise in production of plastic products, driven by consumer demand, accompanied by insufficient improvements in waste management. As

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Earth Day 2020 is the 50th Anniversary of Earth Day. Celebrations will include activities such as the Great Global CleanUp, Citizen Science, Advocacy, Education, and art. This Earth Day aims to educate and mobilize more than one billion people to grow and support the next generation of environmental

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PepsiCo faced legal action on 15 November 2023, as the New York attorney general filed a lawsuit. The allegations asserted that the food and beverage giant jeopardized the environment and disseminated deceptive information about its dedication to reducing single-use plastic in packaging. Moreover, a

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and DNA damage in spermatozoa, causing reduced sperm viability. Although the level of exposure to these chemicals varies depending on age and geography, most humans experience simultaneous exposure to many of these chemicals. Average levels of daily exposure are below the levels deemed to be unsafe,

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Microplastics alter soil biophysical properties which affect the quality of the soil. This affects soil biological activity, biodiversity and plant health. Microplastics in the soil alter a plant's growth. It decreases seedling germination, affects the number of leaves, stem diameter and chlorophyll

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Mismanaged plastic waste leads to plastic directly or indirectly entering terrestrial ecosystems. There has been a significant increase of microplastic pollution due to the poor handling and disposal of plastic materials. In particular, plastic pollution in the form of microplastics now can be found

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for "novel entities" (pollution, including plastic pollution) and found it has already been exceeded. According to co-author Patricia Villarubia-Gómez from the Stockholm Resilience Centre, "There has been a 50-fold increase in the production of chemicals since 1950. This is projected to triple again

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Plastic pollution has also greatly negatively affected our environment. "The pollution is significant and widespread, with plastic debris found on even the most remote coastal areas and in every marine habitat". This information tells us about how much of a consequential change plastic pollution has

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the Caribbean. It serves as a means of distribution of organisms to remote coasts that are not their native environments. This could potentially increase the variability and dispersal of organisms in specific areas that are less biologically diverse. Plastics can also be used as vectors for chemical

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million metric tons of plastic waste. Per capita generation of plastic waste in the United States is higher than in any other country, with the average American producing 130.09 kilograms of plastic waste per year. Other high-income countries, such as those of the EU-28 (annual per capita generation

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In 2021 France banned "free plastic bottles, plastic confetti, and single-use plastic bags", in 2022 restrictions were made on plastic packaging and toys and in the first of January 2023 many types of single use plastic were banned from restaurants that have more than 20 places. Some were concerned

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Laws related to recyclability, waste management, domestic materials recovery facilities, product composition, biodegradability and prevention of import/export of specific wastes may support prevention of plastic pollution. A study considers producer/manufacturer responsibility "a practical approach

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Compounds that are used in manufacturing pollute the environment by releasing chemicals into the air and water. Some compounds that are used in plastics, such as phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), are under close statute and might be very harmful. Even though these

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of environmental decline. Freshwater mammals and birds have long been known to have negative interactions with plastic pollution, often resulting in entanglement or suffocation/choking after ingesting. While inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract in both groups has been noted, unfortunately

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and sludge of wastewater contain large amounts of plastics. Wastewater treatment plants do not have a treatment process to remove microplastics which results in plastics being transferred into water and soil when effluent and sludge are applied to land for agricultural purposes. Several researchers

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In 2020, a study revised the potential 2016 U.S. contribution to mismanaged plastic; It estimated that U.S.-generated plastic might place the U.S. behind Indonesia and India in oceanic pollution, or it might place the U.S. behind Indonesia, India, Thailand, China, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt, Japan,

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campaign targeting the American public with the message that plastic can be, and is being, recycled, and lobbied American municipalities to launch expensive plastic waste collection programs, and lobbied U.S. states to require the labeling of plastic products and containers with recycling symbols.

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Major plastic producers continue to lobby governments to refrain from imposing restrictions on plastic production and to advocate for voluntary corporate targets to reduce new plastic output. However, the world's top 10 plastic producers, including The Coca-Cola Company, Nestle SA and PepsiCo have

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In Canada, the United States, and the European Union, BPA has been banned from being incorporated in the production of baby bottles and children's cups, due to health concerns and the higher vulnerability of younger children to the effects of BPA. Taxes have been established in order to discourage

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because there is a lack of infrastructure to deal with these new types of plastic, as well as a lack of understanding about them on the part of consumers. For example, these plastics need to be sent to industrial composting facilities to degrade properly, but no adequate system exists to make sure

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A study in 2022 showed that plastic particles were identified in the breast milk of 77% of the sample of healthy mothers. The researchers were concerned with plastic particles jeopardizing the infants’ health during lactation. The Mothers’ consumption of food and drink in plastic packaging and the

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to raise awareness and increase government action on the pressing issue. In 2018, India was host to the 43rd World Environment Day and the theme was "Beat Plastic Pollution", with a focus on single-use or disposable plastic. The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change of India invited

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In the year 2022 India has begun to implement a country wide ban on different sorts of plastic. This is necessary also for achieving the climate targets of the country as in plastic production are used more than 8,000 additives, part of them are thousands times more powerful greenhouse gases than

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materials are being used in place of plastics. Some communities and businesses have put a ban on some commonly used plastic items, such as bottled water and plastic bags. Some non-governmental organizations have launched voluntary plastic reduction schemes like certificates that can be adapted by

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There are varying rates of recycling per type of plastic, and in 2017, the overall plastic recycling rate was approximately 8.4% in the United States. Approximately 2.7 million tonnes (3.0 million short tons) of plastics were recycled in the U.S. in 2017, while 24.3 million tonnes

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Plastics make their way into bodies of freshwater, underground aquifers, and moving freshwaters through runoff and erosion of mismanaged plastic waste (MMPW). In some areas, the direct waste disposal into rivers is a remaining factor of historical practices, and has only been somewhat limited by

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Plastic debris is categorized as macrodebris when it is larger than 20 mm. These include items such as plastic grocery bags. Macrodebris are often found in ocean waters, and can have a serious impact on the native organisms. Fishing nets have been prime pollutants. Even after they have been

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million tonnes of plastic waste were generated, 90% of which was composed of post-consumer plastic waste (industrial, agricultural, commercial and municipal plastic waste). The rest was pre-consumer waste from resin production and manufacturing of plastic products (e.g. materials rejected due to

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are categorized by size into micro-, meso-, or macro debris. Plastics are inexpensive and durable, making them very adaptable for different uses; as a result, manufacturers choose to use plastic over other materials. However, the chemical structure of most plastics renders them resistant to many

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often do not assess the safety of new chemicals until after a negative side effect is shown. Once they suspect a chemical may be toxic, it is studied to determine the human reference dose, which is determined to be the lowest observable adverse effect level. During these studies, a high dose is

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is one of the most important when one is affected by plastic pollution. Plastic pollution puts animals' lives in danger and is in constant fear of extinction. Marine wildlife such as seabirds, whales, fish and turtles mistake plastic waste for prey; most then die of starvation as their stomachs

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As early as the early 1970s, petrochemical industry leaders understood that the vast majority of plastic they produced would never be recycled. For example, an April 1973 report written by industry scientists for industry executive states that sorting the hundreds of different kinds plastic is

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Standardization of products, especially of packaging which are, as of 2022, often composed of different materials (each and across products) that are hard or currently impossible to either separate or recycle together in general or in an automated way could support recyclability and recycling.

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The problem of ocean plastic debris is ubiquitous. It is estimated that 1.5–4% of global plastics production ends up in the oceans every year, mainly as a result of poor waste management infrastructure and practices combined with irresponsible attitudes to the use and disposal of plastics. The

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In the lead up to the Assembly, global public opinion on a plastic treaty was surveyed, analysed and reported by The Plastic Free Foundation in partnership with Ipsos and WWF-International. The report identified that nearly 90% of survey participants – over 20,000 adults across 28 countries –

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A study analyzing ingestion of plastics across a variety of previously published experiments showed that out of the 206 species covered, the majority of papers documented ingestion in fish. This does not quite mean that fish ingest plastic more than other organisms, but instead highlights the

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environments and the cooling effect of the sea. These factors contribute to the persistence of plastic debris in certain environments. Recent studies have shown that plastics in the ocean decompose faster than was once thought, due to exposure to sun, rain, and other environmental conditions,

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reported that China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam dump more plastic in the sea than all other countries combined. It is estimated that 10% of the plastics in the ocean are nurdles, making them one of the most common types of plastic pollution, along with plastic bags and food

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which generates more than four times the amount of plastic waste per capita as China and is responsible for 1.2 times more improperly disposed plastic waste per capita than China. Of the top thirty global polluters per capita, ten are from the Caribbean region. These are Trinidad and Tobago,

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Human health has also been negatively impacted by plastic pollution. "Almost a third of groundwater sites in the US contain BPA. BPA is harmful at very low concentrations as it interferes with our hormone and reproductive systems. This quote tells us how much of a percentage of our water is

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Plastic debris is categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary plastics are in their original form when collected. Examples of these would be bottle caps, cigarette butts, and microbeads. Secondary plastics, on the other hand, account for smaller plastics that have resulted from the

3324:, for example, creates an incentive to choose to recycle plastics rather than contain them in landfills, by making the latter more expensive. There has also been a standardization of the types of plastics that can be considered compostable. The European Norm EN 13432, which was set by the 2643:

Plastic pollution on land poses a threat to the plants and animals – including humans who are based on the land. Estimates of the amount of plastic concentration on land are between four and twenty three times that of the ocean. The amount of plastic poised on the land is greater and more

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in the United Kingdom and Ireland pledged to stop sending plastic toys with their meals. McDonald's pledged to do it from the year 2021. McDonald's also pledged to use a paper wrap for it meals and books that will be sent with the meals. The transmission will begin already in March 2020.

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The export of plastic waste from rich countries to poorer countries has been well documented. Differences between countries in environmental policy and costs relating to taxes, disposal, and transport, are important determinants on legal and illegal international traffic in hazardous and

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The trade in plastic waste has been identified as "a main culprit" of marine litter. Countries importing the waste plastics often lack the capacity to process all the material. As a result, the United Nations has imposed a ban on waste plastic trade unless it meets certain criteria.

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million tonnes is dumped into the sea. About 60% of the plastic waste in the ocean comes from the top five countries: China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. The table below list the top 20 plastic waste polluting countries in 2010 according to a study published by

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Plastics also release toxic chemicals into the environment and cause physical, chemical harm and biological damage to organisms. Ingestion of plastic does not only lead to death in animals through intestinal blockage but it can also travel up the food chain which affects humans.

3853:, Government of India, has requested various governmental departments to avoid the use of plastic bottles to provide drinking water during governmental meetings, etc., and to instead make arrangements for providing drinking water that do not generate plastic waste. The state of 3150:" was created by companies in the plastics industry. The alliance aims to clean the environment from existing waste and increase recycling, but it does not mention reduction in plastic production as one of its targets. Moreover, subsequent reporting has suggested the group is a 2955:

at risk and more prone to damaging their immune as well as their reproductive system from these hormone-disrupting chemicals. Pregnancy and nursing products such as baby bottles, pacifiers, and plastic feeding utensils place infants and children at a very high risk of exposure.

13262: 4386:"Campaigners have identified the global trade in plastic waste as a main culprit in marine litter, because the industrialised world has for years been shipping much of its plastic "recyclables" to developing countries, which often lack the capacity to process all the material." 3775:. The directive aims to reduce plastic pollution from single-use disposable plastics. It focuses on the 10 most commonly found disposable plastics at beaches, which make up 43% of marine litter (fishing gear another 27%). According to the directive, there is a ban on plastic 2568:

The emissions of methane from plastic decomposition and impact on phytoplankton, were still not known well when the report was released. According to one estimate, plastic floating in the ocean can emit annually 76 Mt methane equal to 2,129 Mt CO2e, based on the 100 years

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Microdebris are plastic pieces between 2 mm and 5 mm in size. Plastic debris that starts off as meso- or macrodebris can become microdebris through degradation and collisions that break it down into smaller pieces. Microdebris is more commonly referred to as

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the Asian continent was in 2015 the leading generating region of plastic waste with 82 Mt, followed by Europe (31 Mt) and Northern America (29 Mt). Latin America (including the Caribbean) and Africa each produced 19 Mt of plastic waste while Oceania generated about

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Plastic exposure in amphibians has mostly been studied in adolescent life stages, when the test subjects are still dependent on an aquatic environment where it can be easier to manipulate variables experimentally. Studies on a common South American freshwater frog,

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concentrated than that in the water. Mismanaged plastic waste ranges from 60 percent in East Asia and Pacific to one percent in North America. It is estimated that between 1 million and 1.7 million tonnes of mismanaged plastic is transported to the ocean each year.

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Up to 60% of used plastic medical equipment is incinerated rather than deposited in a landfill as a precautionary measure to lessen the transmission of disease. This has allowed for a large decrease in the amount of plastic waste that stems from medical equipment.

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Several studies have attempted to quantify plastic leakage into the environment at both national and global levels which have highlight the difficulty of determining the sources and amounts of all plastic leakage. One global study has estimated that between 60 and

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of 95 known plastic-degrading enzymes spanning 17 plastic types found a further 30,000 possible enzymes. Despite their apparent ubiquity, there is no current evidence that these novel enzymes are breaking down any meaningful amount of plastic to reduce pollution.

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requiring a reduction in the consumption of single use plastic bags per person to 90 by 2019 and to 40 by 2025. In April 2019, the EU adopted a further directive banning almost all types of single use plastic, except bottles, from the beginning of the year 2021.

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Cowger, Win; Willis, Kathryn A.; Bullock, Sybil; Conlon, Katie; Emmanuel, Jorge; Erdle, Lisa M.; Eriksen, Marcus; Farrelly, Trisia A.; Hardesty, Britta Denise; Kerge, Kristiina; Li, Natalie; Li, Yedan; Liebman, Adam; Tangri, Neil; Thiel, Martin (26 April 2024).

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Yang, J., Li, L., Li, R., Xu, L., Shen, Y., Li, S., Tu, C., Wu, L., Christie, P., & Luo, Y. (2021). Microplastics in an agricultural soil following repeated application of three types of sewage sludge: A field study. Environmental Pollution, 289, 117943.

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In the Netherlands, plastic litter from some rivers is collected by a bubble barrier, to prevent plastics from floating into the sea. This so-called 'Great Bubble Barrier' catches plastics bigger than 1 mm. The bubble barrier is implemented in the River

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River into the East China Sea. Asian rivers contribute nearly 67% of plastic waste found in the ocean annually, largely influenced by the high density coastal populations all throughout the continent as well as relatively intense bouts of seasonal rainfall.

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Zuccarello, P.; Ferrante, M.; Cristaldi, A.; Copat, C.; Grasso, A.; Sangregorio, D.; Fiore, M.; Oliveri Conti, G. (15 June 2019). "Exposure to microplastics (<10 μm) associated to plastic bottles mineral water consumption: The first quantitative study".

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in the professional academic literature about global plastic pollution in general found that the rational response to the "global threat" would be "reductions in consumption of virgin plastic materials, along with internationally coordinated strategies for

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It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that

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Due to the pervasiveness of plastic products, most of the human population is constantly exposed to the chemical components of plastics. In the United States, 95% of adults have had detectable levels of BPA in their urine. Exposure to chemicals such as

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Azevedo-Santos, Valter M.; Brito, Marcelo F. G.; Manoel, Pedro S.; Perroca, Júlia F.; Rodrigues-Filho, Jorge Luiz; Paschoal, Lucas R. P.; Gonçalves, Geslaine R. L.; Wolf, Milena R.; Blettler, Martín C. M.; Andrade, Marcelo C.; Nobile, André B. (2021).

4395:"The new UN rules will effectively prevent the US and EU from exporting any mixed plastic waste, as well plastics that are contaminated or unrecyclable – a move that will slash the global plastic waste trade when it comes into effect in January 2021." 3974:

In February 2018, Taiwan restricted the use of single-use plastic cups, straws, utensils and bags; the ban will also include an extra charge for plastic bags and updates their recycling regulations and aiming by 2030 it would be completely enforced.

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Microplastics in the soil are a risk not only to soil biodiversity but also food safety and human health. Soil biodiversity is important for plant growth in agricultural industries. Agricultural activities such as plastic mulching and application of

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In a 2024 Bloomberg article, the ever-increasing consumption of plastics was highlighted as a critical environmental issue. Global use is projected to reach 1.1 billion metric tons by 2050, up from just 2 million in the 1950s. The plastic industry's

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banned single use plastic bags and introduced a 5-cent fee for using single use paper bags. The ban will enter into force in 2020. This will not only reduce plastic bag usage in New York state (23 billion every year until now), but also eliminate

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Wei, F., Xu, C., Chen, C., Wang, Y., Lan, Y., Long, L., Xu, M., Wu, J., Shen, F., Zhang, Y., Xiao, Y., & Yang, G. (2022). Distribution of microplastics in the sludge of wastewater treatment plants in Chengdu, China. Chemosphere, 287, 132357.

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In 2019, the group Break Free From Plastic organized over 70,000 volunteers in 51 countries to collect and identify plastic waste. These volunteers collected over "59,000 plastic bags, 53,000 sachets and 29,000 plastic bottles," as reported by

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Around 100 countries implemented single use plastic bags bans or taxes, which successfully reduced pollution and had public support. Many implemented measures to reduce the use of "single use cutlery, straws, balloon sticks, and coffee buds".

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to work toward delaying and reversing existing regulation of plastic disposal. Big ten plastic producers have advanced voluntary commitments for plastic waste disposal as a stratagem to deter governments from imposing additional regulations.

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9.2 billion tonnes of plastic are estimated to have been made between 1950 and 2017. More than half this plastic has been produced since 2004. Of all the plastic discarded so far, 14% has been incinerated and less than 10% has been recycled.

10240:

Qureshi, Muhammad Saad; Oasmaa, Anja; Pihkola, Hanna; Deviatkin, Ivan; Tenhunen, Anna; Mannila, Juha; Minkkinen, Hannu; Pohjakallio, Maija; Laine-Ylijoki, Jutta (1 November 2020). "Pyrolysis of plastic waste: Opportunities and challenges".

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use of plastic-containing personal hygiene products was recorded. The results showed absence of microplastics, thus scientists considered the omnipresence of microplastics in the environment and the inevitability of them entering the body.

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and packaging materials. Higher amounts of plastic ended up in the ocean, especially plastic from medical waste and masks. Several news reports point to a plastic industry trying to take advantage of the health concerns and desire for

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indicated that plastics may have the potential to induce mutagenic and cytotoxic morphological changes. Much more research needs to be done on amphibian response to plastic pollution, especially since amphibians can serve as initial

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underrepresentation of plastic effects in equally important organisms, like aquatic plants, amphibians and invertebrates. Despite this disparity, controlled experiments analyzing microplastic impact on aquatic plants like the algae

1338:

There are differing estimates of how much plastic waste has been produced in the last century. By one estimate, one billion tons of plastic waste have been discarded since the 1950s. Others estimate a cumulative human production of

3914:, one of the many islands of Indonesia, two sisters, Melati and Isabel Wijsen, made efforts to ban plastic bags in 2019. As of January 2022 their organization Bye Bye Plastic Bags had spread to over 50 locations around the world. 3005:(TR) activity by increasing TR transcriptional corepressor activity. This then decreases the level of thyroid hormone binding proteins that bind to triiodothyronine. By affecting the thyroid hormone axis, BPA exposure can lead to 1774:

million metric tons of plastic into the ocean, and ranked these river's countries. The top ten were, from the most to the least: Philippines, India, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Brazil, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Thailand.

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Zangmeister, Christopher D.; Radney, James G.; Benkstein, Kurt D.; Kalanyan, Berc (3 May 2022). "Common Single-Use Consumer Plastic Products Release Trillions of Sub-100 nm Nanoparticles per Liter into Water during Normal Use".

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On 2 March 2022 in Nairobi, representatives of 175 countries pledged to create a legally binding agreement to end plastic pollution. The agreement should address the full lifecycle of plastic and propose alternatives including

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Since around 2017, China, Turkey, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Thailand have banned certain waste imports. It has been suggested that such bans may increase automation and recycling, decreasing negative impacts on the environment.

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produces 1.5 kilograms of waste per capita per day, is the biggest plastic polluter per capita in the world. At least 0.19 kg per person per day of Trinidad and Tobago's plastic debris end up in the ocean, or for example

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Nestlé responded that 87% of their packaging and 66% of their plastic packaging can be reused or recycled and by 2025 they want to make it 100%. By that year they want to reduce the consumption of virgin plastic by one third.

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but more research needs to be done on the effects of low dose exposure on humans. A lot is unknown on how severely humans are physically affected by these chemicals. Some of the chemicals used in plastic production can cause

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abandoned, they continue to trap marine organisms and other plastic debris. Eventually, these abandoned nets become too difficult to remove from the water because they become too heavy, having grown in weight up to 6 tonnes.

3529:(26.8 million short tons) plastic were dumped in landfills the same year. Some plastics are recycled more than others; in 2017 about 31.2 percent of HDPE bottles and 29.1 percent of PET bottles and jars were recycled. 3729:

million tonnes in 2022. In 2022, in recognition of its contributions to promoting single-use plastic pollution solutions, Plastic Free July was one of two finalists in the annual UN Sustainable Development Action Awards.

7058:. Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL), Environmental Integrity Project (EIP), FracTracker Alliance, Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA), 5Gyres, Break free from plastic. 2019. pp. 69–77 6497:

Most of the plastic that enters the oceans from land comes from rivers in Asia. More than 80% of it a few percent – possibly up to 5% – of the world's ocean plastics could come from rich countries exporting their waste

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Mbachu, O., Jenkins, G., Kaparaju, P., & Pratt, C. (2021). The rise of artificial soil carbon inputs: Reviewing microplastic pollution effects in the soil environment. Science of the Total Environment, 780, 146569.

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In the year 2022 Canada announced a ban on producing and importing single use plastic from December 2022. The sale of those items will be banned from December 2023 and the export from 2025. The prime minister of Canada

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Group aims to increase its funding and advisory assistance for ocean cleanup. For example, the Clean Oceans Initiative (COI) was established in 2018. The European Investment Bank, the German Development Bank, and the

5101:"U.S. Generates More Plastic Trash than Any Other Nation, Report Finds: The Plastic Pollution Crisis Has Been Widely Blamed on a Handful of Asian Countries, But New Research Shows Just How Much the U.S. Contributes" 3312:

tested to see if it causes any adverse health effects, and if it does not, lower doses are considered to be safe as well. This does not take into account the fact that with some chemicals found in plastics, such as

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stated that plastic is often used in agriculture. There is more plastic in the soil than in the oceans. The presence of plastic in the environment hurt ecosystems and human health and pose a threat to food safety.

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have found plastic microfibers that are released when fleece and other polyester textiles are cleaned in washing machines. These fibers can be transferred through effluent to land which pollutes soil environments.

1704:

A study from 2024, using the Break Free From Plastic dataset, found that of the aforementioned 50% of the waste that was identifiable by brand, 11% was attributable to Coca-Cola, 5% to Pepsico, 3% to Nestle, 3% to

4304:

In 2020, China disclosed a three-part proposal to reduce plastic pollution. The plan includes a nationwide prohibition on single-use plastics, introduced as the country's plastic waste had risen to an anticipated

4025:

In the beginning of 2024, 12 states and at least 500 municipalities had some kind of plastic bag ban. Three state bans and two city bans alone reduced the amount of plastic bags used in one year approximately by

2627:. However, the recycling solution is under scrutiny due to low success rates. As a result, there's a growing movement towards reducing plastic production and implementing bans on single-use plastics. States like 11024:

Mohammed, Musa; Shafiq, Nasir; Elmansoury, Ali; Al-Mekhlafi, Al-Baraa Abdulrahman; Rached, Ehab Farouk; Zawawi, Noor Amila; Haruna, Abdulrahman; Rafindadi, Aminu Darda’u; Ibrahim, Muhammad Bello (January 2021).

2688:, and such clogging can increase flood damage, particularly in urban areas. A buildup of plastic garbage at trash cans raises the water level upstream and may enhance the risk of urban flooding. For example, in 4095:

retailer became the first big US retailer that committed to completely phase out plastic by 2025. The first step – stop using single use plastic bags – will begun to be implemented already on January 15, 2020.

1246:

million tons in 2016, resulting in environmental concerns. A significant issue arises from the inefficient treatment of 79% of plastic products, leading to their release into landfills or natural environments.

7579:

Li, P., Wang, X., Su, M., Zou, X., Duan, L., & Zhang, H. (2020). Characteristics of plastic pollution in the environment: A Review. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 107(4), 577–584.

1254:, can be harmed either by mechanical effects such as entanglement in plastic objects, problems related to ingestion of plastic waste, or through exposure to chemicals within plastics that interfere with their 1750:

58.56 kg), also have a high per capita plastic waste generation rate. Some high-income countries, such as Japan (annual per capital generation 38.44 kg), produce far less plastic waste per capita.

12173: 5125:"Nearly All Countries Agree to Stem Flow of Plastic Waste into Poor Nations: US Reportedly Opposed Deal, which Follows Concerns that Villages in Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia Had ‘Turned into Dumpsites’" 1300:. Nearly all countries have joined this agreement. On 2 March 2022, in Nairobi, 175 countries pledged to create a legally binding agreement by the end of the year 2024 with a goal to end plastic pollution. 13260: 12882:"Ground-Breaking Report Reveals Hypocrisy of World’s Biggest Plastic Polluters: ‘Talking Trash’ Exposes How Big Plastic Has Obstructed and Undermined Proven Legislative Solutions to The Crisis for Decades" 2787:

The unaltered stomach contents of a dead albatross chick photographed on Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in the Pacific in September 2009 include plastic marine debris fed to the chick by its parents

3504:

million people), people place designated plastics in a special bin to be picked up by a public or private hauling company. Most curbside programs collect more than one type of plastic resin, usually both

3135:" – such as banning export of plastic waste unless it leads to better recycling – and describes the state of knowledge about "poorly reversible" impacts which are one of the rationales for its reduction. 1687:. According to the global campaign coordinator for the project Emma Priestland in 2020, the only way to solve the problem is stopping production of single use plastic and using reusable products instead. 4725:

Jang, Y. C., Lee, J., Hong, S., Choi, H. W., Shim, W. J., & Hong, S. Y. 2015. "Estimating the global inflow and stock of plastic marine debris using material flow analysis: a preliminary approach".

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toward addressing the issue of plastic pollution", suggesting that "Existing and adopted policies, legislations, regulations, and initiatives at global, regional, and national level play a vital role".

2623:

The international community is divided on how to address the plastic issue. Proposals range from national pledges to mandatory production controls, with the latter being supported by entities like the

8968: 3637:– plastic waste of coastal cities as well as from rivers (with top 1000 rivers estimated by one 2021 study to account for 80% of global annual emissions). These two sources may be interlinked. The 3799:

receive a label indicating the product contains plastic, that it belongs in the trash, and that litter has negative effects on the environment. Article 8 of the directive also supports the use of

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people to take care of their social responsibility and urged them to take up green good deeds in everyday life. Several states presented plans to ban plastic or drastically reduce their use.

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Despite global efforts to reduce the generation of plastic waste, losses to the environment are predicted to increase. Modelling indicates that, without major interventions, between 23 and 37

11987:

Directive (EU) 2019/904 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment (Text with EEA relevance)

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In August 2017, Kenya has one of the world's harshest plastic bag bans. Fines of $ 38,000 or up to four years in jail to anyone that was caught producing, selling, or using a plastic bag.

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billion tonnes of plastic waste from the 1950s up to 2018 has been recycled (12% has been incinerated and the rest reportedly being "dumped in landfills or the natural environment").

898: 12296: 11698: 5771: 3539:

and refill shops for selected products as well as conventional supermarkets that enable refilling of selected plastics-packaged products or voluntarily sell products with no or more

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begun with several thousand households and aims to not only stop single use plastic, but to stop single use generally by recycling consumer product containers of various materials.

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estimated the emissions from plastic as 1.8 GtCO2 (3.7% of total emissions) in 2019 which will rise to 4.3 GtCO2 (4.5% of total emissions) in 2060, without measures to reduce them.

1077: 6776: 1258:. Degraded plastic waste can directly affect humans through direct consumption (i.e. in tap water), indirect consumption (by eating plants and animals), and disruption of various 1072: 11612: 12257: 2635:

are taking legislative action with extended producer responsibility laws to ensure that manufacturers are accountable for the lifecycle environmental impact of their products.

2589:, while the second estimated the emissions in the year 2015 as 1.7 GtCO2 and predicted that by the year 2050 they will reach 6.5 GtCO2, consuming 15% of the carbon budget. The 8291:"Can short exposure to polyethylene microplastics change tadpoles' behavior? A study conducted with neotropical tadpole species belonging to order anura (Physalaemus cuvieri)" 9321: 7615:

Chae, Y., & An, Y.-J. (2018). Current research trends on plastic pollution and ecological impacts on the soil ecosystem: A Review. Environmental Pollution, 240, 387–395.

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China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam are dumping more plastic into oceans than the rest of the world combined, according to a 2017 report by Ocean Conservancy

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associated with high PVC concentrations found in the same study. When analyzing the effect of polyethylene microbeads (origin: cosmetic exfoliants) on the aquatic macrophyte

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Selke, Susan; Auras, Rafael; Nguyen, Tuan Anh; Castro Aguirre, Edgar; Cheruvathur, Rijosh; Liu, Yan (2015). "Evaluation of Biodegradation-Promoting Additives for Plastics".

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is on track to see its plastic emissions increase from 317 million metric tons in 2021 to 401 million by 2025, primarily due to production and disposal methods. With global

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The two common forms of waste collection include curbside collection and the use of drop-off recycling centers. About 87 percent of the population in the United States (273

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Also worth noting is the evolution of new enzymes allowing microorganisms living in polluted locations to digest normal, hard-to-degrade plastic. A 2021 study looking for

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extensively in soil. It enters the soil by settling on the surface and eventually making its way into subsoils. These microplastics find their way into plants and animals.

12525: 6289:"‘Deluge of Plastic Waste’: US Is World’s Biggest Plastic Polluter; At 42m Metric Tons of Plastic Waste a Year, The US Generates More Waste than All EU Countries Combined" 6288: 3500:

million people) have access to curbside and drop-off recycling centers. In curbside collection, which is available to about 63 percent of the United States population (193

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contribute to the microplastic pollution in the soil. Human-modified soils are commonly used to improve crop productivity but the effects are more damaging than helpful.

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Pepsico responded that they want to decrease "virgin plastic in our beverage business by 35% by 2025" and also expanding reuse and refill practices what should prevent 67

1235:

in the worldwide ocean as of the end of 2013, with an assumption that 1.4% of global plastics produced from 1950 to 2013 has entered the ocean and has accumulated there.

10591: 6134: 8781: 12227: 9119: 3061:, blocking the blood supply to the brain and neck. The researchers also found that the blood vessels of those with plastic were inflamed, thus putting them at risk of 1690:

Coca-Cola answered that "more than 20% of our portfolio comes in refillable or fountain packaging", they are decreasing the amount of plastic in secondary packaging.

11413: 6189: 3894:, India effected the Maharashtra Plastic and Thermocol Products ban 23 June 2018, subjecting plastic users to fines and potential imprisonment for repeat offenders. 13371:, 3 July 2023, pp. 24–27. "If much of contemporary life is wrapped up in plastic, and the result of this is that we are poisoning our kids, ourselves, and our 13296: 9147: 4069:

In 2016, Illinois adopted the legislation and established "Recycle Thin Film Friday" in effort toe reclaim used thin-film plastic bags and encourage reusable bags.

12448: 12181: 11240: 4671:

Jambeck, Jenna R.; Geyer, Roland; Wilcox, Chris; Siegler, Theodore R.; Perryman, Miriam; Andrady, Anthony; Narayan, Ramani; Law, Kara Lavender (13 February 2015).

11919:

Directive (EU) 2019/904 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment

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and values. Consequently, this emerging contaminant affects the socio-economic aspects through negative impacts on tourism, fishery, shipping, and human health".

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used 2 different studies to estimate the impact of plastic on climate: according to the first, by the year 2040 the annual emissions from plastic will reach 2.1

12396: 7683: 4301:

Mexico City implemented a ban on single-use plastics, starting with plastic bags in 2020 and expanding to items like utensils, straws, and to-go trays in 2021.

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billion under the COI from October 2018 to October 2023 in initiatives aimed at reducing pollution discharge into the oceans, with a special focus on plastics.

1402:

the plastic waste released into the environment already has a significant impact on ecosystems, an increase of this magnitude could have dramatic consequences.

8957: 5045: 3273:. When burned outside of facilities designed to collect or process the toxins, this can have significant health effects and create significant air pollution. 10481: 13318: 12471: 4253:

for the inaugural nationwide Earth Day CleanUp. Cleanups were held in all 50 states, five US territories, 5,300 sites and had more than 500,000 volunteers.

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Plastics themselves contribute to approximately 10% of discarded waste. Many kinds of plastics exist depending on their precursors and the method for their

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waste reaches these facilities. The committee thus recommended to reduce the amount of plastic used rather than introducing new types of it to the market.

5151: 13930: 11562: 11027:"Modeling of 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) for Sustainable Construction Waste Reduction: A Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)" 6647: 5100: 3718: 3626:

Identifying largest sources of ocean plastics in high fidelity may help to discern causes, to measure progress and to develop effective countermeasures.

2497:". Plastic alone contain more than 10,000 chemicals and create large problems. The researchers are calling for limit on chemical production and shift to 8819: 7183: 5860:"International Pellet Watch: Global monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in coastal waters. 1. Initial phase data on PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs" 5355: 5124: 4731: 10510: 9101: 8845: 3689: 3406:

In 2019, the Basel Convention was amended to include plastic waste. 187 countries agreed to limit the export of plastic waste following rules from the

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are substantial, having emitted 1.8 billion metric tons in 2019, with the potential to exceed 2.5 billion metric tons by 2050 if no changes are made.

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billion tonnes, more than half of the carbon budget. Those are emission from production, transportation, incineration, but there are also releases of

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million tonnes of plastic is produced each year; 51% in Asia, where China is the world's largest producer. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3

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with 0.9%. The rest of world's countries combined wind up the 16.9% of the mismanaged plastic waste in the oceans, according to a study published by

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In 2019 a new report "Plastic and Climate" was published. According to the report, in 2019, production and incineration of plastic will contribute

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found microplastic in the blood of 80% of people tested in the study, and such microplastic has the potential to become embedded in human organs.

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Research into freshwater plastic pollution has been largely ignored over marine ecosystems, comprising only 13% of published papers on the topic.

2700:

A 2017 study found that 83% of tap water samples taken around the world contained plastic pollutants. This was the first study to focus on global

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have yielded significant results. Between microplastics of polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), PVC demonstrated greater toxicity to

1355: 13080: 9303: 9277: 7518: 5303: 4066:

In 2015, California prohibited large stores from providing plastic bags, and if so a charge of $ 0.10 per bag and has to meet certain criteria.

1386:

million tonnes of plastic waste entered aquatic ecosystems in 2016. while the Pew Charitable Trusts and SYSTEMIQ (2020) have estimated that 9–14

10616: 4889: 1082: 9540:"The Clean Oceans Initiative doubles its commitment to provide €4 billion by 2025 to protect the Oceans and welcomes EBRD as new member | KfW" 3987:, which specializes in frozen foods, pledged to "eliminate or drastically reduce all plastic packaging for its store-brand products by 2023." 3676:

said that businesses importing, producing or trading plastic bags less than 35 microns in thickness risk facing fines between 1 million to 1.5

2739:

However, plastic tap water pollution remains under-studied, as are the links of how pollution transfers between humans, air, water, and soil.

9859: 9565: 1430:. Fishing-related items are more likely to be found around remote islands. These may also be referred to as micro-, meso-, and macro debris. 12689: 10542: 5007:

Walker, Tony R.; Xanthos, Dirk (2018). "A call for Canada to move toward zero plastic waste by reducing and recycling single-use plastics".

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have already implemented such bans. The new rules entered into force on the first of October, but many are unaware and not prepared for it.

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and as a result they are slow to degrade. Together, these two factors allow large volumes of plastic to enter the environment as mismanaged

13051: 12065: 10741:

Li, Dunzhu; Shi, Yunhong; Yang, Luming; Xiao, Liwen; Kehoe, Daniel K.; Gun'ko, Yurii K.; Boland, John J.; Wang, Jing Jing (November 2020).

10379: 9881: 6337: 3846:

The government of India decided to ban single use plastics and take a number of measures to recycle and reuse plastic from 2 October 2019.

3535:

refers to packaging that is manufactured of durable materials and is specifically designed for multiple trips and extended life. There are

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containers. These micro-plastics can accumulate in the oceans and allow for the accumulation of Persistent Bio-accumulating Toxins such as

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to countries with insufficient waste management infrastructure, where much of it is landfilled, burned, or littered into the environment.

13243: 9976: 3714:, it has committed "to phase out loose fill and moulded polystyrene packaging by July 2022, and various other products by December 2022. 2660:

or other surrounding water sources and also the ecosystem of the world. This can cause serious harm to the species that drink the water.

1160: 848: 11957: 9826: 8684: 5558: 3561:

Reducing plastic waste could support recycling and is often taken together with recycling: the "3R" refer to Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

2509:

and trophic relationships. Degradation (changes in the ecosystem state) and modifications of marine systems are associated with loss of

13338: 11620: 10352: 6312: 2844:, overall negatively impacting their photosynthetic ability. This effect on photosynthesis is likely due to the 60% reduction of algal 12265: 11187: 8226:"Polystyrene nanoplastics inhibit reproduction and induce abnormal embryonic development in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia galeata" 6299:

2021 Consensus Study Report of the Committee of Experts of the United States National Academies of Engineering, Sciences and Medicine

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prohibit non-biodegradable plastic bags at checkout as well as paper bags containing less than 40 percent recycled material. In 2015,

3573:" is trying to collect plastic waste from the oceans by nets. There are concerns from harm to some forms of sea organisms, especially 14356: 11789: 11161: 3850: 3755:

published a plan to cut 30% of plastic waste in five years. As part of this plan, single use plastic bags and straws will be banned.

3694:

It has been estimated that each year, Australia produces around 2.5m tonnes of plastic waste annually, of which about 84% ends up as

2732:

of plastic from tap water per year. The analysis found particles of more than 2.5 microns in size, which is 2500 times bigger than a

12594: 12571: 6459: 4968:"Plasticizer endocrine disruption: Highlighting developmental and reproductive effects in mammals and non-mammalian aquatic species" 1250:

Some researchers suggest that by 2050 there could be more plastic than fish in the oceans by weight. Living organisms, particularly

6437: 5382: 3227: 5411: 4454: 3646: 1640:

It was estimated that global production of plastics is approximately 250 Mt per year. Their abundance has been found to transport

13923: 12548: 11728: 11439:

Lebreton, Laurent C. M.; van der Zwet, Joost; Damsteeg, Jan-Willem; Slat, Boyan; Andrady, Anthony; Reisser, Julia (7 June 2017).

8799: 7023: 4634: 4150: 9752: 8763: 5598:

Walker, T.R.; Reid, K.; Arnould, J.P.Y.; Croxall, J.P. (1997). "Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990–1995".

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million people), people take their recyclables to a centrally located facility. Once collected, the plastics are delivered to a

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had the lowest contamination rate, though still as high as 72%. This means that people may be ingesting between 3,000 and 4,000

1227:

million tonnes of plastic waste enters the ocean from coastal communities each year. It is estimated that there is a stock of 86

12966: 12771: 11986: 11733: 6110:"Quick to commit but slow to change, Corporations are making little progress upscaling towards a circular economy for plastics" 5691:

Pettipas, Shauna; Bernier, Meagan; Walker, Tony R. (2016). "A Canadian policy framework to mitigate plastic marine pollution".

5113:"Governments Agree Landmark Decisions to Protect People and Planet from Hazardous Chemicals and Waste, Including Plastic Waste" 4947: 3806:

In December 2022 the EU took the first steps for banning the export of plastic waste to other countries. Agreement between the

3325: 1657: 12734: 7438: 3857:

has restricted the usage of plastic water bottles (in government functions and meetings) and styrofoam products. The state of

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plants with useful fuel. About 12% of total produced plastic has been incinerated. Many studies have been done concerning the

14351: 13806: 12950: 12620: 11873: 6697: 6510:

Law, Kara Lavender; Starr, Natalie; Siegler, Theodore R.; Jambeck, Jenna R.; Mallos, Nicholas J.; Leonard, George H. (2020).

6347: 6300: 5466: 3658: 3649:-based, map of plastic waste sites which could help identify who and where mismanages plastic waste, dumping it into oceans. 3257:

that result from the incineration process. Incinerated plastics release a number of toxins in the burning process, including

2317: 1067: 12786: 12235: 12087: 10690: 6668: 4831:

Ziani, K; Ioniță-Mîndrican, CB; Mititelu, M; Neacșu, SM; Negrei, C; Moroșan, E; Drăgănescu, D; Preda, OT (25 January 2023).

14265: 14216: 14185: 13290: 6109: 3721:, that began in 2011 in Perth, Western Australia has gained a significant global outreach. As of 2022, it had a record 140 2578: 1273:

billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been

341: 12000: 11756: 9055: 8002:

Lebreton, Laurent C. M.; van der Zwet, Joost; Damsteeg, Jan-Willem; Slat, Boyan; Andrady, Anthony; Reisser, Julia (2017).

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required all businesses that sell food or alcohol to charge an additional 5 cents for each carryout plastic or paper bag.

3189: 12371: 4298:. This was the first of a series of events under the patronage of UNESCO and of the Italian Ministry of the Environment. 4210:

substantial portion of the plastic pollution along the Buffalo River was linked to products manufactured by the company.

4146: 3958:

In 2019, The House of Representatives of Nigeria banned the production, import and usage of plastic bags in the country.

468: 388: 13386: 12322: 12195: 2981:

have been correlated with disruptions in fertility, reproduction, sexual maturation, and other health effects. Specific

13916: 13423: 13202: 11775: 11139: 9464: 9016: 8990: 5450: 4506: 4034: 2612:

rates for plastic packaging at a mere 20%, most discarded plastics end up incinerated or in landfills, where they emit

1874:

million tonnes of plastics wind up in the oceans every year out of which the 83,1% is from the following 20 countries:

1292:

regulates the exportation/importation of plastic waste, largely intended to prevent the shipping of plastic waste from

1062: 976: 418: 13328: 10485: 6160: 5329: 3990:

As of 2020, 104 communities achieved the title of "Plastic free community" in United Kingdom; 500 want to achieve it.

3179: 12735:"Water bottle ban a success; bottled beverage sales have plummeted | The Source | Washington University in St. Louis" 12132: 11896: 10404: 10214: 7691: 7050: 3699: 2648: 918: 823: 10058: 5909: 3218:

A parliamentary committee in the United Kingdom also found that compostable and biodegradable plastics could add to

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Meijer, Lourens J. J.; van Emmerik, Tim; van der Ent, Ruud; Schmidt, Christian; Lebreton, Laurent (30 April 2021).

10642: 9629: 8867: 5963:; Zhang, Jing; Holl, Mark M. Banaszak; Willis, Kathryn; Williams, Alan; Hardesty, Britta D.; Wilcox, Chris (2020). 3800: 1509: 13908: 13448: 7132: 3427: 3304: 1325: 1153: 863: 626: 208: 12881: 9644: 4489:

Hammer, J; Kraak, MH; Parsons, JR (2012). "Plastics in the Marine Environment: The Dark Side of a Modern Gift".

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billion in funding towards decreasing plastic waste at sea by the end of 2025. Improved wastewater treatment in

14201: 14180: 14077: 13831: 10809: 7368:

Honingh, Dorien; van Emmerik, Tim; Uijttewaal, Wim; Kardhana, Hadi; Hoes, Olivier; van de Giesen, Nick (2020).

7331: 5152:"Historic day in the campaign to beat plastic pollution: Nations commit to develop a legally binding agreement" 4546: 3814:

on a revision to the Waste Shipment Regulation, which will cover this matter, was reached on 17 November 2023.

3521:(MRF) or handler for sorting into single-resin streams to increase product value. The sorted plastics are then 3295: 1476: 1382:

million tonnes of mismanaged plastic waste were produced in 2015. Borrelle et al. 2020 has estimated that 19–23

10743:"Microplastic release from the degradation of polypropylene feeding bottles during infant formula preparation" 10665: 10136: 7209:

Kibria, Md. Golam; Masuk, Nahid Imtiaz; Safayet, Rafat; Nguyen, Huy Quoc; Mourshed, Monjur (20 January 2023).

4126:

imposed a $ 0.10 charge on single-use plastic bags at point of sale, and is going to ban them on 1 July 2021.

2493:

by 2050". There are at least 350,000 artificial chemicals in the world. They have mostly "negative effects on

1644:, also known as POPs. These pollutants have been linked to an increased distribution of algae associated with 1595:. Depending on their chemical composition, plastics and resins have varying properties related to contaminant 12039: 10292:

Zorpas, Antonis A. (1 April 2016). "Sustainable waste management through end-of-waste criteria development".

9539: 9498: 6135:"Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Nestlé Are Worst Plastic Polluters of 2020, Have Made 'Zero Progress,' New Report Finds" 3619:

provides graphics about some analyses, including maps, to show sources of plastic pollution – including that

3447: 3170:

believed that having a global plastics treaty will help to effectively address the plastic pollution crisis.

3147: 2443: 1308: 1184:) in the Earth's environment that adversely affects humans, wildlife and their habitat. Plastics that act as 1098: 548: 17: 10520: 9792: 5934: 3446:, active since 1 January 2021, have been rampant during 2021. The U.S., Canada, and the European Union have 2692:

flood risk increases substantially because of plastic waste clogging the already overburdened sewer system.

1724: 14255: 14175: 10973:

Wichai-utcha, N.; Chavalparit, O. (1 January 2019). "3Rs Policy and plastic waste management in Thailand".

3869: 3308: 1759: 1641: 636: 488: 463: 258: 12498: 12111: 11931: 11811: 7077: 6373:

Meijer, Lourens J. J.; Van Emmerik, Tim; Van Der Ent, Ruud; Schmidt, Christian; Lebreton, Laurent (2021).

4966:

Mathieu-Denoncourt, Justine; Wallace, Sarah J.; de Solla, Shane R.; Langlois, Valerie S. (November 2014).

14248: 14170: 13986: 13583: 11066:

Zamroni, M.; Prahara, Rahma Sandhi; Kartiko, Ari; Purnawati, Dia; Kusuma, Dedi Wijaya (1 February 2020).

9932: 9454: 8661: 7657: 7275: 5179:"Plastic pollution during COVID-19: Plastic waste directives and its long-term impact on the environment" 4330: 3518: 3138:

Some supermarkets charge their customers for plastic bags, and in some places more efficient reusable or

747: 498: 12859: 11295: 11068:"The Waste Management Program Of 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) By Economic Incentive And Facility Support" 1716:

According to The Plastic Waste Makers index, 55% of plastic waste worldwide is created by 20 companies.

1662: 14299: 13513: 13488: 13015: 10592:"Opinion | Stop buying the bottle and embrace the environmentally friendly benefits of refill stations" 10515: 4037:

became the first university in the United States to ban the sale of plastic, single-use water bottles.

3764: 3513:. At drop-off recycling centers, which are available to 68 percent of the United States population (213 3442:

According to an analysis of global trade data by the nonprofit Basel Action Network, violations of the

3200:. Biodegradables do not degrade as efficiently in domestic composters, and during this slower process, 1146: 503: 353: 10405:"Breakthrough in separating plastic waste: Machines can now distinguish 12 different types of plastic" 8393:"Polystyrene microplastics induce microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the gut of adult zebrafish" 5836: 4415: 3403:

and the Honolulu Strategy, there is nothing around plastics which infiltrate the ocean from the land.

3114: 1878:

is the most mismanaged plastic waste polluter leaving in the sea the 27.7% of the world total, second

1581:

Average estimated decomposition times of typical marine debris items. Plastic items are shown in blue.

14288: 14022: 13821: 13646: 13463: 13453: 13287:

Biodegradable Plastics and Marine Litter. Misconceptions, concerns and impacts on marine environments

12809: 11613:"Rama: Albania the first country in Europe to ban plastic bags lawfully | Radio Tirana International" 11213: 4589:

Worm, Boris; Lotze, Heike K.; Jubinville, Isabelle; Wilcox, Chris; Jambeck, Jenna (17 October 2017).

3341: 3287: 2964: 2006:

million tonnes of plastic waste is generated each year around the world; between 4.8 million and 12.7

1713:, totaling 24% of the total branded count. 56 companies accounted for over 50% of the branded items. 1666:

Single-serve sachets are a major contributor to plastic pollution, especially in developing countries

1190: 878: 843: 803: 456: 423: 273: 13052:"Rifiuti Diventano Stato, Unesco Riconosce 'Garbage Patch' | Siti - Patrimonio Italiano Unesco" 10431:"Plastic classification via in-line hyperspectral camera analysis and unsupervised machine learning" 6567: 4178: 3887:

in 2016 banned the plastic for all purpose other than for few special cases like milk delivery etc.

3395:

There have been several international covenants which address marine plastic pollution, such as the

3126:

and to reduce mismanaged plastic waste or plastic pollution have occurred or are ongoing. The first

1616:. However, due to the increased volume of plastics in the ocean, decomposition has slowed down. The 14092: 14082: 13944: 13631: 13578: 13468: 12025: 11699:"'Single-use plastics' to be phased out in Australia from 2025 include plastic utensils and straws" 8782:"Can plastic pollution damage our heart health? Study shows microplastics raises heart attack risk" 6082: 4341: 4336: 3672:

became the first country in Europe to ban lightweight plastic bags. Albania's environment minister

3336: 3270: 3002: 2598: 2570: 1577: 873: 493: 428: 365: 13339:

Planet Plastic: How Big Oil and Big Soda kept a global environmental calamity a secret for decades

13209: 12643: 11117:"Could a Solution to Marine Plastic Waste Threaten One of the Ocean's Most Mysterious Ecosystems?" 10163: 10110: 6798:"Plastic Pollution Challenges in Marine and Coastal Environments: From Local to Global Governance" 5727: 5726:

Driedger, Alexander G.J.; Dürr, Hans H.; Mitchell, Kristen; Van Cappellen, Philippe (March 2015).

3558:, which may also prevent potential negative impacts on human health due to microplastics release. 2668: 1974:

A 2019 study calculated the mismanaged plastic waste, in millions of metric tonnes (Mt) per year:

13682: 13573: 13558: 13538: 9481: 9322:"Our planet is drowning in plastic pollution. This World Environment Day, it's time for a change" 9080: 8123: 8068: 7714: 7157: 6999:"Sweeping New Report on Global Environmental Impact of Plastics Reveals Severe Damage to Climate" 6023: 5046:"Picking up litter: Pointless exercise or powerful tool in the battle to beat plastic pollution?" 4742:

Li, Penghui; Wang, Xiaodan; Su, Min; Zou, Xiaoyan; Duan, Linlin; Zhang, Hongwu (1 October 2021).

4356: 3771:

On 3 July 2021, the EU Single-Use Plastics Directive (SUPD, EU 2019/904) went into effect within

2873: 903: 858: 478: 95: 71: 13230: 13055: 12836: 11414:"China dumps 200 million cubic metres of waste in sea after drive to stop throwing it in rivers" 11116: 6313:"Per capita plastic waste generation in select countries worldwide in 2016(in kilograms a year)" 5772:"Five Asian Countries Dump More Plastic into Oceans Than Anyone Else Combined: How You Can Help" 4833:"Microplastics: A Real Global Threat for Environment and Food Safety: A State of the Art Review" 2783: 14097: 13975: 13730: 13458: 13416: 12712: 12200: 9148:"'Really encouraging': Plastic bag bans work, say campaigners. Where is Europe lagging behind?" 4449: 4279: 4246: 3839: 3074: 1620:

has predicted the decomposition rates of several plastic products. It is estimated that a foam

1596: 1505: 1397:

million tonnes per year of plastic waste could enter the oceans by 2040 and between 155 and 265

1041: 528: 10429:

Henriksen, Martin L.; Karlsen, Celine B.; Klarskov, Pernille; Hinge, Mogens (1 January 2022).

8353: 7713:

Blettler, Martín C.M.; Abrial, Elie; Khan, Farhan R.; Sivri, Nuket; Espinola, Luis A. (2018).

3876:, was associated with green protocols. This was initiated by Suchitwa Mission that aimed for " 3831: 3001:

axis, which affects biological functions such as metabolism and development. BPA can decrease

14341: 14277: 13981: 13626: 9514: 8391:

Jin, Yuanxiang; Xia, Jizhou; Pan, Zihong; Yang, Jiajing; Wang, Wenchao; Fu, Zhengwei (2018).

8369: 7323: 6797: 4806: 4538: 4266: 4162: 3984: 3703: 3550:

Another effective strategy, that could be supported by policies, is eliminating the need for

3540: 3471: 3254: 3185: 3058: 2768: 2387: 1676: 1675:. Nearly half of the items were identifiable by consumer brands. The most common brands were 1552:

Macroplastics at the surface ocean 1950–2000 and projections beyond, in million metric tonnes

1454:

Microplastics in the surface ocean 1950–2000 and projections beyond, in million metric tonnes

1011: 853: 719: 631: 328: 7211:"Plastic Waste: Challenges and Opportunities to Mitigate Pollution and Effective Management" 5136: 3423:

would lead to a plastics treaty, but the session ended without a legally binding agreement.

3045:

or as an estrogen, which can cause disruptions in gonadal development and sperm production.

2537:) to the atmosphere. In current trend, annual emissions from these sources will grow to 1.34 1732: 13997: 13992: 13965: 13883: 13280: 13121: 11517: 11452: 11361: 11350:"More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean" 11079: 10982: 10923: 10863: 10716: 10666:"'Loop' Launches in the U.S., Bringing Customers the Products They Love in a Milkman Model" 10301: 10250: 10014: 9771:"New International Requirements for the Export and Import of Plastic Recyclables and Waste" 9660: 9238: 8905: 8404: 8302: 8237: 8182: 8135: 8080: 8015: 7960: 7864: 7799: 7726: 7222: 6944: 6882: 6809: 6706: 6523: 6386: 6375:"More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean" 6361:

An estimated 8 million metric tons (MMT) of plastic waste enter the world's ocean each year

5874: 5742: 5700: 5607: 5504: 5255: 5190: 4755: 4684: 4250: 4224: 3397:

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972

1546: 1450: 1297: 553: 286: 11092: 11067: 9734: 8508:"A Review of Human Exposure to Microplastics and Insights Into Microplastics as Obesogens" 7715:"Freshwater plastic pollution: Recognizing research biases and identifying knowledge gaps" 6869:

De Matteis, Alessandro; Turkmen Ceylan, Fethiye Burcu; Daoud, Mona; Kahuthu, Anne (2022).

6628: 6009: 4672: 4607: 4590: 3930:, decided to ban the usage of single use plastic bags and cutlery on the beaches. In 2020 3698:, and around 130,000 tonnes of plastic waste leaks into the environment. Six of the eight 2656:

plastic can release harmful chemicals into the surrounding soil, which can then seep into

82: 8: 14127: 13888: 13811: 13725: 13677: 13040:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 22 May 2019. 11241:"Limes Bubble Barrier moet plastic bij Katwijk tegenhouden voordat het de zee in stroomt" 8963: 8124:"Impact of polyethylene microbeads on the floating freshwater plant duckweed Lemna minor" 8067:

Wu, Yanmei; Guo, Peiyong; Zhang, Xiaoyan; Zhang, Yuxuan; Xie, Shuting; Deng, Jun (2019).

7552: 7370:"Urban River Water Level Increase Through Plastic Waste Accumulation at a Rack Structure" 6689: 6652: 6482:"Ocean plastics: How much do rich countries contribute by shipping their waste overseas?" 6335: 4283: 4194: 3950:

New Zealand announced a ban on many types of hard-to-recycle single use plastic by 2025.

3807: 3536: 2891: 2383: 2373: 2354: 1745:

The United States is the world leader in generating plastic waste, producing an annual 42

1604: 1586: 1479:

enter the ocean by means of spills during transportation or from land based sources. The

1293: 888: 833: 798: 724: 651: 601: 596: 581: 238: 13125: 12860:"Giant Eagle Becomes First U.S. Retailer of Its Size to Set Single-Use Plastic Phaseout" 12279: 11521: 11456: 11365: 11083: 10986: 10927: 10867: 10305: 10254: 10018: 9242: 8909: 8408: 8306: 8241: 8186: 8139: 8084: 8019: 7964: 7868: 7803: 7730: 7226: 6948: 6886: 6813: 6710: 6527: 6390: 6246: 6213: 5878: 5746: 5704: 5611: 5508: 5259: 5194: 4759: 4688: 3783:

drinks and food packaging (e.g. disposable cups and one-person meals), products made of

2978: 1534: 1433: 14346: 14313: 14142: 14060: 13801: 13775: 13745: 13705: 13687: 13636: 13588: 13568: 13271: 13177: 13152: 11543: 11504:

Willis, Kathryn; Hardesty, Britta Denise; Vince, Joanna; Wilcox, Chris (17 June 2022).

11481: 11440: 11390: 11349: 11097: 11006: 10955: 10895: 10810:"High levels of microplastics released from infant feeding bottles during formula prep" 10788: 10564: 10460: 10333: 10274: 10215:"Rich countries are illegally exporting plastic trash to poor countries, data suggests" 10035: 10002: 9672: 9417: 9206: 9181: 8937: 8740: 8715: 8604: 8569: 8542: 8507: 8485: 8334: 8266: 8206: 8104: 8044: 8003: 7900: 7828: 7787: 7760: 7468: 7251: 7210: 6975: 6932: 6908: 6844:"Safe planetary boundary for pollutants, including plastics, exceeded, say researchers" 6825: 6544: 6511: 6407: 6374: 5994: 5668: 5643: 5525: 5492: 5419: 5276: 5243: 5219: 5178: 5024: 4859: 4832: 4787: 4708: 4520: 4190: 4174: 3873: 3707: 3532: 3057:

for clogged blood vessels were patients with invisible plastic nano particles in their

2489: 1496:, DDT, and PCB's which are hydrophobic in nature and can cause adverse health affects. 1313: 1122: 883: 759: 521: 303: 243: 213: 160: 13134: 13109: 12988: 10617:"This UK supermarket is going refillable to help the planet – and save shoppers money" 7853:"Macroplastic pollution in freshwater environments: Focusing public and policy action" 6024:"Plastics in Oceans Decompose, Release Hazardous Chemicals, Surprising New Study Says" 5619: 5244:"Increased Plastic Pollution Due to Covid-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Recommendations" 2982: 14272: 13970: 13792: 13710: 13409: 13354: 13198: 13182: 13139: 12902: 11828: 11547: 11535: 11486: 11468: 11395: 11377: 11101: 11048: 11010: 10998: 10959: 10947: 10939: 10899: 10887: 10879: 10792: 10780: 10772: 10742: 10464: 10452: 10325: 10317: 10278: 10266: 10040: 9800: 9716: 9676: 9664: 9460: 9409: 9374: 9254: 9211: 9035: 8941: 8929: 8921: 8893: 8892:

MacLeod, Matthew; Arp, Hans Peter H.; Tekman, Mine B.; Jahnke, Annika (2 July 2021).

8745: 8609: 8591: 8547: 8529: 8489: 8477: 8469: 8428: 8420: 8373: 8338: 8326: 8318: 8271: 8253: 8198: 8151: 8108: 8096: 8049: 8031: 7984: 7976: 7904: 7892: 7833: 7815: 7752: 7526: 7391: 7327: 7256: 7238: 7079:

FROM POLLUTION TO SOLUTION A GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF MARINE LITTER AND PLASTIC POLLUTION

6980: 6962: 6912: 6900: 6722: 6606: 6549: 6412: 6343: 6324: 6251: 6233: 6057: 5998: 5986: 5890: 5673: 5530: 5446: 5281: 5224: 5206: 5028: 4989: 4864: 4791: 4779: 4771: 4712: 4700: 4612: 4542: 4512: 4502: 4202: 4166: 3616: 3570: 3491: 3266: 3127: 3123: 2609: 2510: 2013: 1956: 1767: 1617: 1480: 1371: 1304: 1285: 1278: 771: 694: 687: 508: 298: 293: 203: 13348: 10337: 9421: 8210: 8169:

Spirkovski, Z.; Ilik-Boeva, D.; Ritterbusch, D.; Peveling, R.; Pietrock, M. (2019).

7877: 7852: 7764: 7632: 6829: 5886: 5020: 4333:– an area with concentrations of pelagic plastics, chemical sludge, and other debris 3966:

Spain banned several types of single use plastic at the beginning of the year 2023.

3033:, leading to the disruption of the balance between the two. BPA can also affect the 1499: 91:

Plastic pollution affects seas, beaches, rivers and land (clockwise from top left):

14163: 13858: 13760: 13735: 13667: 13533: 13528: 13473: 13172: 13164: 13129: 11525: 11476: 11460: 11385: 11369: 11087: 11038: 10990: 10931: 10871: 10762: 10754: 10442: 10309: 10258: 10030: 10022: 9706: 9656: 9566:"AFRICA: The Clean Oceans initiative will fund twice as many projects as expected?" 9401: 9364: 9246: 9201: 9193: 8913: 8735: 8727: 8599: 8581: 8537: 8519: 8459: 8412: 8365: 8310: 8290: 8261: 8245: 8190: 8170: 8143: 8122:

Kalčíková, Gabriela; Žgajnar Gotvajn, Andreja; Kladnik, Aleš; Jemec, Anita (2017).

8088: 8069:"Effect of microplastics exposure on the photosynthesis system of freshwater algae" 8039: 8023: 7968: 7948: 7882: 7872: 7823: 7807: 7742: 7734: 7446: 7381: 7246: 7230: 6970: 6952: 6890: 6817: 6714: 6596: 6592: 6539: 6531: 6402: 6394: 6241: 6225: 5976: 5882: 5750: 5708: 5663: 5655: 5615: 5520: 5512: 5271: 5263: 5214: 5198: 5016: 4979: 4854: 4844: 4763: 4692: 4642: 4602: 4524: 4494: 4361: 4073: 4041: 3811: 3772: 3555: 3475: 3443: 3407: 3329: 3328:(CEN), lists the standards that plastics must meet, in terms of compostability and 3219: 3132: 3054: 2946: 2498: 2494: 1625: 1359: 1289: 1031: 928: 868: 754: 707: 656: 616: 591: 576: 558: 533: 473: 358: 308: 13938: 13297:

A million bottles a minute: world's plastic binge 'as dangerous as climate change'

12526:"New plastic bans target hard-to-recycle cutlery, meat trays, takeaway containers" 10447: 10430: 9694: 8392: 8314: 8194: 8092: 7851:

Winton, Debbie J.; Anderson, Lucy G.; Rocliffe, Stephen; Loiselle, Steven (2020).

7601: 7343: 6957: 2704:

with plastics, and showed that with a contamination rate of 94%, tap water in the

14027: 14013: 13878: 13765: 13755: 13523: 13214: 13194: 11671: 11530: 11505: 10875: 9690: 9405: 9369: 9352: 9182:"Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends" 8416: 8147: 7738: 6481: 6190:"Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Nestlé named top plastic polluters for third year in a row" 5712: 5202: 4351: 3620: 3420: 3389: 3250: 3207:

There are also other types of degradable materials that are not considered to be

2998: 2994: 2942: 2861: 2478:

A man and woman dragging a bag of plastic waste collected from the beach in Ghana

1351: 816: 776: 646: 611: 543: 483: 411: 348: 248: 12713:"Plastic Bag Bans in U.S. Have Reduced Plastic Bag Use by Billions, Report Says" 12621:"Is It Really Possible To Go 'Plastic Free'? This Town Is Showing The World How" 11918: 8225: 4984: 4967: 4498: 4327:– The role of mesoscale eddies in trapping and transporting plastic in the ocean 2911:

GI tract was noted, but additionally, researchers noted a distinct shift in the

14325: 14056: 13868: 13770: 13641: 13367: 12026:

Commission welcomes political agreement on stronger control of exports of waste

11270: 10758: 10262: 9788: 8249: 7811: 7645: 7616: 7234: 6998: 6895: 6870: 6749: 6477: 5755: 5407: 4767: 3792: 3784: 3740: 3551: 3522: 3006: 2934: 2878: 2717: 2624: 2530: 2522: 2309: 1964: 1592: 1134: 938: 838: 793: 786: 781: 538: 233: 42: 10994: 10313: 8524: 6601: 6580: 5981: 5965:"Microplastic Pollution in Deep-Sea Sediments From the Great Australian Bight" 5964: 5267: 4647: 4081:

million barrels of oil used to make plastic bags used by the state each year.

2759:

the plastics are damaging to plants and organisms living in these ecosystems.

1330: 14335: 14308: 14243: 14050: 13836: 13826: 13816: 13720: 13621: 13543: 13493: 13245:

Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics

12906: 12205: 11539: 11472: 11381: 11140:"A 'Bubble Barrier' is trapping plastic waste before it can get into the sea" 11052: 11002: 10943: 10883: 10776: 10456: 10321: 10270: 9804: 9720: 9668: 9378: 9120:"End plastic pollution: Towards an international legally binding instrument*" 8925: 8595: 8533: 8473: 8424: 8377: 8322: 8257: 8202: 8035: 7980: 7819: 7581: 7530: 7496: 7395: 7386: 7369: 7242: 6966: 6904: 6777:"Caribbean Islands Are The Biggest Plastic Polluters Per Capita In The World" 6610: 6336:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2022). "Summary".

6237: 6061: 5990: 5210: 4775: 4743: 4616: 4366: 4346: 4309:

million tons in 2025, partly as a result of a surge in e-commerce packaging.

3998: 3788: 3725:

million participants making conscious changes and reducing their waste by 2.6

3467: 3139: 3062: 2907:, aka zebrafish. Increased mucus production and inflammation response in the 2845: 2729: 2705: 2701: 2617: 2605: 2586: 2562: 2550: 2297: 1951: 1470: 1466: 1459: 1423: 1422:

There are three major forms of plastic that contribute to plastic pollution:

1232: 1117: 953: 443: 438: 433: 191: 133: 109: 12449:"In First for Israel, Two Seaside Cities Ban Plastic Disposables on Beaches" 11320: 10935: 9180:

Thompson, R. C.; Moore, C. J.; vom Saal, F. S.; Swan, S. H. (14 June 2009).

8917: 8731: 7972: 7919: 6718: 6687: 5910:"Hidden Beneath the Ocean's Surface, Nearly 16 Million Tons of Microplastic" 4696: 3823:

the measures will not be implemented well due to the current energy crisis.

3384:

been failing to meet even their own minimum targets for virgin plastic use.

13863: 13853: 13715: 13662: 13563: 13508: 13483: 13301: 13235: 13186: 13168: 13143: 12421: 12372:"After Fighting Plastic in 'Paradise Lost,' Sisters Take On Climate Change" 11703: 11490: 11399: 11373: 10951: 10891: 10784: 10329: 10044: 10026: 9793:"Countries Tried to Curb Trade in Plastic Waste. The U.S. Is Shipping More" 9711: 9591: 9413: 9351:

Verma, Rinku; Vinoda, K.S.; Papireddy, M.; Gowda, A.N.S. (1 January 2016).

9258: 9215: 9197: 8933: 8804: 8749: 8613: 8586: 8551: 8481: 8432: 8330: 8275: 8155: 8100: 8053: 7988: 7896: 7837: 7756: 7411:"Plastic bags clogging Bangkok's sewers complicate efforts to fight floods" 7260: 6984: 6726: 6553: 6535: 6416: 6398: 6255: 6229: 5894: 5677: 5659: 5642:

Barnes, D. K. A.; Galgani, F.; Thompson, R. C.; Barlaz, M. (14 June 2009).

5534: 5516: 5285: 5228: 4993: 4868: 4783: 4704: 4516: 4324: 4295: 3862: 3706:'s National Packaging Targets created the goal of phasing out the worst of 3673: 3400: 3364: 3321: 3151: 3070: 3042: 2897: 2882: 2856: 2792: 2506: 2447: 2342: 2180: 1915: 1629: 1608: 986: 948: 933: 764: 729: 674: 393: 253: 51: 14109: 13598: 11790:"Canada is banning single-use plastics, including grocery bags and straws" 8764:"Nanoplastics linked to heart attack, stroke and early death, study finds" 8464: 8447: 5304:"The Great Bubble Barrier: How bubbles are keeping plastic out of the sea" 3106: 1762:

estimated in 2022 that the worldwide entry of plastic into the ocean was 8

14046: 14018: 13953: 13873: 13672: 13553: 13548: 12572:"Tobacco companies to be billed for cleaning up cigarette butts in Spain" 12326: 10086:"Malaysia, following in China's footsteps, bans imports of plastic waste" 9907:"Global treaty to tackle plastic pollution gains steam without US and UK" 7887: 6731:

The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea

5960: 5644:"Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments" 4965: 4123: 4116: 4092: 3994: 3934:

joined them, banning also the sale of single use plastic on the beaches.

3891: 3599: 3401:

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973

3313: 3159: 3095: 3053:

A recent research found that approximately 58% of patients who underwent

3018: 2797: 2685: 2676:, Nigeria during a volunteer sanitation day. Even when there is adequate 2657: 2653: 2439: 2399: 2378: 2338: 2330: 2284: 2076: 1947: 1883: 1621: 1613: 1493: 1485: 1274: 1251: 908: 606: 586: 223: 140: 12928:"How Big Oil Misled The Public Into Believing Plastic Would Be Recycled" 12549:"Reps pass bill banning plastic bags, prescribe fines against offenders" 11464: 11043: 11026: 10829:"Bottle-fed babies swallow millions of microplastics a day, study finds" 9102:"'It's a pipe dream': Green groups blast plastic makers' recycling push" 8027: 2924: 2469: 2458: 122:

Piles of plastic waste on the government-authorized "garbage island" of

62: 14122: 13750: 13740: 13319:

Microplastic pollution revealed ‘absolutely everywhere’ by new research

11645: 11506:"Local waste management successfully reduces coastal plastic pollution" 8168: 7947:

Schmidt, Christian; Krauth, Tobias; Wagner, Stephan (7 November 2017).

7747: 5559:"Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics" 5177:

Shams, Mehnaz; Alam, Iftaykhairul; Mahbub, Md Shahriar (October 2021).

4849: 3877: 3776: 3208: 3193: 3038: 3034: 2951: 2912: 2546: 2369: 2362: 2167: 1911: 1719: 1600: 1255: 958: 714: 218: 129: 123: 13157:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

13012:"All You Need To Know About India's 'Beat Plastic Pollution' Movement" 12667:"October start set for ban in England of single-use plastic tableware" 10767: 9695:"The Global Plastic Pollution Crisis: how should New Zealand respond?" 9250: 9186:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

8446:

Rastelli, Marialetizia; Cani, Patrice D; Knauf, Claude (13 May 2019).

6821: 6568:"U.S. Continues to Ship Illegal Plastic Waste to Developing Countries" 5648:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4115:

enacted on legislation. Vermont also restricted single-use straws and

1390:

million tonnes of plastic waste ended up in the oceans the same year.

14211: 14117: 14087: 13957: 13518: 13503: 13478: 13387:"22 Facts About Plastic Pollution (And 10 Things We Can Do About It)" 13372: 13110:"The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review" 12472:"Citing Environmental Concerns, Tel Aviv Bans Disposables on Beaches" 12158: 11587: 10003:"The Chinese import ban and its impact on global plastic waste trade" 9175: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9165: 8506:

Kannan, Kurunthachalam; Vimalkumar, Krishnamoorthi (18 August 2021).

6442: 4948:"Turning rubbish into money – environmental innovation leads the way" 4242: 4005:

From October 2023 many types of single use plastic will be banned in

3993:

After two schoolgirls Ella and Caitlin launched a petition about it,

3884: 3780: 3629:

A large fraction of ocean plastics may come from – also non-imported

3591: 3356: 2903: 2733: 2102: 2063: 1891: 1879: 1736:

Per capita mismanaged plastic waste (in kilograms per person per day)

1624:

will take 50 years, a plastic beverage holder will take 400 years, a

1427: 1288:

of all land and marine animals combined. A May 2019 amendment to the

1198: 1185: 1181: 1026: 981: 943: 893: 828: 734: 198: 168: 99: 9959:"'Biggest green deal since Paris': UN agrees plastic treaty roadmap" 9827:"We need a legally binding treaty to make plastic pollution history" 9435: 9056:"Inside Big Plastic's Faltering $ 1.5 Billion Global Cleanup Effort" 8868:"Is global plastic pollution nearing an irreversible tipping point?" 8121: 7367: 6868: 6688:

Christian Schmidt; Tobias Krauth; Stephan Wagner (11 October 2017).

6512:"The United States' contribution of plastic waste to land and ocean" 6325:"The United States’ Contribution of Plastic Waste to Land and Ocean" 4182: 1680: 14132: 13358: 12349:"India begins to ban single-use plastics including cups and straws" 12325:. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board. 23 June 2018. Archived from 12028:, IP/23/5818, published 17 November 2023, accessed 12 December 2023 11347: 11023: 9617:"Voluntary Efforts Curb the World’s Plastic Problem Aren’t Working" 7519:"Plastic fibres found in tap water around the world, study reveals" 7184:"Plastic planet: How tiny plastic particles are polluting our soil" 7158:"An underestimated threat: Land-based pollution with microplastics" 6673: 6372: 6271:"Twenty firms produce 55% of world's plastic waste, report reveals" 5935:"14 million tonnes of microplastics on sea floor: Australian study" 4830: 4744:"Characteristics of Plastic Pollution in the Environment: A Review" 4198: 4100: 4060: 4010: 3931: 3927: 3702:

had by December 2021 committed to banning a range of plastics. The

3695: 3233: 3030: 3026: 3022: 2751: 2677: 2411: 2395: 2232: 2141: 2115: 1931: 1903: 1895: 1645: 1216: 1202: 398: 144: 103: 13604: 13210:"Millions of pieces of plastic waste found on remote island chain" 12397:"How Teenage Sisters Pushed Bali To Say 'Bye-Bye' To Plastic Bags" 10912: 10189:"'Waste colonialism': world grapples with west's unwanted plastic" 9162: 6581:"Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal" 5073:"Human-made materials now outweigh Earth's entire biomass – study" 4161:

The ten corporations that produce the most plastic on the planet,

3779:

and balloon sticks, plastic plates, cutlery, stirrers and straws,

2933:

compounds are unsafe, they have been used in the manufacturing of

1316:

masks and packaging to increase production of single use plastic.

14260: 14137: 14038: 13940: 13432: 13375:, then contemporary life may need to be rethought." (p. 27.) 13329:

After bronze and iron, welcome to the plastic age, say scientists

11982: 9630:"The Basel Convention: From Hazardous Waste to Plastic Pollution" 8574:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

8224:

Cui, Rongxue; Kim, Shin Woong; An, Youn-Joo (21 September 2017).

6578: 5725: 4319: 4186: 4154: 4135: 4112: 4006: 3669: 3638: 3595: 3574: 3372: 3201: 3197: 3066: 2938: 2814: 2721: 2709: 2689: 2613: 2558: 2516: 2407: 2403: 2346: 2271: 2258: 2206: 2154: 2089: 1943: 1939: 1923: 1907: 1887: 1684: 1500:

Amounts, locations, tracking, and correlations of the microdebris

1259: 1177: 178: 13081:"Plastics have shaped nearly every aspect of society. Now what?" 11438: 10852: 8001: 7784: 7302:"'Disastrous' plastic use in farming threatens food safety – UN" 6926: 6924: 6922: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 3249:

At a large scale, plastics, paper, and other materials provides

2680:, plastic pollution can prevent drainage and impede sewage flow. 2365:) "transport 88–95% of the global plastics load into the sea.". 1414: 13362: 12690:"Ban on single-use plastic cutlery comes into force in England" 12499:"16 Times Countries and Cities Have Banned Single-Use Plastics" 10565:"Waste reduction: 'Refill just one bottle and cut plastic use'" 9852:"A legally binding agreement on plastic pollution – FAQs – EIA" 7497:"Your tap water may contain plastic, researchers warn (Update)" 6781: 5776: 5383:"Will plastic pollution get worse after the COVID-19 pandemic?" 5137:"180 Nations Agree UN Deal to Regulate Export of Plastic Waste" 4728:

Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy

4287: 4170: 4108: 4056: 3854: 3796: 3587: 3258: 2725: 2673: 2632: 2420: 2391: 2358: 2350: 2334: 2245: 2219: 2039: 1935: 1927: 1710: 1706: 1513: 1036: 1016: 923: 913: 621: 113: 11065: 9228: 8846:"New disease caused solely by plastics discovered in seabirds" 7850: 3751:

China is the biggest consumer of single-use plastics. In 2020

3143:

restaurants to be recognized as eco-friendly among customers.

2549:

gas emissions, as much as 14 percent of the earth's remaining

1370:

A large proportion of post-consumer plastic waste consists of

12940:"Plastics Industry Insiders Reveal the Truth About Recycling" 12895:"New York Attorney General Sues Pepsi Over Plastic Packaging" 12297:"Plastic ban in Maharashtra: What is allowed, what is banned" 10428: 10239: 10001:

Brooks, Amy L.; Wang, Shunli; Jambeck, Jenna R. (June 2018).

9882:"NGOs and Businesses Call for UN Treaty on Plastic Pollution" 8800:"Microplastics found in human breast milk for the first time" 8289:

Araújo, Amanda Pereira da Costa; Malafaia, Guilherme (2020).

6919: 6438:"Top 20 Countries Ranked by Mass of Mismanaged Plastic Waste" 6004: 4469: 4291: 4104: 4085: 4048: 4014: 3923: 3858: 3752: 3360: 3262: 3073:

were found in the plaque tissues of 150 people who underwent

2713: 2628: 2582: 2415: 2193: 2128: 2050: 1919: 1899: 1875: 1367:

unsuitable colour, hardness, or processing characteristics).

1220: 1194: 1046: 991: 383: 117: 13309:

Guess What's Showing Up In Our Shellfish? One Word: Plastics

13151:

Hopewell, Jefferson; Dvorak, Robert; Kosior, Edward (2009).

9592:"Clean Oceans Initiative doubles commitment to €4bn by 2025" 9304:"Bugs across globe are evolving to eat plastic, study finds" 9278:"Plastic alternatives may worsen marine pollution, MPs warn" 7553:"Plastic Fibers Are Found in '83% of the World's Tap Water'" 6931:

Thushari, G. G. N.; Senevirathna, J. D. M. (1 August 2020).

6666: 6301:"Reckoning with the U.S. Role in Global Ocean Plastic Waste" 5581: 5579: 3299:

Projected share of inadequately managed plastic waste (2025)

2778: 1284:

As of 2020, the global mass of produced plastic exceeds the

13498: 13401: 11816:

China, the world's biggest consumer of single-use plastics.

10643:"World's Biggest Brands Join Ambitious New Packaging Model" 10137:"Thailand to ban imports of high-tech trash, plastic waste" 9977:"UN body weighs a global treaty to fight plastic pollution" 8709: 8707: 8705: 8352:

Niemi, Gerald J.; McDonald, Michael E. (15 December 2004).

7942: 7940: 7025:

Plastic & Climate: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet

6745:"Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers" 6744: 5641: 5356:"Plastic in the time of a pandemic: protector or polluter?" 4052: 3911: 3510: 3506: 3368: 2590: 2326: 1212: 1021: 268: 263: 228: 12066:"From 2 October, Govt to crack down on single-use plastic" 11729:"Which Australian states are banning single-use plastics?" 11343: 11341: 11180: 9392:

Groff, Tricia (2010). "Bisphenol A: invisible pollution".

8628:"Report: Plastic Threatens Human Health at a Global Scale" 7469:"Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Global Drinking Water" 7052:

Plastic & Climate The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet

6460:"Countries Putting The Most Plastic Waste Into The Oceans" 6339:

Reckoning with the U.S. Role in Global Ocean Plastic Waste

5471:

UCSB Bren School of Environmental Science & Management

5297: 5295: 4213: 3118:

Waste generation, measured in kilograms per person per day

1766:

million metric tons of plastic per year. A 2021 study by

1303:

The amount of plastic waste produced increased during the

13312: 11563:"Plastic waste can now be found and monitored from space" 11503: 10111:"Cambodia probes Chinese firm over illegal waste imports" 9350: 9179: 8568:

D'Angelo, Stefania; Meccariello, Rosaria (1 March 2021).

6210: 5576: 5095: 5093: 4670: 4588: 4141: 12040:"New Year, New Ban: France Tackles Disposable Packaging" 11154: 10543:"Facts and Figures about Materials, Waste and Recycling" 9385: 8702: 8448:"The Gut Microbiome Influences Host Endocrine Functions" 8171:"Ghost net removal in ancient Lake Ohrid: A pilot study" 7937: 7208: 7133:"The Climate Impact of Our Insatiable Plastic Addiction" 6050:"Coca-Cola is world's biggest plastics polluter – again" 5728:"Plastic debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: A review" 5597: 3282: 3173: 2368:

The Caribbean Islands are the biggest plastic polluters

12228:"National Games 2015: Simple Steps To Keep Games Green" 12174:"National Games: Green Panel Recommends Ban on Plastic" 11829:"Single-use plastic: China to ban bags and other items" 11338: 11206: 10972: 10482:"AF&PA Releases Community Recycling Survey Results" 9017:"New Global Alliance to End Plastic Waste Has Launched" 8991:"Pledging for a plastic-free dining culture | Daily FT" 8820:"New disease caused by plastics discovered in seabirds" 8567: 7788:"Plastic pollution: A focus on freshwater biodiversity" 7712: 6669:"What plastic objects cause the most waste in the sea?" 6648:"STUDY: 95% of plastic in the sea comes from 10 rivers" 6342:. Washington: The National Academies Press. p. 1. 5292: 3717:

An Australian single-use plastic reduction initiative,

3645:

There is one global, interactive machine learning- and

3466:

For instance, there are systems that can theoretically

3215:

fractions, at which point they do not degrade further.

2501:, meaning to products that can be reused and recycled. 1521:

et al., 2015 – to currently enter the oceans annually.

1334:

The pathway by which plastics enters the world's oceans

12112:"Ban on Styrofoam Products and Packaged Water Bottles" 11897:"Single-Use Plastics Will Be Banned in Europe by 2021" 11162:"Waterschap en gemeente halen plastic uit de grachten" 10807: 8891: 6871:"A systemic approach to tackling ocean plastic debris" 6509: 6214:"Global producer responsibility for plastic pollution" 5330:"Plastics industry adapts to business during COVID-19" 5090: 4748:

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

4278:

On 11 April 2013 in order to create awareness, artist

3485: 3378: 2941:

in the male endocrine system and with early stages of

2325:(2017) calculated that ten rivers: two in Africa (the 2312:

countries combined would rank eighteenth on the list.

1967:

countries combined would rank eighteenth on the list.

1347:

billion tons is waste, with only 9% getting recycled.

1180:

objects and particles (e.g. plastic bottles, bags and

14297: 12001:"EU Takes Step Towards Banning Plastic Waste Exports" 10545:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2017 10353:"Plastikmüll und Recycling: Acht Mythen und Irrtümer" 10164:"Recyclers turn to AI robots after waste import bans" 5958: 5690: 5493:"Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made" 4537:

Hester, Ronald E.; Harrison, R. M. (editors) (2011).

4491:

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

3791:, while cigarette filters, drinking cups, wet wipes, 3611: 3180:

Sustainable packaging § Alternatives to plastics

2821: 2541:

billion tonnes by 2030. By 2050 plastic could emit 56

1778: 13150: 13038:"The garbage patch territory turns into a new state" 12837:"Maine First U.S. State to Ban Styrofoam Containers" 12644:"McDonald's UK Happy Meals Will Be Plastic Toy Free" 12595:"UK supermarket promises to go plastic-free by 2023" 11762:

Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment

11232: 10380:"Plastic Recycling Doesn't Work and Will Never Work" 8358:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

6930: 4088:

ban Styrofoam (polystyrene) containers in May 2019.

3554:

such as by using refillable e.g. steel bottles, and

3332:, in order to officially be labeled as compostable. 3069:, and death. Another research found that amounts of 2928:

The site where the refuse is being recycled in Ghana

1720:

Major plastic waste generator and polluter countries

1612:

resulting in the release of toxic chemicals such as

13349:

Plastics an 'unfolding disaster' for US marine life

11131: 9645:"The Economics of the International Trade of Waste" 8716:"Plastics and environmental health: the road ahead" 8714:North, Emily J.; Halden, Rolf U. (1 January 2013). 8685:"Microplastics found in human blood for first time" 7946: 5445:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press. 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 3367:are some examples, as is solid waste management in 3335:Given the significant threat that oceans face, the 2804: 1728:

Share of plastic waste that is inadequately managed

13153:"Plastics recycling: Challenges and opportunities" 12963:"Earth Day Network Launches Great Global Clean Up" 11264: 11262: 9628:Benson, Emily; Mortensen, Sarah (7 October 2021). 8956: 6645: 5467:"What Percentage of Plastic is Recycled Globally?" 4488: 3690:Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags in Australia 3413: 3291:Share of inadequately managed plastic waste (2010) 3122:Efforts to reduce the use of plastics, to promote 2985:have also resulted in similar biological effects. 1350:It is estimated that this waste is made up of 81% 11924: 11851:"China to ban single-use plastic bags and straws" 11321:"Where does the plastic in our oceans come from?" 10535: 10000: 8445: 7949:"Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea" 7920:"Where does the plastic in our oceans come from?" 7684:"Plastic in Our Oceans Is Killing Marine Mammals" 7633:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132357 7003:Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) 6774: 6690:"Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea" 3110:Household items made of various types of plastic. 14333: 13281:Editorial: Plastic Pollution: An Ocean Emergency 13000:Plans Underway for 50th Anniversary of Earth Day 11269:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (1 September 2018). 9353:"Toxic Pollutants from Plastic Waste – A Review" 9081:"Alliance to End Plastic Waste: Barely Credible" 8505: 7344:"Development solutions: Building a better ocean" 7316: 7274:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (28 December 2023). 6667:Duncan Hooper; Rafael Cereceda (20 April 2018). 4912: 4910: 4551: 4445:"We Depend on Plastic. Now We're Drowning in It" 4257:activists, with a major focus on plastic waste. 4231: 3017:BPA can disrupt normal, physiological levels of 2488:In January 2022 a group of scientists defined a 1997: 1770:estimated that rivers convey between 0.8 and 2.7 1635: 12447:Ben Zikri, Almog; Rinat, Zafrir (3 June 2019). 11441:"River plastic emissions to the world's oceans" 11259: 10975:Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 10640: 9627: 8066: 8004:"River plastic emissions to the world's oceans" 7602:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146569 7215:International Journal of Environmental Research 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 5490: 5176: 4673:"Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean" 4569:"When The Mermaids Cry: The Great Plastic Tide" 3478:while only an estimated 9% of the estimated 6.3 1993:0.1 Mt – Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, etc.) 12810:"Paper or Plastic? Time to Bring Your Own Bag" 12446: 11814:. Ohio River Valley Institute. 3 August 2020. 9787: 8954: 8288: 7276:"How much plastic waste ends up in the ocean?" 6742: 6476: 4961: 4959: 4957: 3642:global success of reducing plastic pollution. 2517:Plastic pollution as a cause of climate change 2418:, according to a set of studies summarized by 13924: 13417: 13207: 11723: 11721: 11646:"Albania bans non-biodegradable plastic bags" 10740: 10717:"Can you really have a plastic-free kitchen?" 10641:Lorraine Chow J, Lorraine (25 January 2019). 9689: 9480:Bank, European Investment (14 October 2020). 8390: 8351: 7324:Interactive Environmental Education Book VIII 6933:"Plastic pollution in the marine environment" 6457: 5585: 5006: 4907: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4063:was the last major county approving the ban. 3320:specific ways of managing plastic waste. The 2638: 2432: 1238:Global plastic production has surged from 1.5 1154: 27:Accumulation of plastic in natural ecosystems 13248:, United Nations Environment Programme. 13234: This article incorporates text from a 12880:Changing Markets Foundation, 17 Sept. 2020, 11964:. Interreg Europe (GECOTTI-PE). 25 June 2020 11950: 11268: 10294:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 9497:Bank, European Investment (9 October 2020). 9456:The EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021–2025 8570:"Microplastics: A Threat for Male Fertility" 7917: 7646:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117943 7617:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.008 7273: 6579:Lebreton, Laurent; Andrady, Anthony (2019). 6423: 6021: 6015: 5769: 4442: 3453: 3448:sent hundreds of millions of tons of plastic 2742: 1572: 13279:Colette, Wabnitz & Wallace J. Nichols. 12133:"Bihar bans plastic packaged water bottles" 11238: 10243:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 9956: 9753:"Basel Convention Plastic Waste Amendments" 9636: 9040:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8713: 5556: 5146: 5144: 4954: 4741: 3743:pledged to ban single use plastic in 2019. 3351:The Clean Ocean Initiative plans to give €4 3025:that normally bind to sex hormones such as 1740: 1540:Plastic bags are an example of macrodebris. 13931: 13917: 13424: 13410: 11718: 10826: 10808:Trinity College Dublin (19 October 2020). 10691:"8 simple ways to reduce your plastic use" 9642: 8894:"The global threat from plastic pollution" 8682: 7918:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (1 May 2021). 7582:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02820-1 7516: 7408: 7299: 6161:"Coca-Cola Shares Sustainability Progress" 6107: 5406: 4655: 4595:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 4591:"Plastic as a Persistent Marine Pollutant" 3283:§ Collection, recycling and reduction 1786:Top 12 mismanaged plastic waste polluters 1504:A 2004 study by Richard Thompson from the 1409: 1161: 1147: 177: 13176: 13133: 12926:National Public Radio, 12 September 2020 12323:"Plastic Waste Management in Maharashtra" 11787: 11696: 11529: 11480: 11389: 11220:. Rotary Clubs of Amsterdam. 22 July 2021 11091: 11042: 10766: 10505: 10503: 10446: 10034: 9957:Geddie, John; Brock, Joe (2 March 2022). 9710: 9683: 9368: 9205: 8739: 8603: 8585: 8541: 8523: 8463: 8265: 8043: 7886: 7876: 7827: 7746: 7385: 7250: 6974: 6956: 6894: 6600: 6543: 6406: 6245: 5980: 5754: 5667: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5524: 5491:Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (July 2017). 5275: 5218: 4983: 4918:"The known unknowns of plastic pollution" 4858: 4848: 4646: 4635:"The living things that feast on plastic" 4606: 4541:. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 84–85. 3851:Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation 2881:dead after becoming tangled in discarded 2779:Effects of plastic on oceans and seabirds 13255: 13238:work. Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( 12592: 11894: 11871: 11239:Wolfsbergen, Mirjam (5 September 2021). 11194:. Gemeente Amsterdam (City of Amsterdam) 11138:Narula, Maheshpreet Kaur (8 June 2021). 10476: 10474: 10377: 9933:"Outcomes of the Online Session: UNEA-5" 9824: 9589: 8370:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130132 8223: 7911: 6795: 5719: 5141: 4719: 4566: 4260: 4145: 3830: 3525:to reduce shipping costs to reclaimers. 3392:and scrap products, including plastics. 3294: 3286: 3228:Category:Organisms breaking down plastic 3113: 3105: 2971: 2923: 2872: 2782: 2667: 2585:and will consume 19% of the 1.5 degrees 1731: 1723: 1661: 1651: 1576: 1449: 1432: 1413: 1329: 13107: 13075: 13073: 12787:"New York Officially Bans Plastic Bags" 12766: 12764: 12762: 12760: 12758: 12756: 12710: 12664: 12593:Martinko, Katherine (17 January 2018). 12493: 12491: 12489: 12369: 11765:. Australian Government. 3 October 2021 11640: 11638: 11214:"Project: Limes Bubble Barrier Katwijk" 10378:Enck, Judith; Dell, Jan (30 May 2022). 9818: 9621: 9590:Shrestha, Priyanka (14 February 2022). 9563: 9500:The EIB and the Clean Oceans Initiative 9094: 8563: 8561: 8501: 8499: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7626: 7624: 7517:Carrington, Damian (5 September 2017). 6775:Daphne Ewing-Chow (20 September 2019). 6268: 6187: 6047: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5440: 5381:Monella, Lillo Montalto (12 May 2020). 5380: 5070: 4945: 4807:"How to stop the sixth mass extinction" 4294:, France, in front of Director General 4214:Deception of the public about recycling 3612:§ Major plastic polluter countries 3605: 3580: 3470:12 types of plastics such as PET using 2988: 2485:made on the ocean and even the coasts. 14: 14334: 13514:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE) 12892: 12857: 12834: 12687: 12641: 12523: 12063: 12037: 11734:Australian Marine Conservation Society 11137: 11114: 10916:Environmental Science & Technology 10827:Carrington, Damian (19 October 2020). 10500: 10350: 10291: 9661:10.1146/annurev-resource-100913-012639 9346: 9344: 9342: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9231:Environmental Science & Technology 9073: 8848:. Natural History Museum. 3 March 2023 8354:"Application of Ecological Indicators" 7953:Environmental Science & Technology 7611: 7609: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7575: 7573: 7491: 7489: 7300:Carrington, Damian (7 December 2021). 7202: 7130: 6698:Environmental Science & Technology 6646:Cheryl Santa Maria (8 November 2017). 5763: 5626: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5111:UN Environment Programme, 12 May 2019 5040: 5038: 4941: 4939: 4804: 4798: 4584: 4582: 4142:Obstruction by major plastic producers 3632: 3426:In 2022, countries agreed to devise a 3326:European Committee for Standardization 2318:Environmental Science & Technology 1984:7.9 Mt – Latin America & Caribbean 1658:Category:Plastics companies by country 132:plastic bottle on hiking trail in the 13912: 13454:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) 13449:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 13405: 12546: 12469: 11958:"The importance of the SUP Directive" 11874:"EU to halve plastic bag use by 2019" 11804: 11560: 11072:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 10663: 10471: 10161: 10059:"Turkey to ban plastic waste imports" 9391: 9127:United Nations Environmental Programm 9014: 7433: 7431: 7106:Climate change and plastics pollution 6183: 6181: 5857: 5557:Environment, U.N. (21 October 2021). 5009:Resources, Conservation and Recycling 4972:General and Comparative Endocrinology 4824: 4628: 4626: 4608:10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060700 4438: 4436: 3763:In 2015 the European Union adopted a 3659:Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags 3174:Biodegradable and degradable plastics 3041:of sex hormones. It often acts as an 2663: 1563: 1437:Plastic bottle stuck on edge of river 1343:billion tons of plastic, of which 6.3 14266:List of environmental health hazards 14186:List of environmental health hazards 13291:United Nations Environment Programme 13070: 12807: 12784: 12753: 12618: 12486: 12351:. Associated Press. NPR. 1 July 2022 11998: 11635: 11296:"Plastic waste emitted to the ocean" 9791:; Corkery, Michael (12 March 2021). 9643:Kellenberg, Derek (1 October 2015). 9496: 9479: 9452: 9446: 8971:from the original on 12 January 2022 8958:"Australian town bans bottled water" 8683:Carrington, Damian (24 March 2022). 8558: 8496: 7771: 7637: 7621: 7131:Dottle, Rachael (30 December 2022). 6108:Priestland, Emma (5 November 2020). 5301: 4946:Nomadic, Global (29 February 2016). 4805:Sutter, John D. (12 December 2016). 3652: 3433: 3344:(AFD) agreed to invest a total of €2 3101: 2919: 2579:United Nations Environment Programme 1753: 1701:billion single use bottles by 2025. 13208:Clive Cookson, Leslie Hook (2019), 12893:Nerkar, Santul (15 November 2023). 12858:Rosane, Olivia (18 December 2019). 12370:Paddock, Richard C. (3 July 2020). 12154:"Green rules of the National Games" 11895:Matthews, Lyndsey (16 April 2019). 11812:"The Macroproblem of Microplastics" 11247:. 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It is estimated that 1.1 to 8.8 14357:Environmental impact of products 14319: 14307: 13603: 13597: 13489:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 13464:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 13283:. 3 March 2010. 28 January 2013. 13229: 13044: 13030: 13004: 12993: 12981: 12955: 12944: 12932: 12920: 12886: 12874: 12851: 12828: 12801: 12778: 12727: 12704: 12681: 12658: 12642:Rosane, Olivia (18 March 2020). 12635: 12612: 12586: 12563: 12540: 12517: 12463: 12440: 12414: 12389: 12363: 12341: 12315: 12289: 12272: 12250: 12220: 12188: 12166: 12146: 12125: 12104: 12080: 12064:Mathew, Liz (5 September 2019). 12057: 12038:Tucker, Flora (3 January 2023). 12031: 12018: 11992: 11976: 11911: 11888: 11865: 11843: 11821: 11788:Newburger, Emma (21 June 2022). 11781: 11749: 11690: 11664: 11605: 11580: 11554: 11497: 11432: 11406: 11313: 11288: 11108: 11059: 11017: 10966: 10906: 10846: 10805:News reports with lay summaries: 10734: 10709: 10683: 10657: 10634: 10609: 10583: 10557: 10422: 10397: 10371: 10344: 10285: 10233: 10207: 10181: 10155: 10129: 10103: 10084:Lee, Yen Nee (25 January 2019). 10077: 10051: 9994: 9969: 9950: 9925: 9899: 9874: 9844: 9781: 9763: 9745: 9727: 9609: 9583: 9557: 9532: 9507: 9490: 9473: 9428: 9314: 9296: 9222: 9140: 9112: 9048: 9008: 8983: 8948: 8885: 8860: 8838: 8812: 8792: 8774: 8756: 8676: 8646: 8620: 8439: 8384: 8345: 8282: 8217: 8162: 8115: 8060: 7995: 7857:Science of the Total Environment 7844: 7706: 7676: 7650: 7544: 7510: 6796:Hardesty, Britta Denise (2017). 6083:"Global Brand Audit Report 2019" 6003: 4493:. 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By 2100 it will emit 260 2433:Effects on the environment 2427: 1655: 1584: 1457: 1323: 14286: 14231: 14207:European REACH regulation 14202:California Proposition 65 14194: 14151: 14108: 14070: 14037: 14006: 13952: 13945:polyhalogenated compounds 13901: 13846: 13822:High-performance plastics 13791: 13784: 13696: 13655: 13647:High-performance plastics 13612: 13595: 13439: 13114:Marine Pollution Bulletin 12258:"Setting a New Precedent" 10995:10.1007/s10163-018-0781-y 10314:10.1007/s11356-015-5990-5 8525:10.3389/fendo.2021.724989 6602:10.1057/s41599-018-0212-7 5982:10.3389/fmars.2020.576170 5867:Marine Pollution Bulletin 5600:Marine Pollution Bulletin 5268:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126683 4648:10.1146/knowable-082423-1 3985:Iceland supermarket chain 3969: 3917: 3817: 3733: 3454:Circular economy policies 3342:French Development Agency 3276: 3271:polychlorinated biphenyls 2965:Environment International 2763:content in these plants. 2743:In terrestrial ecosystems 2333:) and eight in Asia (the 1870:In 2018 approximately 513 1852: South Africa (2.0%) 1628:will take 450 years, and 1573:Decomposition of plastics 1319: 804:War and environmental law 424:Health effects from noise 274:Volatile organic compound 13632:Fibre-reinforced plastic 13569:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 13351:. 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Euronews. 5 April 2023 7387:10.3389/feart.2020.00028 7348:European Investment Bank 4373: 4342:Marine plastic pollution 4337:Plastic-eating organisms 3961: 3937: 3826: 3746: 3337:European Investment Bank 3303:Agencies such as the US 3003:thyroid hormone receptor 2702:drinking water pollution 2599:greenhouse gas emissions 2571:global warming potential 2525:in the equivalent of 850 2315:In a study published by 1990:0.3 Mt – US & Canada 1804: Philippines (5.9%) 1741:Plastic waste generation 1512:per square kilometre of 1471:filter-feeding organisms 1231:million tons of plastic 429:Marine mammals and sonar 13683:Biodegradable additives 10936:10.1021/acs.est.1c06768 9735:"The Honolulu Strategy" 8918:10.1126/science.abg5433 8732:10.1515/reveh-2012-0030 8397:Environmental Pollution 8128:Environmental Pollution 7973:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368 6719:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368 6585:Palgrave Communications 6566:EcoWatch, 18 Mar. 2021 6114:Break Free From Plastic 6087:Break Free From Plastic 4697:10.1126/science.1260352 4420:Encyclopædia Britannica 4357:Reverse vending machine 4245:Network partnered with 3922:In Israel, two cities: 3710:by 2025, and under the 2684:Plastic waste can clog 1938:with 1.5%, seventeenth 1846: Bangladesh (2.5%) 1798: Indonesia (10.1%) 1410:Types of plastic debris 1362:. In 2018 more than 343 1201:and travels throughout 1176:is the accumulation of 904:Freshwater salinization 824:Agricultural wastewater 96:Olive ridley sea turtle 14098:Perfluorooctanoic acid 13534:Polyphenyl ether (PPE) 13529:Polyoxymethylene (POM) 13474:Polyacrylic acid (PAA) 13275: 13274:) on plastic pollution 13169:10.1098/rstb.2008.0311 12951:Earth Day 2019 CleanUp 12262:The New Indian Express 12201:The New Indian Express 12178:The New Indian Express 11831:. 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European Commission 11932:"Single-use plastics" 11676:makeresourcescount.eu 11445:Nature Communications 10516:Americanchemistry.com 9856:eia-international.org 8465:10.1210/er.2018-00280 8008:Nature Communications 6165:The Coca-Cola Company 5833:The Great Nurdle Hunt 4267:World Environment Day 4261:World Environment Day 4163:The Coca-Cola Company 4149: 3983:In January 2019, the 3834: 3541:sustainable packaging 3472:hyperspectral imaging 3298: 3290: 3281:Further information: 3192:. Biodegradables are 3178:Further information: 3117: 3109: 2972:Clinical significance 2927: 2913:microbial communities 2876: 2842:Chlorella pyrenoidosa 2786: 2671: 2388:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1950:with 1.0%, twentieth 1934:with 1.5%, sixteenth 1930:with 1.5%, fifteenth 1834: Malaysia (2.9%) 1822: Thailand (3.2%) 1735: 1727: 1665: 1652:Commercial pollutants 1580: 1453: 1436: 1417: 1333: 1189:natural processes of 864:Industrial wastewater 632:Municipal solid waste 554:Soil guideline values 108:Plastic pollution of 14289:Identification codes 13889:Foam food containers 13812:Engineering plastics 12989:Great Global CleanUp 12816:. The New York Times 12528:. New Zealand Herald 12426:Bye Bye Plastic Bags 12268:on 25 November 2015. 12068:. The Indian Express 10621:World Economic Forum 9937:Environment Assembly 5443:The world without us 5360:World Economic Forum 4251:National Cleanup Day 4225:corporate propaganda 4195:Procter & Gamble 4042:District of Columbia 3836:Say no to polythene. 3647:satellite monitoring 3606:Mapping and tracking 3581:Great Bubble Barrier 3204:gas may be emitted. 2993:Bisphenol A affects 2989:Thyroid hormone axis 2939:steroid biosynthesis 2836:and common duckweed 1914:with 2.5%, eleventh 1840: Nigeria (2.7%) 1810: Vietnam (5.8%) 1473:often consume them. 1309:protective equipment 1298:developing countries 1073:Most polluted cities 725:Overhead power lines 14128:Endocrine disruptor 13726:Compression molding 13678:Polymer stabilizers 13335:. 4 September 2019. 13315:. 19 September 2017 13242:). Text taken from 13126:2002MarPB..44..842D 12969:on 23 December 2019 11522:2022OEart...5..666W 11465:10.1038/ncomms15611 11457:2017NatCo...815611L 11366:2021SciA....7.5803M 11271:"Plastic Pollution" 11084:2020JPhCS1471a2048Z 11044:10.3390/su131910660 10987:2019JMCWM..21...10W 10928:2022EnST...56.5448Z 10868:2019WatRe.157..365Z 10306:2016ESPR...23.7376Z 10255:2020JAAP..15204804Q 10019:2018SciA....4..131B 9886:World Wildlife Fund 9310:. 14 December 2021. 9284:. 12 September 2019 9243:2015EnST...49.3769S 9192:(1526): 2153–2166. 9088:planet-tracker.org/ 8964:The Daily Telegraph 8910:2021Sci...373...61M 8409:2018EPoll.235..322J 8307:2020JHzM..39122214A 8242:2017NatSR...712095C 8187:2019FishR.211...46S 8140:2017EPoll.230.1108K 8085:2019JHzM..374..219W 8028:10.1038/ncomms15611 8020:2017NatCo...815611L 7965:2017EnST...5112246S 7959:(21): 12246–12253. 7869:2020ScTEn.704m5242W 7804:2021Ambio..50.1313A 7731:2018WatRe.143..416B 7694:on 17 December 2021 7449:on 6 September 2017 7227:2023IJEnR..17...20K 6949:2020Heliy...604709T 6887:2022EnvSD..42..136D 6814:2017ResEc..25..123V 6802:Restoration Ecology 6711:2017EnST...5112246S 6705:(21): 12246–12253. 6653:The Weather Network 6528:2020SciA....6..288L 6480:(11 October 2022). 6391:2021SciA....7.5803M 5879:2009MarPB..58.1437O 5818:Knight 2012, p. 12. 5809:Knight 2012, p. 13. 5800:Knight 2012, p. 11. 5747:2015JGLR...41....9D 5705:2016MarPo..68..117P 5654:(1526): 1985–1998. 5612:1997MarPB..34...61W 5509:2017SciA....3E0782G 5422:on 18 December 2021 5410:(14 January 2020). 5260:2021ChEnJ.40526683P 5242:Ana, Silva (2021). 5195:2021EnvAd...500119S 4895:on 1 September 2021 4760:2021BuECT.107..577L 4689:2015Sci...347..768J 4416:"Plastic pollution" 4284:Garbage Patch State 4153:among dry grass in 3808:European Parliament 3708:single-use plastics 2892:Physalaemus cuvieri 2384:Antigua and Barbuda 2374:Trinidad and Tobago 2026: 1918:with 2.0%, twelfth 1898:with 3.2%, seventh 1792: China (27.7%) 1605:Polymer degradation 1587:Polymer degradation 1294:developed countries 889:Ocean acidification 799:Unexploded ordnance 720:Advertising clutter 652:Post-consumer waste 597:Foam food container 582:Biodegradable waste 239:Global distillation 139:A tributary of the 14143:Polymer fume fever 13802:Commodity plastics 13776:Rotational molding 13746:Fiberglass molding 13706:Injection moulding 13688:Filler (materials) 13637:Corrugated plastic 13589:Tritan copolyester 13544:Polypropylene (PP) 13494:Polycarbonate (PC) 13276: 13272:Utrecht University 12899:The New York Times 12814:The New York Times 12376:The New York Times 12238:on 1 December 2017 12005:Human rights watch 10195:. 31 December 2021 9913:. 16 November 2020 9797:The New York Times 8634:. 20 February 2019 8230:Scientific Reports 8175:Fisheries Research 7664:. 17 November 2021 6141:. 11 December 2020 5959:Barrett, Justine; 5914:The New York Times 5858:Otaga, Y. (2009). 5839:on 1 December 2017 5586:Clive Cookson 2019 5441:Weisman A (2007). 4850:10.3390/nu15030617 4191:Perfetti Van Melle 4175:Mars, Incorporated 4159: 4047:In 2011 and 2013, 3874:Thiruvananthapuram 3844: 3704:federal government 3598:at the end of the 3569:The organization " 3533:Reusable packaging 3301: 3293: 3120: 3112: 2930: 2886: 2789: 2682: 2664:Effect on flooding 2545:billion tonnes of 2529:million tonnes of 2511:ecosystem services 2490:planetary boundary 2036:Plastic pollution 2024: 1902:with 3.0%, eighth 1886:with 5.9%, fourth 1858: India (1.9%) 1828: Egypt (3.0%) 1758:The United States 1738: 1730: 1668: 1583: 1564:Plastic production 1456: 1439: 1420: 1336: 1135:Ecology portal 760:Herbicidal warfare 304:Introduced species 244:Indoor air quality 214:Chlorofluorocarbon 14295: 14294: 14273:Plastic recycling 14239:Plastic pollution 14225: 14224: 14159:Plastic pollution 13939:Health issues of 13897: 13896: 13793:Plastics industry 13711:Plastic extrusion 13564:Polyurethane (PU) 13554:Polysulfone (PES) 13509:Polyethylene (PE) 13484:Polybutylene (PB) 13355:Elizabeth Kolbert 13267: 13195:Plastic Pollution 13163:(1526): 2115–26. 13018:on 18 August 2021 12623:. Huffington post 12570:Burgen, Stephen. 12428:. 12 January 2018 12329:on 21 August 2018 11737:. 6 December 2021 11420:. 29 October 2019 11325:Our World in Data 11300:Our World in Data 11275:Our World in Data 11218:endplasticsoup.nl 10571:. 15 January 2022 10409:Aarhus University 9741:. 31 August 2017. 9251:10.1021/es504258u 8808:. 7 October 2022. 8664:on 25 August 2012 8452:Endocrine Reviews 7924:Our World in Data 7415:The Straits Times 7280:Our World in Data 7188:unenvironment.org 7164:. 5 February 2018 6850:. 18 January 2022 6822:10.1111/rec.12388 6486:Our World in Data 6349:978-0-309-45885-6 6089:. 18 October 2019 5873:(10): 1437–1446. 5050:unenvironment.org 4730:, 18(4), 263–273. 4683:(6223): 768–771. 4203:COVID-19 pandemic 4167:Colgate-Palmolive 4134:On 30 July 2017, 3719:Plastic Free July 3653:By country/region 3617:Our World In Data 3571:The Ocean Cleanup 3556:water carbonators 3537:zero-waste stores 3492:Plastic recycling 3434:Waste import bans 3255:gaseous emissions 3128:scientific review 3124:plastic recycling 3102:Reduction efforts 2920:Effects on humans 2898:indicator species 2306: 2305: 1910:with 2.7%, tenth 1906:with 2.9%, ninth 1890:with 5.8%, fifth 1768:The Ocean Cleanup 1754:Plastic pollution 1618:Ocean Conservancy 1510:plastic particles 1481:Ocean Conservancy 1372:plastic packaging 1360:polymer additives 1305:COVID-19 pandemic 1279:plastic recycling 1209:Plastic pollution 1174:Plastic pollution 1171: 1170: 1106: 1105: 772:Nuclear holocaust 695:Urban heat island 509:Radioactive waste 294:Biological hazard 204:Air quality index 35:Plastic pollution 16:(Redirected from 14364: 14324: 14323: 14322: 14312: 14311: 14303: 14164:Rubber pollution 14014:Organophosphates 13933: 13926: 13919: 13910: 13909: 13789: 13788: 13761:Filament winding 13736:Transfer molding 13663:Polymer additive 13607: 13601: 13549:Polystyrene (PS) 13426: 13419: 13412: 13403: 13402: 13398: 13396: 13394: 13293:(UNEP), Nairobi. 13268: 13233: 13225: 13224: 13222: 13190: 13180: 13147: 13137: 13096: 13095: 13093: 13091: 13077: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13063: 13054:. Archived from 13048: 13042: 13041: 13034: 13028: 13027: 13025: 13023: 13008: 13002: 12997: 12991: 12985: 12979: 12978: 12976: 12974: 12965:. 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Archived from 12254: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12234:. Archived from 12224: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12192: 12186: 12185: 12184:on 14 July 2015. 12180:. Archived from 12170: 12164: 12163: 12150: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12129: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12108: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12097: 12092: 12084: 12078: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12061: 12055: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12035: 12029: 12022: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12011: 11996: 11990: 11980: 11974: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11954: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11943: 11928: 11922: 11915: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11892: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11881: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11847: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11808: 11802: 11801: 11799: 11797: 11785: 11779: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11725: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11711: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11668: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11642: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11609: 11603: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11584: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11533: 11501: 11495: 11494: 11484: 11436: 11430: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11393: 11360:(18): eaaz5803. 11354:Science Advances 11345: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11281: 11266: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11210: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11158: 11152: 11151: 11149: 11147: 11135: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11124: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11095: 11063: 11057: 11056: 11046: 11021: 11015: 11014: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10922:(9): 5448–5455. 10910: 10904: 10903: 10850: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10770: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10713: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10687: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10676: 10661: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10590:Hildahl, Grace. 10587: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10523:on 17 March 2010 10519:. Archived from 10507: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10493: 10484:. Archived from 10478: 10469: 10468: 10450: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10300:(8): 7376–7389. 10289: 10283: 10282: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10211: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10159: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10143:. 16 August 2018 10133: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10107: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10096: 10081: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10038: 10007:Science Advances 9998: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9987: 9973: 9967: 9966: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9858:. Archived from 9848: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9831:The Conversation 9822: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9749: 9743: 9742: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9714: 9699:Policy Quarterly 9691:Farrelly, Trisia 9687: 9681: 9680: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9625: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9596:Energy Live News 9587: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9477: 9471: 9470: 9450: 9444: 9443: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9372: 9348: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9318: 9312: 9311: 9300: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9274: 9263: 9262: 9237:(6): 3769–3777. 9226: 9220: 9219: 9209: 9177: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9124: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9085: 9077: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9039: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8960: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8743: 8711: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8660:. Archived from 8650: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8607: 8589: 8565: 8556: 8555: 8545: 8527: 8503: 8494: 8493: 8467: 8458:(5): 1271–1284. 8443: 8437: 8436: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8269: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8047: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7944: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7890: 7880: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7831: 7798:(7): 1313–1324. 7782: 7769: 7768: 7750: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7654: 7648: 7641: 7635: 7628: 7619: 7613: 7604: 7597: 7584: 7577: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7493: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7445:. Archived from 7435: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7389: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7340: 7334: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7254: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7162:sciencedaily.com 7154: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7111: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7084: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7057: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6978: 6960: 6928: 6917: 6916: 6898: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6759: 6757: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6694: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6633:futureagenda.org 6629:"Plastic Oceans" 6625: 6619: 6618: 6613:. Lebreton2019. 6604: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6547: 6516:Science Advances 6507: 6501: 6500: 6494: 6492: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6434: 6421: 6420: 6410: 6379:Science Advances 6370: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6249: 6224:(17): eadj8275. 6218:Science Advances 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6019: 6013: 6008:Available under 6007: 6002: 5984: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5864: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5835:. Archived from 5825: 5819: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5784: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5732: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5671: 5639: 5624: 5623: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5554: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5497:Science Advances 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5418:. Archived from 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5310:. Euronews.green 5299: 5290: 5289: 5279: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5222: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5148: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5042: 5033: 5032: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4987: 4963: 4952: 4951: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4894: 4888:. Archived from 4887: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4852: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4739: 4733: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4668: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4630: 4621: 4620: 4610: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4564: 4549: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4486: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4453:. Archived from 4440: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4412: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4362:Rubber pollution 4290:headquarters in 3812:European Council 3773:EU member states 3636: 3476:machine learning 3444:Basel Convention 3408:Basel Convention 3330:biodegradability 3220:marine pollution 3133:waste management 3059:carotid arteries 3055:vascular surgery 3049:Carotid arteries 2947:oxidative stress 2859:of polystyrene, 2769:municipal wastes 2523:greenhouse gases 2499:circular economy 2495:planetary health 2472: 2461: 2027: 2023: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1626:disposable nappy 1549: 1537: 1290:Basel Convention 1163: 1156: 1149: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1121: 1120: 1052: 1051: 755:Chemical warfare 657:Waste management 617:Industrial waste 592:Electronic waste 577:Advertising mail 559:Phytoremediation 534:Land degradation 474:Depleted uranium 359:Overillumination 309:Invasive species 181: 171: 156: 155: 85: 74: 65: 54: 45: 21: 14372: 14371: 14367: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14362: 14361: 14332: 14331: 14330: 14320: 14318: 14306: 14298: 14296: 14291: 14282: 14227: 14226: 14221: 14190: 14147: 14104: 14066: 14033: 14002: 13948: 13937: 13903: 13893: 13842: 13780: 13766:Solvent bonding 13756:Plastic welding 13698: 13692: 13651: 13614: 13608: 13602: 13593: 13504:Polyester (PEs) 13441: 13435: 13430: 13392: 13390: 13385: 13382: 13345:. 3 March 2020. 13305:. 28 June 2017. 13256: 13254: 13252:Further reading 13220: 13218: 13215:Financial Times 13104: 13099: 13089: 13087: 13079: 13078: 13071: 13061: 13059: 13058:on 14 July 2014 13050: 13049: 13045: 13036: 13035: 13031: 13021: 13019: 13010: 13009: 13005: 12998: 12994: 12986: 12982: 12972: 12970: 12961: 12960: 12956: 12949: 12945: 12937: 12933: 12925: 12921: 12911: 12909: 12891: 12887: 12879: 12875: 12865: 12863: 12856: 12852: 12842: 12840: 12833: 12829: 12819: 12817: 12806: 12802: 12792: 12790: 12783: 12779: 12770: 12769: 12754: 12744: 12742: 12741:. 20 April 2016 12733: 12732: 12728: 12718: 12716: 12709: 12705: 12695: 12693: 12686: 12682: 12672: 12670: 12663: 12659: 12649: 12647: 12640: 12636: 12626: 12624: 12617: 12613: 12603: 12601: 12591: 12587: 12577: 12575: 12568: 12564: 12554: 12552: 12545: 12541: 12531: 12529: 12522: 12518: 12508: 12506: 12505:. 25 April 2018 12497: 12496: 12487: 12477: 12475: 12468: 12464: 12454: 12452: 12445: 12441: 12431: 12429: 12420: 12419: 12415: 12405: 12403: 12395: 12394: 12390: 12380: 12378: 12368: 12364: 12354: 12352: 12347: 12346: 12342: 12332: 12330: 12321: 12320: 12316: 12306: 12304: 12295: 12294: 12290: 12282: 12278: 12277: 12273: 12256: 12255: 12251: 12241: 12239: 12226: 12225: 12221: 12211: 12209: 12208:on 2 April 2015 12194: 12193: 12189: 12172: 12171: 12167: 12152: 12151: 12147: 12137: 12135: 12131: 12130: 12126: 12116: 12114: 12110: 12109: 12105: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12086: 12085: 12081: 12071: 12069: 12062: 12058: 12048: 12046: 12036: 12032: 12023: 12019: 12009: 12007: 11997: 11993: 11981: 11977: 11967: 11965: 11956: 11955: 11951: 11941: 11939: 11930: 11929: 11925: 11916: 11912: 11902: 11900: 11893: 11889: 11879: 11877: 11870: 11866: 11856: 11854: 11849: 11848: 11844: 11834: 11832: 11827: 11826: 11822: 11810: 11809: 11805: 11795: 11793: 11786: 11782: 11768: 11766: 11755: 11754: 11750: 11740: 11738: 11727: 11726: 11719: 11709: 11707: 11695: 11691: 11681: 11679: 11670: 11669: 11665: 11655: 11653: 11644: 11643: 11636: 11626: 11624: 11623:on 29 July 2018 11611: 11610: 11606: 11596: 11594: 11586: 11585: 11581: 11571: 11569: 11559: 11555: 11502: 11498: 11437: 11433: 11423: 11421: 11418:The Independent 11412: 11411: 11407: 11346: 11339: 11329: 11327: 11319: 11318: 11314: 11304: 11302: 11294: 11293: 11289: 11279: 11277: 11267: 11260: 11250: 11248: 11237: 11233: 11223: 11221: 11212: 11211: 11207: 11197: 11195: 11192:www.amstrdam.nl 11186: 11185: 11181: 11171: 11169: 11166:www.waternet.nl 11160: 11159: 11155: 11145: 11143: 11136: 11132: 11122: 11120: 11113: 11109: 11064: 11060: 11022: 11018: 10971: 10967: 10911: 10907: 10851: 10847: 10837: 10835: 10825: 10818: 10816: 10806: 10804: 10797: 10795: 10753:(11): 746–754. 10739: 10735: 10725: 10723: 10715: 10714: 10710: 10700: 10698: 10697:. 18 March 2019 10689: 10688: 10684: 10674: 10672: 10662: 10658: 10648: 10646: 10639: 10635: 10625: 10623: 10615: 10614: 10610: 10600: 10598: 10596:The Daily Iowan 10588: 10584: 10574: 10572: 10563: 10562: 10558: 10548: 10546: 10541: 10540: 10536: 10526: 10524: 10509: 10508: 10501: 10491: 10489: 10480: 10479: 10472: 10427: 10423: 10413: 10411: 10403: 10402: 10398: 10388: 10386: 10376: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10349: 10345: 10290: 10286: 10238: 10234: 10224: 10222: 10221:. 15 April 2022 10213: 10212: 10208: 10198: 10196: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10172: 10170: 10168:Financial Times 10160: 10156: 10146: 10144: 10135: 10134: 10130: 10120: 10118: 10109: 10108: 10104: 10094: 10092: 10082: 10078: 10068: 10066: 10057: 10056: 10052: 10013:(6): eaat0131. 9999: 9995: 9985: 9983: 9975: 9974: 9970: 9955: 9951: 9941: 9939: 9931: 9930: 9926: 9916: 9914: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9890: 9888: 9880: 9879: 9875: 9865: 9863: 9850: 9849: 9845: 9835: 9833: 9823: 9819: 9809: 9807: 9789:Tabuchi, Hiroko 9786: 9782: 9777:. 10 July 2023. 9769: 9768: 9764: 9751: 9750: 9746: 9733: 9732: 9728: 9688: 9684: 9641: 9637: 9626: 9622: 9614: 9610: 9600: 9598: 9588: 9584: 9574: 9572: 9562: 9558: 9548: 9546: 9538: 9537: 9533: 9523: 9521: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9495: 9491: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9451: 9447: 9434: 9433: 9429: 9390: 9386: 9349: 9340: 9330: 9328: 9320: 9319: 9315: 9302: 9301: 9297: 9287: 9285: 9276: 9275: 9266: 9227: 9223: 9178: 9163: 9153: 9151: 9146: 9145: 9141: 9131: 9129: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9113: 9100: 9099: 9095: 9083: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9064: 9062: 9054: 9053: 9049: 9033: 9032: 9025: 9023: 9013: 9009: 8999: 8997: 8989: 8988: 8984: 8974: 8972: 8953: 8949: 8904:(6550): 61–65. 8890: 8886: 8876: 8874: 8866: 8865: 8861: 8851: 8849: 8844: 8843: 8839: 8829: 8827: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8788:. 8 March 2024. 8780: 8779: 8775: 8770:. 7 March 2024. 8762: 8761: 8757: 8712: 8703: 8693: 8691: 8681: 8677: 8667: 8665: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8637: 8635: 8626: 8625: 8621: 8566: 8559: 8504: 8497: 8444: 8440: 8389: 8385: 8350: 8346: 8287: 8283: 8222: 8218: 8167: 8163: 8120: 8116: 8065: 8061: 8000: 7996: 7945: 7938: 7928: 7926: 7916: 7912: 7849: 7845: 7783: 7772: 7711: 7707: 7697: 7695: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7642: 7638: 7629: 7622: 7614: 7607: 7598: 7587: 7578: 7571: 7561: 7559: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7515: 7511: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7487: 7477: 7475: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7450: 7437: 7436: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7407: 7403: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7305: 7298: 7294: 7284: 7282: 7272: 7268: 7207: 7203: 7193: 7191: 7182: 7181: 7177: 7167: 7165: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7141: 7139: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7007: 7005: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6929: 6920: 6867: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6794: 6790: 6773: 6769: 6755: 6753: 6741: 6737: 6692: 6686: 6682: 6665: 6661: 6644: 6640: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6508: 6504: 6490: 6488: 6475: 6471: 6456: 6452: 6436: 6435: 6424: 6371: 6367: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6334: 6330: 6322: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6298: 6294: 6286: 6282: 6267: 6263: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6118: 6116: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6020: 6016: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5906: 5902: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5782: 5780: 5768: 5764: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5689: 5685: 5640: 5627: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5555: 5542: 5503:(7): e1700782. 5489: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5408:Westervelt, Amy 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5336:. 13 March 2020 5328: 5327: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5300: 5293: 5240: 5236: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5005: 5001: 4964: 4955: 4944: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4803: 4799: 4740: 4736: 4724: 4720: 4669: 4656: 4631: 4624: 4587: 4580: 4565: 4552: 4536: 4532: 4509: 4487: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4441: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4352:Refill (scheme) 4315: 4276: 4263: 4239: 4234: 4216: 4144: 4132: 4023: 3981: 3972: 3964: 3956: 3948: 3940: 3920: 3908: 3901: 3872:, organised in 3829: 3820: 3793:sanitary towels 3761: 3749: 3736: 3692: 3686: 3666: 3661: 3655: 3614: 3608: 3583: 3567: 3552:plastic bottles 3494: 3488: 3456: 3436: 3416: 3390:hazardous waste 3381: 3285: 3279: 3251:waste-to-energy 3243: 3230: 3182: 3176: 3104: 3092: 3083: 3051: 3015: 2999:thyroid hormone 2997:related to the 2995:gene expression 2991: 2974: 2943:spermatogenesis 2922: 2871: 2862:Daphnia galeata 2829: 2824: 2807: 2795: 2781: 2745: 2698: 2666: 2641: 2561:and effects on 2536: 2519: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2435: 2430: 2037: 2000: 1987:3.3 Mt – Europe 1868: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1756: 1743: 1722: 1660: 1654: 1638: 1589: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1527: 1502: 1462: 1448: 1412: 1328: 1322: 1265:As of 2019, 368 1167: 1129: 1127: 1115: 1108: 1107: 1007: 999: 998: 972: 964: 963: 899:Pharmaceuticals 879:Nonpoint source 819: 809: 808: 777:Nuclear fallout 750: 740: 739: 710: 700: 699: 690: 680: 679: 670: 662: 661: 647:Packaging waste 612:Hazardous waste 572: 564: 563: 524: 514: 513: 484:Nuclear fallout 479:Nuclear fission 459: 449: 448: 414: 404: 403: 379: 371: 370: 344: 342:Electromagnetic 334: 333: 324: 316: 315: 289: 279: 278: 249:Ozone depletion 194: 184: 169: 154: 153: 152: 151: 150: 98:entangled in a 88: 87: 86: 77: 76: 75: 67: 66: 57: 56: 55: 47: 46: 37: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14370: 14360: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14329: 14328: 14316: 14293: 14292: 14287: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14269: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14252: 14251: 14235: 14233: 14229: 14228: 14223: 14222: 14220: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14198: 14196: 14192: 14191: 14189: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14155: 14153: 14149: 14148: 14146: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14114: 14112: 14106: 14105: 14103: 14102: 14101: 14100: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14074: 14072: 14068: 14067: 14065: 14064: 14057:Vinyl chloride 14054: 14051:Polycarbonates 14043: 14041: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14031: 14025: 14016: 14010: 14008: 14004: 14003: 14001: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13984: 13979: 13973: 13968: 13962: 13960: 13950: 13949: 13936: 13935: 13928: 13921: 13913: 13907: 13905: 13899: 13898: 13895: 13894: 13892: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13864:Packaging film 13861: 13856: 13850: 13848: 13847:Specific goods 13844: 13843: 13841: 13840: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13798: 13796: 13786: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13778: 13773: 13771:Vacuum forming 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13702: 13700: 13694: 13693: 13691: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13659: 13657: 13653: 13652: 13650: 13649: 13644: 13642:Polymeric foam 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13618: 13616: 13610: 13609: 13596: 13594: 13592: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13519:Polyimide (PI) 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13479:Polyamide (PA) 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13445: 13443: 13437: 13436: 13429: 13428: 13421: 13414: 13406: 13400: 13399: 13381: 13380:External links 13378: 13377: 13376: 13368:The New Yorker 13352: 13346: 13336: 13326: 13325:. 6 March 2019 13316: 13306: 13294: 13284: 13253: 13250: 13227: 13226: 13205: 13203:978-1432960391 13191: 13148: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13097: 13069: 13043: 13029: 13003: 12992: 12980: 12954: 12943: 12931: 12919: 12885: 12873: 12850: 12827: 12800: 12777: 12752: 12726: 12703: 12680: 12669:. The Guardian 12657: 12634: 12611: 12585: 12574:. The Guardian 12562: 12539: 12516: 12503:Global Citizen 12485: 12462: 12439: 12413: 12388: 12362: 12340: 12314: 12303:. 27 June 2018 12288: 12271: 12249: 12219: 12187: 12165: 12145: 12124: 12103: 12079: 12056: 12030: 12017: 11991: 11975: 11949: 11923: 11910: 11887: 11864: 11842: 11820: 11803: 11780: 11748: 11717: 11689: 11663: 11634: 11604: 11579: 11553: 11516:(6): 666–676. 11496: 11431: 11405: 11337: 11312: 11287: 11258: 11231: 11205: 11179: 11153: 11130: 11107: 11058: 11031:Sustainability 11016: 10965: 10905: 10856:Water Research 10845: 10733: 10708: 10682: 10656: 10633: 10608: 10582: 10556: 10534: 10499: 10488:on 2 June 2012 10470: 10421: 10396: 10370: 10343: 10284: 10232: 10206: 10180: 10154: 10128: 10117:. 19 July 2019 10102: 10076: 10050: 9993: 9968: 9949: 9924: 9898: 9873: 9843: 9817: 9780: 9762: 9744: 9726: 9682: 9655:(1): 109–125. 9635: 9620: 9608: 9582: 9556: 9531: 9506: 9489: 9472: 9466:978-9286149085 9465: 9445: 9440:Green Plastics 9427: 9400:(4): 524–529. 9384: 9338: 9313: 9295: 9264: 9221: 9161: 9139: 9111: 9093: 9090:. August 2022. 9072: 9047: 9007: 8982: 8947: 8884: 8859: 8837: 8826:. 3 March 2023 8811: 8791: 8773: 8755: 8701: 8675: 8645: 8619: 8557: 8495: 8438: 8383: 8344: 8281: 8216: 8161: 8114: 8059: 7994: 7936: 7910: 7843: 7770: 7719:Water Research 7705: 7675: 7649: 7636: 7620: 7605: 7585: 7569: 7543: 7509: 7485: 7460: 7427: 7401: 7360: 7335: 7315: 7304:. The Guardian 7292: 7266: 7201: 7190:. 3 April 2019 7175: 7149: 7123: 7096: 7069: 7042: 7015: 6990: 6918: 6881:(1): 136–145. 6861: 6835: 6808:(1): 123–128. 6788: 6767: 6750:Deutsche Welle 6735: 6680: 6659: 6638: 6620: 6571: 6559: 6502: 6478:Hannah Ritchie 6469: 6464:worldatlas.com 6450: 6447:. 4 June 2018. 6422: 6365: 6348: 6328: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6280: 6261: 6203: 6192:. The Guardian 6177: 6152: 6126: 6100: 6074: 6040: 6014: 5951: 5926: 5900: 5850: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5762: 5718: 5683: 5625: 5590: 5575: 5540: 5483: 5458: 5452:978-1443400084 5451: 5433: 5399: 5373: 5347: 5321: 5291: 5234: 5169: 5158:. 2 March 2022 5140: 5128: 5116: 5104: 5089: 5063: 5034: 4999: 4953: 4935: 4924:. 3 March 2018 4906: 4874: 4823: 4797: 4754:(4): 577–584. 4734: 4718: 4654: 4622: 4578: 4550: 4530: 4508:978-1461434139 4507: 4468: 4457:on 16 May 2018 4432: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4388: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4275: 4272: 4262: 4259: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4215: 4212: 4143: 4140: 4131: 4128: 4074:state New York 4022: 4019: 3980: 3979:United Kingdom 3977: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3919: 3916: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3785:oxo-degradable 3760: 3759:European Union 3757: 3748: 3745: 3741:Justin Trudeau 3735: 3732: 3685: 3682: 3668:In July 2018, 3665: 3662: 3654: 3651: 3607: 3604: 3590:(2017) and in 3582: 3579: 3566: 3563: 3490:Main article: 3487: 3484: 3455: 3452: 3435: 3432: 3415: 3412: 3380: 3377: 3278: 3275: 3242: 3239: 3175: 3172: 3103: 3100: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3050: 3047: 3014: 3011: 3007:hypothyroidism 2990: 2987: 2973: 2970: 2935:food packaging 2921: 2918: 2879:American robin 2870: 2867: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2806: 2803: 2791:Main article: 2780: 2777: 2744: 2741: 2730:microparticles 2718:United Kingdom 2697: 2694: 2665: 2662: 2640: 2637: 2625:European Union 2534: 2531:carbon dioxide 2518: 2515: 2477: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2372:in the world. 2310:European Union 2304: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2034: 2031: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1981:17 Mt – Africa 1979: 1965:European Union 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1755: 1752: 1742: 1739: 1721: 1718: 1653: 1650: 1637: 1634: 1593:polymerization 1585:Main article: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1551: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1501: 1498: 1458:Main article: 1447: 1444: 1411: 1408: 1356:polymer fibres 1321: 1318: 1252:marine animals 1169: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1125: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1068:Law by country 1065: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 994: 989: 979: 973: 970: 969: 966: 965: 962: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 939:Surface runoff 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 839:Eutrophication 836: 831: 826: 820: 815: 814: 811: 810: 807: 806: 801: 796: 794:Scorched earth 791: 790: 789: 787:Nuclear winter 784: 782:Nuclear famine 779: 769: 768: 767: 757: 751: 746: 745: 742: 741: 738: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 711: 706: 705: 702: 701: 698: 697: 691: 686: 685: 682: 681: 678: 677: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 660: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 539:Bioremediation 536: 531: 525: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 469:Bioremediation 466: 460: 455: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 419:Transportation 415: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 396: 391: 386: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 366:Radio spectrum 363: 362: 361: 356: 345: 340: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 312: 311: 301: 296: 290: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 234:Global dimming 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 195: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 174: 173: 165: 164: 149: 148: 137: 127: 120: 106: 92: 90: 89: 80: 79: 78: 69: 68: 60: 59: 58: 49: 48: 40: 39: 38: 34: 33: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14369: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14339: 14337: 14327: 14317: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14304: 14301: 14290: 14285: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14250: 14247: 14246: 14245: 14244:Garbage patch 14242: 14241: 14240: 14237: 14236: 14234: 14230: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14193: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14157: 14156: 14154: 14150: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14113: 14111: 14110:Health issues 14107: 14099: 14096: 14095: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14075: 14073: 14069: 14062: 14058: 14055: 14052: 14048: 14045: 14044: 14042: 14040: 14036: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14011: 14009: 14005: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13963: 13961: 13959: 13955: 13951: 13946: 13942: 13934: 13929: 13927: 13922: 13920: 13915: 13914: 13911: 13906: 13900: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13884:Shopping bags 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13845: 13839:(Agriculture) 13838: 13837:Plasticulture 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13817:Geosynthetics 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13790: 13787: 13783: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13721:Thermoforming 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13703: 13701: 13695: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13654: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13622:Thermoplastic 13620: 13619: 13617: 13611: 13606: 13600: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13438: 13434: 13427: 13422: 13420: 13415: 13413: 13408: 13407: 13404: 13388: 13384: 13383: 13374: 13370: 13369: 13364: 13360: 13356: 13353: 13350: 13347: 13344: 13343:Rolling Stone 13340: 13337: 13334: 13330: 13327: 13324: 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6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6691: 6684: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6663: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6617: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6446: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6351: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6207: 6191: 6184: 6182: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6044: 6029: 6028:Science Daily 6025: 6018: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5790: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5766: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5693:Marine Policy 5687: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5582: 5580: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5335: 5334:Plastics News 5331: 5325: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5296: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5052:. 18 May 2018 5051: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4949: 4942: 4940: 4923: 4922:The Economist 4919: 4913: 4911: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4627: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4439: 4437: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4392: 4383: 4379: 4368: 4367:Nuclear waste 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4347:Plasticulture 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4310: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274:Other actions 4271: 4268: 4258: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4241:In 2019, the 4229: 4226: 4223:million/year 4222: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4151:Surgical mask 4148: 4139: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4084:The state of 4082: 4080: 4075: 4072:In 2019, the 4070: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4040:In 2009, the 4038: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4021:United States 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3976: 3967: 3959: 3951: 3943: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3903: 3895: 3893: 3890:The state of 3888: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3863:water bottles 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3789:microplastics 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3623:in specific. 3622: 3618: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3565:Ocean cleanup 3562: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3411: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3385: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3289: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3161: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3140:biodegradable 3136: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3116: 3108: 3099: 3097: 3087: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3063:heart attacks 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2909:D. rerio 2906: 2905: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2857:nanoparticles 2854: 2853:L. minor 2850: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2834:Chlorella spp 2827:Invertebrates 2819: 2816: 2810: 2802: 2799: 2794: 2785: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2706:United States 2703: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606:United States 2602: 2600: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2587:carbon budget 2584: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2564: 2563:phytoplankton 2560: 2556: 2552: 2551:carbon budget 2548: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2471: 2460: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2313: 2311: 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1702: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1548: 1536: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1460:Microplastics 1452: 1443: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:polymer resin 1348: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1233:marine debris 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1126: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1003: 1002: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 983: 980: 978: 975: 974: 968: 967: 960: 957: 955: 954:Water quality 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 818: 813: 812: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 774: 773: 770: 766: 763: 762: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 749: 744: 743: 736: 733: 731: 730:Traffic signs 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 709: 704: 703: 696: 693: 692: 689: 684: 683: 676: 673: 672: 666: 665: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 637:Nanomaterials 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 568: 567: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 526: 523: 518: 517: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 499:Radioactivity 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 458: 453: 452: 445: 444:Soundproofing 442: 440: 439:Noise control 437: 435: 434:Noise barrier 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 413: 408: 407: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 375: 374: 367: 364: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 350: 347: 346: 343: 338: 337: 330: 327: 326: 320: 319: 310: 307: 306: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 288: 283: 282: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 193: 188: 187: 180: 176: 175: 172: 167: 166: 162: 158: 157: 146: 142: 138: 135: 134:United States 131: 128: 125: 121: 119: 115: 111: 110:Sharm el-Naga 107: 105: 101: 97: 94: 93: 84: 73: 64: 53: 44: 30: 19: 18:Plastic waste 14342:Anthropocene 14238: 14158: 13954:Plasticizers 13902:Environment 13854:Blister pack 13807:Construction 13716:Blow molding 13391:. Retrieved 13366: 13342: 13333:The Guardian 13332: 13323:The Guardian 13322: 13302:The Guardian 13300: 13244: 13236:free content 13228: 13219:, retrieved 13213: 13197:. Capstone. 13160: 13156: 13117: 13113: 13088:. Retrieved 13084: 13060:. Retrieved 13056:the original 13046: 13032: 13020:. Retrieved 13016:the original 13006: 12995: 12983: 12971:. Retrieved 12967:the original 12957: 12946: 12934: 12922: 12910:. Retrieved 12898: 12888: 12876: 12864:. Retrieved 12853: 12841:. Retrieved 12830: 12818:. Retrieved 12813: 12803: 12791:. Retrieved 12780: 12743:. Retrieved 12738: 12729: 12717:. Retrieved 12706: 12694:. Retrieved 12683: 12671:. Retrieved 12660: 12648:. Retrieved 12637: 12625:. Retrieved 12614: 12602:. Retrieved 12598: 12588: 12576:. Retrieved 12565: 12553:. Retrieved 12551:. Daily Post 12542: 12530:. Retrieved 12519: 12507:. Retrieved 12502: 12476:. Retrieved 12465: 12453:. Retrieved 12442: 12430:. Retrieved 12425: 12416: 12404:. Retrieved 12400: 12391: 12379:. 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